英语语法--状语从句

(共48张PPT)
状语从句
初中英语语法
用一个句子（从句）来作另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。
什么是状语从句
状语从句的分类
（1）时间状语从句
（2）地点状语从句
（3）条件状语从句
（4）原因状语从句
（5）目的状语从句
（6）结果状语从句
（7）方式状语从句
（8）比较状语从句
（9）让步状语从句
时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的词有when，before，after，until/till，as soon as，while 等。
１、when引导的时间状语从句
when 意为“当……时”，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。
I feel very happy when you come to see me.
你（们）来看我时，我感到很高兴。
When you are crossing the street，you must be careful.
你（们）过街道时，一定要小心。
when引导的时间状语从句，谓语动词可以用延续性动词，也可以用非延续性动词。
He was working at the table when I went in.
当我进去的时候，他正在桌旁工作。
Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping.
当我正在睡觉时，有人敲门。
while引导的时间状语从句，常译为“与……同时，在……期间”，从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。 Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.
当我正在打电子游戏时，爸爸正清洗汽车。
2、while 引导的时间状语从句
注：while也可以作并列连词，表转折的关系，相当于but，译为“然而”。
I like listening to music，while my brother likes doing sports.
我喜欢听音乐，而我的兄弟爱好运动。
当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，只能用 as。这时，as常表示“随着……”；“一边……，一边……”之意。 1.As the time went on，the weather got worse．（as表示“随着……”之意） 2.As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer．
随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。 3.The little girls sang as they went．
小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。
3、as引导的时间状语从句
before 意为“在……之前”，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。例如：
We cleaned the classroom before we left school yesterday.
昨天离开学校之前，我们打扫了教室。
He had been a cook before he went to college .
他上大学前曾当过厨师。
4、before引导的时间状语从句
after 意为“在……之后”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。例如：
After you use plastic bags，you mustn't throw them about.
He called me after he had finished his work.
注：若主句和从句两个动作发生的先后顺序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成时态，例如上面的第二句可改成：
He called me after he finished his work.
5、after引导的时间状语从句
since引导的时间状语从句，译为“自从……”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。
We haven't seen each other since we parted .
我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。
6、since引导的时间状语从句
注：常用句型：It is/has been +时间段+since从句 译为：自从……有多长时间了。
It is/has been six years since she graduated from the university.
自从她大学毕业已有六年的时间了。
until 意为“直到……时”,表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词时，从句常用否定形式，not…until… 意为“直到……才……”，这时的until可以用before 来替换。
I'll stay here until / till you come back.
我会呆在这里，直到你回来。（stay表示的动作可以持续）
He didn’t go to bed until / till he finished his homework.
7、until/till引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 意为“一……就……”，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。
I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes back.
他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
　　
8、as soon as引导的时间状语从句
地点状语从句常用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）
Where there is a will，there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。
We will go wherever the motherland need us most.
我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。
地点状语从句
条件状语从句
１、由if引导的条件状语从句
２、从属连词 unless引导的条件状语从句
３、从属连词 once引导的条件状语从句
４、 so long as 和 as long as引导的条件状语从句
if 意为“如果”，表示假如有从句的动作发生就（不）会有主句的动作发生。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go there by bike.
如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。
If winter comes，can spring be far behind？
（如果）冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
１、由if引导的条件状语从句
从属连词 unless 意为“如果不，除非”，含否定意义，相当于 if not .例如：
We are leaving now unless you want us to wait for you.
如果你不要我们等你，那我们现在就走。
　　
２、由从属连词 unless引导的条件状语　　从句
从属连词 once 意为“一旦”，强调的是条件。 once 引导的从句可以位于句首，也可以位于句末。
Once you show any sign of fear， he will attack you.
你一旦露出任何恐惧的迹象，他就会攻击你。
China will shake the world once it awakens.
中国一旦觉醒，它就会振撼整个世界。
3、由从属连词 once引导的条件状语从句
so long as 和 as long as 是复合连词，作“只要”解，强调主句所述的情况和从句所述的情况同时并存。在表示条件时，前者比后者更常用。例如：
Under the leadership of the Communist Party， as long as there are people， every kind of miracle can be performed.
在共产党的领导下，只要有了人，什么人间奇迹都可以创造出来。
3、由so long as 和 as long as引导的条件状语从句
　　原因状语从句用法要点：常用的引导连词有because， since; as和for
Why did you go？ I went because Tom told me to go.
As it was raining hard，we had to be indoors.
由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。
Since you feel ill，you'd better not go to work.
既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。
原因状语从句
because, since, as, for
语气由强至弱。
because 表示直接原因，回答why的提问，
一般放在主句之后，也可单独存在。
We stayed at home because it rained.
since 因为，既然。 侧重主语，从句表示显然的或已知的理由。
Since everyone is here, let’s start.
as 由于，鉴于。 主从并重。 从句说明原因，主句说明结果。
As it was late, we couldn’t go to the park.
for 因为，由于。表明附加或推断的理由，引导分句前常有逗号，for 分句不能放句首。
He must be ill, for he didn’t come to school today.
常用的引导连词有so that, in order that, in order to, so as to译为“以便，为了，目的是”。常与情态动词(may; might; can; could; will; would; should)连用．
Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes.
请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。
I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time.
这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。
目的状语从句
注：目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。
We work harder than usual so that we can finish it in a week.
= We work harder than usual to finish it in a week.
我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完成工作。
如果主句的主语和从句的主语相同，则可以用in order to,so as to来替代so that或in order that引导的从句。
They set out early, so that/in order that they could catch the first bus.
= They set out early so as to/in order to catch the first bus.
　　方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
方式状语从句
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
1、Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
2、As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
1、He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
2、It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
　　　　　　　　　　
A. such是形容词，用于形容词+名词结构之前：
They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house．
他们有一条如此凶猛的狗，以致没人敢靠近他们家。
He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep．
他说了这么长时间，以致在座的人都犯困了。
结果状语从句
such／so…that引导的结果从句比较
B. so是副词，用于副词和不带名词的形容词之前：
The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up．
雪下得这么快，以致我们的脚印很快就被雪盖住了。
Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it．
他们的狗太凶猛了，所以没人敢靠近它。
such不能用于much和many之前，所以so可用于后跟名词的much和many之前：
There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening．
灰尘太大了，使得我们看不清发生了什么事。
So many people complained that they took the programme off．
抱怨的人太多，所以他们取消了那个节目。
注意
C、 注意：such＋a＋形容词＋名词可由so＋形容词＋a＋名词来代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man来代替。这只能在名词前面有a／an的情况下使用。
D、so that也可以引导结果状语从句，但这种从句一般不用情态动词，前面通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：
I wrote my homework quickly， so that I made lots of mistakes.
我做作业很快，结果犯了许多错误．
　　引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些：though， although， even if， even though； no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.
　　
让步状语从句
though， although表示“虽然，纵然”之意,这两个在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet， still连用，但不能与but连用。例如：
Though/Though he was worn out， （still） he kept on working.
虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。
Although/Though he is very old， （yet）he is quite strong.
他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。
　　
1、though， although引导让步状语从句
值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard.
她虽然不用功学习，考试却及格了。
注意
even if， even though 表示“即使……”，“纵使……”之意。它们常可互换使用，但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实。例如：
We ' ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.
即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。
Even if he is poor， she loves him.
（=He may be poor， yet she loves him.）
即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。
Even though he is poor， she loves him.
（=He is poor， yet she loves him. ）
尽管他很穷，但她还是爱她。
2、 even if， even though引导让步状语从句
“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……；不管……都……”，它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如：
No matter what happened， he would not mind. （=Whatever happened， he would not mind.）
无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。
No matter who you are， you must keep the law.（=Whoever you are， you must keep the law.
不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。
3、 no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”引导让步状语从句
原 级
1. as…as 和…一样
　Jack is as tall as Bob.
　捷克和汤姆一样高。
2. not so(as)…as …和不一样
　She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.
　她不如她姐姐外向。
比较状语从句
比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。
比 较 级
more…than (更)
This book is more instructive than that one.
这本书比那本书由教育意义。
　　
最高级
1.The most…in/of
This book is the most interesting of the three.
这本书是三本中最有趣的。
2. the + 形容词+est…of/in
　This road is the busiest street in our city.
　这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。
3.one of the + 名词(复数)…之一(用于最高级)
　Han Mei is one of the best students in our 　　　school.
　韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。
　　
【例1】 Lucy knew nothing about it _____her
sister told her.［2003 河北省］
A.because B.until C.if D.since
典型例题解析
【例3】 The young man travelled all over the world he
had a man-made leg.［2003 河南省］
A.though B.if C.as D.because
B
【例2】 Other people won't be pleased if he the
queue.［2003 河南省］
A.will jump B.jumps C.jump D.jumped
B
A
【例4】 The students will go to Summer Palace
if it tomorrow.［2003 甘肃省］
A.don't rain B.won't rain
C.doesn't rain D.isn't rain
C
【例7】 David was so careless that he didn't find the mistakes in his test paper.(改为简单句)［2003 福州市］
David was_________careless _________ find the mistakes in his test paper.
【例5】 The driver hurt the girl______badly_______she
had to see a doctor.［2003 新疆］
A.so,that B.either,or
C.too,to D.neither,nor
典型例题解析
A
【例6】 Mrs Read didn't sleep well last night because the wind made too much noise.对句子划线部分提问)
_______________Mrs Read __________well last night
too to
Why didn't
sleep
Ⅰ.单项选择
1.He was_________angry to hear the news that
he couldn't say a word.
A.so B.too C.very D.much
2.Because his mother was ill,_________he must stay at home to look after her.
A./ B.so C.that D.either
3.Though the workers were very tired，_________they went on planting trees.
A.and B.but C./ D.so
4.They didn't watch TV_____they finished their homework.
A.after B.when C.until D.as
课时训练
(A)
(A)
(C)
(C)
课时训练
5.I'll write to you as soon as I_________Beijing.
A.get to B.arrive
C.will get to D.will arrive
6.We'll have a trip if it_________rain.
A.won't B.will C.don't D.doesn't
7._________you hurry up ,or we will be late for school.
A.If B./ C.Unless D.When
8.He saves money_________he can buy some birthday presents for his mother.
A.so B.so that
C.such that D.in order
9.—Why are you late for school
—_________ I got up late.
A.Because B.For C.Since D.As
(A)
(D)
(C)
(B)
(A)
10.The flowers_________well if they_________.
A.won't grow,don't take good care of
B.don't grow,are taken good care of
C.don't grow,don't take good care of
D.won't grow,are not taken good care of
课时训练
(D)
11.He asked_________many strange questions that the teacher didn't want to teach him any more.
A.so B.such C.too D.very
(A)
12.Ann is so careful that she always goes over her exercises to there are no mistake.
A.look for B.make sure C.find out D.think about
(B)
13.I have my own car,so I______drive where I want to go.
A.must B.have C.need to D.can
(D)
14.The old man was quite weak after the accident,so he
A.must be takes care of B.must take care of
C.must be looked after D.must look after
15.The man had gone away _______ the old man said thanks to him.
A.that B.so C.until D.before
课时训练
C
D
Ⅱ.句型转换，将下列各句改为同义句
1.Hurry up or you'll be late for school.
_____you _______hurry up you'll be late for school.
________you hurry up ,you'll be late for school.
2.I'll do my homework when my mother comes back.
I______ do my homework ______my mothercomes back.
3.This question is so hard that no one can answer it.
This is______ _____ ______that no one can answer it.
4.Because he was ill,he didn't go to school.
He was ill, _______he didn't go to school.
5.Though he was tired,he went on working.
He was tired,________he went on working.
课时训练
If
don't
Unless
won't
until
such a hard
so
but
6.The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't
skate on it.
The ice on the lake was _____thick _______ _______
people______ ______ _____.
7.The girl was too excited to say a word.
The girl was ______excited_____he couldn't say a word.
8.The men was so old that he couldn't climb the hill.
The man was _____old ______climb the hill.
9.unless you are brave you'll lose your chance.
______you ______ brave, you'll lose your chance.
______brave,_____ you'll lose your chance.
10.The weather is so fine that people can go out for a walk.
It is_____ ______ _______that people can go out for a walk.
课时训练
not
enough for
to skate on
so
that
too
to
If
aren’t
Be
or
such fine weather
11.It's such a small room that it can't hold too many people.
It's ___ ______ ___room that it can't hold too many people.
12.He had breakfast before he went to school.
He _____ ______breakfast ______he went to school.
13.When he was 12,he started writing his own newspaper.
__ ____ ____ ___12, he started writing his own newspaper.
14.Remember to ring me as soon as you get to London.
Make _____to give me a ring as soon as you______London.
15.He studies most carefully in his class.
He studies _____carefully than _____ ______student in his class.
课时训练
so small a
didn't have
until
At the age of
sure
reach
more
any other