高中英语语法精讲动词的过去分词形式

高中英语语法精讲动词的过去分词形式
动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。
一、动词的-ed形式的特征
A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成
动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。
1．
规则动词的-ed形式
limit
→limited（限制）
pretend
→pretended（假装）
escape
→escaped（逃脱）
provide
→provided（提供）
refer
→referred（提交）
drag
→dragged（拖）
pray
→prayed（祈祷）
supply
→supplied（供应）
2．不规则动词的-ed形式
cast
→cast（投掷）
spread
→spread（传播）
bite
→bitten（咬）
forgive
→forgiven（原谅）
spit
→spat（
吐）
wear
→worn（穿）
fight
→fought（搏斗）
lose
→lost（丢失）
3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同
learned
→a
learned
professor
一位知识渊博的教授
aged
→an
aged
man
老人
beloved
→his
beloved
computer
他心爱的计算机
B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式
动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。
Not
allowed
to
go
in,
he
had
to
wait
outside.
不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。
Never
invited
to
his
party,
she
got
angry
with
him.
从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。
C．动词的-ed形式的特征
动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。
1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
Born
and
brought
up
in
the
countryside,
he
was
interested
in
biology.
由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One
of
the
glasses
was
found
broken.
有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The
books,
written
by
Lu
Xun,
are
popular
with
many
Chinese
people.
鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。
2．及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。
Given
more
time,
I
could
have
solved
that
riddle.
要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I
和动词give之间是被动关系。）
When
you
speak
English,
be
sure
to
make
yourself
understood.
你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。（动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。）
The
experience
gained
in
the
army
was
of
great
value
to
our
study.
在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。
3．不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。
an
escaped
prisoner
逃犯
（=
a
prisoner
who
has
escaped）
a
retired
worker
退休工人
（=
a
worker
who
has
retired）
a
newly
arrived
guest
新来的客人
（=
a
guest
who
has
just
arrived）
We
should
bring
in
advanced
technology
from
developed
countries
from
time
to
time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
People
should
pay
attention
to
the
changed
situation.
人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
二、动词的-ed形式的用法
动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。
A．动词的-ed形式作表语
1．-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The
students
are
fully
prepared.
学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When
we
got
there,
the
shop
was
closed.
我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She
felt
satisfied
with
her
performance
on
the
high-and-low
bars.
她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。
The
land
remained
unexploited.
这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing
the
news,
he
looked
disappointed.
听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The
top
of
the
mountain
is
covered
with
snow
all
through
the
year.
山顶上终年积雪覆盖。
比较：
要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。
All
the
doors
are
locked.
所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）
All
the
doors
were
locked
by
the
guard.
所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作）
Peter
the
Great
is
buried
here.
彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态
Peter
the
Great
was
buried
here
in
1725.
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作）
2．同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作
表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
They
were
frightened
to
hear
the
frightening
sound.
他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At
the
sight
of
the
moving
scene,
all
the
people
present
were
moved.
看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
提示：
上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased,
tired,
excited,
disappointed等）已经变成形容词，可以被very,
too等副词修饰。有的（如amused,
puzzled,
relaxed等）还不能被very,
too修饰，只能被much修饰。
These
problems
are
very
puzzling.
这些问题很令人迷惑。
We
are
much
puzzled
by
his
failure
to
reply.
他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His
speech
was
very
moving.
他的演讲非常感人。
All
the
people
present
were
moved
to
tears.
在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。
B．动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。
1．在感觉动词see,
hear,
feel,
notice,
watch,
find后作宾语补足语。
I
heard
the
Ninth
Symphony
played
last
night.
昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。
We
found
all
the
rivers
seriously
polluted.
我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。
Yesterday
I
noticed
a
little
girl
caught
stealing
in
the
shop.
昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。
He
felt
his
collar
pulled
by
someone
from
behind.
他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。
2．在使役动词get,
have,
make,
leave,
keep等后作宾语补足语。
①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
Doris
got
her
bad
tooth
pulled
out
in
the
hospital.
多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
I'll
just
get
these
dishes
washed
and
then
I'll
come.
我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。
比较：
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I
couldn’t
get
the
car
to
start
this
morning.
今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He
got
his
sister
to
help
him
with
his
clothes.
他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It
is
not
hard
to
get
him
talking;
the
problem
is
stopping
him!
让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
Can
you
really
get
that
old
clock
going
again
你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？
②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。
He
raised
his
voice
in
order
to
make
himself
heard.
他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
You
should
make
your
views
known
to
the
public.
你应该让公众知道你的观点。
注意：
动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-ing形式。
【误】Can
you
make
the
students
understanding
the
text
【正】Can
you
make
the
students
understand
the
text
你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
【正】Can
you
make
the
text
understood
by
the
students
你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They
all
went
home,
leaving
all
the
work
undone.
所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The
detective
and
his
assistant
kept
themselves
locked
in
the
room
all
night.
侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。
3．动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。
With
everything
well
arranged,
he
left
the
office.
一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
She
has
come
back
with
her
backpack
filled
with
interesting
picture-books.
她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without
any
grain
left
in
the
house,
the
little
girl
had
to
go
begging.
家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。
Without
any
more
time
given,
we
couldn't
finish
the
task
in
three
weeks.
如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。
4．某些动词后（如want,
need,
prefer,
would
like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to
be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。
I
would
like
this
matter
(to
be)
settled
immediately.
我希望这事立即得到解决。
I'd
prefer
this
book
translated
by
my
sister.
我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We
need
the
work
(to
be)
finished
by
Saturday.
我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。
The
peasants
don't
want
good
farmland
(to
be)
built
on.
农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
C．动词的-ed形式作定语
动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
1．前置定语
单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A
watched
pot
never
boils.
心急锅不开。
All
the
broken
doors
and
windows
have
been
repaired.
所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When
we
arrived,
we
each
were
given
a
printed
question
paper.
我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示：
如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money
spent
is
more
than
money
earned.
入不敷出。
2．后置定语
作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We
have
read
many
novels
written
by
this
author.
我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。（=
that
are
written
by
this
author）
Half
of
the
honored
guests
invited
to
the
reception
were
foreign
ambassadors.
被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。（=
who
had
been
invited
to
the
reception）
The
meeting,
attended
by
one
thousand
students,
was
a
success.
这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(=
which
was
attended
by
one
thousand
students)
A
woman,
dressed
like
a
lawyer,
came
in
and
took
her
seat
as
judge.
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(=
who
was
dressed
like
a
lawyer)
3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。
the
risen
sun
升起了的太阳
the
rising
sun
正在升起的太阳
boiled
water
开水
boiling
water
正沸腾的水
developed
countries
发达国家
developing
countries
发展中国家
fallen
leaves
落叶
falling
leaves
正在飘落的叶子
changed
condition
改变了的情况
changing
condition
变化着的情况
动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、
方式或伴随情况等。
1．表示时间
动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen
from
the
tower,
the
city
looks
beautiful.
从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（=
When
the
city
is
seen
from
the
tower...）
Shown
the
lab,
we
were
taken
to
see
the
library.
带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（=
After
we
had
been
shown
the
lab...）
Completely
examined
by
the
doctors,
he
went
back
to
school
right
away.
经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(=
After
he
was
completely
examined...)
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。
When
asked
why
she
was
late
for
class
again,
she
hung
her
head
in
shame.
当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once
recovered,
he
went
all
out
to
do
his
work.
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once
started,
the
clock
will
go
half
a
month
and
keep
good
time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2.
表示原因
动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved
by
the
heroic
deeds,
the
children
couldn't
help
crying.
孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（=
Since
they
were
moved
by
the
heroic
deeds
...）
Written
in
haste,
her
letter
is
very
hard
to
read.
因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As
it
was
written
in
haste
...）
Excited
by
the
new
discovery,
we
decided
to
go
out
and
celebrate.
我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because
we
were
excited
by...)
注意：
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
Even
if
invited,
I
won't
go.
即使受到邀请，我也不去。
Though
beaten
by
the
opposite
team,
they
did
not
lose
heart.
虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。
Unless
invited,
he
will
not
come
back
to
the
company.
除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。
3.
表示条件
动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated,
water
changes
into
steam.
加热，水就能变成蒸汽。（=
If
water
is
heated...）
Given
more
time,
he
would
be
able
to
do
better.
假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。（=
If
he
was
given
more
time
...）
Compared
with
other
professors,
she
was
an
excellent
speaker.
与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。
4.
表示让步
动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted
by
the
running,
they
went
on
running
after
the
robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。（=
Although
they
were
exhausted
by
the
running
...）
Laughed
at
by
many
people,
he
continued
his
research.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。（=
Even
if
he
was
laughed
by
many
people
...）
Questioned
many
times
a
day,
Andrew
kept
silent
over
the
murder.
尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。
Suddenly
seized
with
a
high
fever,
he
was
unable
to
attend
school.
他因突然发热不能来上学。
=
Being
suddenly
seized
with
a
high
fever,
he
was
unable
to
attend
school.
他因突然发热不能来上学。
Brought
up
in
the
countryside,
he
found
it
hard
to
get
used
to
town
life.
因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。
=
Having
been
brought
up
in
the
countryside,
he
found
it
hard
to
get
used
to
town
life.
因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。
5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。
动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The
teacher
stood
there,
surrounded
by
the
students.
老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。（=
and
he
was
surrounded
by
the
students）
He
went
into
the
office,
followed
by
some
children.
他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(=
and
he
was
followed
by
some
children)
They
turned
around
and
stood
in
the
middle
of
the
room,
completely
astonished.
他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。
She
accepted
the
gift,
deeply
moved.
她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。
注意：
动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。
【误】Invited
to
the
state
banquet
is
a
great
honor.
【正】To
be
invited
to
the
state
banquet
is
a
great
honor.
被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。
【误】I
cannot
stand
laughed
at.
【正】I
cannot
stand
being
laughed
at.
我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
三、动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语
A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。
Locked
up,
he
had
no
way
to
escape.
他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。
Lost
in
thought,
he
almost
ran
into
the
car
in
front
of
him.
他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。
She
became
discouraged
at
the
news.
听到这个消息，她泄气了。
Though
it
was
1000
a.m.,
the
door
of
the
shop
remained
locked.
尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。
B．当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。
The
first
textbooks
written
for
teaching
English
as
a
foreign
language
came
out
in
the
16th
century.
第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。
The
computer
center,
opened
last
year,
is
very
popular
among
the
students
in
this
school.
去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。
A
lighted
candle
lit
up
the
cellar.
一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。
C．当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Vivien
got
her
fingers
trapped
in
the
bicycle
chain.
薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。（trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers）
The
valuable
vase
was
found
stolen.
那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。（stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase）
We
got
home
only
to
find
the
whole
house
turned
upside
down.
Thieves
obviously
had
broken
in.
我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟,
很明显小偷闯进来了。
D．动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语（详见“第8章
独立主格结构”）。
Everything
done,
we
went
home.
一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。
All
our
money
run
out,
Henry
had
to
find
another
job.
钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。
He
was
lying
on
the
grass,
his
hands
crossed
under
his
head.
他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。
All
things
considered,
the
planned
trip
will
have
to
be
called
off.
考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。
E．动词的-ed形式作独立成分。
动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。
Put
frankly,
I
don't
agree
with
what
he
said.
坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。
Given
the
general
state
of
his
health,
it
may
take
him
a
while
to
recover
from
the
operation.
考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。
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