(共41张PPT)
Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing
写作专题突破
Unit 1
语法专题突破
Section Ⅳ
语法专题突破
一般过去时和过去进行时
一、一般过去时
品味语法
1.Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday.
2.They got married last year.
3.In those days she went to see her father in the hospital every day.
4.He told me that school opened the following morning.
自我探究
1.一般过去时表示过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。表示过去的时间状语有:yesterday,last_year等(如句1、2)。
2.一般过去时也可以表示过去经常或反复发生的动作(如句3)。
3.在时间、条件状语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去将来时表示过去将来的动作(如句4)。
二、过去进行时
品味语法
1.I was practising the violin at eight o’clock yesterday evening.
2.While we were having breakfast,John was talking on the phone.
3.The boy who was standing there ran away.
4.I was meeting my sister at the station the next day.
自我探究
过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作(如句1);如果时间状语是一时段,过去进行时所表的动作则须贯穿整段或大部分时间(如句2);过去进行时除表过去时间外,还可表示过去的过去 (如句3), 过去的将来(如句4)。
三、一般过去时与过去进行时用法比较
品味语法
1.a.She wrote a letter to her friend last night.
b.She was writing a letter to her friend last night.
2.a.It rained the whole evening.
b.It was raining the whole evening.
3.a.I was leaving the office when the telephone rang.
b.The light went out while we were having supper.
4.a.I saw my English teacher on the street yesterday.
b.She was looking for a job at this time last year.
5.a.Last year I always went to the theatre.
b.He was always throwing things about.
自我探究
1.一般过去时表示过去已经完成的动作,而过去进行时则表示过去正在进行但可能尚未完成的动作。如例1:a.信写好了;b.信可能还没写完。
2.一般过去时只说明过去某时发生某事,侧重事实,而过去进行时则侧重动作的持续时间。如例2:a.只说明事实;b.强调动作的不间断性。
3.在含有when,while的句子中,过去进行时与一般过去时同时出现在句中时,表示较长的一个动作用过去进行时,表示较短的动作用一般过去时。如例3:a,b。
4.通常一般过去时所指的过去时间比较笼统,而过去进行时所指的过去时间则比较具体。如例4:a.笼统的时间;b.具体的时间。
5.与always,forever等词连用时,一般过去时只是陈述过去发生的事件,而过去进行时则表示一定的感彩,如赞赏、表扬、厌烦、抱怨、责备等。如例5:a.陈述过去发生的事情;b.表示对某事的厌烦。
讲解归纳
过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。其构成形式为:was/were+动词ing形式。
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,过去进行时常和表示过去的时间状语或时间状语从句连用。常用的时间状语有this morning,the whole morning,all day,yesterday,from nine to ten,last evening,when,while等。
He was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.
昨天晚上8点他在看电视。
The students were reading loudly when the teacher came into the classroom.
老师进教室时学生们正在大声读书。
2.过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景。
The sun was shining,the wind was blowing,and a group of soldiers were marching.
阳光灿烂,风儿吹拂,一群士兵正在行军。
3.一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
I was doing my homework when someone knocked at the door.
我正在做作业的时候,有人敲门。4.表示说话人对主语过去行为的赞扬、批评、厌恶等情感。
The naughty boy was always making trouble.
那个淘气的男孩总是制造麻烦。
5.一些表示移动性的动词,如come,go,leave等用过去进行时表示过去将来时。
My uncle said he was coming to see me the next month.
我叔叔说下个月来看我。
点津:一般过去时和过去进行时的区别
(1)前者通常表示过去发生的一个单纯的事实,而后者表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
(2)用一般过去时表示动作已经完成或结束了,用过去进行时强调动作的持续性,不一定已经结束。
一般过去时和现在完成时
一般过去时与现在完成时都可以表述过去,但同时也存在一定区别。
品味语法
1.a.Mary got a skirt as her birthday present last year.
b.Tom has got a new dictionary from his mother.
2.a.I left the classroom at about six o’clock last night.
b.He has studied English for ten years.
3.a.The Whites lived in the house next to mine three years ago.
b.The Whites have lived in the house next to mine since three years ago.
自我探究
根据上面三组例句,可以总结出,现在完成时与一般过去时的区别主要为以下三点:
1.侧重点不同。
一般过去时主要强调过去发生的动作或者事件本身,如第一组中的句子a,只是说明了“玛丽去年得到了一条裙子作生日礼物”这件事情;现在完成时主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响或产生的结果,如第一组句子b,“汤姆从他妈妈那得到一本新字典”是发生在过去的事情,而句子所强调的是通过这一过去的事情所产生的结果,即“汤姆现在有一本新字典”。
2.动词选用不同。
一般过去时所表示的是在过去某一时刻发生的事情,强调动作的终止,因此与非延续性动词连用,如第二组的句子a,1eave只是瞬间的动作,属于非延续性动词,此外还有很多非延续性动词可用于一般过去时, 如come,go,start,die,finish,become等;现在完成时可表示从过去一直延续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如第二组的句子b,study即为延续性动词,可表示动作的延续,诸如此类的延续性动词还有teach,live,work,learn,know。
3.时间状语不同。
一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last week/month/year,...ago,in2008等等,如第三组的句子a时间状语为three years ago,为具体的时间状语;而现在完成时通常与模糊的或者可表示从过去一直延续到现在并包括现在的时间状语连用,如so far,for...,since...,ever,never,up to now等等,如第三组的句子b,since three years ago表示“从三年前开始”,隐含着直到现在的意思。
重要句式点拨
1.This/It is the first/second...time+that从句。that从句一般用现在完成时,如果把is改为was,则that从句用过去完成时。如:
This is the first time that I have seen the machine,so I don’t know how to use it.
It was the last time that I had visited him.
2.It has been/is+一段时间+since从句。since从句一般用过去时,如果把前面的is改为was,则since从句用过去完成时。如:
It is two weeks since I came here.
It was two months since he had been in hospital.
3.两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用and,but等连词时,多用一般过去时。如:
The boy wrote a letter and then he posted it.
讲解归纳
现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成
肯定式:have/has+过去分词
否定式:have/has not+过去分词
疑问式:have/has+主语+过去分词
2.现在完成时的基本用法
(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在产生了某种影响和结果。常被just,already,yet等副词修饰。
—Have you had lunch yet
—Yes,I have.I’ve just had it.
——你(已经)吃午饭了吗?
——我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
He has taught here since 1981.他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为“过”,常带有twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。
语法专练
题目要求
请根据以下要点,写一篇英语短文,对Nelson Mandela作简单介绍。
要点:1.1918年7月18日生于南非的Transkei;
2.1937年上大学;
3.1944年组建非国大(ANC)“青年联盟”;
4.1962年入狱,1990年获释;
5.1993年获得诺贝尔和平奖;
6.1994年当选南非总统;
7.终生致力于世界和平事业。
写作专题突破
注意:
1.词数100左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
构思谋篇
关键词语
1.上大学__________________________
2.组建非国大(ANC)“青年联盟”________
3.入狱____________________________
4.获释____________________________
5.获得诺贝尔和平奖_________________
6.当选南非总统_____________________
7.终生____________________________
8.致力于__________________________
9.世界和平事业_____________________
答案:1.enter university 2.found ANC Youth League 3.be put into prison/be sentenced to prison 4.be set free 5.win Nobel Peace Prize 6.become/be elected President of South Africa 7.all one’s life 8.devote...to... 9.the cause of world peace
连词成句
1.他1944年组建非国大(ANC)“青年联盟”。
In 1944 he ________ ANC Youth League.
答案:founded
2.他1962年入狱,1990年获释。
He ____________________ in 1962 and was set free in 1990.
答案:was sentenced to prison
3.他1993年获得诺贝尔和平奖,1994年当选南非总统。
Nelson Mandela won Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and became President of Sounth Africa the ________ year.
答案:next
4.他终生致力于世界和平事业。
He has ____________________ promoting world peace.
答案:devoted all his life to
连句成篇
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
佳作欣赏
Nelson Mandela was born in Transkei,South Africa on July 18,1918.He entered university when he was 19 years old.In 1944 he founded ANC Youth League.He was sentenced to prison in 1962 and was set free after 27 years’hard time in prison.Nelson Mandela won Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and became President of South Africa the next year.
Nelson Mandela is one of the greatest people in the world and he has won wide respect from the people all over the world for his hard work.We regard him as a modern hero because he has devoted all his life to promoting world peace.
Yang isn’t a ①Superman,but a real superhero,because he is an astronaut.He was sent into space in a ②manned_spaceship to ③explore the universe ④peacefully.The spaceship was ⑤launched into space by a strong rocket because it had to get away from the earth’s ⑥gravity.During his flight in space,Yang saw many ⑦disasters on the earth.He thought a lot of the ⑧relationship between man and nature.
词语串串练
He thinks man should ⑨get_on well with nature and polluting the environment is like ⑩committing_suicide.After soaring in space for a few days,he returned to the earth.When he landed on the ground,he was surrounded by reporters and millions of other people who admired him.
杨不是超人,但是的确是超级
英雄,因为他是一位宇航员。
他乘坐载人宇宙飞船被送上太
空,去和平地探索宇宙。由于
必须摆脱地球吸引力,飞船是
由一枚巨型运载火箭发射升空
的。在太空飞行期间,杨目睹了地球上许多灾难。关于人类和自然的关系,他想了很多。他认为人类应该和自然和谐相处,污染环境无异于自杀。在太空翱翔几天后,他返回了地球。
着陆时,他立刻被记者及钦佩他的人们包围。他高兴地向人们招手。由于他的英勇,他被授予一枚勋章。杨来自辽宁省,十分热爱自己的事业,也很慷慨大方,对慈善事业很感兴趣,参加很多慈善活动。他反对一些国家的引发暴力的种族主义政策。他认为人都是平等的。
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