(共41张PPT)
Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing
写作专题突破
Unit 1
语法专题突破
Section Ⅳ
语法专题突破
品味语法
1．He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
2．Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.
3．I returned the book that I had borrowed.
4．The princess is going to have her new clothes made by a young tailor.
5．I have/get my clothes washed.
自我探究
例1、例2和例3考查过去完成时态。该时态表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”，基本结构：主语＋had＋过去分词(done)。例4和例5考查have/get something done。
讲解归纳
过去完成时和have/get something done
Ⅰ.过去完成时
一、过去完成时的基本用法
1．一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它(即表“过去的过去”)，那么发生在前的事情的动词须用过去完成时。时间状语可用“before＋过去的时间”等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可通过上下文来表示。
She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在来学院之前已学过一些英语。
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.
他说他在国外待了3年了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then，by that time，until，by the end of，before 2011，by the time＋句子等。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时，他已学了3年英语了。
Until then he had known nothing about it yet.
到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。
3．Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had...done...when...；No sooner had...done...than...。when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
我们才刚刚开动，汽车的轮胎就漏气了。
4．It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句。since从句中谓语用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们10年没这么高兴了。
5．That/It was the first/second...time＋that从句。that从句谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.
这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。
That was the first time that I had passed the exam.
那是我第一次考试及格。
6．表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope，expect,mean，intend，want，think，suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.
我本想帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。
I had thought you would come tomorrow.
我原以为你明天才来呢。
二、过去完成时同现在完成时及一般过去时的区别
1．过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词have(has)＋过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1,000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
I had learned 1,000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
2．过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
(1)时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
他们昨天十点之前就已经到达车站了。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
他们昨天十点到达车站。
(2)在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her，too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.她很高兴，她的所有家人都对她感到满意。她刚刚在作文竞赛中获得了一等奖。
Ⅱ.have/get something done
一、含义
have/get sth.done表示要别人为自己做某事，动作不是由主语发出的，宾语sth.与过去分词之间是被动关系。
二、用法
1．表示动作的完成。
We had the machine mended just now.
我们刚才让人把机器修好了。
He has had/got his hair cut.
他(让人给他)理了发。
2．表示让别人做某事。
They are going to have their house painted.
他们准备让人把房子粉刷一下。
3．表示主语遭遇某事(尤指不好或不幸的事)。
The young lady had her wallet stolen on the bus the other day.前几天，这位年轻女士在公交车上丢了钱包。
Charles Ⅰ had his head cut off.查理一世遭斩首。
语法专练
Ⅰ.用动词的适当形式填空
1．We ________________(paint)the house before we ________(move)in.
答案：had painted；moved
2．They ________________(study)the map of the country before they ________(leave)．
答案：had studied；left
3．The robbers ________________(run away)before the policemen ________(arrive)．
答案：had run away；arrived
4．I ________________(turn off)all the lights before I ________(go)to bed.
答案：turned off；went
5．Paul _______(go)out with Jane after he _______
(make)a phone call.
答案：went；made
6．Tom ________(say)he _______________(read)
the book twice.
答案：said；had read
7．When I ________(arrive)at the station，he ________________(leave)．
答案：arrived；had left
8．I waited until he ________________(finish)his homework.
答案：had finished
9．He said he ________already ________(give)the book to the teacher.
答案：had；given
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．(2011年高考辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England，his son _______ from college.
A．graduated B．has graduated
C．had been graduating D．had graduated
解析：选D。句意：到杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。by“到……为止”，往往与完成时连用，从returned可以判断，应用过去完成时，故选D。
2．(2011年高考湖南卷)It is the most instructive lecture that I _______ since I came to this school.
A．attended B．had attended
C．am attending D．have attended
解析：选D。句意：这是我自从来到这个学校听到的最有教育意义的一次讲座。since表示“自从……”，往往与完成时连用，且主句是用的现在时态，所以用现在完成时。
3．At the end of the meeting，it was announced that an agreement ________.
A．has been reached B．had been reached
C．has reached D．had reached
解析：选B。“达成协议”的动作发生在was announced之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
4．You should understand the traffic rule by now.
You’ve had it ________ often enough.
A．explaining B．to explain
C．explain D．explained
解析：选D。句意:到现在你应该明白交通规则了。你让别人解释地够多的了。it指代traffic rule，与explain是动宾关系，所以空格处要用过去分词。
5．I ________ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.
A．would be B．have been
C．had been D．will be
解析：选C。本题考查动词时态。根据语境可知为过去的某一时态。when引导的时间状语从句中谓语使用了一般过去时，而主句be there动作应发生在set之前，故用过去完成时态。
6．—Look at the terrible situation I am in！If only I ________ your advice.
—Don’t worry.Try again.
A．follow B．would follow
C．had followed D．have followed
解析：选C。if only在句中引导虚拟语气，在含有if only的虚拟句中，不能用情态动词，根据语境这里是与过去事实相反的一种情况，所以要用过去完成时。
7．Whom would you rather have ________ with you
A．gone B．go
C．to go D．going
解析：选B。句意：你愿意让谁和你一起去？have sb.do“让某人做……”。
8．They ________ for long when a message came.
A．had drunk B．drunk
C．had not drunk D．were drinking
解析：选C。句意：他们才喝了一会儿的酒，这时就捎来了口信。came是过去时，drink是到came动作为止一直进行的动作，故用过去完成时的否定式。
9．—Did Peter fix the computer himself
—He________，because he doesn’t know much about computers.
A．has it fixed B．had fixed it
C．had it fixed D．fixed it
解析：选C。句意：——彼得自己修得了那台电脑吗？——他让别人修的，因为他不怎么懂电脑。“have...done”表示动作由别人完成，所以选A或C;根据Did Peter...？可知应用一般过去时回答。
10．I have had my bike________，and I’m going to have somebody________my radio tomorrow.
A．repair；to repair B．repairing；to be repaired
C．repaired；repair D．to repair；repairing
解析：选C。have my bike repaired表示“让别人给修自行车”；have sb.do sth.“让某人做某事”。
写作专题突破
【写作要求】
假如你是李华，你的英国网友Jack询问你有关姚明的情况。请你根据在国内网站上所收集的有关信息给他回复一封电子邮件(e mail)，谈谈有关姚明的情况。
出生日期 1980.9.12
身高 2.26米
体重 134公斤
最喜欢的食品 肉
最喜欢的颜色 蓝色
出生地 上海
座右铭(motto) 相信自己
个人经历 1997：进入上海篮球队
1998：入选国家队
2000：入选亚洲全明星队(Asian All star)
2002：加盟休斯敦火箭队(Houston Rockets)
2007.8.6：与叶莉(Ye Li)结婚
2008.8.8：任中国奥运代表队旗手
2009.7.：任CBA上海大鲨鱼队老板
注意：邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好。
Hi，Jack，
You asked me about Yao Ming.Here is something I got when I searched the websites at home.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
【要点词汇】
1．出生________________
2．2.26米高________________
3．134公斤重________________
4．座右铭________________
5．自信________________
6．结婚________________
7．篮球高手________________
答案：1.be born 2.be 2.26 meters tall 3.be 134kg in weight 4.motto 5.believe in oneself 6.get married to 7.a top basketball player
【句式结构】
1．姚明于1980年12月12日出生在上海，他身高2.26米，体重为134公斤。
Yao Ming，who is now ________________ and ________________________，____________ in Shanghai on September 12,1980.
答案：2.26 meters tall；134 kg in weight；was born
2．据说他最喜欢的食品是肉，最喜欢的颜色是蓝色。
__________ he likes meat best and his favorite color is blue.
答案：It is said that
3．他1997年进入上海篮球队，1998年成为国家队的一员。
He _______ Shanghai basketball team ________
1997 ________ became a member of China national team in 1998.
答案：joined；in；and
【连句成篇】
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
【佳作欣赏】
Hi，Jack，
You asked me about Yao Ming.Here is something I got when I searched the websites at home.
Yao Ming，who is now 2.26 meters tall and 134 kg in weight，was born in Shanghai on September 12,1980.It is said that he likes meat best and his favorite color is blue.His motto is that one must believe in oneself.
He joined Shanghai basketball team in 1997 and became a member of China national team in 1998.Two years later he was chosen as a member of Asian All star basketball team.In 2002，he was selected into the Houston Rockets in the NBA draft.And on August 6,2007，he got married to Ye Li，a beautiful Chinese girl.
He was the flag bearer of China Olympic Team on August 8,2008 and became the boss of Shanghai Sharks of CBA in July,2009.
He is a top basketball player both in China and all over the world.
Yours，
Li Hua
【名师点津】
这是一篇介绍人物的短文，属于记叙文文体。整篇文章主要以时间为线索，讲述了有关姚明的情况。文章语言简练，多用高级词汇，要点齐全。全篇文章用了多种句型来表达，如：用非限制性定语从句描述姚明的身高、体重，It’s said that句型，以及同位语从句。最后一段高度概括，画龙点睛。
本部分内容讲解结束
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谢谢使用(共44张PPT)
Section Ⅲ Communication Workshop，Language Awareness 1 & Culture Corner
速效提能演练
Unit 1
重点难点探究
Section Ⅲ
预习多维感知
Read Communication Workshop carefully and answer the following questions.
1．What day will you never forget
_____________________________________
答案：May 24,2005.
2．When does the school bus usually arrive
_____________________________________
答案：At 7∶30.
预习多维感知
3．What was the weather
______________________________________
答案：The sun was boiling hot.
4．Who called your name
______________________________________
答案：Mr.Fan，my English teacher.
5．How did you feel
_______________________________________
答案：I felt tired and ashamed.
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1 May 24 was a bad day because the school bus did not arrive and we had to walk to school.It was hot and tiresome.
5月24日是糟糕的一天，因为校车没有来，我们不得不步行到学校。那天的天气炎热、令人烦躁。
品味经典
①You would have everybody teasing you if you did such a tiresome thing.
如果你做这样令人厌烦的事情，每个人都会嘲笑你。
自我探究
tiresome是形容词，意为“令人厌倦的，讨厌的，烦人的”。
易混辨析
tiresome，tiring，tired
tiresome adj.表示“令人生厌、讨厌”，修饰物，也修饰人。 ②The lecture lasted three hours and it was really tiresome.
讲座持续了三个小时，的确令人讨厌。
tiring adj.表示“使人疲倦的”，修饰物。 ③Keeping a house is a tiring job. 管理家务是一份很劳累的工作。
tired adj.表示“感到疲倦的、厌烦的”，修饰人。 ④He was so tired that he slept for a whole day.
他真是累极了，整整睡了一天。
牛刀小试
Her incessant complaining is _______ to everyone. A．tiresome B．tired
C．tire D．tiring
解析：选A。句意：她没完没了的抱怨使每个人都厌烦。tiresome令人厌倦的，讨厌的，烦人的；tired感到疲倦的；tire v．使疲倦；tiring使人疲倦的。根据句意答案选A。
2 I felt tense and dizzy.
我感到紧张，头晕目眩。
(1)tense
品味经典
①It is difficult to be natural when one is tense.
人在紧张的时候很难泰然自若。
②The situation suddenly became tense.
局势突然变得紧张起来。
③“I have eaten”is the present perfect tense.
“我已吃过了”是现在完成时态。
自我探究
tense除了表示“紧张的”之外，还可用作名词，意为“时态”。
牛刀小试
(1)The city seems ________ tonight，as if something is going to happen.
A．nervous B．restless
C．tense D．tight
解析：选C。句意：今晚这个城市的气氛似乎很紧张，好像要发生什么事似的。nervous意为“紧张的，不安的”，常用来形容人，指内心紧张与忧虑；restless意为“静不下来的，焦躁不安的”，多指人的外表，它是人的内在紧张心情的外在表现，如手脚不停动，来回走动等；tense意为“紧张的”，它既可用来形容人，指由于种种原因而引起的紧张，多指一种感觉，也可用来指人周围的环境和气氛等；tight意为“紧的”，一般形容事物。
(2)dizzy
品味经典
①The room was so hot that she felt dizzy.
房间里热得她头晕目眩。
②The old woman was dizzied by the strong wind.
那位老太太被风吹得头昏眼花。
自我探究
dizzy除了用作形容词，表示“头晕目眩的”之外，还可用作动词，意为“使人头昏眼花；使茫然，使混乱”。
牛刀小试
(2)When the audience were cheering for my performance，I was first ________ on the stage，and then tears came into my eyes.
A．superb and clever B．tiresome and vivid
C．eager and severe D．tense and dizzy
解析：选D。句意：当观众为我的表演喝彩时，我在台上开始是紧张，头晕，后来，热泪盈眶。superb and clever出色的和聪明的；tiresome and vivid烦人的和生动的；eager and severe急切的和严厉的；tense and dizzy紧张头晕的，故选D。
3 When I left the stage people didn’t applaud very loudly and it came as no surprise that I was last in the competition.
当我离开舞台的时候，人们的鼓掌并不十分响亮,所以我并不惊讶我是竞赛中的最后一名。
品味经典
①The audience applauded wildly at the end of the opera.
观众在歌剧结束时狂热地鼓掌喝彩。
②We all applaud you for your decision.
我们一致赞成你的决定。
自我探究
applaud除了表示“鼓掌”之外，还可用于applaud sb.for sth.中，表示“赞成某人某事”。
牛刀小试
The farmers all ________ our decision to close the small dye factory.
A．called for B．counted on
C．held up D．applauded for
解析：选D。句意：所有的农民都赞成我们关掉这个小染料工厂的决定。call for要求；count on指望，关掉；hold up举起，支撑；applaud for赞成，支持。
4Some adverts present us with a puzzle；they show an unusual image which at first doesn’t make sense.
一些广告展示给我们疑惑，它们显示一种不寻常的图像，一开始没有什么意义。
(1)present
品味经典
①When you are at middle school，you should learn how to present yourself better.
上中学时，你应该学会怎样更好地展示自己。
②They presented three reasons to return to their homeland.他们提出了三个回国的理由。
③What is your present job
你现在的工作是什么？
④How many people were present at the meeting
会议有多少人出席？
自我探究
present作为动词时，意为“引见/给予、赠送/呈现，提出”；作为名词时，意为“礼物/现在，目前”；作为形容词时，意为“出席的，在场的/现在的/当前的”。
品味经典
【温馨提示】 present作形容词用，当“目前的，现在的”讲时，可以作表语或前置定语；当“出席的，到场的”讲时，可以作表语或后置定语。
牛刀小试
翻译句子
(1)At present，the Santa Claus is present in the street and is going to present the Christmas presents to the children.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
答案：现在，圣诞老人出现在街道上，要把圣诞礼物赠送给孩子们。
(2)make sense
品味经典
①Can you make sense of this poem
你看得懂这首诗吗？
②This sentence doesn’t make sense.
这个句子没有意义。
自我探究
make sense意为“有意义，讲得通”。
归纳拓展
③In a sense it doesn’t matter any more.
从某种意义上说，这事已无关紧要了。
④What he said made no sense to me.
他说的我一点都不懂。
⑤It’s not easy to make sense of the exact meaning of his words.
要弄明白他话里的确切意思并不容易。
牛刀小试
(2)I am sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ________ of direction.
A．idea B．feeling
C．experience D．sense
解析：选D。句意：我确定大卫能找到图书馆——他有很好的方向感。have a sense of意为“有……的感觉(能力)”。
5At first，the words seem to refer to domestic violence.
一开始，这些词语像是涉及家庭暴力。
品味经典
①You may refer to your notes if you want.
如果需要，可以查阅笔记。
②You know who I’m referring to.
你知道我指的是谁。
③You can stop to refer to your notes while making a speech.
演讲时你可以停下来参考一下提纲。
自我探究
refer to意为“查阅；提到；涉及”。
refer...to归功于，归于
refer to...as...把……当作……
归纳拓展
④Mr.White referred his success to his hard work.
怀特先生把他的成功归功于他的勤劳工作。
⑤The scientists referred the tiger to the cat family. 科学家将虎归入猫科。
⑥People always refer to hospitality industry as“window industry”．
人们总是把服务行业当作“窗口行业”。
牛刀小试
Most of us know we should cut down on fat，but knowing such things isn’t much help when it ________ shopping and eating.
A．refers to B．speaks of
C．focuses on D．comes to
解析：选D。when it comes to“涉及，谈到”；refer to“指的是，查阅”；speak of“讨论”；focus on“集中于”。
6In this case，such hard hitting tactics are surely justified.
在这种情况下,这种直言不讳的战术当然是正确的。
品味经典
①In this case，you should have told us the requirement in your order.
这样的话，你该在订单上告诉我们才是。
②In this case，we can only allow you a ten percent discount.
这样的话，我们可以给你10%的优惠。
in this case意为“在这种情况下”。
in any case无论如何，不管怎样
in case...以防，万一
in case of sth.如果，假使
in that case假使那样的话
归纳拓展
自我探究
③We’re leaving tomorrow in any case.
不管怎样，我们明天就要离开。
④You’d better take the keys in case I’m out.
你最好带上钥匙以防我不在家。
⑤In case of fire，ring the alarm bell.
如遇火险，即按警铃。
【温馨提示】 case作先行词后面加定语从句时，若引导词在定语从句中作状语，常用where引导定语从句。
牛刀小试
(1)(2010年高考浙江卷)I guess we’ve already talked about this before but I’ll ask you again just ______.
A．by nature B．in return
C．in case D．by chance
解析：选C。句意：我认为我们以前已谈论过这件事了，但是为了以防万一我再问你一次。in case以防，万一；by nature天生地；in return作为回报；by chance碰巧。
(2)Today，we’ll discuss a number of cases _______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
A．which B．as
C．why D．where
解析：选D。where引导定语从句，先行词是cases,
where在从句中作状语；which在从句中作主语或宾语；as作主语、宾语或表语；why引导定语从句时，先行词为reason。
句型巧析
7The day started to go wrong the instant I left home.
我一离开家，那一天就出乱子了。
品味经典
①We recognized her the instant she entered the room.
她一走进房间，我们就认出她来了。
自我探究
the instant＋that从句 意为“一……就……”。
(1)表示“一……就……”，引导时间状语从句的单词和短语常见的有：
①as soon as
②immediately，directly，instantly
③the moment，the minute，the second，the instant
④hardly(scarcely，rarely)．..when，no sooner... than
(2)带time的短语，如every time，each time，(the)next time，any time，the last time，the first time，by the time等也可以引导时间状语从句。
归纳拓展
②I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast.
吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。
③The moment I heard the news，I hastened to the spot.
我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。
④My roof leaks every time it rains.
每次下雨，我的房顶都漏。
⑤By the time you come here tomorrow，I will have finished this work.
你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。
⑥No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to work.
太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。
【温馨提示】 hardly(scarcely，rarely)...when/ before，no sooner...than主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；当hardly，scarcely，rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)每次我去看她，她总是忙于工作。
________________ I go to see her，she is always busy working.
答案：Every time
(2)到我挂断电话时，她的声音听起来充满了活力。
________________ I hung up，her voice had been full of life.
答案：By the time
(3)第一次到杭州时，我被它的美景吸引住了。
________________ I went to Hangzhou，I was attracted by its beauty.
答案：The first time
8The more I looked down，the redder my face became.
我越往下看，我的脸就变得越红。
品味经典
①The more you read，the more you will get.
你读得越多收获就越大。
②The earlier you start，the sooner you will be back.
你动身越早，回来就越早。
③The faster you run，the better it will be.
你跑得越快越好。
④The more she flatters，the less I like her.
她越逢迎，我越不喜欢她。
自我探究
“The more...the more...”句型表示“越……就越……”，是一个复合句，其中前边的句子是状语从句，后面的句子是主句；若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。
牛刀小试
________ you try，________ you will do in the coming final examination.
A．The more hard；the better
B．The harder；the more well
C．The harder；the better
D．The more hard；the more well
解析：选C。考查“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构。句意为：你越努力，你在即将到来的期末考试中做得越好。
速效提能演练
本部分内容讲解结束
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谢谢使用(共116张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3
速效提能演练
Unit 1
重点难点探究
Section Ⅱ
预习多维感知
Step One：Fast Reading
Read the text and tell the following statements true(T)or false(F)．
1．Helen couldn’t see and hear and she behaved well.( )
2．The word“water”was easy for Helen to understand because she could touch it.( )
预习多维感知
3．Helen thought“love”might be the sun because the sun was shining and it was very warm when her teacher taught her the word.( )
4．“Love”and“think”are both specific words that are objects you can touch.( )
5．As she held an object，Helen’s teacher spelled the word into her other hand.( )
答案：1～5 FFTFT
Step Two：Careful Reading
1．Read the text carefully and number these events in the order that they happened.
________As Helen’s knowledge and vocabulary expanded，she asked more and more questions.
________Anne Sullivan was brought in to help Helen.
________As the water flowed over one hand，Ann spelled “w a t e r” into the other hand.
________When Anne and Helen first met，Ann gave Helen a big hug.
________By the time Helen was seven，she still couldn’t speak，read and write.
________In that vivid moment Helen finally understood the beautiful truth of the word “love”．
答案：5 2 4 3 1 6
2．Read the text and fill in the blanks.
Helen Keller was a very special girl who couldn’t see or hear.She was (1)____________ and angry，and often broke things when she wasn’t understood.
Fortunately，she had a superb teacher，Anne Sullivan，who could (2)__________ her difficulties. Anne taught Helen how to understand words using a simple and (3)____________ technique.
Here is one example.One day，Anne took Helen out to the (4)__________．Anne put Helen’s hand under the water.As the water (5)___________ over one hand，Anne spelled “w a t e r” into the other hand.Then suddenly，Helen understood the word.This (6)____________ knowledge gave her hope and joy.
(7)____________ Helen understood the key to language，she was very (8)____________ to learn more.As her knowledge and vocabulary (9)____________，she discovered more (10)____________ words and changed her thinking processes.
答案：(1)stubborn (2)relate to/understand (3)straightforward (4)well (5)flowed (6)precious (7)Now that (8)eager
(9)expanded (10)complex
Step Three：Summary
Helen Keller was a very 1.____________ girl who needed a 2.____________ teacher.Her behaviour was often 3.____________ and she was 4.____________ and angry because she couldn’t speak，5.____________ or write when she was seven years old.
Anne Sullivan was brought in to 6.____________ Helen.Her first goal was to stop Helen’s 7.____________ behaviour and gave Helen lots of 8.____________.Anne’s technique was simple and 9.____________.Then one day Helen had a 10.____________ of understanding when her hand was put under the 11.____________.This 12.____________ knowledge gave her hope and joy.Finally the world of words was 13.____________ up to her.
Gradually，but painfully，Helen understood the meaning of 14.____________ and 15.___________ with the help of Miss Sullivan.She had a breakthrough while working on a simple task.
答案：1.special 2.superb 3.unbearable 4.stubborn 5．read 6.help/educate 7.troublesome 8.love 9．straightforward 10.burst 11.water 12.precious
13．opening 14.love 15.think
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1 vivid
品味经典
①He told us a vivid story.
他给我们讲了一个生动的故事。
②This place reminds me of the vivid memories.
这个地方使我回忆起许多生动的往事。
③She gave the police a vivid description of the accident.
她对警察生动地描述了这次事故。
自我探究
vivid是形容词，意为“生动的，逼真的”。常用于修饰故事、演讲、回忆、描述等单词。
归纳拓展
④Those who had been to space described vividly what it was like to live in zero gravity.
去过太空的人生动地描述了在零重力状态下的生活是什么样的。
易混辨析
vivid，lively
vivid 生动的，逼真的，强调“给人感官上的一种美感”。
⑤The peacock is giving us a vivid view.
孔雀为我们展示了一个生动的景象。
lively 活泼，有活力。强调“动作上的强劲之美”。
⑥The monkey is lively，jumping in the trees.
猴子很活泼地在树上跳着。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)我女儿是一个想象力活跃的孩子。
My daughter is a child with ________________.
答案：vivid imagination
(2)从整体来看，女人比男人更喜欢鲜艳的颜色。
On the whole，women like ________________ more than men.
答案：lively colors
(3)一个生气勃勃的人，总是充满活力并且总在做事。
__________________ is full of energy and is always doing things.
答案：A lively person
2This student is named after a purple flower.
这个学生是以一种紫色的花命名的。
品味经典
①The boy was named after his uncle.
这个男孩是以他叔叔的名字命名的。
②Washington，the capital of the United States，was named after George Washington.
美国首都华盛顿是以乔治·华盛顿的名字命名的。
自我探究
name after表示“以……命名”。
in the name of代表……，以……的名义
make a name for oneself出名，成名
name...for决定……
归纳拓展
③He attended the party in the name of his father.
他以他父亲的名义参加聚会。
④He made a name for himself as a symphony pianist.
他作为交响乐钢琴演奏家而成名。
⑤Please name the day for our wedding.
请你决定我们结婚的日子。
牛刀小试
介词填空
In order to make a name ________ herself as a novelist，she named a day ________ a party and named it ________ a flower—violet ________ particular.
答案：for；for；after；in
3 This student has parents who wanted their daughter to be as strong as any boy.
这个学生的父母希望他们的女儿和任何一个男孩一样强壮。
品味经典
①He is as old as I．＝He is the same age as I.
他跟我一样大。
②Wealth is not so important as health.
＝Wealth is less important than health.
财富不如健康重要。
③You’re as good a student as she.
你跟她一样是好学生。
④He went there as early as possible.
他尽可能早地去了那里。
⑤The house is 3 times as big as ours.
这座房子是我们房子的三倍大。
自我探究
as...as的用法：
(1)as＋adj.＋as＝the same＋n.＋as(和……一样……)(表肯定)
(2)not as/so＋adj.＋as＝less＋adj.＋than(不如)(表否定)
(3)as＋adj.＋n.(不可数名词或复数名词)＋as或as＋adj.＋a/an＋n.(单数可数名词)＋as
(4)as＋adj./adv.＋as＋one can/possible(尽可能)
(5)倍数＋as＋adj.＋as...(……的几倍)
牛刀小试
(1)A typhoon swept across this area with heavy rains and winds ________ strong as 113 miles per hour.
A．too B．very
C．so D．as
解析：选D。句意： 一场伴有强降雨且风速高达每小时113英里的台风横扫过这个地区。本题考查“as＋adj.＋as”结构。
(2)Americans eat ________ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.
A．more than twice B．as twice as many
C．twice as many as D．more than twice as many
解析：选D。句意：现在美国人均蔬菜摄入量是1910年的两倍多。根据题干中的as可判断本句应该用形容词、副词平级比较句型，即“as＋adj./adv.原形＋as”句型，因此排除A项；倍数应放在第一个as前，故排除B项；C项多了一个as，也被排除；D项中的more than相当于over，意为“多于”。
4I came across an interesting name story when I visited my cousin in Henan Province.
我在河南省拜访表哥时无意中听到一个有关名字的有趣故事。
品味经典
①She came across some old photographs in her old suitcase.
她在旧手提箱里偶然发现了一些旧照片。
②A very good idea came across his mind.
他的脑海里出现一个好主意。
③Your speech didn’t come across so nobody understood your opinion.
你的演说讲得不明不白，所以没有人能听懂你的意思。
自我探究
come across除了表示“偶然遇到”外，还表示“出现于”，等于come up，也可表示“讲得清楚明白”，这时，主语是物而不是人。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
—What has made you so happy
—Oh，I’ve just ________ an old friend of mine.I haven’t seen him for years.
A．come across B．come in
C．come out D．come up
解析：选A。句意：——什么使你如此高兴？——哦，我刚刚遇见了我的一位老朋友。我已经很多年没见到他了。come across偶然遇见，符合句意。
5 She became quite famous when she invented a new way of holding up suspension bridges during the building process.
当在建桥的过程中她发明了一种支撑吊桥的新方法的时候，她变得非常出名。
品味经典
①She’s holding up well under the pressure.
她承受住了压力。
②A fifteen year old boy is holding up his family as a pillar.
一个十五岁的男孩作为家里的顶梁柱支撑着他的家庭。
③She held up her hat to me and I smiled at her.
她向我抬了抬她的帽子，我则向她微笑。
④The train he took was held up for over 2 hours.
他乘坐的火车晚点了两个多小时。
⑤The teacher held up my composition as an example to the class.
老师举出我的作文给全班作范文。
自我探究
hold up除了表示“支撑起”之外，还表示“抬起、误点”；hold up...as...表示“提出……作为……”。
归纳拓展
⑥Can you hold on？I’ll see if he is here.
别挂断，我去看看他在不在。
⑦We could get a new computer now or hold off until prices are lower.
我们现在就可以买计算机，不然等到降价再说。
⑧We can stay here for as long as our supplies hold out.
我们可以在这里一直呆到我们的储备用品用完。
牛刀小试
—Is Peter there
—________，please.I’ll see if I can find him for you.
A．Hold up B．Hold on
C．Hold out D．Hold off
解析：选B。句意：别挂断，我看看是否能找到他。hold on在此意为“别挂断”。
6Her father thought he was admirable because he built bridges you can really count on.
她父亲认为他非常令人钦佩，因为他建造的大桥很值得信赖。
品味经典
①I’m counting on you to help me.
我靠你帮我啦。
②If you count on him，you will be discouraged.
如果你依靠他，你会失望的。
③We can’t count on her helping us.
我们不能指望她帮助我们。
④We’re all counting on winning his contract.
我们都指望能争取到这份合同。
自我探究
count on sb./sth./doing sth.依靠某人做某事，on后可接名词、代词或动名词。count on sb.to do sth.指望某人干某事。
归纳拓展
⑤She’s counting down to the important day.
她在对这一重要日子倒计时。
⑥If you are going to do it，don’t count me in.
如果你们打算做那件事，别把我算入。
⑦Her lack of experience may count against her for that job.
她缺乏经验可能对她申请那项工作不利。
【温馨提示】 表示“依靠，指望”除了count on之外，还有rely on，depend on等短语。
牛刀小试
There are ten people here，not_______ the children.
A．count on B．counting
C．to count D．count out
解析：选B。句意：不算小孩在内这儿有10人。根据句子结构，后面应用非谓语动词形式，故用现在分词短语作状语。
7 So they figured out a way to change it.
于是他们想出了一个能改变这种情况的方法来。
品味经典
①We still haven’t figured out how to do it.
我们仍然想不出怎么去做。
②Have you figured out how much the holiday will cost
你算出假期要花多少钱了吗？
③I could not figure out what he said.
我搞不懂他的话。
自我探究
figure out除了表示“想出”，还表示“理解，弄懂，算出”。
归纳拓展
④The money he spent during the summer vacation figured out at $2,000.
他暑假期间花的钱总计达2,000美元。
⑤We figured the sensible thing to do was to wait.
我们判定明智的做法是等待。
⑥I hadn’t figured on getting home so late.
我没有预料到回家这么晚。
⑦They figured (that) it was better to stay where they were.
他们认为还是呆在原地好。
助记
牛刀小试
—Hi，Bob.I can’t (1)____________ what Mum said.
—Oh.She asked you to (2)_____________ the chickens.
—Yeah.Let’s me see.They (3)____________ 12.
—Sorry.You are wrong.There is one behind you.It should be (4)____________．
—Oh.I have (5)____________ the chickens wrongly.
答案：(1)figure out (2)figure up (3)figure out at
(4)figured in (5)figured on
8 She was worried that her daughter would have to put up with too much teasing with a man’s name.
她担心她的女儿将不得不因取男士的名字而容忍太多的取笑。
品味经典
①We can’t put up with the smell coming from the river behind our school.
我们忍受不了从学校后面那条河里发出的气味。
②I don’t know why she puts up with him.
我不知道她为什么要忍受他。
③He finds it difficult to put up with the pain.
他发现很难忍受这种疼痛。
自我探究
put up with意为“容忍，忍受”。
归纳拓展
易混辨析
stand/bear，tolerate，put up with，can’t help
(1)stand/bear两个词意义相同，常与can/would连用。
(2)tolerate忍受，程度较轻，暗含“默许，宽容”之意。
(3)put up with表示“容忍，忍受”讨厌的人或物。
(4)can’t help表示“忍不住，情不自禁”。
④I can’t stand/bear the hot weather.
我受不了这样热的天气。
⑤I won’t tolerate you doing that.
我不能容忍你那样做。
⑥I can’t put up with the guy.
我再也受不了那个家伙了。
⑦I can’t help wondering what happened to that little girl.
我忍不住想知道那个小女孩究竟出了什么事。
牛刀小试
Why do we have to _______ Joan’s selfish behaviour？She should learn to care for others.
A．keep up with B．catch up with
C．put up with D．come up with
解析：选C。句意：我们为什么非要忍受琼的自私行为？她应该学会关心他人。keep up with跟上；catch up with赶上；put up with忍受；come up with提出，想出。
9 Think about stories attached to your parents’ names.
想一想与你的父母的名字有关的故事。
品味经典
①They have attached a number of conditions to the agreement.
他们在协议上附加了一些条件。
②I attach great importance to this research.
我认为这项研究十分重要。
自我探究
attach及物动词，意为“固定”。attach sth.to sth.意为“把……固定在……上，把……附在……上”; attach importance/significance/value/weight to sth.意为“认为……有重要性或意义”。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
It would be unwise to ________ too much significance ________ these opinion differences.
A．attach；to B．refer；to
C．apply；to D．attend；to
解析：选A。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：认为这些观点的差异太重要是不明智的。attach significance to认为……重要。
10Now that Helen understood the key to language, she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.
既然海伦理解了语言之谜，她就非常渴望学习更多的词语并且尽可能多地使用它们。
(1)now that
品味经典
①Now (that) you have grown up，you should not rely on your parents.
既然你长大了，就不应该依靠你的父母了。
②Now that dinner is ready，wash your hands.
既然晚饭准备好了，洗手去吧。
③Now that you have finished your work，you’d better have a rest.
既然你的工作已经做完了，你最好休息一下。
自我探究
now that意为“既然，由于”，是连词词组，可以引导原因状语从句，口语中that可省略，只用now连接从句，而now在从句中已经失去了“现在”的含义，不一定非用现在时不可。
牛刀小试
(1)________ that we’ve got so far with it，we may as well finish the job.
A．As B．Now
C．Since D．For
解析：选B。句意：既然这项工作我们已经做了这么多，我们还是把它做完为好。as，since，for均可表示原因，但不与that连用。now that表示“既然”，引导原因状语从句。
(2)eager
品味经典
①It’s human that everyone is eager for success.
人人都渴望成功，这是人之常情。
②Everyone in the class seemed eager to learn.
似乎班上每个人都热爱学习。
③The foreman is eager that all the workers should come in time.
这个工头急着要所有工人都按时来。
自我探究
be eager to do sth.急于做某事，渴望做某事
be eager for/after/about渴求……
be eager that...渴望……(从句中多用虚拟语气)
易混辨析
eager，anxious
anxious和eager都有“渴望的”、“急于”的意思，但略有不同。anxious着重指带有更多的焦急情绪，指对结果或前途的着急、渴望。eager着重指对成功的期望或进取的热情。
④She is eager to go to college，but anxious about not passing the entrance examinations.
她渴望上大学，但又担心不能通过入学考试。
牛刀小试
(2)They are _________ to meet their new colleague.
A．eagle B．keen
C．ambitious D．eager
解析：选D。句意：他们急切想见到新同事。eager指迫切希望获得某物或急于做某事；eagle鹰; keen指由于兴趣或爱好而使某人做出行动，本句中并非指由于兴趣或爱好而去做某事；ambitious充满野心的，雄心勃勃的。
11 As Helen’s knowledge and vocabulary expanded，she asked more and more questions.
随着海伦的知识和词汇量的扩大，她问的问题越来越多了。
品味经典
①The eagle expanded its wings.
雄鹰展翅。
②Heat expands metals.
热使金属膨胀。
③You should read English newspapers to expand your vocabulary.
你应该通过读英语报纸来扩充词汇量。
④The business has been expanded from one office to twelve.
这个公司已从一间办公室发展为拥有十二个办公室了。
自我探究
expand vt.& vi.意为“扩大，扩充，发展”。
归纳拓展
⑤I don’t quite understand your reasoning.Can you expand on/upon it
我不大理解你的论断。你能详细地加以说明吗
⑥The industry has just undergone a period of rapid expansion.
该产业刚经历了一轮快速扩张。
易混辨析
expand，enlarge，extend
expand侧重“上下、左右、前后的伸展”或横向的扩展。 ⑦I am expanding my arms and legs.
我在伸展胳膊和腿。
enlarge指“扩大照片、气球等”。 ⑧Li Dong is enlarging the ballon.
李东正在吹气球。
extend指纵向的延伸。 ⑨The road extends to Jiuzhaigou.
这条路延伸到九寨沟。
【温馨提示】 expand侧重向四周扩张；enlarge侧重扩大面积或体积；extend侧重线段的延长。
牛刀小试
用extend，expand，enlarge填空
To ________ the highway to the faraway towns，the company ________ another five teams to ________ the worksites.
答案：extend；expanded；enlarge
12Trying to learn the word“love”was an experience that she remembered well.
学习“爱”(love)这个词的过程是她记忆深刻的一个经历。
品味经典
①Even if you are happy，you should try to keep cool.
即使你很高兴，也要尽力保持冷静。
②If you don’t know how deep the river is，you should try swimming in it.
如果你不知道河有多深，你应该试游一下。
自我探究
try to do sth.侧重“努力地干某事”；try doing侧重“尝试着干”。
牛刀小试
完成句子
Helen tried ________(see)the wonderful world but she couldn’t，so she tried ____________(feel)the surroundings.
答案：to see；feeling
13Her words puzzled me very much because I did not then understand anything unless I touched it.
她的话使我感到非常困惑，因为那时我若不用手触摸就什么都不理解。
品味经典
①The letter puzzled me.
这封信使我迷惑不解。
②The teacher’s explanation clarified the puzzling problem.
老师的说明澄清了令人困惑的问题。
③She was listening with a puzzled expression on her face.
她脸上带着困惑的表情在倾听着。
自我探究
puzzle vt.使困惑，使迷惑不解。puzzle的分词形式:
puzzling和puzzled。puzzling表示“令人困惑的”,修饰物；puzzled表示“感到困惑的”，修饰人。
易混辨析
puzzle，confuse
(1)puzzle指“情况错综复杂，因而使人感到困惑不解”。
(2)confuse指“把事物混淆或弄乱”或“由于混淆、混乱而糊涂”，语气较弱，常指暂时现象。
④I am puzzled that he hasn’t replied to my letter.
他还没有给我回信使我百思不得其解。
⑤I remain confused about the problem.
对这个问题，我还是很困惑。
牛刀小试
句型转换
(1)How puzzling what he said was to me！(用包含puzzled的句子表述)
__________________________________________
答案：How puzzled I was about what he said!
(2)People often confuse me with my sister，which puzzles me.(用it作形式主语的句子表述)
__________________________________________
答案：It makes me puzzled that people often confuse me with my sister.
14The meaning of love was still not apparent to Helen but she kept on trying to understand.
海伦对爱的意思还是不明白，但是她继续努力去理解它。
品味经典
①It was apparent that he knew nothing about how to repair cars.
很明显，他一点儿也不知道怎样修理汽车。
②Apparently，he knew what had happened.
显然，他知道发生了什么事。
自我探究
apparent是形容词，意为“明显的，显而易见的”，作表语。apparently是副词，作状语。
15The word“think”was also a difficult one for Helen but she had a breakthrough while working on a simple task.
“思考”这个词对海伦来说也是一个难词，但是在做一件简单的事情时，她取得了突破性的进展。
句型巧析
品味经典
①He watched TV while (he was) eating.
他边吃边看电视。
②If (I am)allowed to go with him，I will be very glad.
如果我可以和他一起去，那我会非常高兴的。
自我探究
while working on a simple task，while后省略了she was。
while eating，while省略了he was，If allowed，If后省略了I am。由此可见，当主从句的主语一致且从句的谓语含有be的某种形式时，从句中的主语和be动词可以省略，从句常采用“从属连词＋现在分词/过去分词/名词/形容词/介词短语”的形式。
归纳拓展
如果从句主谓语是it is或it was，则连词后面的it is/was可以省略，如if necessary＝if it is necessary。
③Once begun，the research is hard to stop.
一旦开始，这项研究很难被中止。
④You can get in touch with me if necessary.
如果必要的话，你可以与我取得联系。
牛刀小试
(1)Every evening after dinner，if not _______ from work，I will spend some time walking my dog.
A．being tired B．tiring
C．tired D．to be tired
解析：选C。句意：每天晚上吃完饭，如果工作不是很累，我将会花一些时间去遛狗。考查状语从句的省略。if not tired from work的完整形式为：if I am not tired from work。tired感到疲惫的。
(2)The dog，if ________，will be made a good watchdog.
A．to train properly B．being trained properly
C．properly to train D．trained properly
解析：选D。句意：这条狗如果被正确地训练，它将成为一条很好的看家狗。考查状语从句的省略。此处是条件状语从句的省略，相当于if it is trained properly。
16Uncertain about how to fix them，she stopped to think carefully.
由于不能肯定怎样改正，她停下来仔细地思考。
品味经典
①When to hold the meeting hasn’t yet been decided.
何时开会尚未决定。
②We must know what to say at the meeting.
我们必须知道在会议上该说些什么。
③The problem to be discussed at the meeting is where to find the financial aid.
将要在会议上商议的问题是从哪儿得到资金援助。
④She had no idea which book to read first.
她不知道首先该读哪本书。
⑤Whether to have a picnic is not sure.
是否去野餐还没有确定。
自我探究
疑问词who，what，which，when，where，whether，how后接不定式，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
牛刀小试
He told us whether ________ a picnic was still under discussion.
A．to have B．having
C．have D．had
解析：选A。“疑问词＋不定式”在句子中作主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数形式。
17It was he first time Helen had understood such a complex word—a word for something she couldn’t touch.
这是海伦第一次理解这样一个复杂的词——一个她触摸不到的东西的含义。
(1)It was the first time
品味经典
①It’s the third time that she has held an art exhibition. 这是她第三次举办画展了。
②This is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall.
这是我第一次去长城。
③It was the second time that he had come to this village.
这是他第二次来到这个村。
自我探究
“It/This/That is/was the first/second...time＋(that)从句”意为“这是(某人)第一/二……次……”，that在口语中可省略。如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，则从句的谓语动词用现在完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用的是一般过去时，则从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。
归纳拓展
(2)it用法小结
品味经典
④He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.
他发现学好一门外语是不容易的。
⑤It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema.
据说他们都去看电影了。
自我探究
it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词或从句。it也可以作形式主语，代替不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词(或动名词复合结构)或从句所表示的真正主语。
it还可用于以下几种固定句型中：
It’s＋adj.＋for/of sb.to do...
做……对某人来说……/某人如此……而做
归纳拓展
It is/was...＋who/that从句
是某人/某物……
It＋is/was the...time＋that＋sb.＋have/had＋p.p.
某人第……次做……
It is(high)time that＋sb.＋did/should do...
是该做……的时候了。
It’s said/reported/believed...＋that从句
据说/据报道/据认为……
It looks/seems as if...看起来好像……
牛刀小试
(1)It is high time that we ________ hard.
A．work B．worked
C．have worked D．had worked
解析：选B。考查句型It is high time that...在该句型中that引导的从句应用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”或动词的过去式。故只有B项符合题意。
(2)I have nothing to confess.________ you want me to say
A．What is it that B．What it is that
C．How is it that D．How it is that
解析：选A。句意：我没有什么可坦白的。你想要我说的是什么？该句考查强调句型的特殊疑问句，原句应为You want me to say sth.，对sth.进行提问,故应用疑问代词what；B项语序不正确，故排除。
18 Without love，you would not be happy or want to play.
没有爱，你不会快乐，也不想玩耍。
品味经典
①Without his help，I couldn’t have finished my work on time.
没有他的帮助，我就无法按时完成我的工作。
②If I had not missed/Without missing the train，I would have got home by now.
假如我没误了火车，现在早该到家了。
自我探究
without短语表示“对过去的事情的假设”，相当于与过去情况有关的虚拟条件从句，如果用从句，从句谓语动词要用过去完成时。
牛刀小试
一句多译
没有他的帮助，我不可能取得这么大的进步。
①____________________________________
②____________________________________
③____________________________________
④____________________________________
答案：①Without his help，I couldn’t have made such rapid progress.
②If he hadn’t helped me，I couldn’t have made such rapid progress.
③With his help，I have made such rapid progress.
④I have made such rapid progress because he had helped me.
Helen Keller
Helen Keller was a very special girl who needed a superb teacher.By the time she was seven years old，she still couldn’t speak，read or write.This was because Helen couldn’t see or hear.With these severe restrictions on her communication，Helen’s behaviour was often unbearable.She was stubborn and angry，and often broke things when she wasn’t understood.
译文助读
Anne Sullivan was brought in to help Helen.Anne was a teacher and former student at a school for the blind in Boston.She had had eyesight problems early in life as well so she could relate to Helen’s difficulties.Her first goal was to stop Helen’s troublesome behaviour.Helen would need this valuable preparation in order to learn language.She would also need lots of love.When Anne and Helen first met，Anne gave Helen a big hug.
Helen would have to learn to understand words spelled on her hand.Anne’s technique was simple and straightforward.She would put an object into one of Helen’s hands and spell the word into her other hand. She started with dolls.She would let Helen play with the doll，and then spell the letters “D O L L” into her hand.Helen thought this was a game.She had a precise description of her excitement in her book，The Story of My Life：“Running downstairs to my mother，I held up my hand and made the letters for doll.I did not know that I was spelling a word or even that words existed; I was simply making my fingers go in monkey like imitation.”
Then one day，Anne took Helen out to the well. Anne put Helen’s hand under the water.As the water flowed over one hand，Anne spelled “w a t e r” into the other hand.Then suddenly，Helen had a burst of understanding; the movement of the fingers meant the cool water flowing over her hand.This precious knowledge gave her hope and joy.Finally，the world of words was opening up to her.
Now that Helen understood the key to language，she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.Children who can see and hear learn language easily but for Helen，it was a gradual and sometimes painful process.However，the results were amazing.
As Helen’s knowledge and vocabulary expanded，she asked more and more questions.This soon led her to discover more complex words and changed her thinking processes.Trying to learn the word “love” was an experience that she remembered well.This is how she described it in her book，The Story of My Life：
“I remember the morning that I first asked the meaning of the word ‘love’．This was before I knew many words.I had found a few early violets in the garden and brought them to my teacher...Miss Sullivan put her arm gently round me and spelled into my hand，‘I love Helen.’ ‘What is love ？’I asked.She drew me closer to her and said，‘ It is here，’pointing to my heart...Her words puzzled me very much because I did not then understand anything unless I touched it.”
The meaning of love was still not apparent to Helen but she kept on trying to understand.“I smelt the violets in her hand and asked，half in words ，half in signs，a question which meant，‘ Is love the sweetness of flowers ’‘ No，’ said my teacher.”
Helen then felt the warmth of the sun shining on them.She pointed up and asked if that was love.When her teacher said that it wasn’t，she was confused and disappointed.“I thought it strange that my teacher could not show me love.”
The word “think” was also a difficult one for Helen but she had a breakthrough while working on a simple task.She was making necklaces with the help of Miss Sullivan when she noticed that she had made some mistakes.Uncertain about how to fix them，she stopped to think carefully.As she did this，Miss Sullivan touched Helen’s head and spelled the word “think” into her hand.“In a flash I knew that the word was the name of the process that was going on in my head.”
It was the first time Helen had understood such a complex word—a word for something she couldn’t touch.At that moment，her mind returned to the word “love”．As she thought about its meaning again，the sun came out.She pointed to the sun and asked her teacher again if that was love.Anne answered Helen by explaining that love was like the sun and clouds in a way.
“You cannot touch the clouds，you know; but you feel the rain...You cannot touch love either; but you feel the sweetness that it pours into everything.Without love you would not be happy or want to play.”In that vivid moment，Helen finally understood the beautiful truth of the word “love”．
海伦·凯勒
海伦·凯勒是一个很特别的女孩，她需要一个出色的老师。七岁的时候，她仍然不会说话、阅读和写字。这是因为海伦看不见，也听不到。由于交流上有这些严重的障碍，海伦的行为举止经常让人不能忍受。她固执、易怒，当别人不明白她的意思时，就常打烂东西。
安妮·沙利文被请来帮助海伦。安妮是波士顿一所盲人学校的老师，她也曾在那里就读。安妮年幼的时候也曾有过视力问题，所以能够对海伦的困难产
生共鸣。她的第一个目标是要停止海伦令人讨厌的
行为。海伦需要这样重要的准备来学习语言。她也需要许多的爱。当安妮和海伦第一次见面时，安妮就紧紧地拥抱了海伦。
海伦必须要学着理解那些拼写在她手上的单词。安妮的方法很简单直接。她将一件物品放在海伦的一只手里，然后在她的另一只手里拼写单词。安妮用玩具娃娃开始。她让海伦玩娃娃，然后在她的手里拼写字母“D O L L”。海伦以为这是个游戏。她在她的书《我的生活故事》中细致地描述了自己的兴奋：“我冲下楼梯跑向妈妈，举起手，拼写玩具娃娃的字母。我不知道自己在拼写一个单词，更不知道单词的存在；我只是简单地像猴子般地模仿着移动手指。”
后来有一天，安妮带海伦出来到了水井边。安妮将海伦的手放在水的下方。当水流过一只手时，安妮在另一只手里拼写“w a t e r”一词。一瞬间，海伦突然明白了：手指的运动表示正在流过她的手的清凉的水。这一宝贵知识给了她希望和欢乐。终于,词语世界向她敞开了。
既然海伦理解了语言之谜，她非常渴望学习更多词语并且尽可能多地使用它们。能看和听的孩子学语言很容易，但是对海伦来说，这是一个渐进的，有时是痛苦的过程。然而，结果是令人惊叹的。
随着知识和词汇的扩大，海伦问的问题越来越多。这很快就使她发现更复杂的词汇，并改变了她的思考过程。学习“爱”(love)这个词的过程是她记忆深刻的一个经历。她在自己的书《我的生活故事》里是这样描述的：
“我记得第一次问‘爱’这个词的意思的那个早晨。这是在我知道很多词之前。我在花园里发现了几枝早开的紫罗兰花，我把花拿给我的老师……沙利文小姐轻柔地用她的手臂环抱着我，在我的手里拼写‘我爱海伦’。‘什么是爱？’我问道。她将我拉近一些，
然后指着我的心说，‘它在这里，’……她的话使我感到非常困惑，因为那时我若不用手触摸就什么都不理解。”
海伦对爱的意思还是不明白，但是她继续努力去理解。“我闻到她手里的紫罗兰花，一半用单词，一半用手势，我问了这样一个问题，‘爱是花的甜蜜吗？’‘不是’，我的老师说。”
海伦感觉到照耀着她们的太阳的温暖，她指着上面问是否那就是爱。当她的老师再次否定时，海伦既
困惑又失望。“我感到奇怪，为什么老师不能告诉我什么是爱。”
“思考”这个词对海伦来说也是一个困难的词，但是在做一件简单的事情时,她取得了突破性的进展。海伦正在沙利文小姐的帮助下制作项链，她注意到自己出了一些错。由于不能肯定怎样改错，她停下来仔细地思考。当她这样做时，沙利文小姐摸摸她的头,在她的手里拼写“思考”这个词。“一瞬间，我明白了这个词便是我头脑中正在进行的这个过程的名称。”
这是海伦第一次明白这样一个复杂的词——一个她触摸不到的东西的含义。在那一刻，她的思想回到了“爱”这个词。当她再次思考它的意思时，太阳出来了。海伦指着太阳，又一次问老师是否这就是爱。安妮回答海伦，解释说爱在某种程度上就像太阳和云。
“你知道,你不能触摸云彩，但是你能感觉到下雨。你同样触摸不到爱，但你却能体会到爱注入万物之中的甜蜜。没有爱，你不会快乐，也不想玩耍。”在那生动的一刻，海伦终于明白了“爱”这个词的美丽真理。
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Unit 16 Stories
教材背景链接
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
—Albert Einstein
想像力比知识更为重要。 ——艾伯特·爱因斯坦
The greatest success is successful self acceptance.
—[Britain]Henry Sweet
名言佳句
最大的成功是正确的自我肯定。 ——[英国]亨利·斯维特
Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.
—[America]Thomas Edison
有所成就是人生惟一的真正乐趣。
——[美国]托马斯·爱迪生
类文欣赏
失意时不要用借口来敷衍自己，与其自暴自弃，不如从别人的经历中寻找失败的教训和成功的经验，给自己树立一个学习的“奋斗榜样”。你知道瑞茜·威瑟斯彭的经历吗？你拥有自己的梦想吗？如果是，那就像她那样始终坚持，决不放弃，终有一天梦想会实现。
Never Give Up Your Dream
The adolescent girl from Tennessee is standing on the stage of a drama summer camp in New York.It’s a beautiful day.But the girl doesn’t feel that.She’s not the glamorous1 Hollywood type.In fact，she describes herself as dorky2.
Since she was six years old，Reese Witherspoon has hoped to be a country singer.Despite three years of lessons，at the end of camp her coaches tell her to forget about singing.They suggest she think about another career.
But back at home in Nashville，her father，a physician，encouraged her to achieve in school.So she worked hard at everything and was accepted at Stanford University.
And at age 19，she got a part in a low budget movie called Freeway.That led to a very important role in the movie Pleasantville.But her big break came with Legally Blonde.
She decided，“If you can’t sing and you aren’t glamorous，play to your strengths.(1)If you want to make it in this
business，better focus on what you’re good at.Celebrate yourself.”And then came the offer that took her back to her Nashville roots—playing the wife of tormented3 country star Johnny Cash，a singing role.
All of a sudden the old fears were back.(2)She was very nervous on the set，and she admitted she would shake after finishing a singing scene and going backstage.But she didn’t give up on the movie or herself.
She spent 6 months taking singing lessons again.She learned to play the autoharp4.And the hard work built up her confidence.
In March,2006，Reese Witherspoon walked up on another stage，the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood，and accepted the Oscar as Best Actress for her heartbreaking，heart warming singing role as June Carter Cash in Walk the Line.
Notes：
1.glamorous adj.富有魅力的，迷人的
2.dorky adj.傻的，愚蠢的 3.tormented adj.饱受折磨的 4.autoharp n．自动竖琴
Task：
Translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
(1)_________________________________
(2)_________________________________
Keys：(1)如果你想在这一行发展，最好在自己
擅长的方面下功夫。为自己喝彩。
(2)她在台上非常紧张，并且她承认自己
会在唱完一幕回到后台之后发抖。(共97张PPT)
Section Ⅰ Warm up & Lesson 1
速效提能演练
Unit 1
重点难点探究
Section Ⅰ
预习多维感知
Step One：Fast Reading
Scan the text and choose the best answer according to the text.
1．Why is Pompeii like a “time capsule”？
A．Because the city is a monument to human history.
B．Because the city can keep the moment frozen.
C．Because the volcanic eruption preserved buildings, objects and even impression of people from the time.
预习多维感知
D．Because the booming city was destroyed by the volcanic eruption.
2．Which statement is RIGHT according to the passage
A．Before the eruption occurred，Pompeii had been an ordinary Roman city.
B．1,600 years later，some scientists found the lost Roman town.
C．Pliny witnessed the volcanic eruption as a child.
D．The eruption buried everything in its bath，including whole villages and towns.
3．You may feel ________ when you see the bodies of people who had died in Pompeii.
A．unbelievable B．ridiculous
C．puzzled D．sorrow and deep sympathy
4．The scientists found the city Pompeii in the ________ century.
A．18th B．19th
C．20th D．21th
5．It is ________ that have made the city Pompeii a monument to human history.
A．the volcanic eruption
B．ancient architecture statues
C．decorated walls and authentic objects
D．the forms of the people who were caught in the disaster
答案：1～5 CDDBD
Step Two：Careful Reading
1．Read the text and fill in the blanks.
Pompeii：The city that became a time capsule
Around the end of the first century AD ●The eruption had (1)__________ on August 24th,79 AD.
●A cloud came down the mountain，(2)______________ the sun and (3)__________ everything in its path.
More than 1,600 years later ●Some scientists found the lost towns and started to (4)___________ the ancient city.
●In a way，Pompeii is like a“time capsule”(5)__________ a frozen moment in history.
●The bodies of people (6)_________ showed their exact shapes.
Today more than (7)__________ years after scientists found the city ●(8)______________ tourists and hundreds of scientists visit Pompeii every year to learn more about the ancient world.
答案：(1)occurred (2)blocking out (3)burying (4)dig out (5)preserving (6)in the ash (7)250 (8)Thousands of
2．Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
(1)However，more than 1,600 years later，some scientists found the lost towns that had been buried under the ashes.
______________________________________________________________________________________
答案：但是，1600多年以后，一些科学家开始挖掘掩埋在维苏威火山下的城市。
(2)By 1748，they had found an awesome historical site.
____________________________________________
答案：至1748年，他们发现了一处令人敬畏的历史遗址。
(3)You can admire the ancient architecture，statues，decorated walls and authentic objects characteristic of the time.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
答案：你可以观赏这些古代的建筑、雕像、带有装饰的墙壁和那时特有的物件。
(4)One person，sitting alone，looks like he is praying.
___________________________________________
答案：一个独自坐着的人看上去像在祷告。
(5)One can only feel sorrow and deep sympathy for these once living statues.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
答案：对这些曾经活着的雕像，人们只能感到悲痛和深切的同情。
Step Three：Summary
Around the end of the first century AD，a Roman writer called Pliny wrote about a terrible volcanic eruption that he had 1.___________ 2.___________ a young man.The eruption had 3.____________ on August 24th,79 AD.The tragedy had 4.___________ a deep impression on Pliny who had lost an uncle in the eruption.5.____________，more than 1,600 years later，some scientists started 6.____________ the lost towns that were buried 7.____________ the
ashes of Mount Vesuvius.Pompeii is like a “time capsule”8.____________ a frozen moment in history.Before the eruption，it had been a booming Roman city 9.____________ temples，markets，restaurants and theatres.Today you can visit these buildings 10.____________ walking along the original streets of the city.Today，more than 250 years 11.____________ scientists found the city，thousands of tourists and hundreds of scientists visit Pompeii every year to learn more about the 12.____________ world.
答案：1.witnessed 2.as 3.occurred 4.left 5.However 6．uncovering 7.under 8.preserving 9.with 10.by 11.after 12.ancient
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1 It looked abandoned.
它看上去是废弃的。
品味经典
①The baby had been abandoned by its mother.
这个婴儿被母亲遗弃了。
②Fearing further attacks，most of the population had abandoned the city.
由于害怕遭受更多的袭击，大多数人已逃离这座城市。
自我探究
abandon是及物动词,意为“放弃；遗弃；沉溺”。abandoned adj.意为“被离弃的，被抛弃的”。
归纳拓展
③He abandoned himself to despair.
他陷入了绝望。
④People in Yushu have never felt abandoned with the immediate help of government and people all over the country.
玉树人民在政府和全国人民的及时帮助下从未感到被抛弃。
易混辨析
abandon，desert，quit，give up，leave
(1)abandon强调“完全、永远地遗弃”，尤其是指遗弃以前感兴趣或负有责任的人或物。
(2)desert强调“违背誓言、命令、责任、义务等”。
(3)quit强调“放弃做坏事或令人厌烦的事或辞职”，常指“停止”。
(4)give up放弃，抛弃，常用于口语中。
(5)leave离开某地或留下某物。
牛刀小试
用abandon，desert，quit，give up，leave填空
(1)The baby’s mother ________ him soon after giving birth.
答案：deserted/abandoned
(2)She ________ the car which she loved most.
答案：abandoned
(3)I give my pledge that I will ________ smoking.
答案：quit
(4)You ought to ________ smoking；I gave it up last year.
答案：give up
(5)I’ve told you to ________ my things alone.
答案：leave
2 fantasy
品味经典
①His childhood fantasy was to become a famous football player.
他儿时的梦想就是成为一名著名的足球运动员。
②Her books are usually escapist fantasies.
她的书通常是逃避现实的幻想作品。
③Children sometimes can’t distinguish between fantasy and reality.
孩子们有时不能区分幻想与现实。
自我探究
fantasy是名词，意为“幻想，想象；想象产物，幻想作品”。
牛刀小试
Some of the old ________ about the space age are coming true.
A．fantasies B．delusions
C．nightmares D．impressions
解析：选A。句意：一些有关太空时代的古老幻想正在变成现实。fantasy幻想，尤其指脱离现实的空想；delusion错觉；nightmare噩梦；impression印象。
3come into view
品味经典
①The Monument to the People’s Heroes came into our view.
人民英雄纪念碑出现在我们的眼前。
②The lake came into view as we turned the corner.
我们转弯就看见那个湖了。
自我探究
come into view意为“进入视野，出现”。view表示“视力，视野”时，是不可数名词；表示“看法，想法”时，是可数名词，常与about或on连用。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
单句改错
(1)As soon as the thief came into views，the policeman caught him.
___________________________________________
答案：views→view
(2)He had good view on the equal pay for men and women.
___________________________________________
答案：good前加a
4 knock over
品味经典
①He rushed from the opposite way and knocked me over.
他从相反的方向冲过来，把我撞倒在地。
②You’ve knocked over my drink!
你把我的饮料打翻了！
自我探究
knock over意为“撞翻，打翻”。
归纳拓展
③Knock at the door before you enter.
你进去之前要先敲门。
④Gathering that information means knocking on doors and asking people questions.
收集那样的信息意味着得去挨家挨户敲门，并向人们提问。
⑤She was knocked down/over by a bus.
她被一辆公共汽车撞倒在地。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)那是我花10美元买的，因为已经旧了，我将减价20%。
It cost me 10 dollars but I’ll ________________ 20% as it is no longer new.
答案：knock off
(2)那位老先生被一辆公共汽车撞倒在地了。
The old man was ________________ by a bus.
答案：knocked down
(3)我今天上午在镇上碰到了过去教过我的老师。
I ______________ my old teacher in the town this morning.
答案：knocked into
5 In a way，Pompeii is like a“time capsule” preserving a frozen moment in history.
从某种程度上说，庞培古城如同一个时间舱，保存了历史上一段被封存了的瞬间。
品味经典
①Efforts to preserve the peace have failed.
维护和平的努力失败了。
②This vase has been preserved well.
这个花瓶保存完好。
自我探究
preserve是及物动词，意为“保护、保存、保持、维护”。
归纳拓展
preserve...from...保护……免受……
preservation n．保存，保护
be in good/poor preservation保存得好/不好
③This society was set up to preserve endangered species from extinction.
成立这个协会是为了保护濒危物种不致灭绝。
④The paintings were in an excellent state of preservation.
这些绘画保存得非常好。
易混辨析
defend，protect，guard，preserve
(1)defend指“保卫，防御”，含有采取措施抵制的意思。
(2)protect指“保护……使其免受伤害”等，常与from连用。
(3)guard指“注意观察，戒备”，含有“看守”的意思。
(4)preserve指“保存、保护……使其免遭破坏”，含有“采取措施维护……的安全”之意。
牛刀小试
It’s the duty of the police to ________ the public order.
A．prevent B．present
C．preserve D．prepare
解析：选C。句意：维护公共秩序是警察的职责。preserve保护，保持，维持。其他三项皆不符合题意。
6 Around the end of the first century AD，a Roman writer called Pliny wrote about a terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed as a young man.
公元一世纪末左右，一位名叫普利尼的罗马作家描述了他青年时代亲眼目睹的一场灾难性火山喷发的情景。
品味经典
①The girl who had witnessed the accident decided to call the police.
目睹这起事故的女孩，决定给警察打电话。
②We have witnessed great changes in my hometown. 我们见证了家乡的巨大变化。
③His tears witnessed the shame he felt.
他的眼泪说明他感到羞愧。
④He was one of the witnesses of the accident.
他是事件目击者之一。
⑤These facts are a witness to his carelessness.
这些事实证明了他的粗心。
自我探究
witness作为动词，表示“目击，见证，说明，(为……)作证”。还可作为名词表示“证人，证据，证词”。
易混辨析
witness，see，look，watch，notice
(1)witness侧重看到某事物后，能够作为证人，提供证据。
(2)see看见，表示视觉器官有意识或无意识地看到物体，强调“看到”的结果。
(3)look看，表示有意识地观看，强调“看”的动作。
(4)watch观看，注视，指集中注意力观看。
(5)notice看到，注意到，有意识地注意，含有“从不注意到注意的变化”的意义。
牛刀小试
The successful launch of Shenzhou Ⅶ is a powerful ________ to our country’s increasing prosperity.
A．witness B．fact
C．evidence D．proof
解析：选A。句意：神舟七号的成功发射是我们
祖国日益昌盛的有力证明。witness n．证明，证
据。
7 The eruption had occurred on August 24th,79 AD.The earth began to tremble and a volcano named Vesuvius，near Pompeii，Italy，erupted.
火山爆发发生在公元79年8月24日。大地开始颤动，一座位于意大利境内庞培附近名叫维苏威的火山喷发了。
品味经典
①Heavy rains often occur during the summer in my hometown.
夏天，我的家乡经常出现暴雨。
②The idea never occurred to me.
我从来没想到过这个主意。
③It never occurred to me that I suddenly met an old friend in such a place.
我怎么也没想到在这个地方突然遇到一位老朋友。
自我探究
occur除了表示“发生”外，还可表示“被想起、被想到”。sth.occur to sb.某事浮现在某人的脑海中。It occurred to me that...表示“我突然想到……”，介词to后常接表示“人”的名词或代词作宾语。
易混辨析
occur，happen，come about，take place，break out
(1)occur发生，想到，突然想到，不与suddenly连用。
(2)happen发生，一般用于偶然或突发性事件，还可指“碰巧”。
(3)come about发生，产生，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么。
(4)take place发生，举行，举办，一般指事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。
(5)break out发生，爆发，常指战争、灾难、疾病或争吵等事件的发生。
④A terrible earthquake occurred in Japan on March 11th,2011.
2011年3月11日，日本发生了强烈地震。
⑤Tom is absent in the classroom.What happened to him
汤姆不在教室里。出什么事了吗？
⑥I happened to meet an old friend in the street.
我碰巧在街上碰到了一位老朋友。
⑦—No one knows why the flood came about.
没有人知道为什么发洪水。
—Perhaps because of the heavy rain up the hill.
也许是因为山上下了大雨。
⑧The Students’ Movement took place for a special historical reason.
那场学生运动是由于特殊的历史原因发生的。
⑨A fire broke out when the workers operated the machine in a wrong way.
当工人以错误的方式操作机器时发生了火灾。
牛刀小试
It never ________ to me that he had failed in the exam.
A．happened B．occurred
C．appeared D．sounded
解析：选B。句意：我从没想到他考试失败了。考查固定句型：It occurs to sb.that...某人突然想到……。
8 Pliny described a cloud coming down the mountain，blocking_out the sun and burying everything in its path，including whole villages and towns.
普利尼描述道，一团云自山巅而降，遮天蔽日，将所经之处的一切，包括一座座村庄和城镇，通通吞没。
品味经典
①As we all know，black clouds can never block out the sun.
众所周知，乌云永远遮不住太阳。
②They blocked the flood out of their city.
他们把洪水挡在了城市外面。
③Over the years I have tried to block out that event，but I couldn’t.
多年来，我努力想把那一件事情(从记忆中)抹去，但是我做不到。
④We blocked out our ideas for the room arrangement.
我们勾勒出对房间布置的设想。
自我探究
block out除了表示“堵住，挡住”外，还可以表示“抹去，设计”。
block v．堵塞，封锁
n．大块，街段，一组，一批，障碍(物)，阻塞(物)
block off封锁，封闭
block up堵塞，阻碍，挡住
a block of wood一大块木头
traffic block交通堵塞
归纳拓展
⑤The main roads of the city have been blocked off.
这个城市的主干道路已经被封锁了。
⑥My nose is blocked up.
我的鼻子堵塞了。
牛刀小试
(1)Seeing the road ________ with snow，we had to spend the holiday at home，watching TV.
A．blocking B．to block
C．blocked D．to be blocked
解析：选C。句意：看到路被雪堵了，这个假期我们不得不待在家里看电视。根据句意，路被雪堵了，应用被动完成式，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
(2)Sooner or later the whole basin of water may be turned into ________ ice in cold winter.
A．a piece of B．a block of
C．a basin of D．a sheet of
解析：选B。句意：在寒冷的冬季，那盆水迟早会变成一大块冰。a block of意为“一大块”，符合句意。a piece of ice一块冰。
9This particularly sad event left a deep impression on Pliny who had lost an uncle in the eruption.
这场灾难给普利尼留下了深刻的印象，在灾难中他的一位叔叔丧生了。
(1)particularly
品味经典
①Text messages have exploded in popularity particularly among young people.
短信已经引爆流行，特别是在年轻人当中。
②The story happened on that particular day.
故事就发生在那特殊的一天。
③The work is completed in every particular.
这个工作全部完成了。
自我探究?
particularly是副词，意为“特别地、特定地”。particular 除了形容词的词性外，还可用作名词，表示“细节，个别部分”。
归纳拓展
④I have nothing particular to do this evening.
今晚我没有什么特殊的事要做。
⑤She is very particular about clothes.
她对衣着非常讲究。
⑥Language is particular to mankind.
语言是人类特有的。
⑦Was there anything in particular that you wanted to talk about
你有什么特别想谈的吗？
(2)left a deep impression on
品味经典
Her particular way of smiling left a good impression on me.
她特有的微笑给我留下了美好的印象。
自我探究
leave a．..impression on sb.表示“给某人留下……印象”；impression后常跟介词on。
牛刀小试
单句改错
(1)I know you are particular interested in human rights.
_________________________________________
答案：particular→particularly
(2)Punishment seemed to leave no impresses on the child.
__________________________________________
答案：impresses→impression
10 In a way，Pompeii is like a“time capsule” preserving a frozen moment in history.
从某种程度上说，庞贝古城如同一个时间舱，保存了历史上一个被封存了的瞬间。
品味经典
①In a way，it was one of our biggest mistakes.
从某种意义上来说，它是我们所犯的最大的错误之一。
②In a way，it’s kind of nice to be working alone.
从某种意义来讲，一个人干活儿相当不错。
自我探究
in a way表示“从某种程度上说，从某种意义上说”。
by way of通过；经由
all the way一路上，从头到尾
in the way挡道
make one’s way前进，行走
in no way决不
no way没门儿
归纳拓展
on the way to...在去……的路中，在干……的过程中
in one way...，in another way...一方面……另一方面……
by the way顺便说说
③By the way，what happened to the family then
顺便问一句，那个家庭后来怎么样了？
④We’ll stop and have lunch on the way.
我们会在途中停下来吃顿午饭。
牛刀小试
—I think he is taking an active part in social work.
—I agree with you ________.
A．in a way B．on the way
C．by the way D．in the way
解析：选A。句意：——我认为他积极参与社会活动。——从某种程度上来说我同意你的说法。in a way意为“从某种程度上说，从某方面来说”，符合题意。on the way意为“在路上”；by the way意为“顺便说”；in the way意为“挡道”。
11 As you walk，you will pass people gathered together for protection in their last hours of life.
当你走过时，你会遇到在生命的最后时刻聚集在一起寻求保护的人们。
品味经典
①Thousands of people gathered outside the embassy.
成千上万的人聚集在大使馆外面。
②A crowd gathered around to watch the fight.
一群人聚拢来观看这场打斗。
自我探究
gather是动词，表示“聚集，使聚拢”。
归纳拓展
③A large crowd soon gathered round the speaker.
讲演者身边很快聚集了一大群人。
④The peasants are gathering in the harvest.
农民正在收割庄稼。
易混辨析
gather，collect
gather 指把原来分散的、杂乱的东西无选择地集拢在一起，强调由个体聚集到一起成为集体。不仅可以用于人和物，还可用于抽象的东西，如把力量、印象等聚集起来；也指采花、摘果实、采蜜等。
collect 指经过精选后按一定原则或种类收集或聚集。着重于有计划、有条理地为某种目的进行细心的、有选择性的收集。
⑤The teacher gathered the pupils round her.
老师把小学生们聚集在她周围。
⑥He collected a lot of valuable stamps.
他收集了许多有价值的邮票。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)他不久便集合了一群人在他周围。
He soon ________ a crowd ________ him.
答案：gathered；round
(2)请将文件和书籍收集起来。
Please ________ the papers and books ________.
答案：gather；together
12The building exploded because a gas pipe had burst.
因为燃气管道泄漏，这座建筑物爆炸了。
品味经典
①A man burst in，waving a gun.
一个男子挥动着一把枪闯了进来。
②That ballon will burst if you blow it up any more.
你再给气球充气，它就要爆了。
自我探究
burst作为动词，表示“(使)爆炸；突然到(某处)，冲，闯”；作为名词，表示“强烈感情的突然爆发，爆炸”。
归纳拓展
③He burst in on the meeting.
他闯进来打断了会议。
④The aircraft crashed and burst into flames.
飞机坠毁后猛然燃烧起来。
牛刀小试
—What happened
—Oh，a bee appeared on Kate’s dress，and her sudden ________ of cry scared us.
A．break B．burst
C．attitude D．express
解析：选B。考查名词辨析。答句句意为：……她的突然尖叫吓了我们一跳。burst在这里强调的是感情的突然释放或突然迸发。break“间歇，中断,机遇”；attitude“态度，看法”；express n．“快车，快运”。由题意可知，A、C、D三项均不符合，故选B。
13However，much more than buildings and objects，it is the forms of the people who were caught in the disaster that have made the city a monument to human history.
但是，与城里的建筑及物品相比，那些在那场灾难中遇难的人的轮廓像更使这个城市成为人类历史上的一座纪念碑。
句型巧析
品味经典
①It is the girl that(who) likes playing football in her class.
在她班上喜欢踢足球的是这个女孩。
②It was he that(who) was referred to at the meeting.
在会议上是他被提到。
③It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off.
正是由于坏天气，足球赛才不得不被推迟。
④It was in the shop which was opened last month that he bought the book.
他正是在上个月刚开业的那家商店买了这本书。
自我探究
本句后半句为强调句型。其基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋其他成分。该句型可以用来强调句中的某些成分，如主语、宾语、状语等，但其结构不能用来强调谓语。被强调的部分指人时用that，who均可，指事或情况时只用that。
归纳拓展
强调句的其他句式：
句子结构 句型
一般疑
问式 Is/Was＋it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他
特殊疑
问式 What/Where/How/When/Who/Whom is/was＋it＋被强调部分＋其他？
【温馨提示】 强调句的判定方法：强调结构中It is/was...that/who三个词如果去掉，原句不影响理解，虽然句子语序可能不太合适；而以It作形式主语，that引导主语从句的情况下，若去掉It is/was ...that，则句子不是正确句子。试比较：
⑤It is what he said that matters much.
＝What he said matters much.
(第一句为强调结构)
⑥It is true that he won the game.
(去掉It is...that原句不再成立，该句为主语从句。)
牛刀小试
It was not until midnight ________ they reached the campsite.
A．that B．when
C．while D．as
解析：选A。句意：他们直到半夜才到达宿营地。本句考查强调结构，可以还原为：They didn’t reach the campsite until midnight.强调句型的结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋剩余部分。
14Another man，lying on his side，looks as_if he is trying to get up.
躺在他旁边的另外一个人看上去好像是在试图站起来。
品味经典
①It looks as if it is going to rain.
看起来要下雨了。
②The child talked to us as if he were a grown up.
那孩子跟我们谈起话来，像个成年人似的。
③He talks about Paris as if he had been there before. 他说起巴黎来好像他以前去过那儿似的。
自我探究
(1)在通常情况下，as if引导从句，从句常用虚拟语气，表示所叙述的情况与事实相反，谈论现在的情形时，从句中谓语动词一般用过去时；谈论过去的情形时，从句中谓语动词一般用过去完成时，有时也用过去进行时。
(2)如果as if后面的从句所表示的情况是真实的或可能是真实的，那么从句不用虚拟语气。
归纳拓展
as if从句用虚拟语气的具体形式：
主句＋as if/though＋ 类型 从句(谓语动词)
表示与现在事实相反的假设 一般过去时(be一般用were)
表示与将来事实相反的假设
表示与过去事实相反的假设 had＋过去分词
易混辨析
as if，even if
(1)as if意为“好像，仿佛”，相当于as though，在句中引导表语从句或方式状语从句，有时表示与所叙述的情况相反，这时从句用虚拟语气。
(2)even if(＝even though)意为“甚至，即使”，引导让步状语从句，从句不用虚拟语气。
牛刀小试
(2011年高考湖南卷)Jack wasn’t saying anything，but the teacher smiled at him ________ he had done something very clever.
A．as if B．in case
C．while D．though
解析：选A。句意：杰克什么都没说，但是老师朝着他笑，就好像他做了非常明智的事情一样。as if好像；in case以免，万一；while在……期间，而；though虽然，尽管，故只有A项符合句意。
Pompeii：The city that became a time capsule
Around the end of the first century AD，a Roman writer called Pliny wrote about a terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed as a young man.The eruption had occurred on August 24th,79 AD.The earth began to tremble and a volcano named Vesuvius，near Pompeii，Italy，erupted.Pliny described a cloud coming down the mountain，blocking out the sun and burying everything in its path，including whole villages and towns.
译文助读
This particularly sad event left a deep impression on Pliny who had lost an uncle in the eruption.Yet，over the centuries，there was a greater loss.The people，towns and villages that had disappeared under the ashes were entirely forgotten by the world. However，more than 1,600 years later，some scientists found the lost towns that had been buried under the ashes.By 1748，they had found an awesome historical site.They had started to dig out the ancient city of Pompeii.
In a way，Pompeii is like a “time capsule” preserving a frozen moment in history.Before the eruption occurred，it had been a booming Roman city with temples，markets，restaurants and theatres.Now as you walk along the streets of the city，time rewinds. You can admire the ancient architecture， statues，decorated walls and authentic objects characteristic of the time.However，much more than buildings and objects，it is the forms of the people who were caught in the disaster that have made the city a monument to human history.
The bodies of people who had died in Pompeii left impressions in the ash that showed their exact shapes.As you walk，you will pass people gathered together for protection in their last hours of life.One person，sitting alone，looks like he is praying.Another man，lying on his side，looks as if he is trying to get up.One can only feel sorrow and deep sympathy for these once living statues.
Today，more than 250 years after scientists found the city，thousands of tourists and hundreds of scientists visit Pompeii every year to learn more about the ancient world.In this way，the city，which the world had once forgotten，lives on nearly 2,000 years after its loss.
庞贝：一座变成“时间舱”的城市
公元一世纪末左右，一位名叫普利尼的罗马作家描述了他青年时代亲眼目睹的一场可怕的火山喷发的情景。火山喷发发生在公元79年8月24日。大地开始颤动，一座位于意大利境内庞培附近名叫维苏威的火山喷发了。普利尼描述道，一团云自山巅而降,遮天蔽日，将所经之处的一切，包括一座座村庄和城镇统统吞没。
这场灾难给普利尼留下深刻的印象，他的一位叔叔在灾难中丧生。然而，几百年后，更大的损失发生了，维苏威火山灰下失踪的人们、城市以及村庄被世人完全遗忘了。
但是，1600多年以后，一些科学家发现了被埋在火山灰下的消失了的城镇。到1748年，他们已经发现了一处令人敬畏的历史遗址,开始挖掘出庞贝古城。从某种程度上说，庞培古城如同一个“时间舱”，保存了历史上一段被封存了的瞬间。火山爆发前，庞贝是一座繁华的罗马城市，寺庙、集市、餐馆和剧院遍布全城。如今，当你沿着城中的街道漫步时,时间回到了过去。你可以观赏这些古代的建筑、雕像、装饰的墙壁和那时特有的原物。然而，是那些在这次空难中遇难的人们的形态而不是建筑物或其他物品使得这个城市成为人类历史的纪念碑。
这些在庞培城中遇难的人的身体在火山灰中留下了遇难时的确切痕迹。当你走过时，你会看到在生命的最后时刻聚集在一起寻求保护的人们。一个独自坐着的人看上去像在祷告。躺在他旁边的另一个人看上去好像是在试图站立起来。对这些曾经活着的雕像，人们只能感到悲痛和深切的同情。
今天，在科学家们发现庞培城250多年后，每年都有成千上万的游客和成百上千的科学家参观庞培城，以求更多地了解这个古老的世界。这样，在消失了近2000年后，这座曾经一度被世界遗忘的城市又复活了。
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