英语：Unit 3《Celebration》Lesson 3 & 4（3）（北师大版必修1）
一. 教学内容：
Unit 3 of Module I Celebration Period Two Lesson 3 & 4
［学习过程］
一、本课教学目标与要求
1. 掌握重点单词及词组的用法
词 汇 相 关 提 示
ought aux. 应当，应该attend vt 出席，参加 link vt .连接contribute vt .捐献，贡献as well 也 请记住 ought to的用法及与 should 的区别。 比较attend 与take part in, join in 的用法。 link 的一些习惯表达短语contribute sth.to／towards sth. 请认真掌握 as well 和 as well as 的用法。
2. 语法重点
1）学习 have to /don’t have to ,can/can’t , ought to /ought not to 的用法。
2）Giving advice （提建议）
You ought （not） to … 你应该做…… / 你不应该做……
You （don’t） have to … 你不得不做…… / 你不必做……
3）It is /was（generally）believed that… 据信，……
People believe （d） that….
3. 文化意识培养和写作
1）了解西方圣诞节的节庆活动、印尼及希腊的婚礼和他们的风俗及社交礼仪。
2）用本单元所学的单词、短语、句型以及语法，写一封电子邮件，介绍中国的传统节日。
二、重难点词汇讲解：
1. entrance n.入口
巧记提示 ent（e）r（v．进入） + ance（名词词尾）
Excuse me，where is the entrance to the exhibition hall
对不起，请问展览大厅的入口处在哪里
1）注意介词搭配:
at the entrance （of …）在（……的）入口处
the entrance to ……的入口处，进入
2）entrance还可用作定语，如：
a university entrance examination 大学入学考试
entrance fee 入场费
用正确的介词填空
1）We usually use the front entrance ______the building but there’s another entrance _____the back.
2）The Status of Liberty was erected _____the entrance of New York Harbour.
2. attend vt.出席，参加
They had a quiet wedding——and only a few friends attended it .
他们的婚礼静悄悄的——只有几个朋友参加。
1）派生词：attendance n．出席，参加；出席人数
attention 是 attend 的另外一个意思“看管、关心”的名词形式。
2）易混辨析：attend，take part in，join 和 join in
attend 指出席或参加会议、聚会、讲座等，仅仅表示 go to ,自己并不起积极作用。
take part in 指参加活动或在活动中负有责任；有时与join in可互换。
join意思是become a member of，加入到某一组织、团体或人群中去，并成为其中的一员。
join in通常指参加某种活动，尤其指和其他人一起参加某项活动。
选词填空
I _____the meeting at which some Young Pioneers were accepted to ____the League，all of whom made up their minds to _____an active _____school activities and entered the coming round-the-city race．
3. ought aux.应当，应该
You ought to work harder than that. 你应当更努力地工作。
1）ought 常与 to 结合构成情态动词，后面接动词原形；否定形式为 ought not to，缩略否定式是 oughtn’t to。
2）ought 的基本用法有：
（1）表义务，用于各种句式。一般说来，ought to 用于指将来，指现在则用进行时（ought to be doing sth.）；也可用于完成时（ought to have done sth. ） ，在肯定句中表未完成的动作，在否定句中表已完成的动作。在间接引语中表过去形式不变。
（2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气比 must 弱。
（3）ought to 往往和 should 同义，在生活交际中人们多用后者，但有时 ought to 有针对性，should 则表一般的忠告。
活学活用
用 should，ought to，have to 填空
1）You _____ come at 4 o’clock if the plane arrives on time．
2）I didn’t go shopping this morning as I _____do the housework．
3）She _____come to see me yesterday, but she forgot.．
4）You _____ ask for permission before you left the table.
5）As they didn’t understand, I _____explain everything again.
4. contribute vt .捐献，贡献
He contributed some money to the flood victims．他捐出一些钱给遭受水灾的难民。
1）派生词：contribution n. 贡献
2）搭配：contribute sth.to／towards sth. 为……作贡献。
例如：
She contributed a lot of good ideas to the discussion.她在这次讨论中提出了很多好的意见。
3）另外 contribute 还可作不及物动词，contribute to 是“有益于；捐献；促成……的因素”的意思，后面接动名词。
contributes to several charities. 捐助一些慈善团体
Exercise contributes to better health.锻炼能促成更强健的体魄
Proper rest and enough sleep contribute to longevity. 适当的休息和足够的睡眠有益于长寿。
填空
1）He__________ （捐很多钱） the charity.
2）Exercise ___________ （能促成） better health.
5. link vt.连接
The two towns are linked by a railway. 这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来。
1）同义词：connect vt.连接
2）搭配 link A with B，link A and B together 将人或物连接或联系起来。
3）组：link up with sth.（= connect with sth.） 与……连接。
（“水域相连”通常用 link up with ,“车辆（道路、交通）”相连用 connect with。）
翻译
The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.
6. unfortunately adv.不幸地
巧记提示 un-（否定前缀）+fortunate（adj．幸运的）+-ly（副词词尾）→不幸地。
She missed the last train unfortunately. 她不幸错过了最后一班列车。
1）同义词：unluckily 不幸地；反义词：fortunately 幸运地。
2）unfortunately 一般修饰整个句子，常置于句首或句末。
选择训练
Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea.______, neither of them could swim．
A. In fact B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. Naturally
7. even if 即使
You mustn’t be conceited （自负）even if you’ve achieved a great success.
即使你取得了很大的成绩也不应当骄傲。
1）even if 是连词短语，引导让步状语从句，与 even though 同义。
2）与if 相关的连词还有：as if 好像，only if 只要, if only 要是……就好了。
选择
Allow children the space to voice their opinions，______they are different from your own．
A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though
8. as well 也
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中国拥有大量煤炭，其他的矿藏也很丰富。
1）as well 是副词短语，其意为“也”，相当于too，它一般放在句末，有时和连词 and 或 but 搭配使用。
2）在英语中，表示不同位置的“也”也要用不同的词：
as well 多用于口语，但只用在句末。
too 多用于口语，位置常在句末，前面有逗号。
also 较正式，位置通常接近动词，不用于句末。
either 位置常在句末，且通常用于否定句。
3）易混短语：as well as
as well as 与 as well 仅一字之微，意义相近，故很易混淆。作为习语用作介词时，as well as 的含义是“还有”，“不但……而且……”。
值得注意的是，在A as well as B 的结构里，语意的重点在A，不在B。因此，“He can speak Spanish as well as English．”的译文应是：“他不但会说英语，而且会讲西班牙语”，绝不能译作：“他不但会说西班牙语，而且会讲英语。”
如果as well as 用作连词引出比较从句，其意为“和……一样好”。因此，“He speaks Spanish as well as English．”应译作：“他说西班牙语像说英语一样好。”
活学活用：
选词填空（as well as／as well）
1）Often life is much slower outside the big cities，as is true in other countries______.
2）During the football match，he hurt his arm ______breaking his leg.
三、重点句式分析与拓展
1. If a friend gets an invitation to a wedding, you can go with him/her, even if you don’t receive an invitation yourself.
如果你的朋友收到了参加婚礼的邀请，那么即使你自己并没有得到邀请，也可以和他/她一起去。
1）这是一个主从复合句，包含两个状语从句。
2）句首的状语从句由 if 引导，表示条件；第二个状语从句由even if 引导，表示让步。
3）to a wedding 是介词短语，作 an invitation 的后置定语。
拓展
①if表示“如果”时，用于引导条件状语从句。if还能表示“是否”，引导名词性从句。
②if还能与其他的词连用，构成从属连词。如even if“即使”，only if “只有”，if only“只要……就好了”，as if “好像”。
③even if 用来引导让步状语从句，通常可与even though 互换。引导让步状语从句的从属连词还有though，although等。
2. After the ceremony, the guests can attend a wedding reception, which is usually a huge party and can last through the night.
婚礼之后，客人们可以参加婚宴。宴会通常规模盛大，可能持续整整一夜。
1）这是一个主从复合句，从句是由which引导的非限制性定语从句。
2）句中定语从句的先行词是a wedding reception。这个定语从句的谓语由两个部分组成，第一个谓语部分 is usually a huge party 是一个系表结构，第二个谓语部分包含一个表猜测的情态动词 can。
拓展
①which 可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，此时不能用 that 替换 which。
②有些情态动词可用于表示猜测。如 can、may、must 等。
3. There is a lot of eating, drinking and dancing, including the famous Greek circle dance, where everyone joins in.
婚宴上提供各种各样的食品、饮料、还有舞会，其中包括所有人都参加的著名的希腊圆圈舞曲。
1）这个主从复合句的主句是一个 there be 句型，从句是由关系副词 where 引导的非限制性定语从句，它所修饰的是 the famous Greek circle dance。
2）including the famous Greek circle dance 是一个后置定语，修饰 dancing ，这个定语可以看作是介词短语，也可以看作是一个现在分词短语。
拓展
①there be 句型中的 be 的形式遵循“就近一致”原则，即 be 的形式由紧跟在它后面的名词的数决定：如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，be 也用单数；如果名词是可数名词的复数形式，be 也用复数。where 经常引导地点状语从句。
②including 可以看作是动词 include 的现在分词形式，也可以看作介词。在大多数情况下，特别用逗号与前面的部分隔开时，通常被看作介词。
4. We tried to stay awake as long as possible to see Father Christmas but the next thing we knew it was morning, Christmas morning!
为了能看到圣诞老人我们尽可能醒着不睡觉，但是我们醒来时就是圣诞节的早晨了。
1）这个长句的第一层是一个并列句，两个分句由表示转折的 but 连接。
2）but 前的分句带有两个不定式短语：第一个不定式短语 to stay awake as long as possible 作 tried 的宾语，其中stay 是一个系动词，awake 是一个表语形容词；第二个不定式短语 to see Father Christmas 作目的状语，表示 to stay awake as long as possible 的目的。
3）but 后的分句是一个复合句，从句是it was morning，它在句中作动词 knew 的宾语，从句的引导词 that 省略了。
拓展：
①不定式在句中除了作宾语、状语外，还能充当定语、表语、主语等成分。
②as long as 在句中是“和……一样长”的意思，它还能作从属连词引导条件状语从句，此时是“只要”的意思。
5. At the bottom of bed was the stocking, now full of all kinds of small presents and sweets.
床尾挂着长筒袜，里面已装满各种各样的小礼物和糖果。
1）这是一个把地点状语提前的倒装句，句子的主语是 stocking。
2）（now） full of…sweets 是一个形容词短语，作主语的补语。
拓展
在英语中，为了强调地点状语，为了上下文衔接的方便，或者是由于主语太长而考虑到句子的结构等，都可以把地点状语提前。注意分辨此类倒装句中的主语，并对谓语动词的单复数作出正确的判断。
6. After lunch, the adults slept on the sofas in front of the Queen’s speech on television while we all played card.
午饭后，大人们在播送女王演讲的电视前面的沙发上睡着了，而我们都在玩牌。
1）这是一个复合句，从句是由 while 引导的时间状语从句。
2）本句中包含四个介词短语，句首的 after lunch 作时间状语；主句中的 on the sofas 作地点状语，in front of the Queen’s speech 也作地点状语，on television 作后置定语（修饰 the Queen’s speech）。
拓展
①while 用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句时，译为“当……时候”，从句中的动词都是延续性的，while 后常用进行时态；引导让步状语从句时，译为“尽管／虽然”。
②while还能用作并列连词，连接并列句，此时译为“而”，前后两个分句有对比的意思。
7. It was believed that any village that did not give food would have bad luck.
任何不愿给予食物的村庄都会遭到厄运。
1）句首的 “it”是形式主语，真正的主语是第一个that 引导的主语从句 any village…luck。
2）第二个 that 引导的从句 that did not give food 是一个定语从句修饰 village。
3）原句可以转换为：
Any village that did not give food was believed to have bad luck.
People believed that any village that did not give food would have bad luck．
拓展
“It is believed that…” 可以转换为：sb. /sth. is believed to do sth.，
还可以转换为: We／People believe that…
与 believe 用法相同的词还有:say，report，think，hope等.
Eg. On this day, the moon is said to be its biggest and brightest.
【模拟试题】（答题时间：20分钟）
一、词组专练和单词拼写
1）Last night the main e to the hall was crowed by the cheerful people.
2）Many ordinary working people c towards the city building.
3）Many t customs still exist in the remote countryside.
4）There were 120 people attending the party, i some children.
5）All the wedding i have been sent out by now.
6）Houses （装饰）brightly and beautifully at Christmas.
7）My father （以及） my little brother has gone to Beijing for the holiday.
8）The stadium which （在建）will be used as the place of opening ceremony of 12th National Games.
9）You （不应该）throw away the old bike and buy a new one.
10）When they （结婚）Michael was the best men.
二、综合阅读
The invention of the electric telegraph （电报） gave birth to the communications industry. Although Samuel B. Morse succeeded in making the invention useful in 1837, it was not until 1843 that the first important telegraph line was built up. By 1860 more than 50,000 miles of lines connected people east of the Rockies （落基山脉）. The following year, San Francisco was added to （加入到）the network.
The national telegraph network strengthened（加强）the ties between East and West and contributed to the rapid expansion（扩张）of the railroads by providing an efficient ways to monitor schedules and routes （计划和路线）. Furthermore, the extension of the telegraph, combined with the invention of the steam-driven rotary printing press （蒸汽驱动转轮印刷机） by Richard
M. Hoe in 1846, completely changed the world of journalism（新闻业）. Where the business of news gathering had been dependent upon the mail and on hand-operated presses, the telegraph expanded the amount of information a newspaper could supply and allowed for more timely（及时的）reporting. The building of the Associated Press（美联社）as a central wire service in 1846 marked the arrival of a new era （纪元） in journalism.
1）The main topic of the passage is .
A. the history of journalism
B. the origin of the national telegraph
C. how the telegraph network contributed to the expansion of railroads
D. the contributions and development of the telegraph network
2）The word “gathering” in line 12 refers to .
A. people B. information C. objects D. substances
3）The author’s main purpose in this passage is to .
A. compare the invention of the telegraph with the invention of the steam-driven rotary press
B. propose new ways to develop the communications industry
C. show how the electric telegraph affected the communications industry
D. criticize Samuel B. Morse
4）This passage would most likely be found in a .
A. U.S. history book B. book on trains
C. science textbook D. computer magazine
5）It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. Samuel Morse did not make an important contribution to the communications industry
B. Morse’s invention did not immediately achieve its full potential （潜力）
C. the extension of the telegraph was more important than its invention
D. journalists have the Associated Press to thank for the birth of the communications industry
【试题答案】
一、词组专练和单词拼写
1）entrance 2）contributed 3）traditional 4）including
5）invitations 6）will be decorated / have been decorated
7）as well as / with / along with 8）is being built
9）ought not to 10）were married
二、综合阅读
1）D 。 这是一道细节考查题。A. 新闻业的历史。 B. 国家电报网的来历。C.电报网是如何促进铁路网的扩张的。D. 国家电报网的贡献和发展。
2）B在这指的是新闻消息的采集情况。本题是细节推理题。A.人们；C. 事物，实验对象，宾语等意思。D. 物质。
3）C 根据上下文可知，本文的主要目的是告诉我们电报业对资讯/通讯业的影响。
4）A 。
5）B 。本题属于逻辑推理题。从这两句Although Samuel B. Morse succeeded in making the invention useful in 1837, it was not until 1843 that the first important telegraph line was built up. The building of the Associated Press（美联社）as a central wire service in 1846 marked the arrival of a new era （纪元） in journalism.可以知道，莫尔的发明一开始并没有带来大规模的实践应用。但是到了1846年它为新闻业带来了一个新的纪元。英语：Unit 3《Celebration》Lesson 1 & 2（2）（北师大版必修1）
一. 教学内容：
Unit 3 of Module I Celebration Period One Lesson 1 & 2
二. 本课教学目标与要求：
1、掌握重点单词及词组的用法
词 汇 相关提示
include v. 包含，包括destroy vt. 破坏，毁坏salary n. 薪水apply vi. &vt. 应用，申请，请求congratulation n. 祝贺 请认真掌握其分词 included 和 including 的用法。请注意区别 destroy, damage 和 ruin 。请注意 salary, wage, pay, income 和 fee 的区别。请牢记 apply 与不同介词搭配时的不同含义。请注意它在句中的形式及与之搭配使用的介词。
2、语法重点
掌握一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时和现在完成时的被动语态形式。
3、语言技能重点
（1）了解我国的节假日活动，传承民族文化，增强民族自豪感。了解有关英语国家的个人庆贺活动，如生日、毕业等。能运用英语简单介绍中国的节庆活动。
（2）表达祝贺（Congratulations）。
Happy Birthday! 生日快乐！Congratulations! 恭喜！
（3）运用听力策略，听懂有关举行聚会的相关介绍，并把握主旨大意。
三. 重难点词汇讲解：
1、nowadays adv. 现今，现在
nowadays 常置于句首或句末。
Nowadays, children often prefer watching TV to reading. 如今，儿童常爱看电视而不爱看书。
根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子
_____（今天），mobile phones are more and more popular.
2、include vt. 包括，包含
The United Kingdom includes Northern Ireland and Wales. 联合王国包括北爱尔兰和威尔士。
（1）派生词：inclusion n. 包含，包括；including prep. 包括（某人/某事物）在内。
（2）include 的现在分词 including, 可以看作是介词，including 可以与过去分词 included互相转换。如：
We all went, me /myself included. =We all went, including me/myself.
I bought six books, including a story-book. =I bought six books, a story-book included.
（3）include 表示一个整体有几个内容，侧重“内有”的意思。包括：作为一部分、成分或成员而包括；含有：作为次要的、附属的成分而包含；放入，算进去：纳入或包括进一个组织、阶层或整体.
contain 表示包含或拥有（物质/含量）以作为整体的一部分或某一成份：包含，容纳，容忍。
This drawer contains all the cutlery we own. 这个抽屉里盛放着我们所有的刀叉餐具。
The book contains some amusing passages. 这本书里有一些有趣的章节。
①The band played many songs, _____some of my favourites.
A. includes B. included C. including D. to include
②The whole book_____12 units, ______two main revisions.
A. includes; containing B. contains; including
C. contains; containing D. includes; included
3、destroy vt. 破坏，毁坏
In crowded populations, poverty destroys the possibility of cleanliness. （George Bernard Shaw）
在人口拥挤的地方，贫困使清洁毫无可能。（乔治·肖伯纳）
（1）同义词：damage v. 招致损害，ruin v. 毁灭；反义词：establish 创立
（2）辨析：destroy，damage 和 ruin
destroy 指彻底的摧毁、毁坏；
damage 指部分损坏；
ruin指经过长时间的侵蚀而毁坏，通常暗指无可挽回的伤害，但并不一定指完全毁灭。
选择
They have _____all the evidence which would do harm to them.
A. destroyed B. damaged C. ruined D. housed
4、decorate vt. 装饰，布置
They decorated the room with flowers and balloons.
他们用花和气球装饰了房间。
（1）派生词：decoration n. 装饰
（2）搭配：decorate 不接双宾语，而用decorate sth. with sth. 的结构。
汉译英： 孩子们正在用彩灯装饰圣诞树。
5、serve v. 招待，侍候，服务
serve（v. 招待，侍候，服务）→deserve （vt. 应受（奖赏，特殊待遇等），值得）
They served the guest a wonderful dinner.
他们以盛宴招待客人们。
Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.
古为今用，洋为中用。
（1）serve 的名词是 service。
（2）搭配：要表达“为……服务”时，不要受汉语影响用 serve for sb. ，而应使用serve sb.。
选择填空
He _____the company for fifty years，first as office boy and eventually as managing director.
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served
6、retire vi. 退休
巧记提示 re-（回）+tire（adj. 累）→累回家中→退休。
He retired from the business when he was 60.
他60岁时退休了。
（1）retire 的过去分词 retired 可以作定语，相当于形容词，
但只表示完成意义，而不具被动意义。
（2）搭配：retire from… 从……（职位等）退休。
选择：
After he _____office，Rogers took up painting for a while，but soon lost interest.
A. retired from B. retired in C. took from D. took in
7、salary n. 薪水
巧记提示 sal（e）（n. 卖）+-ary（名词词尾）
He gets a good salary，but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.
他的工资待遇很好，但他总是向朋友借钱而又从不归还。
易混辨析：salary，wage，pay，income 和 fee
salary按月或年支付的固定的薪金收入，如公务员等管理人员的收入。
wage 按星期（有时按日）发放，一般指临时工作的收入，通常为现款。
pay 一般用以指雇主定期付给的工资。
income 是最普通用词，可指挣来的收入，也可指并非挣来的收入。
fee 是对职业性的服务所支付的报酬，如付给律师、医生等的报酬。
选择
Professional people and those who work in offices receive a______.
A. salary B. wage C. fee D. income
8、apply vi& vt. 应用，申请；请求
apply（申请）→apple（n. 苹果），申请得到一个苹果。
The results of this research can be applied to new developments in technology.
这项研究成果能应用于技术开发新的方面。
You should apply immediately，in person or by letter.
你应该立即申请，亲自去也好，写信也好。
（1）派生词；application n. 申请，应用；applicant n. 申请人；
applicable adj. 可适用的，合适的；applied adj. 应用的，适用的。
（2）apply 的两个义项的搭配也不同：
apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请……
apply sth. to sth. 把……应用于……
介词填空：
In order to apply his new discovery _____the products
he applied _____his boss _____a sum of money.
为了把他的新发明应用于生产，他向老板申请了一笔资金。
9、opportunity n. 机会
Let me take this opportunity to say a few words. 请让我趁此机会讲几句话。
（1）搭配：opportunity for /of doing sth. =opportunity to do sth. 做某事的机会。
（2）辨析：opportunity 和 chance
opportunity 是对机遇的一种比较正式的说法，而且一般情况下是人为造成的机遇，表达的是一种有利的状态或合适的时机。
chance是比较随意的感觉，而且一般情况下是在偶然的情况下发生，有可能没有人为因素造成这样的结果，表达的是一种因为运气或偶然而出现的机遇。
用 opportunity 和 chance 填空
①Don’t throw this _____away; it won’t come around again.
②If you prepare yourself，you will be able to grasp_____for broader experience when it appears.
10、congratulation n. 祝贺
congratulat（e）（v. 祝贺）+-ion（名词词尾）
Congratulations on winning the race. 恭贺你比赛获胜。
（1）congratulation 是 congratulate 的名词形式，常用复数，可以单独使用，也可以与介词on 或to 搭配。
congratulations to sb. 表示“向某人表示祝贺”，congratulation on sth. 表示“祝贺……”。
（2）在使用这个词时，必须符合下列条件；
①只以言语表达贺意，并非以行动（如送礼、举行宴会）来表示。
②专对个人成功祝贺时才用，生日、节日时的道贺不用此词。
③对方的成功必须是经过努力获得的成功。
选择<1>The three sisters decided to hold a family party to_____ their parents’silver wedding.
A. celebrate B. memorize C. congratulate D. welcome
<2>We offered our congratulations _____his passing the college entrance exams.
A. at B. on C. for D. of
11、burn down 烧毁
In 1666 almost all of London burned down. 在1666年，差不多整个伦敦都被烧毁了。
（1）burn down 还有“火势减弱”的意思。
（2）与 burn 相关的常见词组有：burn out 烧光，熄灭，burn up 烧光，烧起来
12、take part in 参与，参加
In early days only male athletes were allowed to take part in the Olympic Games.
在奥林匹克运动会早期，只有男性运动员才能参加比赛。
（1）同义词组：join in 加入；participated in参加某事；分享某事；
participated in the festivities 参加庆祝活动
If only I could participate in your good fortune. 要是我能分享你的好运就好了。
（2）同义词组辨析：attend, participate, take part in和join in的区别
attend“出席，到场，上（课）”，指去听、去看，但自己并不一定起积极作用。
participate 指在感情、观念或行为方面与他人共同参加某一活动。常与介词in连用。
join 既可指参加一群人的活动，也可以指加入某个组织，常见搭配为：join the army （club, Party）, join sb., join sb. in （doing）sth.。表示参加某一活动时常用join in sth. 。如join in a game （discussion, conversation）。
take part in指参加某一活动并发挥作用。
（3）与 part 相关的常见词组有：play a part/role in 在……中起作用。
用take part in, join, join in, attend 的合适形式填空
①I hope you’ll ______the discussion.
②Will you ______us ______the English evening
③I ______the school basketball team last term.
④He often _______a social gathering in the school.
⑤Every four years，many athletes from different countries _______the Olympic Games.
13、depend on 根据，依据
How much is produced depends on how hard we work.
产量的大小在于我们努力的程度。
（1）depend on 除表示“依据、根据”外，还可译成“依靠、信赖”。
（2）depend 指条件或可能性，其后通常跟on 或 upon。在非正式口语中，通常省略介词。
如：
It depends on who is in charge. 这取决于谁是负责人。
— Will you go out for a hiking with your friends
—That depends.
选择练习：
—What time will you arrive
—I don’t know. It ______the traffic.
A. depends on B. relies on C. asks for D. deals with
14、on time 准时
The train often arrives on time.
火车通常正点到达。
（1）易混词组辨析：on time 和in time
on time 是“准时、按时”之意，就是正好在预定的时间。
in time 有“及时、迟早”的意思，意指正赶上时候或恰在需要的时候。
（2）与 time 有关的常用习语：
all the time 一直；始终 at times 有时（相当于sometimes）
in time及时 once upon a time 从前（相当于long ago）
some time 将来某时 from time to time 时不时地
this /next/ last time 这次/下次/上次
（3）sometime, sometimes, some time, some times.
sometime adv. 某个时间（在某个不确定或未说明的时间）；
日后（将来某个不确定的时间）
I’ll meet you sometime this afternoon. 我今天下午某个时候见你。
Let’s get together sometime. 让我们日后再相聚。
some time 相当长的一段时间
It took me some time to digest what I had heard.
我花了一些时间才把听到的东西弄明白。
用 on time 和 in time 填空
①Facing with so much trouble，we failed to complete the task______.
②There is much chance that Bill will recover from his injury ______for the race.
③Progress so far has been very good. Therefore, the project will be completed ______.
四. 重点句式分析与拓展：
1. Traditional moon cake are usually made with bean paste, but nowadays, there are different kinds of moon cakes including fruit, coffee, chocolate and even ice-cream moon cakes.
传统的月饼通常是豆沙做的，但现在有了许多不同种类的月饼，包括水果月饼、咖啡月饼、巧克力月饼，甚至还有冰淇淋月饼。
（1）这是一个并列句。两个分句由表示转折的 but 连接。
（2）第二个分句中包含有一个现在分词短语 including…cakes，这个短语在句中作后置定语，修饰其前面的 moon cakes。
2. The （Water）Festival marks the Dai New Year and is related to Buddhist traditions. Over three days, Buddha statues are washed, dragon boats are raced and rockets are launched in celebration.
泼水节是傣族的新年的标志，它和佛教习俗有关。接连三天，人们冲刷佛像，划龙舟，放鞭炮以示庆祝。
这两个句子都是用被动语态来表达的，尤其是第二个句子，接连用了三个并列句。进一步强调动作的承受者。当然我们翻译的时候不必拘泥于句子的被动形式。
【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）
一、单项选择
1、It is said that his health by years of hard working.
A. is affecting B. is broken C. is destroyed D. is decorating
2、—Could you do me a favour
—It ______what it is.
A. puts on B. depends on C. relies on D. take on
3、Our teacher told us that in that way we could better theory we learned to practice.
A. apply B. use C. asks for D. deals with
4、Do you know how countries the final in the World Cup
A. join in B. join C. take part in D. are participated in
5、I do believe we will see each other .
A. sometimes B. sometime C. some time D. some times
6、The boss ordered that the work should be done .
A. on time B. in times C. at times D. with time
7、This kind of plant _____lots of vitamin C.
A. includes B. holds C. contains D. takes
8、She has the family faithfully for thirty years.
A. serve for B. been served C. serves D. served
9、The house in half an hour.
A. burnt down B. has burned down
C. was burnt down D. burns down
10、I’d like to take this to thank everyone for their hard work on the project.
A. money B. time C. opportunity D. occasion
二、综合阅读
Since many of you are planning to study at a college or university in this country, you may want to know what you usually do in a typical week, how you can get along with your classmates, and so on. These are the questions I want to discuss with you today.
First, let’s talk about what your weekly timetable （时间表）will look like. No matter what your major（专业）may be, you must spend between four and six hours a week for each class going lectures （去听讲座）. Lectures are usually in very large rooms because some courses（课程）such as introduction to sociology（社会学）or economics（经济学）often have as many as two or three hundred students, especially at large universities. In lectures, it’s very important for you to take notes（作笔记）on what the professor says because the information of a lecture is often different from the information in your textbooks. Also, you can get some exam questions from the lectures. So it isn’t enough to just read your textbooks; you have to attend lectures as well. In a typical week you will also have a few hours of discussion for every class you take. The discussion time is a small group meeting usually with fewer than thirty students where you can ask questions about the lectures, the reading and the homework. In large universities, graduate students（研究生）, called teaching assistants（助教）, usually help discussion time.
If your major is chemistry, or physics, or another science, you’ll also have to spend several hours a week in the lab, doing experiments. This means that science majors spend more time in the classroom than non-science majors（非理科）do. On the other hand, people who major in subjects like literature （文学）or history usually have to read and write more than science majors do.
1. The main idea of this text is .
A. to help the students to learn about university life
B. to persuade （劝说）the students to attend lectures（上课）.
C. to encourage （鼓励）the students to take part in discussions
D. to advise the students to choose right majors
2. We can learn from the text that university professors .
A. spend about 5 hours on lectures each week
B. must join the students in the discussion sections
C. like to use textbooks in their lectures
D. ask the students to read beyond the textbooks
3. A discussion time does NOT include .
A. working under the guidance of university professors
B. talking over what the students have read about the courses
C. discussing the problems related to the students’ homework
D. raising （提出）questions about what a professor has said in a lecture
4. According to the author, science majors .
A. have to work harder than non-science majors
B. spend less time on their studies than non-science majors
C. consider experiments more important than discussions
D. read and write less than non-science majors
5. The underline phrase In the typical week means .
A. In a special week.
B. In a kind of week.
C. In a whole week of learning.
D. In a complete week.
【试题答案】
一、单项选择
1、C。 他的身体被数年的艰辛劳作而摧毁，所以本题应该用被动语态。
2、B。 A. puts on意思是：穿上，把……放在上面，装出，假装，增加，欺骗，添上，使靠……维持生命 B. depends on意思是： 依靠，取决于，随……而定 C. relies on依靠（信赖）。D. take on披上，呈现，具有，雇用，承担，盛气凌人，接纳，流行
3、A. 把所学的理论应用于实践。
4、C. take part in指参加某一活动并发挥作用。
5、B. 指将来某个时间我们会见面。
6、A. 老板要求按时完成工作，所以选on time“按时”。C. at times 有时，相当于sometimes. 无B. in times和D. with time 的用法。
7、C. 这种植物含有丰富的维生素C，应选contains。
8、D. 她忠诚地为这个家庭奉献了30年。 “服务家庭”应该用及物动词serve 的过去时态。
9、A. burnt down 房屋、工厂烧毁不用被动语态。
10、C. take this opportunity to do sth. 借此机会做某事。
二、综合阅读
1. A；从整篇文章的内容来看，这是一篇帮助学生在校学习的文章。
2. D；从该句可找出答案So it isn’t enough to just read your textbooks; you have to attend lectures as well.
3. A；“讨论在大学教授的指导下开展”没有提及。仔细阅读这句话：The discussion time is a small group meeting usually with fewer than thirty students where you can ask questions about the lectures。
4. D；最后一句话告诉我们，学文科（比如文学和历史等专业）的学生要比学理科的学生读得多，写得多。
5. C；划线部分in a typical week的意思是：典型的一周学习英语：Unit 3《Celebration》Grammar（1）（北师大版必修1）
一. 教学内容：
Unit 3 of Module I Celebration Period Three（Grammar）
二. 本周目标与要求：
1. 主动语态和被动语态的结构和用法。
2. 被动语态的一些特殊用法（主动表被动，被动表主动等）。
3. 情态动词的用法。
三. 本周语法讲解：
动词的语态
1. 语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1）We use electricity to run machines. （主动语态）
2）Electricity is used to run machines. （被动语态）
2. 被动语态的时态形式
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
常用的被动语态有下列几种时态形式。
时间 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am/is/are asked am/is/are being asked have/has been done
过去 was /were be asked was /were being asked had been done
将来 will /shall be asked
过去将来 should /would be asked
3. 被动语态的基本用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。
（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
例如：The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。
4. 主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）。（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
例如： All the people laughed at him.
→He was laughed at by all the people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
→The bikes are made（by them）in the factory.
歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
歌诀：情态动词变被动，情态加be加“过分”， 如若情态后带to，变后有to才算数。
例如：We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
→It ought to be taken away.
6. 被动语态的一些特殊用法
1）短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：
①So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
②All the rubbish should be got rid of.
2）“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（离婚） get engaged（订婚）
get confused（迷惑不解） get lost（迷路） get washed（洗脸）
get married（结婚）
3）能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
①能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。
例如：We showed the visitors our new products.（主动语态）
The visitors were shown our new products.（被动语态）
Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被动语态）
②能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：
The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主动语态）
He was appointed League secretary.（被动语态）
4）被动语态与系表结构的区别
①The novel was well written.（系表结构）
②The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态）
5）主动形式表示被动意义
①少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思wash（洗起来）, clean（擦起来）, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read（读起来）, wear, feel, draw, write（写起来）, drive…
例如：The book is selling remarkably well.
The song sounds very beautiful.
My watch needs cleaning. （= My watch needs to be cleaned）.
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe等。
例如: The meat is cooking.
The book written by the professor is printing.
②blame, let （出租）, remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
③在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
6）被动形式表示主动意义
在这些短语结构中：be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be finished, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married
例如：He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl.
7）习惯表达
如这些：believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that…据说 It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知 It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remembered that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
They say she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
8）使用被动语态应受哪些限制
英语和汉语一样，其动作都有主动和被动之分，汉语中不是所有的动词都可采用被动结构；同样道理，英语中也有不少动词不能用于被动结构，即被动语态。英语中，除不及物动词不能用于被动语态外，还有下列情况不能使用被动语态的结构：
①感官动词、系动词、表示状态和特征的及物动词、表示所属关系的静态动词、含有容纳、适合等意思的及物动词也不能用于被动语态。如sound，look，become，appear, belong, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit , die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
例如：She has a nice car.
The woolen coat fits her well.
Miss Li became a doctor ten years ago.
This plan sounds a good one.
Great changes have taken place in my hometown since 1949.
This car belongs to my uncle.
②宾语是动词不定式、动名词。
例如：They promised me to go with me.
I enjoy listening to pop music.
③宾语是反身代词。
例如：She hurt herself this morning.
They warned themselves to be careful.
④宾语是人身上的一部分或器官。
例如：He put his hand on his chest and began to cough.
I could hardly believe my ears.
⑤宾语是相互代词。
例如：They help each other in study.
We must learn from each other.
⑥表示地点、处所、机构、团体、组织的名词作宾语。
例如：She joined the Party last year.
My dad reached Beijing this afternoon.
⑦宾语表示行为、方式，在意义上相当于状语。
例如：She did her best.
We shall make up our minds.
⑧宾语表示数量、重量、长度、大小等，在意义上相当于状语。
例如：They walked two miles.
The film lasted one and a half hours.
This desk weighs 10 kilograms.
⑨及物动词及其宾语在意义上构成不可分割的固定词组。
例如：I made faces to have the baby laugh.
We should never lose heart.
⑩一些宾语从句也不能变成被动语态，否则意义就变了。
例如：I knew that I was wrong then. （我认识到当时我错了。）
It was known that I was wrong then.
I was known to be wrong then. （人们知道当时我错了。）
当宾语是抽象名词时。
例如：
We showed special interest in science.
当宾语为同源宾语时。
例如：
We lived a hard life in the old days.
总之，能否用被动语态，除了应了解英语的一些语法规则之外，还要充分考虑汉语的说话习惯，掌握其普通规律，同时注意一些特殊情况，否则就会出现“中国式英语”，也没法学到“地道的英语”。
【典型例题】
1. There’s no light on—they _______be at home .
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
思路分析：can’t “不可能”，表推测，根据前句语意提示可知应选A项。mustn’t 表示“禁止，不要”，needn’t “不必，没有必要”；shouldn’t “不应该”。
答案：A
2. You ______be tired .You’ve only been working for an hour.
A. must not B. won’t C. can’t D. may not
思路分析：根据下文“只工作了一小时，”意为不会累，所以用can not be tired 表示推测， 不可能累。mustn’t 表示“禁止，不要”；won’t “将不”；may not 不可以。
答案：C
3. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him very much . He _______in the earthquake.
A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
思路分析：照片中的人物在地震中被夺去了生命。他被杀死，显然这种行为发生在过去，所以应该用过去时态的被动语态。
答案：C
4. Black holes _______not be seen directly ,so determining the number of them is a rough task.
A. can B. should C. must D. need
思路分析：考查情态动词的基本用法。题干表示的是“人们无法（不能）直接看到黑洞，所以确定黑洞的数量是一件很难的任务”。故选A项。can not 不能；should not “不应该”；must not “一定不要”；need not “不必，没有必要”。
答案：A
5. You know he is not going to let us leave if we _______get the work done .
A. can’t B. may not C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
思路分析：can 表示能力，意思是“能够”，指有能力做某事。may 表示“可以”，may not 不可以，shouldn’t 表示“不应该”, mustn’t 表示“禁止，不要”。
答案：A
6. —Must he come to sign this paper himself
—Yes , he ________.
A . need B. must C. may D. will
思路分析：考查情态动词must 的肯定答语为：Yes, he must。must表“必须”时的否定答语为“needn’t”；表猜测时的否定形式为can’t。
答案：B
7. The hero’s story _______differently in the newspaper.
A. is being reported B. is reporting C. reports D. has reported
思路分析：英雄的故事和报道之间是一种被动关系，所以首先应该锁定被动语态。本题只有A符合条件。其余都是主动形式。
答案：A
8. —Could I have a word with you , mum
—Oh dear, if you_______.
A. can B. must C. may D. should
思路分析：must表示“一定要”，是一种主观意愿。can 表示有能力；may 表可能；should 表示应该，由于想和妈妈说话，所以用must.
答案：B
9. —May I smoke here
—If you ______, choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. should B. could C. may D. must
思路分析：本题要根据前后句的关系来判断，问句：“我能在这抽烟吗？”“如果你一定要抽，应该坐在抽烟区。”
答案：D
10. —Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
—She _______.I’ve already borrowed one .
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. wouldn’t
思路分析：needn’t 表示“没有必要”。根据提供的情景I’ve already borrowed one , 可判断出没有必要再借字典。
答案：C
【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）
一、选择
1. —Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there
—No, it ______be him . I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
A. can’t B. must not C. won’t D. may not
2. You ______be tired —you have worked for more than 8 hours.
A. must B. have to C. can’t D. may not
3. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I ______report it to the police
A. should B. may C. will D. can
4. The dictionary ______to my English teacher now.
A. is belonging B. is belonged C. belonged D. belongs
5. Maybe you have been to many countries ,but nowhere else _______such a beautiful palace.
A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find
6. Every coin has two sides. Beautiful songs, sometimes, _______be just noise to others.
A. must B. would C. may D. should
7. Something was wrong with the car; it _______not start.
A. could B. would C. might D. should
8. —I’m thinking of losing weight these days.
—Oh, you ______be out of your mind. You’re but 45 kilos.
A. will B. should C. may D. must
9. All the employees except the manager _______to work online（在线工作）at home.
A. encourages B. encourage
C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
10. — Why is Jenny still standing there It’s so cold .
—She _______for someone .
A. can wait B. might
C. use be waiting D. should have waited
二、.综合阅读：
If the world were a village of 1,000 people it would include:
584 Asians
124 Africans
95 Eastern and Western Europeans
84 Latin Americans
55 former Soviets （前苏联）
52 North Americans
6 Australians and New Zealanders
The people of the village would speak:
165 Mandarin（普通话）
86 English
83 Hindu/Urdu
64 Spanish
58 Russian
37 Arabic
The above list covers the mother tongues of only half the village.
One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65. Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modem equipments.
This year 28 babies will be born. Ten people will die, 3 of them for lack of food, 1 from can cer. Two of the deaths will be of babies born within the year. With the 28 births and 10 deaths, the population of the village next year will be 1,018.
In this village of 1,000 persons, 200 people receive 75 percent of the income; another 200 re ceive only 2 percent of the income.
About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water.
Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.
The village has a total yearly budget （预算） , public and private, of over $3 million—$ 3 ,000 per person if it is distributed evenly（平均分配）. Of the total $3 million:
$ 181,000 goes to weapons and warfare（武器和福利）
$ 159,000 to education
$ 132,000 to health care
These weapons are under the control of just 100 of the people. The other 900 are watching them with deep anxiety（焦急）, wondering whether they can learn to get along together.
1）Which of the following is true about Mandarin according to the text
A. Nearly one-third of Asian people speak Mandarin in the village.
B. About 8.25 per cent of the people speak Mandarin in the village.
C. About 16. 5 per cent of the people speak Mandarin in the village.
D. Nearly all the Mandarin-speaking people are from Asia in the village.
2）Which of the following problems is NOT mentioned in the text
A. Poverty. B. Education. C. Environment. D. Marriage.
3）The underlined part “have access to” （in Para. 4） means_____.
A. use B. buy C. produce D. try
4）The last sentence in the text implies（暗示）that most of the people long for _____.
A. a peaceful world B. good education
C. better health care D. a life without anxiety
5）The language that the fewest people of the village speak is .
A. Russian B. Arabic
C. North Americans D. New Zealanders
【试题答案】
一、选择
1. 结合上下文，这里应是表示推测。只有A项能表示推测。
答案：A
误区警示：本题有一处误区。使用汉语思维，误选B项。注意must不表示否定推测。
深化升华：搞清can’t表示否定推测是解决这一问题的关键。
2. 注意句中破折号后的内容对前一句进行解释说明：你工作了八个小时，所以你肯定很累。
答案：A
误区警示：本题有一处误区。误选B项。注意have to 指“不得不做某事”。
3. 在空房子里看到灯光是一件奇怪的事，所以问：“你是否认为我应当把这事报告给警察？”
答案：A
误区警示：本题有一处误区。误选C项。注意正确理解句意。
深化升华：做此类题需注意不带空的句子所提供的信息。
4. 表示所属关系的belong 没有主动语态和进行时态。另外现在这本字典属于我的老师，所以最后应该选择belongs.
答案：D
误区警示：本题有一处误区。误选A项。因为同学们看到有个词“现在”。
深化升华：做此类题的关键是要记住一些特殊用法，
5. 该题but 连接后一个并列单句是以nowhere else 这一否定词开始，故谓语要倒装，同时上下文时态要一致。
答案：A
误区警示：本题有一处误区。误选C项。注意表示否定意义的词置于分句的句首时也要倒装。
6. may表示“可能，或许”，在语气上适合用于此句中。句意是：“凡事有利有弊，美丽的歌声有时候对别人来说或许就是噪音。“
误区警示：有些同学受汉语思维的误导，误选A项。注意must用在这里语气太强。
7. would 可以用来表示一种动作倾向。
答案：B
误区警示：本题有一处误区。误选A项。注意在这里不能用could来表示能力。句意为：“车子出了毛病，无法发动起来了。”
8. must是表示对现在的猜测。句意是“你肯定是疯了，你只有45千克，你还考虑减肥”。
答案：D
误区警示：本题有一处误区。误选C项。注意C项语气不够强烈。
9. 本题首先应该确定主语是所有的雇员（except 是介词，后接的介宾对主语的数不产生影响），其次要确定“雇员”和“鼓励”之间是主动还是被动关系，这样就找出了正确答案。
答案：D
误区警示：有些同学可能会误选C项。以为主语是经理。
深化升华：本题的考点关键在于记住：with, together with, as well as ,besides, except 等介词构成的介宾短语对主语不构成数的影响。
10. 这里是对现在情况的猜测。
答案：C
误区警示：本题有一处误区。误选B项。注意might have waited 是表示对过去情况的猜测。
二、综合阅读
1）C 2）C 3）A 4）A 5）B
