(共8张PPT)
Module 1 British and American English
教材背景链接
Language is the dress of thought.语言是思想的外衣。
A man who knows two languages is worth two men.
懂得两种语言的人抵得上两人。
名言佳句
I would like to live to study，and not study to live.
—Bacon，Bhilosoher
我愿意为了学习而活着，不愿意为了活着而学习。
——英国哲学家 培根
Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom. —G.W.Curtis
书籍是积累智慧的明灯。 ——G.W.柯蒂斯
类文欣赏
同学们，世界上的语言是多种多样的，英语也有许多变体。除了课本上讲到的英国英语和美国英语，你们还知道其他的英语吗？让我们一起走进下文，来了解一下吧！
English around the world
Nowadays,there are around 400million speakers of English as a first language in countries such as Australia，Britain，Canada，Ireland, Jamaica (牙买加)，New Zealand，South Africa and the United States.In addition，there are many more millions of people who speak English as a second language, that is，when English is used in government，business and education.Many countries where English is used as a second language are ex?British colonies such as India，Kenya，Nigeria，Pakistan，Singapore and Sri Lanka.Furthermore，English is the most widely studied foreign language in the world.
Canadian English
Canadian English started when British loyalists moved north into Canada in 1782,near the end of the American War of Independence.To British people,Canadian English sounds similar to American,but to Americans it sounds slightly British!Canadians use many American words like “truck”for “lorry”and “gas”for “petrol”.
Australian English
Australian English began in 1788 when the first British prisoners were sent away to Australia as punishment.For fifty years,Australia was one big prison.The Australian accent was heavily influenced by Cockney (伦敦东区口音)，as there were large numbers of working class Londoners who were transported to Australia for crimes.Australian English still has Cockney phrases and expressions and is also distinctive （独特的） because of the Aboriginal （澳大利亚土著的）words that have come into the language?words like “kangaroo” and “boomerang”.
New Zealand English
New Zealand English started in 1840,with the treaty between the British and the Maoris （毛利人） in New Zealand.This began the colonization of the two islands.New Zealand English sounds very similar to Australian English,but uses more British words and expressions and has borrowed words from the Maoris,particularly for the names of flowers and trees.
Read the passage and tell the following statements true (T) or false (F).
1.Canadian English uses many British English words like truck and gas.（）
2.Australian English was influenced by the Aboriginal words.（）
3.New Zealand English is similar to American English,but uses more British words and expressions.（）
Keys：1.F2.T3.F(共19张PPT)
Section Ⅰ
Introduction & Reading andVocabulary—Warming Up
预习多维感知
Section Ⅰ
预习多维感知
Step One：Ask and discuss
1．Is British English the same as American English
_________________________________________
2．Do you know the difference between them
_________________________________________
Step Two：Fast reading
1．Scan the text and do some true or false questions.
(1)There’re a lot of differences in grammar between British and American English.( )
(2)Vocabulary is the first and most obvious difference between the two.( )
(3)British people say “write me” and “on the team”．( )
(4)There’s not much variation in language within the country.( )
(5)Television and Internet have made it easier for the British and Americans to understand each other.( )
(6)In the future，there’ll be only one kind of English.( )
答案：(1)F (2)T (3)F (4)F (5)T (6)F
2．Choose the best answer according to the text.
(1)This passage is mainly about ________.
A．how the British brought English into the New World
B．the tourists’ difficulties in the two countries
C．the use of the world official language—English
D．the obvious differences between British English and American English
答案：D
(2)What is the writer’s attitude toward the differences between British English and American English
A．People can understand each other in the same nation however great the differences are.
B．Differences within a language are quite normal even in the same country.
C．George Bernard Shaw believed that English would grow better.
D．It is surprising that the same language has such great differences.
答案：B
(3)The paragraph Colour or Color？tells us that ________.
A．people on the East Coast of the US speak a much similar English to the British
B．differences between languages often cause international problems
C．American English seems better than British English
D．spelling and pronunciation differences no longer exist in the same language
答案：A
(4)What causes “the two varieties are moving closer together”？
A．That the two nations are becoming more friendly.
B．American words and structures passing into British English.
C．Steady communications between the two nations.
D．That scientists have made communications much easier.
答案：C
(5)Why do many people believe that British English will disappear in the future
A．Because it is not easy to understand.
B．Because its spelling is more difficult.
C．Because lots of American words and structures have passed into it.
D．Because it is not as useful as American English.
答案：C
Step Three：Careful reading
1．Listen to the tape and answer the following questions.
(1)Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one
There are a lot of differences between British English and American English.
____________________________________________
答案：British English and American English are different in many ways.
(2)In what ways is American English different from British English
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
答案：American English is different from British English in vocabulary，grammar，spelling as well as pronunciation.
(3)Translate the sentence into Chinese.
But it has also led to lots of American words and structures passing into British English，so that some people now believe that British English will disappear.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
答案：但是这也导致许多美式英语单词和结构融入英式英语，以至于现在有些人认为英式英语会消失。
2．Read the text and fill in the blanks.
(1)__________ between British and American English
(2)________
and
expressions AmE. BrE.
automobile (4)________
freeway motorway
gas petrol
(5)________ underground
cab taxi
stand in line (6)________
(7)________ crisps
Grammar Do you have？ (8)________
My friend has. just arrived My friend just arrived.
Preposition on the weekend at the weekend
on the team (9)________
(3)________ center centre
(10)________ colour
program programme
答案：(1)Differences (2)Words (3)Spelling (4)car (5)subway (6)queue up (7)French fries (8)Have you got？(9)in the team (10)color
Step Four：Summary
British and American English are different in many ways.The first and most 1._____________way is in the vocabulary.For example，Americans drive automobiles down freeways while the British drive cars along 2.____________.The second difference is that sometimes the same word has a slightly different meaning，which can be 3.____________.Third，there are a few differences in 4.____________，too.The British say “Have you got...？” while Americans prefer “Do you have...？” Prepositions，too，can be different.
The British use prepositions while Americans 5.____________ them.Finally，many factors have influenced American 6.____________ since the first 7.____________ arrived four hundred years ago.The 8.____________，which is most 9.____________ to British English，can be heard on the East Coast of the US.A Londoner may have more 10.____________ understanding a Scotsman from Glasgow than understanding a New Yorker.
答案：1.obvious 2.motorways 3.confusing
4．grammar 5.omit 6.pronunciation 7.settlers
8．accent 9.similar 10.difficulty
Step Five：Discussion
Do you think Chinese will be most widely used in the world Why (within 30 words)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
答案：Yes，I think so.Because with our country’s development，more and more foreigners want to learn Chinese in order to communicate with us.
本部分内容讲解结束
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谢谢使用(共74张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Introduction & Reading and Vocabulary—Language Study
速效提能演练
Unit 1
重点难点探究
Section Ⅱ
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1 We have really everything in common with America nowadays，except of course，language.
当然，除了语言外，如今我们确实在所有方面都和美国一样。
品味经典
①Though they are twins, they have nothing in common.
虽然是双胞胎，他们却毫无共同之处。
②To my surprise，I found I had a lot in common with this stranger.
令我吃惊的是，我发现自己和这个陌生人有许多共同点。
自我探究
have sth.in common (with sb.)意为“(与某人)想法、兴趣等相同”；have sth.in common(with sth.)意为“(与某物)特征或特性相同”，其宾语一般是表示程度的a lot，everything，much，little，nothing 等。
归纳拓展
③In common with other students，Tom is good at English.和其他学生一样，汤姆的英语学得也很好。
易混辨析
common，regular，usual，ordinary
(1)common共同的，到处可见的，强调普遍性
(2)regular定期的，强调规律性；
(3)ordinary平凡无奇的，普通的，强调不特殊；
(4)usual经常的，一贯如此的，强调习惯性。
牛刀小试
用common，usual，regular，ordinary填空
(1)This kind of flower is ________in our country.
(2)We hear from him on a ________basis.
(3)We were dressed up for the party but she was still in her________ clothes.
(4)He came later than ________.
答案：(1)common (2)regular (3)ordinary (4)usual
2 It doesn’t make much of a difference whether a teacher speaks British or American English.
一位老师说的是英式英语还是美式英语，这并没有多大差异。
品味经典
①It makes no difference whether he comes or not.
他来不来没有多大的影响。
②If you can speak English very well，it does make a difference.
如果你英语说得棒的话，那会很不一样。
③Could that make any difference to you
那对你有影响吗？
自我探究
whether...or ...“是否……还是……”，为固定结构，引导了一个主语从句，在句中作真正的主语，而主句中的 it只是形式主语。
make a difference 表示“有影响”或“使……不一样”。常用的固定搭配还有 make no /some /any /much /a lot of difference 表示没有/有一些/有很大的影响。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)他帮不帮助我们没有多大的影响。
It makes no difference ________________________.
(2)如果你想与别人不一样，你就应该努力工作。
If you want to ____________________， you should work hard.
(3)他的失败对你有影响吗？
Does his failure ________________________？
答案：(1)whether he will help us or not (2)make a difference (3)make any difference to you
3 British and American English are different in many ways.The first and most obvious way is in the vocabulary.
英式英语与美式英语在很多方面都不相同。最首要、最明显的区别就在于词汇。
品味经典
①It is quite obvious that he didn’t do it himself.
显然他没有亲自去做。
②It was obvious that she felt upset.
显然她感到不安。
③Her disappointment was obvious to everyone.
大家都看得出来她显然很失望。
④Obviously he can’t tell the difference between them.
显然他无法区别二者的不同。
自我探究
obvious adj.意为“显然的，显而易见的”。句型 It is obvious that...意为“显然……”，it 为形式主语，that_从句是主语。obviously 是副词。
牛刀小试
(1)It was ________to everyone that the child had been badly treated.
A．general B．obvious
C．normal D．original
解析：选B。考查词义辨析。general 大体上；obvious 明显的；normal 正常的；original 起源的，根据意思应该是很明显孩子受过虐待。
(2)You look tired and sad.________ you are in a difficult position there now.
A．Indeed B．Actually
C．Obviously D．Particularly
解析：选C。因为看起来“疲惫不堪”，所以“很明显”你处于困难境地。
4 As a tourist，you will need to use the underground in London or the subway in New York，or maybe you will prefer to get around the town by taxi (British) or cab (American)．
作为游客，你在伦敦要乘的地铁叫 underground，而在纽约则叫 subway，或者你愿意乘坐 taxi (英国用法)或者 cab (美国用法)游览城市。
品味经典
①It is difficult for him to get around without a stick.
他没有手杖四处活动很困难。
②It quickly got around that Joshua was back in town.
乔舒亚已经回城的消息很快就传开了。(朗文P813)
③I think we should be able to get around most of these problems.
我认为我们应该能避开这些问题的大部分的。
自我探究
get around 意为“四处走动；传播；流传”，相当于 get about，后接“人”作宾语时，表示“劝服(某人)”。
归纳拓展
get across 使了解；使变得清楚或令人置信
get along 相处融洽；进展
get away 脱身；离开，走开
get down to sth./doing sth.开始做某事
牛刀小试
单项填空
(1)There’s no way of getting ________it－you’re going to have to tell the truth.
A．around B．away
C．down D．off
解析：选A。考查动词短语辨析。由后半句“you’re going to have to tell the truth”可知，不讲实话是不行的，所以要用get around回避，逃避。句意：逃避是不可能的，你必须说实话。B项有一定的干扰性，但get away意思是“逃脱”，不符合语境。
完成句子
(2) We had to use public transport to ________________(外出活动)．
答案：get around
5 Prepositions，too，can be different：compare on the team，on the weekend (American) with in the team，at the weekend (British)．
介词的用法也有所不同：比较一下 on the team，on the weekend (美国用法)和 in the team，at the weekend (英国用法)。
品味经典
①Living in a town can’t compare with living in the country in many respects.
在许多方面城市生活比不上乡下生活。
②These women nurses can be compared to angels in white.
这些女护士可以被比作白衣天使。
③A beginner’s painting can’t be compared to that of an expert.初学者的画不能与专家的相比。
④Compared to/with developed countries，we still have a long way to go.
与发达国家相比，我们还有很长的路要走。
自我探究
compare sth. with sth.
把……和……比较；比起来
compare sth.to sth.
把……比拟为……；喻为……
compared to 常用作状语，表示“和……相比”的意思。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)比较一下我和他的作文，你会发现他的比较好。
________ my composition with his，and you will find his is better.
(2)和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
________ with your brother，you should make greater efforts to study English.
(3)当比较不同的文化的时候，我们经常只注意不同点，而不注意它们的相同点。
________ different cultures，we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
解析：第一句是“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”句型结构，所以用动词原形；第二句为过去分词短语作状语，表示被动，和主句主语存在逻辑动宾关系，相当于If you are compared with your brother，you...；第三句为v.?ing形式作状语，表示主动，和主句主语之间存在逻辑主谓关系，相当于When we compare different cultures，we...。
答案：(1)Compare (2)Compared (3)Comparing
6 The other two areas in which the two varieties differ are spelling and pronunciation.
两种语言分类各不相同的另外两个方面就是拼写和发音。
(1)variety
品味经典
①There’s a large variety of dishes on the menu.
菜单上有许多种菜。
②A variety of apples are sold in this supermarket.
这家超市卖各种各样的苹果。
③There are new varieties of wheat.
麦子有许多新品种。
④Teaching methods vary greatly from school to school.
各个学校的教学方法大不相同。(朗文P2206)
自我探究
variety n．意为“变化；品种，变种；多种多样”；a variety of 意为“多种多样的”，相当于 varieties_of。variety 的前面可以有great，large，wide 等词修饰。
(2)differ
品味经典
⑤Our opinion differs greatly from each other’s in that respect.我们的意见在那方面有很大的出入。
⑥The brothers differ widely in their tastes.
他们弟兄的爱好大相径庭。
⑦I’m sorry to differ with you on that.
对不起，在那一点上我与你看法不同。
自我探究
动词 differ 在该句中的意思是“不同于，相异”。与介词 in连用表示“在某方面相异”。与介词 from 连用，表示“和……不同”，相当于be_different_from。differ with_/from sb.about/on sth.意为“不同意，持异议”。
牛刀小试
单项填空
(1)Leaves are found on all kinds of trees，but they differ greatly ________ size and shape.
A．on B．from
C．by D．in
解析：选D。表示“在……方面”用介词in。句意为：各种各样的树上都长着叶子，但它们在形状和大小上是大不一样的。
完成句子
(2)这家旅馆为客人提供各种各样的娱乐活动。
The hotel offers its guests _________________ amusements.
答案：a wide variety of
7 The accent，which is most similar to British English，can be heard on the East Coast of the US.
在美国东海岸能听到与英国英语非常相似的口音。
品味经典
①She is similar in temper to her mother.
她的脾气跟她妈妈相似。
②The object of the game is similar to that of badminton.
这种运动的目的和羽毛球相似。
自我探究
similar 作形容词，意为“近似的，类似的，相似的”。后可接介词 to ，构成 be similar to sb./sth.结构，意为“和……相似”。表示“在……方面相似”，用 be similar in。be similar to 的反义词是be different from “与……不同”。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
用similar，familiar，popular 的相关词填空
(1)The suits which ____________ men will never be out of date.
(2)Though the new neighbourhood ____________ not __________ him，he found it __________ his old one in some points.
答案：(1)are popular with (2)was；familiar to；was similar to
单项填空
(3)(2011年江苏省徐州第一中学高二调研)This magazine is very______with young people，who like its content and style.
A．familiar B．popular
C．similar D．particular
解析：选B。考查形容词和介词的搭配。句意：这本杂志深受年轻人的欢迎，他们喜欢它的内容和风格。
8 But it has also led to lots of American words and structures passing into British English，so that some people now believe that British English will disappear.
但是这也致使许多美国英语单词和结构传入英国英语，以至于现在有一些人相信英国英语将要消失。
品味经典
①Hard work leads to success and failure often lies in laziness.勤劳通向成功，失败源于懒惰。
②Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.
过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。
③This road leads to the hotel.这条路通向旅馆。
④What led you to this conclusion
你是怎样得出这个结论的？
⑤What led you to take up acting as a career
是什么让你开始从事演艺事业的？
自我探究
lead to “引起，导致；通向”，其中 to 为介词，后接名词或动名词。lead sb. to＋n.“引导某人……”；lead sb. to_do sth.使某人做……。
牛刀小试
We firmly believe that war never settles anything.It only ________ violence.
A．runs into B．comes from
C．leads to D．begins with
解析：选C。此题考查固定短语。run into撞上；come from来自；lead to导致；begin with以……开始。结合句意应选C。
A Londoner has more difficulty understanding a Scotsman from Glasgow than understanding a New Yorker.
伦敦人要听懂来自格拉斯哥的苏格兰人说话比听懂纽约人说话更难。
句型巧析
品味经典
①Some students have difficulty in finding jobs after graduation.有些学生毕业后很难找到工作。
②He said he had some difficulties with his English pronunciation.
他说他在英语发音方面有一些困难。
③Did you have any trouble finding his house
你找到他的房子有没有困难？
自我探究
have difficulty in doing sth.“做某事有困难”的意思。difficulty 前可加修饰词 much，little，no 等；in可省略。difficulty 可换成 trouble，problem，a hard time, a good time，great fun 等，若difficulty 等后接名词，介词 in 换成 with。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ______ home in the snowstorm.
A．walked B．walk
C．to walk D．walking
解析：选D。we had为定语从句，修饰先行词difficulty。imagine后宾语从句的谓语为have difficulty (in) doing sth.结构。
10 This non-stop communication，the experts think, has made it easier for British people and Americans to understand each other.
专家认为，这种不间断的交流使得英美人之间的相互理解变得更加容易。
品味经典
①His dream was that the Olympic Games would make it possible for countries and people to live peacefully side by side.
他的梦想就是奥林匹克运动会能使所有的国家和人们和平共处。
②New inventions and discoveries have made it possible for us to think about the world in new ways.
新的发明和发现使我们用新的方式了解世界成为可能。
③We found it pleasant that we worked together with them.
我们发现与他们一起工作很愉快。
④He thinks it no need talking about it with them.
他认为没有必要跟他们谈。
自我探究
当不定式、动名词或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时(如 make，find，see，hear 等)，为保持句子平衡，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。其结构为：主语＋谓语动词＋ it ＋形容词/名词/代词＋不定式/动名词/从句。it 后面的形容词或名词作宾补。
牛刀小试
(1)He didn’t make ________ clear when and where the meeting would be held.
A．this B．that
C．it D．these
解析：选C。考查it作形式宾语，替代when和where引导真正的宾语从句，其他代词皆无此用法。
(2)(2010年高考辽宁卷)The fact that she was foreign made ________difficult for her to get a job in that country.
A．so B．much
C．that D．it
解析：选D。句意：她是外国人这个事实使她很难在那个国家找到工作。it 作 make 的形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语。
11 When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language, he was obviously thinking about the differences.
当著名的爱尔兰作家萧伯纳说出“英国和美国是被一种常见的语言分割开来的两个国家”一番话时，很明显他考虑了两者之间的差异。
品味经典
①I have no idea when he will come.
我不知道他什么时候来。
②Almost everyone expressed the hope that we would meet again.几乎每个人都表达了想再次见面的希望。
③I am glad to hear the news that our team has won the game.
我很高兴听到我们队赢得了比赛的消息。
自我探究
that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language 是同位语从句，用来说明前面的名词 remark 的内容。常跟在以下名词的后面：idea，thought，belief，hope，suggestion，doubt，order，news。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
(1)The fact has worried many scientists ________the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
A．what B．which
C．that D．though
解析：选C。分析句式结构可知此处缺少同位语从句的引导词，从句意义、结构均完整，所以选 that。
(2)—Is there any possibility ________you could pick me up at the airport
—No problem.
A．when B．that
C．whether D．what
解析：选B。Is there any possibility that...？有……的可能吗？that 在句中引导同位语从句，解释说明possibility 的具体内容。that 在从句中无实际含义，且不作任何成分，但不可省略。
Words，words，words
British and American English are different in many ways.The first and most obvious way is in the vocabulary.There are hundreds of different words which are not used on the other side of the Atlantic，or which are used with a different meaning.Some of these words are well known—Americans drive automobiles down freeways and fill up with gas；the British drive cars along motorways and fill up with petrol.As a tourist，
英汉对照
you will need to use the underground in London or the subway in New York，or maybe you will prefer to get around the town by taxi(British)or cab(American)．
Chips or French fries
But other words and expressions are not so well known.Americans use a flashlight，while for the British，it’s a torch.The British queue up；Americans stand in line.Sometimes the same word has a slightly different meaning，which can be confusing. Chips，for example，are pieces of hot fried potato in Britain；in the States chips are very thin and are sold in packets.The British call these crisps.The chips the British know and love are French fries on the other side of the Atlantic.
Have or have got
There are a few differences in grammar，too.The British say Have you got... while Americans prefer Do you have... An American might say My friend just arrived，but a British person would say My friend has just arrived.Prepositions, too，can be different：compare on the team, on the weekend(American)with in the team, at the weekend(British)．The British use prepositions where Americans sometimes omit them(I’ll see you Monday；Write me soon！)．
Colour or color
The other two areas in which the two varieties differ are spelling and pronunciation.American spelling seems simpler：center，color and program instead of centre，colour and programme.Many factors have influenced American pronunciation since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago.The accent，which is most similar to British English，can be heard on the East Coast of the US.When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language，
he was obviously thinking about the differences.But are they really so important？After all，there is probably as much variation of pronunciation within the two countries as between them.A Londoner has more difficulty understanding a Scotsman from Glasgow than understanding a New Yorker.
词，词，词
英式英语和美式英语在很多方面都有所不同。首先最明显的是在词汇方面。有数百个不同的单词在大西洋彼岸是不使用的，或者是有不同的意思。其中有些单词是熟悉的——美国人在 freeways 上驾驶 automobiles，给 automobiles 加 gas；英国人在 motorways 上驾驶 cars，给 cars 加 petrol。作为游客，在伦敦你要乘坐 underground，而在纽约则是 subway，或者你更愿乘坐 taxi (英式) 或者 cab (美式)游览城市。
Chips 还是 French fries
但是其他一些单词和表达方式没有这么广泛地为人所知。美国人把手电筒称为 flashlight，而英国人叫它 torch。英国人排队用 queue up，而美国人用 stand in line。有时，同一个单词在意义上有一点细微的差别，这会让人感到很困惑。比如 chips 这个词在英国是油炸的薯条，在美国却指小包装出售的非常薄的薯片。英国人把这种东西称为 crisps。英国人知道而且喜欢的薯条在大西洋对岸被称为 French fries。
Have 还是 have got
在语法上，英式英语和美式英语也有一些区别。英国人说 Have you got...？而美国人却更喜欢说 Do you have...？美国人可能会说 My friend just arrived，但是英国人会说 My friend has just arrived。介词的用法也有所不同：比较一下 on the team，on the weekend (美式)和 in the team，at the weekend (英式)。英国人用介词的地方美国人有时侯可能会省略(I’ll see you Monday；Write me soon！)。
Colour 还是 color
另外两个不同之处是拼写和发音。美式英语的拼写好像更简单一些：用 center，color 和 program 代替 centre，colour 和 programme。自从 400 年前第一批移民的到来，很多因素影响了美式英语的发音。在美国东海岸能够听到跟英式英语非常接近的口音。当爱尔兰作家萧伯纳讲那句名言——英国和美国是被同一种语言分开的两个国家的时候，他显然想到了它们的差别。但是这些真的是那么重要吗？不管怎么说，在这两个国度里，语音也肯定存在着许多音变。伦敦人要听懂来自格拉斯哥的苏格兰人说话，比听纽约人说话更难。
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Section Ⅲ
Listening，Everyday English and Function & Culture Corner
速效提能演练
Unit 1
重点难点探究
Section Ⅲ
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1 The prime minister is making an important announcement at the moment.
此刻首相正发表重要声明。
品味经典
①They are expected to make an announcement later on today.预计今天晚些时候他们会发表一项声明。
②Ladies and gentlemen，I have an announcement to make.
女士们，先生们，我有事要宣布。
自我探究
announcement 意为“声明，宣告”，“发表声明”用make an announcement。而书面的“通知” 用 notice，常和动词短语 put up 连用，表示“张贴通知”。
归纳拓展
③Prime Minister Wen Jiabao announced the opening of the 16th Asian Games.
温家宝总理宣布第16届亚运会开幕。
④They announced the date of their wedding in the local paper.他们在当地报纸上发布了结婚日期。
⑤It has been announced that they will be married on National Day.他们已宣布在国庆节结婚。
牛刀小试
The government has ________plans to create 10,000 new jobs.
A．said B．decided
C．announced D．spoken
解析：选C。句意为“政府已经宣布了创造10000个就业机会的计划”。
2 Now add some more ideas in favour of your chosen variety.
现在请补充一些观点以支持你所选择的种类。
品味经典
①Would you like to add anything to what I’ve said，John
约翰，对于我说的，你还想补充一下吗？
②I can add up in my head quite easily.
我可以轻松地在我脑子里计算。
③His illness added to the family’s trouble.
他的病，给他的家庭增添了麻烦。
④His whole school education added up to no more than one year.他所有的学校教育加起来总共只有一年。
⑤The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
来访的部长对他的会谈表示满意，补充说他在这里很愉快。
自我探究
add 作及物动词时表示“加，增加；进一步说/写”；作不及物动词时表示“增添；加起来”，此时后常接介词to。短语add up意为“加起来”；add up to 意为“加起来达到”；add...to...意为“往……里添加……”。
牛刀小试
The woods and the newly dug river through the campus ________ the beauty of this world?known university.
A．add up B．add to
C．are added up D．are added to
解析：选B。考查短语动词辨析。add to表示“增添”的意思。句意：小树林和新挖的贯穿校园的小河增添了这所世界著名大学的美丽。
3 Present your ideas to the rest of the class.
向班内其余的同学表述你的观点。
品味经典
①You should present your ideas at the meeting.
你应该在会议上陈述自己的观点。
②David’s manager presented him with the award for best sales in the region.
戴维的经理向他颁发了本地区最佳销售奖。
③They presented a sum of money to the college in memory of their son.
他们向学院赠送了一笔款项以纪念他们的儿子。
自我探究
present 作动词时，表示“呈现，描述，介绍，赠送”；作形容词时，表示“现在的，在场的”；作名词时，表示“礼物，赠品；现在”。表示“向某人展示/赠送/授予某物”，使用短语 present sth. to sb.＝present sb.with sth.。
归纳拓展
④How many people were present at the meeting yesterday
昨天出席会议的有多少人？
⑤Everybody present welcomed the decision.
出席的人都采纳那个决议。
⑥At present，I’m not at all satisfied with the present situation.
现在，我对目前的情况一点都不满意。
⑦He admired my old typewriter so much，I made him a present of it.
他非常喜欢我的旧打印机，所以我就送给他了。
牛刀小试
单项填空
(1)Teaching a pronunciation class to a mixed group of learners can ________a teacher with many challenging problems.
A．provide B．produce
C．present D．offer
解析：选C。present sb.with sth.表示“呈现给某人某种状况”，符合题意。provide sb.with sth.则表示“提供给某人某物”，不符合此题语境。produce“生产；制造”，不符合句意；offer 则用于offer sb. sth.结构。
句型转换
(2)A：The students presented a beautiful notebook to the teacher.
B：The students presented the teacher ________________.
答案：with a beautiful notebook
4 The Chinese refer to their language as Han，as it became popular among the people during the Han Dynasty.
中国人将他们的语言称作“汉语”，是因为这种语言是汉朝期间在人们中间流传开来的。
品味经典
①Her mother never referred to him again.
她母亲再没有提到过他。
②This paragraph refers to the events of last year.
这一段说的是去年发生的事。
③You may refer to a dictionary if necessary.
如果有必要的话，你可以查词典。
④He likes to be referred to as “Doctor Li”．
他喜欢被称作“李博士”。
自我探究
refer to 的意思为“提到；涉及；参考”。to 是介词，后面跟名词，代词或动名词作宾语。
易混辨析
refer to，look up
这两个短语都有“查阅，查询”的意思，但后面所跟的宾语不同。
refer to 后面跟所查询的工具，如 a book，a dictionary。
look up 后面跟要查询的内容，然后再用介词 in 跟工具，如：look up a word in a dictionary。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)当我遇到不懂的东西时，我就去查阅参考书。
When I came across something unknown，I would ________________ a reference book＝
When I came across something unknown，I would ________________ in a reference book.
答案：refer to；look it up
单项填空
(2)The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without ________ his notes.
A．bringing up B．referring to
C．looking for D．trying on
解析：选B。句意：董事长在商务会议上脱稿演讲近一个小时。refer to 向某事物(某人)查询信息。refer to his notes 看发言稿。bring up 培养、教育某人； look for 寻找；try on 试穿。
5 Can you see any similarities between Webster’s work and attempts to simplify Chinese
你能从Webster 的工作和简化汉语的尝试中看到一些相似点吗？
品味经典
①They have attempted a difficult task.
他们已经开始了一项艰难的工作。
②They attempted to finish the work within a month.
他们试图在一个月内完成这项工作。
③He made an attempt to pass the exam，but it was too difficult.
他试图通过考试，但考试太难了。
自我探究
attempt 意为“努力，尝试，试图”，既可用作动词，也可用作名词。作动词时，后面跟名词或不定式作宾语；作名词时，表示“试图做某事”，使用短语 make an attempt to do sth.。短语 at one’s first attempt 的意思是“第一次尝试”。
易混辨析
attempt，try，manage
(1)attempt常指一次尝试，暗示这种尝试不一定成功。attempt to do sth.尽力去做某事。
(2)try试图，尽力做某事。try to do sth.尽力去做，不一定成功；try doing sth.尝试着做某事。
(3)manage 表示成功地做某事，设法做成了某事。manage to do sth.＝be able to do sth.＝succeed in doing sth.＝be successful in doing sth.。
牛刀小试
用try，manage，attempt填空
(1)The prisoners ________ an escape/to escape，but failed.
(2)He ________ again and again and at last he ________ to work out the maths problem without help.
答案：(1)attempted (2)tried；managed
单项填空
(3)Jason has been preparing carefully for his English examination so that he could be sure of passing it at his first ________.
A．purpose B．desire
C．attempt D．intention
解析：选C。句意：贾森一直精心地准备英语考试以便他能够有把握一次就通过。at one’s first attempt 第一次尝试；purpose 目的；意图；desire 渴望，热望；intention 意图；打算。
6 For Americans things are a little bit easier，thanks_to the work of Noah Webster...
对美国人来说，多亏了一位叫诺亚·韦伯斯特的人，情况略有好转……
品味经典
①It was thanks to your timely help that we finished the task on time.
幸亏你及时帮忙，我们才按时完成了任务。
②Thanks to the bad weather，the match had been cancelled.
由于这倒霉的天气，比赛取消了。
③The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all of you.
由于你们全体出色的表演，那出戏才获得成功。
自我探究
thanks to 的意思为“幸亏，多亏，由于”，to 为介词，后跟名词。Because of ，due to，owing to，as a result of 都是表示“由于”的介词短语；because，since，as用来引导原因状语从句，for可以引导并列分句，也表示原因，用在第一个分句后，前面常有逗号。
牛刀小试
— How about your trip to Italy
— Oh，______ the fine weather，we enjoyed ourselves indeed.
A．but for B．thanks to
C．in spite of D．because of
解析：选B。考查介词短语辨析。答语句意：由于天气好，我们真的玩得很愉快。but for要不是，要用虚拟语气。
I’m getting on just fine，
now that Iunderstand the local accent.
由于懂了当地的口音，我也就开始适应了。
句型巧析
品味经典
①Now (that) John’s arrived，we can begin.
既然约翰来了，我们可以开始了。
②Now that I am well again，I can go on with my work.
既然我恢复了健康，就可以继续工作了。
③Now that you have come, you may as well stay.
既然你已经来了，最好留下来吧。
自我探究
now that 意为“既然，因为”，是一个连词词组，用来表示明显的因果关系。在本句中连接一个表示原因的状语从句，在口语中可将 that 省略。通常位于句首。
牛刀小试
________you have come today，you had better stay here and prepare for it carefully.
A．Now that B．After
C．Although D．As soon as
解析：选A。now that 引导原因状语从句，意为“既然”，符合题意。B项“在……之后”；C项“尽管”；D项“一……就”，均不符合题意。
By the 1850s it was selling one million copies a year，
making it one of the most popular school books ever.
到十九世纪五十年代为止，每年售出一百万册，结果使它成为最受欢迎的学校用书之一。
品味经典
①Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，reaching a record $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.
石油价格从年初开始上涨了32%，到4月4日达到了创纪录的每桶57.65美元。
②I turned off the light，seeing nothing.
我关上灯，什么也看不见了。
③I dropped the glass onto the floor，breaking it into pieces.
我把杯子掉在地板上，摔碎了。
自我探究
making it one of the most popular school books ever是动词的?ing形式作结果状语，相当于一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句，即：which made it one of the most popular school books ever。引导词which指代前面一句话的意思。
归纳拓展
④I arrived at the shop only to find I’d left all my money at home.
我到商店却发现钱全落在家了。
牛刀小试
(1)(2011年长沙雅礼中学高二测试)Some teachers often criticize their students sharply，________the classroom atmosphere very dull.
A．making B．made
C．to make D．make
解析：选A。考查非谓语动词。v.?ing形式作结果状语。句意：有些老师非常尖锐地批评学生，结果使得课堂气氛非常沉闷。
(2)He hurried to the station only________ that the train had left.
A．have found B．finding
C．found D．to find
解析：选D。only to find that the train had left为动词不定式短语作结果状语，表示意外的结果。
The Man Who Made Spelling Simple
In English the spelling of words does not always represent the sound.So people say/raIt/but spell it right，or write，or even binations of letters (like ough) may be pronounced in a number of ways.And some words just seem to have too many letters.
英汉对照
For Americans things are a little bit easier，thanks to the work of Noah Webster，a teacher who graduated from Yale University in 1778.As a young man he had fought against the British in the American War of Independence，and he felt that written English in the newly independent United States should have a distinctive “American” look.
So he began his work on American English.His first book，The Elementary Spelling Book，suggested simplifying the spelling of English words.The book was extremely popular.By the 1850s it was selling one million copies a year，making it one of the most popular school books ever.
Many of the suggestions were quickly adopted.Center instead of centre，program instead of programme，and flavor instead of flavour.Others，however，such as removing silent letters like the s in island or the final e in examine，were not.
Webster is best known for his American Dictionary of the English Language，which first appeared in 1828.It introduced lots of new American words，with information about their pronunciation and use，and，of course，the new spelling.The British criticised the dictionary，but it quickly became a standard reference book in the States.Today，Webster’s dictionary is still the number one dictionary for American students.
简化拼写的人
在英语里单词的拼写不总是代表单词的发音。因此人们说/raIt/但是拼写为 right，write，甚至是 rite。字母组合(比如 ough)可能有许多种方式的发音。而且一些单词似乎是字母过多。
对美国人来说，事情(单词拼写)稍微简单些，这多亏了一位叫诺亚·韦伯斯特的人，他是一位教师，于1778年毕业于耶鲁大学。他年轻的时候曾在美国独立战争中与英国人交过战，而且认为在刚独立的美国，书面英语应该有与众不同的美国人的特色。
因此他开始从事他的美式英语的工作。他的第一本书，《初级拼写书》，提出了简化英语单词的拼写。这本书相当受欢迎。到19世纪50年代为止，该书以每年一百万册的速度销售，成为有史以来最受欢迎的学校用书之一。
其中许多建议很快被采纳。center 代替了 centre，program 代替了 programme，flavor 代替了 flavour。然而其他的都没有被采纳，比如直接删掉不发音的字母，像 island 中的 s 或 examine 中最后的 e。
韦伯斯特因为他编的《美式英语词典》而闻名，这本书最初在1828年问世。书中介绍了许多新的美国单词，有其相关的发音和用法，当然也有新的拼写法。英国人批判了这本字典，但是在美国，它很快成为标准参考书。如今，韦伯斯特词典仍然是美国学生的首选词典。
速效提能演练
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谢谢使用(共56张PPT)
Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing
写作专题突破
Unit 1
语法专题突破
Section Ⅳ
语法专题突破
品味语法
1．Action speaks louder than words.
2．English is developing very rapidly now.
3．I think they will help you if you tell them.
4．Great changes have taken place in our city in the past few years.
自我探究
第1句是一般现在时，表示客观的事实；第2句是现在进行时，表示现阶段正在进行的动作；第3句是一般将来时，表示将要发生的动作；第4句是现在完成时，表示到现在为止完成的动作。
一、一般现在时
1．表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 usually，always，sometimes，often，frequently，every day/week/year/morning...on Sunday 等时间状语连用。
He often does his homework in his study.
他经常在他的书房做作业。
讲解归纳
2．表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态。
The dictionary belongs to me.这本词典是我的。
3．表示客观规律、正确的事实或科学真理、格言，以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在。
The moon goes around the earth.
月亮绕着地球转。
4．在由连词 if，unless，before，as soon as，when，once，however 等引导的时间(条件、让步)状语从句中，需用一般现在时表示将来。
If you work hard，you won’t fail in the exam.
如果你努力学习，你在考试中不会不及格。
5．表示按安排或计划要做的事(有时间状语)，限于 begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，open，close，return 等动词。
They leave for Shanghai next Sunday.
他们下周日去上海。
二、现在进行时
1．表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。
He is reading newspapers.他正在读报纸。
2．表示说话人现在对主语的行为表赞叹或厌恶等，常与 always，constantly，continually 等副词连用。
He is always thinking of others.
他总是想着别人。
3．表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。(说话时动作不一定正在进行)
What are you doing these days
这些日子你在做什么？
4．表示最近按计划或安排将要进行的动作。
常限于 go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，do，have，wear 等表移动、方向的动词。
He is coming to see me next week.
他下周将来看我。
三、现在完成时
1．表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
—Have you had your supper yet
你吃过晚饭了吗？
—Yes，I have just had it.
是的，我刚刚吃过。
2．表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用：just，today，this morning，this month，this year，since，all the time。
I haven’t seen my teacher this evening.
今晚我还没见到我的老师。
3．和 already，never，ever，just，before，lately，recently，yet，so far，up to the present，in the past/last few years 等状语连用。
I have done my homework already.
我已经做完了家庭作业。
4．常与介词 for，during，in，within，over 等引导的时间状语连用，表示过去的某一行为一直延续到现在。
I haven’t seen my English teacher in the recent years.
近几年我没见过我的英语老师。
5．表示反复或习惯性的动作，常与 several times，once，twice，three times，frequently 等频度副词连用。
I have been to the USA once.我曾去过美国一次。
6．在“最高级＋名词”或在“这是第几次”之后跟定语从句，从句用现在完成时。
This is the third time I have been here.
这是我第三次来这儿。
7．表示从过去到现在没有发生的动作。
I haven’t swept the floor for half a week.
我已半周没拖地了。
8．用在时间、条件状语从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作完成。
I’ll tell him after you have left.你走后我将告诉他。
9．have been to 去过……(已回来)，have gone to 去……了(或到了或在途中)。
My sister has gone to the USA.
我妹妹已去了美国。
10．在现在完成时中，终止性动词若与 for，since 等延续性状语连用，需把终止性动词变为 be 动词等的适当形式。如：die→be dead，join→be in，fall ill→be ill，finish→be over，leave/go→be away，begin→be in，make friends→be friends，become→be，borrow→keep，arrive/get to/reach/come→be in/be at/stay，dress→be (dressed) in，put on→have on/wear，meet→stay together。
四、一般将来时
1．表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 soon，tomorrow(morning...)，next week/year...，some day，from now on，the day after tomorrow，in (the) future 等表示将来的时间状语连用。
I don’t know what will happen in the future.
我不知道将来会发生什么。
2．shall/will＋动词原形：(单纯)表将来；不用于条件句；表(必然的)将来；表意愿，决心。
3．be going to＋动词原形：(计划)打算做……；(客观迹象)预示。
4．be on the point of doing sth./be about to＋动词原形：即将或正要去做某事，不与时间状语连用但可与 when 从句连用。
5．be to＋动词原形：计划好要做……；(表命令、禁止)应该……。
6．be＋doing 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于 go，start，set out，leave，reach，arrive，return，come，move，take off 等位移动词。
7．祈使句/短语＋and/or＋主语＋will...。
Ⅰ.用动词的适当形式填空
1．I’m sorry I________(lose)my key.I can’t open the door.
2．It is said that the two planets________(move)closer and closer，and that’s the reason why so many earthquakes occur.
3．We always ________ (care)for each other and________(help)each other.
语法专练
4．—What about your company
—Jobs________(lose)if it closes.
5．This is the first time that I________(see)this kind of film.
答案：1.have lost 2.are moving 3.care；help
4．will be lost 5.have seen
Ⅱ.用括号内所给动词的适当时态填空
Mike：Hey，Ben，what’s up
Ben：I 1.________(take)a break and getting some sun.
Mike：It must be nice to work from home.
Ben：Sure it is！But it 2.________ (get)a little quiet sometimes.
Mike：Well，you have some good neighbors to keep you company.
Ben：How’s your job going，Mike
Mike：I’m a little bored.I 3.________ (think)about doing freelance Web design.But I worry that if I 4.________ (work)from home，it 5.________ (be)hard to concentrate.
Ben：That’s not a big problem for me.Some days I 6.______(not feel)like working，but then I tell myself that writing7.________(be)the job I love.If I don’t make myself write，then I8.________(not have)any income.
Mike：If I can save some money，I think I might try to freelance.
Ben：Well，if my book 9.________(do) well，I 10.________(be)able to save some money，too.Then I can take a real break and go somewhere exciting.
答案：1.am taking 2.gets 3.am thinking 4.work 5.will be 6.don’t feel 7.is 8.won’t have 9.does 10.will be
Ⅲ.单项填空
1．We ________on our project day and night in the past two weeks.
A．had worked B．have worked
C．will be working D．are working
解析：选B。题意：在过去的两周里，我们夜以继日地做我们的项目。由时间状语 in the past two weeks 可知，本句应该用现在完成时态。
2．—Ann is in hospital.
—Oh，really？I________know.I________go and visit her.
A．didn’t；am going to B．don’t；would
C．don’t；will D．didn’t；will
解析：选D。题意：“安住院了。”“真的吗？我还不知道呢，我要去看看她。”“不知道安住院”是说话之前的事，故第一空用一般过去时；“要去看安”是临时决定将要做的事，故用will do表示一般将来时。
3．I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ________ coffee.
A．prefer B．preferred
C．have preferred D．am preferring
解析：选A。由时间状语 these days 可知表示现在，prefer 属表示心理状态的动词，不能用进行时，所以用一般现在时。
4．Progress________so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
A．was B．had been
C．has been D．will be
解析：选C。句意：到目前为止进展很顺利，我们确信会按时完成工作。由时间状语 so far 判断 and 前的分句用现在完成时。
5．—Have you got any job offers
—No.I________.
A．waited B．had been waiting
C．have waited D．am waiting
解析：选D。句意：“你找到工作了吗？”“没有，我在等。”由问句中的现在完成时可知问的是“现在找到工作了吗？”由此推断“等待”是现阶段正在进行的事，所以用现在进行时。
6．(2011年江苏启东中学高二教学质量检测)Mr.Blake ________ Shanghai in a few days.Do you know when the earliest plane ________ on Sunday
A．is leaving；takes off
B．leaves；takes off
C．is leaving；is taking off
D．leaves；is taking off
解析：选A。第一空用现在进行时表示将来，第二空为宾语从句的谓语，在此只能用一般现在时态，表示按规定或时间表预计要发生某事。
7．—Have you handed in your schoolwork yet
—Yes，I have.I guess it ________ now.
A．has graded B．is graded
C．is being graded D．is grading
解析：选C。句意：——你交作业了吗？——交了。我猜想老师正在批改。根据句意，排除A、B。句子的主语为 it，应用被动语态，故选C。
8．I’ll come to call on you the moment I ________ my work.
A．finish B．will finish
C．had finished D．will have finished
解析：选A。当主句用将来时时，the moment 引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来。
9．—How can I apply for an online course
—Just fill out this form and we ________ what we can do for you.
A．see B．are seeing
C．have seen D．will see
解析：选D。句意：——我怎样申请一门网上课程呢？——填一下这个表格，我们看一下能帮你做点什么。本题考查典型句式：祈使句＋and＋一般将来时的陈述句，其中的祈使句相当于一个 if 引导的条件句，and 后的句子相当于主句，主句用一般将来时，条件从句用一般现在时。如：Study hard，and you’ll pass the exam。
10．Because the shop ________，all the T?shirts are sold at half prices.
A．has closed down B．closed down
C．is closing down D．had closed down
解析：选C。主句为一般现在时态，证明商店还没有关闭，用现在进行时表将来，说明动作即将发生，故选C。
【写作要求】
假设你是李华，你的美国笔友Tom想向你了解现代汉语的基础知识。请根据下面提供的相关信息写一封英语短信。
1．汉语中约有50000个汉字，其中大约20000个是多数人所知晓的。
2．汉语有8种主要变体，它们在发音方面有很大的差异。
3．普通话与北京语言很相似，是从20世纪50年代末发展起来的。
写作专题突破
4．普通话一直在发展的目的在于简化汉字。
5．世界上讲汉语的人最多，大约有十几亿人，其中大部分在中国。
6．随着中国经济的发展和国际交流的增加，汉语越来越显现出其重要性。
注意：1.书信必须包括上述所有内容，可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
2．信的开头和结尾已经给出。
Dear Tom，
I’m writing to tell you the ABC of the Chinese language.And I hope it will be of some help to you.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
I hope my brief introduction may help you in learning Chinese.
Yours，
Li Hua
【要点词汇】
1．变体________________
2．在……不同________________
3．与……相似________________
4．目的，旨在________________
5．简化________________
答案：1.variety 2.be different in...
3.be similar to
4．aim at... 5.simplify
【句式结构】
1．世界上说汉语的人占大多数。
Chinese __________________________ people in the world.
2．书面汉语大约有50000个汉字，其中大约20000为大多数人所知晓。
There are about 50,000 characters in written Chinese，about 20,000 __________ are known to most people.
3．在发音方面主要有彼此不同的八种变体。
There are 8 main __________ Chinese，__________________________ in pronunciation.
4．随着中国经济的发展和国际交流的增加，汉语越来越显现出其重要性。
________________________________________________________________________，
value of the Chinese langnage is rising conslantly.
答案：1.is spoken by the largest number of
2.of which
3.varieties of；which are different from each other
4.With China’s rapidly growing economy and increasing international exchanges
【连句成篇】
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
【佳作欣赏】
Dear Tom，
I’m writing to tell you the ABC of the Chinese language.And I hope it will be of some help to you.
Chinese is one of the world’s major languages.It is spoken by the largest number of people in the world，more than 1 billion，most of whom live in the People’s Republic of China.There are about 50,000 characters in written Chinese，
about 20,000 of which are known to most people.There are 8 main varieties of Chinese，which are different from each other in pronunciation.Putonghua，closely similar to the language spoken in Beijing，has been developed since the late 1950s.
The development of Putonghua has aimed at simplifying Chinese，so it is getting easier and easier to speak Chinese.With China’s rapidly growing economy and increasing international exchanges，value of the Chinese language is rising constantly.
I hope my brief introduction may help you in learning Chinese.
Yours，
Li Hua
【类文点津】
本模块的写作要求是写说明文。说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下：
第一步：审题，确定主题句、主体时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称；
第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各要点以完整的句子表达出来；
第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。
常用词汇有：(1)表示时间：now，then，afterwards，soon，five minutes later，before long，shortly after that，soon after supper，to this day，just now，just then 等。
(2)表示顺序、动作的过程：first，firstly，first of all，second，secondly，at first，at last，next 等。
(3)表示转折：but，yet，and yet，however，although，otherwise，in spite of 等。
(4)表示结果：thus，therefore，so，as a result，seeing that，luckily，unfortunately 等。
(5)表示强调：above all，indeed，surely，certainly，of course，after all，without any delay，at least，at most 等。
(6)表示并列：and，also，as well as，and then 等。
(7)表示递进：besides，what’s more，in addition，even，once more，what was worse 等。
(8)表示解释和说明：that is to say，namely，for example，actually，and so on，such as，believe it or not，to tell you the truth，according to this，for this reason 等。
(9)表示比较、对比：just like，just as，in the same way，more or less，sooner or later，on the contrary，on the other hand 等。
(10)表示总结：finally，in conclusion，in a word，in general, generally speaking，in short，as you know，in the end 等。
需要注意的是：使用上述过渡性单词或短语必须根据上下文需要，力求自然，决不可牵强附会，让人感到别扭。
The ①linguists，who study ②linguistics，say American English ③has a lot ④in_common with British English.That is，the former ⑤is_similar_to the latter.But in fact they ⑥differ in many ways.First，they have differences in vocabulary.For example，people ⑦get_around in London by ⑧underground，while in New York by ⑨subway.
词语串串练
Another example is that ⑩queuing_up in British English means standing in line in American English.Besides，the same word has a slightly different meaning，which can be confusing. Second，the differences between them exist in grammar and prepositions.Americans use in the team，while the British use on the team.Sometimes Americans omit the preposition.
语言学家，即研究语言学的人说
美国英语和英国英语有很多共同
特点。也就是说，前者与后者很
相似。但事实上他们在许多方面
不同。首先，两者在词汇方面不同。
比如，人们乘地铁(underground)在伦敦四处走动，而在纽约人们乘地铁(subway)走动。另一个例子是在英国英语里排队用queue up，而在美国英语里排队用stand in line。而且，同一个单词在意思上也有稍微不同，这可能令人感到困惑。
第二，两者之间的不同还存在于语法和介词中。美国人用 in the team，而英国人用 on the team。有时候，美国人还省去介词。第三，这两个不同种类在拼写和读音上也有所不同。与英国英语拼写相比，美国英语的拼写似乎更简单。诺亚·韦伯斯特的工作产生了很大影响，导致了这种变化。诺亚简化了一些单词的拼写，使它们有明显的美国面貌。
他写了一本词典，引进了很多新的美国单词、读音、用法以及新的拼写。尽管英国人批评这本词典，不支持这些变化，多亏了诺亚的努力，它很快在美国人中流行起来。这本词典已成了美国的一本标准的参考书。至于口音和读音，这两种英语之间有明显的差异，因此他们在互相理解上有困难。但多亏了卫星电视和网络，在开关的轻弹之间，我们能听到两种英语。现在英语已被称为一种世界语言。人们用英语陈述自己的观点、计划或评论某事。现在，世界上已经有很多种英语了。
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