初中英语语法系列---动词课件

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名称 初中英语语法系列---动词课件
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更新时间 2020-10-20 21:15:26

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eat 吃
eat up 吃光
have
吃三餐
have breakfast /
have lunch /
have dinner
take
吃药
take medicine
drink

drink tea/
drink milk/
drink coffee
play

play game/
play football
have
拥有
I have a watch.
万能的have
have
吃三餐
have breakfast /
have lunch /
have dinner
Have 上(课),举行
have art class上美术课
have Chinese class上语文课
have English class上英语课
have math class上数学课
have music class上音乐课
have P.E. class上体育课
have science class上科学课
have a look看一看
have a picnic举行野餐
speak 说(某种语言),讲话
I can speak Chinese and English.
我会说汉语和英语。
Don’t speak loudly in library.
不要在图书馆大声讲话。
话不能乱speak
talk 交谈
A B
A talk with B
A与B 交谈
say 说+(说的内容)
I can not say a word just now.
read读,看
read a magazine 阅读杂志
read books 看书
walk 走路,散步
run 跑
swim 游泳
skate 滑冰
do homework做作业
do housework做家务
do morning exercises晨练
do the dishes洗碗碟
clean 打扫,清洁
一.动词总述
四.动词的被动语态
二.动词分类
五.非谓语动词
三.动词的时态
动词
谓语动词
非谓语动词
四.动词的分类
按形式划分
谓语动词就是能在句子中作谓语的动词(独立做谓语,或者构成复合谓语皆可)
谓语动词就是不能在句子中作谓语的动词
类别
特点
意义
举例
实义
动词
(vt. vi.)
及物动词: 其后能直接接宾语
能独立作谓语,需跟宾语才能表达完整的意思
I have a book.
不及物动词: 其后不能直接接宾语
能独立作谓语,无需跟宾语就能表达完整的意思
She always comes late.
连系动词
(link-v)
跟表语
不能独立作谓语,跟表语构成复合谓语。
It’s getting cold.
助动词
(aux. v.)
跟动词原形或分词(无词汇意思)
不能独立作谓语,跟主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问,否定及各种时态
He doesn’t speak Chinese.
I am watching TV.
情态动词
(mod. v.)
跟动词原形(有自己的词汇意思)
不能独立作谓语。表示说话人语气、情态,无人称和数的变化
We can do it by ourselves.
That would be better.
四.动词的分类(谓语动词)
实义动词考点:单三,现在分词,过去式,过去分词
及物动词
不及物动词
+宾语
+双宾语
+复合宾语
:自身意思完整,
无需接宾语。
实义动词
另外,实义动词按动作是否持续,可划分
延续性动词和非延续性动词(短暂性动词)。
及物动词
动词+宾语
I like this book very much.
主语: I (谓语动词的发出者)
谓语: like (谓语动词)
宾语:this book (谓语动词的对象)
又如: I have a dream.
及物动词
2) 动词+双宾语
(即:动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,其中,间接宾语是人,直接宾语是物。 )
Lucy passes me the salt.
主语: Lucy (谓语动词的发出者)
谓语: passes (谓语动词)
间接宾语: me (谓语动词的对象的归属)
直接宾语: the salt (谓语动词的对象)
及物动词
3) 动词+复合宾语
(即:动词+宾语+宾语补足语,宾补为了补充说明宾语的身份、特征、状态或所做的动作。)
We call him Jack .
I saw the children play in the park yesterday.
主语: I (谓语动词的发出者)
谓语: saw (谓语动词)
宾语: the children (谓语动词的对象)
宾补: play in the park (省略了to的不定式,补充说明宾语的状态)
后跟不定式做宾语补足语时,需要把不定式中的to 省去 的动词:
1感:feel 2听,hear ,listen to 3 使,let ,make ,have
4看,see, look at ,watch, notice ,observe (其实是5看)
半帮助 help help sb (to) do sth. 其中的to 可有可无。
及物动词
后跟不定式做宾语补足语时,需要把不定式中的to 省去 的动词:
1感:feel
2听:hear ,listen to
3 使:let ,make ,have
4看:see, look at ,watch, notice ,observe
半帮助 help sb. (to) do sth. 其中的to 可有可无。
当然,在这些词的后面可以作宾补的,
不仅仅是省略to的动词不定式,还可以
是现在分词和过去分词。----非谓语动词细讲
1. My mother made me _____down the radio just now.
A. turned B. turn
C. was turning D. to turn
2. Nancy is really a hard-working student. We often see her _____ books in the classroom.
A. read B. to read
C. reads D. reading
不及物动词
自身意思完整,无需接宾语。
Horses run fast.
主语: Horses (谓语动词的发出者)
谓语: run (谓语动词)
不及物动词
(1).有些动词既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词。
及物动词study --
We study English.
主语 谓语 宾语
不及物动词study --
We study hard.
主语 谓语 副词作状语
不及物动词
(2).有些不及物动词要与别的词搭配在一起,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。
不及物动词+介词 (动介短语)
Listen to the teacher carefully.
注意: 介词后只能接 作宾语。
宾语的位置在介词后。
名词
代词
动名词
不及物动词+副词 (动副短语)
He picked it up and gave it to me .
He picked up the key and gave it to me .
注意:
(1). 动副短语后 代词(常it, them)作宾语时,
代词要放在动词与副词之间。
(2). 动副短语后名词作宾语时,
名词词要放在动词与副词之间,或者副词之后皆可。
不及物动词+副词+介词 (动副介短语)
Let’s go on with our work !
继续进行,继续做某事
He gets along well with his classmates.
与…相处(怎么样)…
He got down to his work after the holidays.
开始认真对待
注意:
这类短语动词的宾语位置,与动介短
一样,只能在介词后。
不及物动词+名词+介词 (动名介短语)
Please pay attention to the phrases
in the article. 请注意文章中的短语。
We can make good use of air. 我们可以
充分利用空气。
注意:
这类短语动词的宾语位置,与动介短一样,只能
放在介词后。
be+形容词+介词
We are good at swimming.
擅长(做)某事
I am interested in this famous work.
对…感兴趣
She is satisfied with what I did.
对…感到满意
be+形容词+介词
be able to 能够
be worried about 对……感到担心
be interested in 对……感兴趣
be weak in 在.....方面不行
be good at 擅长……
be excited at 对……感到兴奋
be surprised at 对......惊讶
be angry at 对......感到生气
Be busy with 忙于做......
be familiar with 对...... 熟悉
be satisfied with 对---感到满意
感兴趣在某方面不行用in,
擅长与生气惊讶兴奋用at,
忙于做对熟悉用 with
be friendly to 对……很友好
be superior to 胜过
be inferior to 不及
be (quite) equal to 相当,差不多
be fond of 喜欢
be afraid of 害怕
be tired of 对……感到厌烦
be worthy of 值得
be proud of 对......自豪
be absent from 缺席
be famous for 因......而著名
be ready for 为.......准备好
友好胜过不及差不多用to,
喜欢害怕厌烦值得自豪用of,
因..而著名为..准备好用for
延续性动词:
动作是可以持续的,
可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
非延续性动词:
动作是瞬间完成的,一经发生立即结束。
不能和一段时间的状语连用。
实义动词
非延续性
动词
延续性
动词
非延续性
动词
延续性
动词
buy
have
put on
wear
borrow
keep
get up
be up
open
be open
wake up
be awake
begin/start
be on
fall asleep
be asleep
come
be here
lose
not have
go
be away
join
be in
finish
be over
leave
be away
die
be dead
arrive
be
catch a cold
have a cold
reach
be
助动词
助动词本身无意义或者意义不全。
不能独立作谓语。
跟主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问,否定及各种时态。
常见的助动词
do / don’t
does / doesn’t
did / didn’t
do系
have /haven’t
has / hasn’t
had / hadn’t
have系
am / am not
Is / isn’t
are/ aren’t
be系
shall / should
will / would
1. Be动词在时态中的运用:
be+动词现在分词
(1). 在现在进行时中:
Eg. We are talking now.
(2).在过去进行时中:
Eg. We were talking at this time yesterday.
助动词be的2个用法
2. Be动词在被动语态中的运用:
be+动词的过去分词
Eg. You are wanted on the phone, Tom !
Eg. My favorite ring is lost.
助动词be的2个用法
1. 助动词have在时态中的运用:
have(has,had)+动词过去分词构成完成时。
(1). 在现在完成时中:
We have studied English for five years.
He has gone to Shanghai Since last year.
(2).在过去完成时中:
The bus had already left by the time I
got there.
助动词have的用法
1. 助动词do,does,did在疑问句中的运用:
Do(does,did)+主语+实义动词原形+宾语+…
----Do you live in China ?
2. 助动词do,does,did在否定句中的运用:
主语+don’t(doesn’t,didn’t)+实义动词原形+宾语+…
He didn’t play basketball yesterday.
助动词do的6个用法
3. 助动词do,does,did在代替前面出现的动词,以免重复:
----Do you live in China ?
----Yes, I do.(代替live in China)
4. 助动词do,does,did在动词原形前,加强语气:
I do return the book to the library.
我的确把书还回图书馆了。
助动词do的6个用法
5. 助动词do,does,did在反意疑问句中的运用:
(1)前肯定,后否定的反意疑问句:
主语+实义动词+宾语+…,
don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t + 主语 ?
----He works in a school, doesn’t he?
----Yes, he does.(肯定问话人的回答) /
No, he doesn’t.(否定问话人的回答)
(2)前否定,后肯定的反意疑问句:
主语+助动词don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t+实义动词原形+宾语+…, do/ does/ did + 主语 ?
----He doesn’t work in a school, does he?
----Yes, he does. (否定问话人的回答) /
No, he doesn’t. (肯定问话人的回答)
助动词do的6个用法
1. He hardly speaks English, _____ he?
A. does B. doesn’t
C. is D. isn’t
This is a beautiful picture, _____ ?
A. isn’t this B. is this
C. isn’t it D. is it
反意疑问句中:
陈述部分主语是this,that 时,反义疑问部分主语应用 it 。
陈述部分主语是these,those时,反义疑问部分主语应用 they。
6. 助动词do,does,did在倒装句中的运用:
(1). 肯定句的倒装:
第一主语+实义动词+宾语+…,
so +do/ does/ did + 第二主语.
They helped the farmers , so did we.
(2). 否定句的倒装:
第一主语+don’t /doesn’t /didn’t+实义动词原形+宾语+…, Neither/ Nor +do/ does/ did + 第二主语.
They didn’t help the farmers , neither did we.
They didn’t help the farmers , nor did we.
助动词do的6个用法
助动词的用法汇总
对句子进行否定和疑问
Do you get up early every day?
I didn’t (没)have lunch yesterday.
Will you be back soon?
He hasn’t (没)finished the work yet.
在反意疑问句中
He works in a school, doesn’t he?
She has never been there, has she?
在倒装句中
They helped the farmers , so did we.
I won’t visit the famous singer,neither will he.
连系动词 (系动词)
连系动词本身有词义。
不能独立作谓语。
没有被动语态。
不用于进行时态。
跟表语构成复合谓语。
说明主语的状态,性质,特征或身份。
连系动词 (系动词)
常见的系动词是
变化连系动词 get,turn,become,make
感官连系动词 look,sound,smell,taste,feel
表象连系动词 seem, appear, look
持续连系动词 stay, keep, stand, lie, rest
状态连系动词 be
The day gets longer and longer.
He looked happy.
I feel hungry.
感官连系动词,有时相当于被动语态
主语:被感觉的对象
谓语:感官连系动词
表语:被感觉对象的状态,性质,特征
The flowers smell very sweet.
连系动词be的用法
与名词、数词、形容词、介词连用
I am a doctor.
He is ten.
They are tired.
The cat is under the table.
There be 句型
用于不可数名词和可数名词单数之前
There is a pen on the desk.
There is some water in the glass.
用于复数名词之前
There are some sheep in the hill.
用于一般将来时
There is going to be a film in our school next Sunday.
用于一般过去时
There was a book on the desk yesterday.
There used to be (过去常)a tall tree here.
连系动词be的用法
情态动词
情态动词后面跟动词原型
无论否定、疑问、倒装句、或反意疑问句都可以用情态动词
只有时态变化,没有人称变化
情态动词
1. 常见的情态动词:
can / could (3点)
在表示请求允许,意为“可以,能”
两者可以互换, could比can语气更委婉。
----Can I help you?
----Could you open the window?
肯定答语: Yes, …. can.
否定答语: No, ….can’t.
情态动词
1. 常见的情态动词:
can / could (3点)
在表示能力,意为“能够,会”
仅仅在表示能力时, could是can的过去式。
I can swim. / I can’t swim.
I could swim at the age of five.
C. 在表示推测,意为“可能”,一般用于否定句或疑问句。
That can’t be Mary. She’s in hospital.
情态动词
2)May/ Might (2点)
(might不是may的过去式)
表示请求允许,意为“可以,能”
May 用在第一人称的一般疑问句时,
May I use your bike?
肯定形式: Yes, … can.
否定形式: No, … can’t. / No, … mustn’t.
B. 表示表示推测,意为“或许,可能”,最不确定的推测。
He might come tomorrow, but I am not quite sure.
他明天可能来,但我不是很确定。
情态动词
3)Must (4点)
A.表示主观看法,意为“必须,应该”
I must go now.
You mustn’t play in the street.
B. 表示推测,意为“一定,肯定”,最肯定的推测,仅仅用于肯定句
(must表示推测时,不能用于否定句)。
----There’s someone knocking on the door.
----It must be Jim.
情态动词
3)Must (4点)
C. must的否定式mustn’t有“禁止”的意思。
The children mustn’t play with fire.
孩子不能玩火。
D.以must开头的一般疑问句,
肯定回答:Yes, …must.
否定回答:No,…needn’t或don’t have to.
----Must I go home now ?
----No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.
情态动词
4)need (1点)
表示需要,必要,意为“必须” ,
主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
Must I go home now ?
肯定回答: ---- Yes, you must.
否定回答: ----No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. (不必须,不必要)
Need
既是实义动词,也是情态动词。
详见下页。
情态动词
实义动词 Need:
1. need to do sth. 需要做某事
I need to do my homework. 我需要做我的作业。
2. need doing sth. 需要(被)做某事
The flower needs watering. 花需要(被)浇水。
提问时用do系的助动词提问, 用do系的助动词回答。
Does he need to wash his hands? 他要不要洗手?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
情态动词 Need:
1. need do sth. 必须做某事
Need开头的一般疑问句。肯定回答用must,否定回答needn’t.
Need I finish my homework? 我必须完成家庭作业吗?
Yes, you must. / No,you needn’t.
Must开头,回答大致相同
情态动词
5)Must /have to
Must 表示主观意愿的“必须”,它是常规的情态
词,因此没有时态和人称变化。
否定句用Mustn’t,否定回答用needn’t /don’t have to.
I must go now.
You mustn’t play in the street.
----Must I clean the room now?
----No, you needn’t. / you don’t have to.
have to表示客观条件的限制的“不得不”,它并非常规的情态动词,因此它有时态和人称变化。
需要助动词来否定和疑问。
He had to wash his clothes. (一般过去时)
I don’t have to carry the big box. (助动词来否定)
6)will / would (2点)
A. 表示意愿,自愿做或者主动提出做某事。
She asked if I would go with them.
她问为是否愿意跟他们一起走。
B. 表示征求意见或者提出请求,用于第二人称的疑问句中。
Will you please post the letter for me ?
请帮我寄了这封信好吗?
7)shall (4点)
A. (用于第一人称) 表示将来会,“将,会”
I shall be thirty next year. 明年我就三十岁了。
B.(用于第一,三人称疑问句中) 表示说话人征求对方的意见或请求, “好吗”
Shall we begin now? 我们现在开始好吗?
Shall I turn on the lights? 我开灯好吗?
C. (用于第二、三人称陈述句中) 表示说话人的意图、允诺、警告、命令、决心等, “必须,应,可”
He shall stay in bed. 他必须躺在床上。
He says he won't go, but I say he shall. 他说他不去,但我说他必须去。
7)shall (4点)
D. (用于第三人称中) 在条约,规定,法令等文件中表示义务或者规定, “应该,必须”
No reader shall remove a book from the library
without permission.
未经允许,任何读者不准把书带出图书馆。
注意:should 不是 shall的过去式。
8)should (3点)
表示劝告、建议、命令。 “应该,必须”
You should go to class right away.
你应该马上到教室去。
B. (用于第一,三人称疑问句中) 表示说话人征求对方的意见或请求, “好吗”
Should I open the window?
我把窗户打开好吗?
C. 表示推测。 “应该,可能”
It should be Jack who was late this morning.
今天早晨应该是杰克迟到了。
7)shall (4点)
D. (用于第三人称中) 在条约,规定,法令等文件中表示义务或者规定, “应该,必须”
No reader shall remove a book from the library
without permission.
未经允许,任何读者不准把书带出图书馆。
Can /May/Must / Need 引导一般疑问句
(第一人称) 的答语
Can I ....?
Yes, you can.
No, you can’t.
May I ....?
Yes, you can.
No, you can’t. / No, you mustn’t.
Must I ....?
Yes, you must.
No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to.
3. Need I ...?
Yes, you must.
No, you needn't.
1. You _____ play with the knife, or you _____ hurt yourself.
A. may not ; may B. can’t ; need
C. needn’t ; must D. mustn’t ; may
2. It doesn’t look like rain, so you _____ bring your umbrella with you.
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t
C. can’t D. needn’t
---- Look! The man at the gate _____be our head master. He is always standing there every morning.
---- No, it _____ be him. He is holding a meeting in the office now.
A. must; can’t B. must; mustn’t
C. can’t; can’t D. can’t; mustn’t
4. ---- _____I borrow your MP4?
----Sure. Here you are.
May B. Must
C. Should D. Need
5. ---- May I watch TV for a while?
---- No, you _____. You have to finish your homework first.
A. shouldn’t B. needn’t
C. mustn’t D. won’t
4. Children under 16____ not drive a car in the street.
should B. could
C. would D. will
表示法律条文规定的权利义务时,常用should
实义动词
实义动词指的是有具体行为意思的动词。
实义动词在句中可以做谓语动词和非谓语动词。
做谓语动词的用法
动词会有四种形式:单三,现在分词,过去式,过去分词

实义动词
4. 做非谓语动词的用法(指出现在谓语动词之后的动词,它受前面谓语动词的限制)
做非谓语的动词会有三种形式:
(1)不定式 (to do) / 省略to的不定式(do)
(2) 现在分词 & 动名词 : doing
(3)过去分词形式

实义动词
掌握作谓语动词时:
四种形式的变化规律
He works in the office. (单三)
We are dancing together.(现分)
I caught a cold last week. (过去式)
She has watered the flower. (过分)

概念: 表示习惯、经常性的动作
结构: do、 does
标志语: usually、often、never、
sometimes、once a week、
twice a month、every year 等
1.经常性,习惯性的动作。
When do you usually have breakfast ?
2. 表示主语所具有的特征,性格,能力或状态等。
She is a middle school student.
3. 客观事实,普遍真理。
The earth goes around the Sun.
4. 主将从现原则 (在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中)。
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the park.
5. 表正在进行的动作。
There goes the bell.
6. 表示安排或计划好的将要发生的动作。
如:火车,飞机的时刻表。
The train starts at 7:30 a.m.
一般情况,
词尾加 “s”
work-works
like-likes
元音字母+“y”结尾的词
词尾加 “s”
stay-stays
play-plays
辅音字母+“y”结尾的词
把“y” 变成“i”,再加es
carry-carries study-studies
以-s, -x, -ch, -sh, -o 结尾的词
词尾加“es”
pass-passes
teach-teaches
wash-washes
go-goes
动词的单三形式的构成(在一般现在时中):
The twins ___________(wash) the clothes every day.
Sometimes he ________ (play) basketball over there.
How often ____ Sally ______(sing)?
wash
plays
does
sing
一般现在时中标志词:
Usually,often,never,sometimes,once a week、 twice a month,every day ,every year 等
概念: 表示现在正在发生的动作
结构: be (is, am, are) + doing
标志语: Look! 、 Listen! 、can you see 或者 now 、 these days
一般在动词原形:
后+ing
以不发音的e结尾的:去e,+ing
重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的:双写这一字母+ing
动词-ing形式的构成(在进行时态中):
writing
taking
getting
running
swimming
going
go
ask
write
take
get
run
swim
asking
1. 表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。
They’re having a meeting. 他们在开会。(此时此刻)
I’m studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。(现阶段)
2. 表示计划或安排好了的将来动作(常见: go,leave, arrive , start, fly),常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。
Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。
They’re having a party next week. 下星期他们将开一个晚会。
注:表示安排将要做的事,
人作主语宜用现在进行时,事物作主语,宜用一般现在时。
I’m not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。(不宜说I don’t…)
The concert starts at 7: 30. 音乐会七点半开始。
3. 现在进行时与always, often, forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。如:
You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨)
My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满)
She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)
稍后,我们将学习: 有些静态动词通常不用于进行时态。
现在进行时的肯定句
(1)第一人称单数:主语 + am + 现在分词 + ……
eg. I am watching TV. 我现在看电视。
(2)第三人称单数:主语 + is + 现在分词 + ……
eg. She is washing the dishes. 她正在洗澡。
(3)第二人称及复数人称:主语 + are + 现在分词 + ……
eg. They are playing games. 他们正在做游戏。
现在进行时的否定句
主语 + 相应be动词 + not + 现在分词 + ……
eg. He isn't watching TV. 他没在看电视。
I am not cooking. 我没有在做饭。
We aren't haveing English calss. 我们没在上英语课。
现在进行时的一般疑问句
相应be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + ……?
eg. Are you dancing? 他们正在跳舞吗?
Is he drawing a picture? 他正在画一张画吗?
Are you talking with your friend? 你正和你的朋友谈话吗?
现在进行一般疑问句的答语
(1)肯定回答: Yes, 主语 + 相应be动词。
(2)否定回答: No, 主语 + 相应be动词 + not 。
eg. Are you listening to the music?你正在听音乐吗?
Yes, I am. / No, I am not. 是的,我正在听。/ 不,我没在听。
Is Aunt Wang knitting a sweater? 王阿姨正织毛衣吗?
Yes, she is. / No, she isn't. 不,她没有。
现在进行时的特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词 + 相应be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + ……?
其实就是特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
eg. What are you doing? 你正在干什么?
Who is singing a song? 谁在唱歌呢?
Why are they cleaning their room? 他们为什么在打扫房间?
现在进行时特殊疑问句的答语
回答特殊疑问时,根据不同的疑问词的情况来决定回答方式。回答what提问时,答语是现在进行时的肯定形式;
回答who提问时,只需说明主语是谁,再加相应的be动词即可。
eg. --What is he doing? --He is writing a letter. 他正在干什么?他正在写信。
--Who is swimming in the lake? --Jim is. 谁正在湖里游泳?吉姆正在游泳。
不能用进行时的静态动词?
事实状态的动词
have, belong to(属于), cost, own, exist, include, matter, weigh, continue
例如: I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理状态的动词
know, realize, think/see(理解,领会), believe, suppose, imagine, agree, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
例如: I need your help.
He loves her very much.
3 ) 非延续性动词(短暂性动词)
accept(接受), refuse(拒绝), give(给予) receive(收到), complete/ finish(完成), allow, decide.
  例如: I accept your advice.
4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
  例如: You seem a little tired.
The twins ___________(wash) the clothes now.
Look! He ________ (play) basketball over there.
Listen! ______ Sally _______(sing)?
are washing
is playing
Is
singing
概念: 表示过去发生的动作
结构: did
标志语:yesterday?,?the?day?before?yesterday?,?
last?+?时间 (week, month, year)?,?this?morning,
时间?+?ago?,?just?now?,?a?moment?ago?,?
in?+?过去的时间
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态常用的时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
例如: Where did you go just now?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
在动词后加-ed
以字母e 结尾的动词,只+d
“ 辅音字母+y ” ,变y 为i, 再+ed
重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的,双写+ed
want
answer
move
die
carry
cry
stop
plan
wanted
moved
died
carried
cried
stopped
planned
answered
动词-ed形式的构成(在一般过去时中):
set --set (放)
sing--sang (唱歌)
sit--sat (坐)
sleep--slept (睡觉)
speak--spoke (说话)
spend --spent(花费)
stand --stood (站立)
swim --swam (游泳)
teach--taught (教)
tell --told (告诉)
think--thought (认为)
throw--threw (投掷)
understand--understood (懂得)
wear--wore (穿)
will--would (将要)
win--won (获胜)
am (is)-was (是)
are-were(是)
go-went(走)
come-came(来)
take-took(拿)?
have?(has)-had(有)
begin--began (开始)
bring--brought (拿来)
can--could (能)
catch--caught (捉住)
cut--cut (砍,割)
do/does--did (做,干)
draw--drew(画画,拉)
drink--drank (喝)
drive--drove (驾驶)
eat--ate(吃)
fall--fell (跌倒,落下)
feel--felt (感觉)
fly--flew (飞)
get--got (获得)
give--gave (给)
grow--grew (生长)
keep--kept(保持)
know--knew(知道,认识)
learn--learnt(学习)
leave--left (离开)
let--let(让)
lie--lay(躺,平放)
make--made (使得,做)
may--might (可以)
must--must (必须)
read--read (读)
ride--rode (骑)
ring--rang (鸣铃)
run--ran (跑)
say --said (说)
see --saw (看见)
sell --sold (卖)
send--sent (送)
1.Be动词的一般过去时
在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词,?am?is?的过去式为was;?are的过去式为were
肯定句式:主语?+?be (was?,?were)?+?其它.
否定句式:主语?+?be (was?,?were)?+?not?+?其它.
一般疑问句:Be (was?,?were)?+?主语?+?其它?
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+Be (was?,?were)?+主语+其他?
What was your former name? 你以前叫什么名字?
注:在这种构成中,be动词有人称和数的变化,即要根据主语选用was?/?were。Be动词分为单数和复数,was是表示单数,were是表示复数。
2.?实义动词的一般过去时

肯定句式:主语?+?动词(过去式)+?其它.
否定句式:主语?+?didn’t?+?动词(原形)+??其它.?
【did?not?=?didn’t】
一般疑问句:Did?+?主语+?动词(原形)+?其它?
【do?,?does的过去时均为did】
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+do/does过去式+主语+动词原形+其他?
Why did he late for school last Monday? 上星期一他为什么迟到?
注:did和didn’t?是构成一般过去时的助动词,其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。
3.?情态动词的一般过去时
含有情态动词的一般过去时与含有Be动词的一般过去时,是十分相似,请注意观察。
肯定句式:主语?+?情态动词的过去式?+?其它.
否定句式:主语?+?情态动词的过去式?+?not?+?其它.
一般疑问句: 情态动词的过去式?+?主语?+?其它?
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+情态动词的过去式+主语+动词原形+其他?
What could she do twenty years ago? 20年前她能做什么?
注:情态动词的过去式:can→could?,?may→might?, ?must→must?,will-would,should-should。
The twins ___________(wash) the clothes yesterday.
The day before yesterday he ________ (play) basketball over there.
_____ Sally ______(sing) two hours ago?
washed
played
Did
sing
3. Frank read an interesting book about history. (改为一般疑问句)
_______ Frank _______ an interesting book about history?
4. He cleaned his room just now. (划线提问)
What________ he _______?
5. Thomas spent RMB 10 on this book. (改为否定句)
Thomas _______ _______ RMB 10 on this book.
Did
read
did
do
didn’t spend
概念: 表示已经发生的动作
结构:助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词
( has 用于第三人称单数,have 用于其他所有人称。 )
标志语:already、 yet、ever、
never、since…、for…、
(1)现在完成时表示
过去已完成动作,但对现在造成了影响或结果
通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词 just,already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。
例如:
① I have never(从未) heard of that before.
② Have you ever(曾) ridden a horse?

③ She has already(已) finished the work.
④ Have you milked the cow yet(还)? Yes, I have done that already.
⑤ I’ve just(刚) lost my science book.
有时没有时间状语,多是一般疑问句。
(2)现在完成时表示
过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。
可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状语连用。如:for+时间段和since+时间点,以及 so far, now, today, this week (month, year) 等。
例如:I haven’t seen her these days(这些天).
She has learnt English for 3 years(三年).
They have lived here since 1990(自1990).
What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years(在过去的350年)?
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for+时间段和since+时间点等表示一段时间的短语连用。
比较:
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
  (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
 ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
  
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
   Did you want anything else?
   I wondered if you could help me.
2)情态动词 could, would.
   Could you lend me your bike?
have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别:
★ have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地,说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。
★ have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地,说话时此人在那里,或可能在路上,反正不在这里。
试比较:
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。
(人已回来,可能在这儿)
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。
(人已走,不在这儿)。
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;
现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,
而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
◎ 一般过去时的时间状语有:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。
◎ 共同的时间状语有:this morning, tonight, this April/…, now, once, before, already, recently,lately 等。 
◎ 现在完成时的时间状语有:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。
请大家认真分析比较下列三组例句:
一般过去时: I saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
现在完成时: I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了) 
一般过去时: She returned yesterday.
(她是昨天回来了, 强调动作已经完成)
现在完成时: She has returned from Paris. 
(她已从巴黎回来了,强调回来的意义)

一般过去时: He joined the League three years ago. 
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
现在完成时: He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960/…)时,不能使用现在完成时,
要用过去时。例如:
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
1) 用于完成时的区别:
延续性动词 表示经验、经历;  
I‘ve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
非延续性动词 表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 ( 但是,现在完成时的否定式,已成为一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。)
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
现在完成时的否定式:
I haven’t heard form him for two weeks.
He hasn’t left here since 1990.
2) 用于till / until 从句的差异:
延续性动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” ;
非延续性动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。
  
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.     
他一直睡到10点。
3)用于 when / while 从句的差异:
在while(表示‘一段时间’)引导的从句中,不能用非延续性动词 (短暂性动词),但when可以,因为when可表示时间点,也可表示时间段。
误:While I got to the village, it was dark.
正:When I got to the village, it was dark.
4)非延续性动词(短暂性动词)的肯定式的完成时不能和how long连用。
误:How long have you borrow the book?
正:How long have you kept the book?
将非延续性动词(短暂性动词)改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一段时间连用,其常用的方法有:
a. 用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有:
buy have borrow keep
come/go/become be
catch/get a cold have a cold
get to know know
be+名词
join the Party be a Party member
go to school be a student
c. be+形容词/副词
leave be away (from) die be dead
put on be on finish/end be over
begin/start be on come be here/in
fall asleep be asleep go out be out
d. be+介词短语
go to school be in/at school
join the Army be in the Army
e.去掉短语中的短暂性动词
come to work work
begin to study study
f. 把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语,原动词的完成时改为过去时
He come here three months ago.
用 “It is/ has been +一段时间 +since(一般过去时)”结构。
It is/ has been three months since he came here.
用“多长时间+has passed + since(一般过去时)”结构:
Three months has passed since he came here.
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. 
A. had met  B. have met  C. met  D. meet
首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. --- I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
 --- Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been  C. was D. will be
等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
3. I _____ my best friend since we were four years old.  
A. know  B. knew  C. known D. have known
since引导的从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时。
另外,还有句型:
It is/ has been +一段时间 +since(一般过去时)
4. --- Have you ever been anywhere for a trip ?.
 --- A trip ? I ____ away from my hometown even once.
A. went
B. have gone 
C. have never been
D. have been
现在完成时的标志词:
so far, already , yet , ever , never , since… , for…
The twins ___________(wash) the clothes for an hour.
He ________ (play) basketball since three years ago.
How long _____ Sally ______(sing) yet?
have washed
has played
has
sung
1、 概念:表示过去的过去。
2 、结构:had + 过去分词
-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->
那时以前  那时  现在
by the end of( 到…末为止): 跟过时用过完,跟现时用现完,跟将时用将完。
at the end of (在......末):后边可以跟时间和地点名词,用于各种时态
1)过去完成时表示:
过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
2)过去完成时还可以表示:
过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。
Before he slept, he had worked(已工作) for 12 hours. 
3)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never(从未) been to Paris.
4)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away(逃跑).

5)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
6)过去完成时常用的时间状语: before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned(学) some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to(开始) make a living by himself.
1. When I got the hospital, the patient____.
A. has died B. died
C. had died D. has dead
1. die 【死】 -----动词原形
2. died 【死】 -----动词过去式,过去分词-----就是死这个动作成为了过去
dying 【死】 -----动词现在分词:he‘s dying.(他正在死去)
-----也有形容词说【死亡的】 【垂死的】
4. dead-----形容词----- 【死了的】 (一种状态), 【没有生气的】 , 【已结束的】
5. the dead-----名词----- 【死者】
6. death -----名词----- 【死亡】
2. Maria said that she________ never ________China before .
A. had; been to B. had; been
C. has; been D. has; been to
3. He______ 2,000 words since last year.
A. has learn B. has learned
C. learns D. learned
4. Many bridges ______ by the end of last year .
A. had been repaired B. has learned
C. learns D. learned
5. Many wounded people________ before they ________ to the hospital.
A. had been treated; sent
B. were treated ; sent
had been treated; were sent
treated; sent
by the end of( 到…末为止): 跟过时用过完,跟现时用现完,跟将时用将完。
at the end of (在......末):后边可以跟时间和地点名词, 用于各种时态。
用一般过去时代替完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
1. The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. ?
A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died ?
2. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. ?
A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned ?
3. I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. ?
A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped ?
4. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come ?
现在
过去
那时所预见的情况
1、 概念:表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 。
2 、结构: would/should+动词原形
它是一个相对的时态,即立足于过去某时,从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。
二、基本形式:
would/should+动词原形
(其中 would 用于各种人称, should 只用第一人称)。
They were sure they would win the final victory. 他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。
He didn’t expect that we should(would)all be there. 他没想到我们都在那里。
上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should(would)be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应。
三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式:
1.was/were+going to+动词原形
He said he was going to try.
他说他准备试试。
2.was/were+to+动词原形
They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day. 他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。
3.was/were about+动词原形,表示即将要发生的动作。
We were about to go out when it began to rain.
我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来。
4.过去进行时(一般多为动作概念较强的动词,如 go,come, leave,start, open,begin , arrive 等)也可用于表示过去将来。
I didn't know when they were coming again.
我不知道他们什么时候再来。
四、用法注意点:
1.在时间和条件状语从句中,主句为过去将来时时,从句常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如:
He said he would come to see you when he had ( 实义动词,have的过去式 ) time.
他说他有时间就来看望你。
2.“would+动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,都可用would。
When he was a child he would get up early.
他年幼时,总是很早起床。
1. They wanted to know when you_____ the drawing .
A. will finish B. would be finished
C. would finish D. will be finish
2. Sally said she______ in a few days.
A. will come B. would come
C. had come D. came
in + 一段时间:
用于将来时态时,表示在这段时间以后。
---Did your brother know it_____?
---No, I don’t think so. Because he didn’t take an umbrella with him.
A. would rain B. rained
C. was raining D. was going to rain
4. He thought I ____ work early today.
A. will B. am going to get to
C. got to D. was going to get to
过将的基本形式: would/ should +动词原形
过将的其他形式: 1.was/were+going to+动词原形
2.was/were+to+动词原形
3.was/were about+动词原形
4.过去进行时(一般多为动作概念较强的动词,如 go,come, leave,start, open,begin 等)也可用于表示将来。
概念: 表示过去正在发生的动作
结构: be (was,were) + doing
标志语:
1) at this time last night, at 8:00 yesterday
2) when… , while…
3) from seven to nine
4) yesterday, last year, yesterday morning
1)在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
What were you doing at 8:30 yesterday evening ?
2)一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行。
I was sleeping when it started to rain. 
3)过去进行时(一般多为动作概念较强的动词,如 go,come, leave,start, open,begin , arrive 等)也可用于表示过去将来。
I didn't know when they were coming again.
我不知道他们什么时候再来。
He was leaving the first week in June and staying until September. 
1. His uncle_____ all night last Monday .
A. works B. was working
C. worked D. has worked
2. He______ his bicycle when it began to rain.
A. was riding B. is riding
C. has ridden D. rides
When 从句的用法:
主延续从短暂 (如题2)
主短暂从延续
主短暂从短暂
While 从句的用法:
主延续从延续
表对比,“然而,而”
概念: 表示将要发生的动作
标志语:
1) tomorrow, today, tonight
2) next spring / week / month / year
3) during this term
4) first, next
5) when I grow up….
1.will+动词原形 (I /we shall)
2.be going to+动词原形
3.be+to do 表示计划,责任,约定或命令
4. be about to do sth
表示正要做…,马上要做...
(不能与表示将来时间的状语连用)
5.be+v-ing
6.一般现在时表将来
1.will+v原形 与 shall+v原形
shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
1)表示一个将来的动作或状态,“要…,会…”
She will go to the park tomorrow.
2)表示不以人的意志为转移的自然发展的事。
Spring will come again.
Tomorrow will be Sunday.
3) will+v 有时表示说话是临时决定或打算。
--- My car won’t start.
---Don’t worry, I will come and give it a push.
4) will+v 的特殊用法:
祈使句+ and/or+将来时(will)
努力工作否则你就会失败。
Work hard or you will fail.
努力工作你就会成功。
Work hard and you will succeed.
2. be going to +不定式,表示将来。
主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month.
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3.be to do
①表按计划或安排即将发生的动作
②表示约定,责任,命令,或注定要发生的动作。
③官方计划或决定(常见于报纸或广播)
He and I are to meet at the railway station tomorrow.
You are not to be back late.
If not watered, the plants are to die.
The president is to speak on TV tonight.
计划,安排
责任,命令
注定要发生的动作
官方计划或决定
4. be about to do 表示正要做…,马上要做...
(不能与表示将来的时间的状语连用)
was /were about to do … when…
正要…突然发生…
英语晚会即将开始。
The English Evening Party is about to begin.
我正要出去,这时下起了雨.
I was about to go out when it began to rain.
5. be +v-ing
go, come, leave, start, arrive, stay, fly, land, take off 等动词可用现在进行时表示安排和计划或即将发生的动作。
我们明天动身去青岛.
We’re leaving for Qingdao.
6.表示与生日,日历,课时安排或交通时刻表有关的动作(一种规律) ,用一般现在时表示将来时态
常用于转移动词如:
begin, come , leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close…
The evening class begins at 19:00.
火车两点出发.
The train starts at two.
注:在时间或条件状语从句中,从句用一般现在时表示将来时:when, as soon as,
before, once, if , unless, even if, in case
If you come this morning, we will
have a meeting.

When I graduate, I will go to the
countryside.
1. be going to 与 will 的区别?
用于条件句时, be going to 表将来
      will  表意愿
1). If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get
ready for it as soon as possible.
2). Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
2. be to 与 be going to 的区别?
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.   (客观安排)
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
—What would you do if it _______
tomorrow ?
—We have to carry it on, since
we’ve got everything ready.
A. rain B. rains
C. will rain D. is raining
2. —What are you going to do this afternoon?
—I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _____quite early, so we ____ to the bookstore after that.
A. finished; are going B. finished; go
C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go
3. My younger brother ____be 15 years old next year.
A. is going to B. will
C. is to D. should
4. — Sorry, I forgot to post the letter
for you.
— Never mind, _____ post it myself
tonight.
A. I’m going to B. I prefer to
C. I’ll D. I’d rather
5. —Write to me when you get home.
— ____________.
A. I must B. I should
C. I will D. I can
6. Let’s keep to the point or we _____
any decisions.
A. will never reach
B. have never reached
C. never reach
D. never reached
7. If he _____ to college, he _____ a
lot more.
A. will go; will learn
B. will go; is going to learn
C. goes; will learn
D. goes; is going to learn
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