被动语态精讲

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百楼中学 张硕
英语的两大语态：主动语态和被动语态
A.主动语态中主语是谓语动词的发出者。宾语是谓语动词的对象。
B.被动语态中主语是谓语动词的承受者(动作的对象)。
(把主动语态改为被动语态也就是把主动句中的宾语改为被动句的主语，这是最关键的着眼点，同时谓语动词作相应的变化。)
被动语态的谓语构成:　助动词be＋动词过去分词
(根据句子的主语和时态，助动词be有am, is, are, was, were,
been几个形式变化。)
什么时候要用被动语态呢？
在下列三种情况之一要用被动语态：
①不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。
②没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。
③需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。
主动句中谓语动词的发出者由by引出，作为by的宾语，也可以省略。
请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：
主动语态:主语＋谓语＋宾语
被动语态:
例： We clean our classroom every day. （主动）
　　
　　
[注意]①把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上
例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也
要用一般现在时。
　　　②如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词
by的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语we改为us。
主语
＋
＋
by+宾语
be+过去分词
Our classroom
is cleaned
by us
every day
（被动）
把下列主动句改为被动句
①Lily writes many letters every day. (主动)
②They visited this farm last year.（主动）
③We have learned 3000 English words so far.（主动）
→
Many letters
are written
by Lily
every day.
→
This farm
was visited
by them
last year.
→
3000 English words
have been learned
by us
so far.
在被动语态中要注意的问题
　　在上面我们已经初步了解了被动语态的构成和主动变被动的方法。下面
我们接着学习在被动语态中要注意的问题。
　　①一些使役动词(let, have, make等)或感观动词(see, hear, watch,
notice等)在主动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动语态时，要
补上to。如：
The boss makes the workers work 18 hours a day.
The workers are made to work 18 hours a day by the boss.
I saw him enter the house.
He was seen to enter the house by me.
The teacher let them leave the classroom after class.
They were let to leave the classroom by the teacher after class.
We hear her sing in the room every day.
She is heard to sing in the room every day.
[注意]当使用see/hear/watch sb doing sth时，变为被动语态时，
doing保持不变。如：
　　 I saw him going into the shop.(主动)
He was seen going into the shop.(被动)
使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表
主动语态 被动语态
使役动词 make sb do sth sb be made to do sth
have sb do sth sb be had to do sth
let sb do sth sb be let to do sth
感观动词 see sb do sth sb be seen to do sth
watch sb do sth sb be watched to do sth
hear sb do sth sb be heard to do sth
notice sb do sth sb be noticed to do sth
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Homework
把下列句子改为被动语态
1. We plant many trees every year.
Many trees are planted by us every year.
2. His mother made him wash his own clothes at the age of 10.
He was made to wash his own clothes by his mother at the age of 10.
②含有短语的被动语态结构。
　　一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才有承受者。
但许多不及物动词加上副词或介词构成动词短语也相当于及物动词的用法，可以
带宾语，因而也有被动语态。动词短语主要有三种：
A 及物动词+副词 如：
turn off 、 set up 、 carry out 、 put off 、take away 、 turn on 、 hand in 、 move away 、 pass on 、 write down 、put away 、 put on 、 take down 、send away 、 try on 、 put down 、sell out 、 hold on 、 try out 、 send up 、 take off 、 wear out 、wake up 、take out 、dress up 、 give back 、 work out 、 get back 、 find out 、pick up 、give up 、 pull up 、 put up 等
B 不及物动词+介词 如：
look after talk about play with等

C.“动词+名词+介词” 构成的短语。如：
take care of、 pay attention to、make use of等动词短语是不可
分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的副词或介词。
请看下面的例子：
①They set up the factory in 2000.
The factory was set up in 2000.
②Our school will put off the School Sports meeting until December.
The School Sports meeting will be put off until December.
③People have talked about the accident .
The accident has been talked about.
④You should pay more attention to your study this year.
Your study should be paid more attention to this year.
带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词
拆开。
③带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。
有些动词可以带两个宾语，即指人的间宾和指物的直宾。可以将其中一
个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。
①Her parents bought her a new computer yesterday.
She was bought a new computer yesterday.
A new computer was bought for her yesterday.
②They have given me some good advice.
I have been given some good advice.
Some good advice has been given to me.
③She will write a long letter to David Smith.
A long letter will be written to David Smith.
David Smith will be written a long letter.
buy sth for sb
give sth to sb
带双宾语的动词主要有以下几个：
give, buy, sell, take, bring, make, hand, pass, keep, send等带双宾语
的动词，改为被动语态，当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习
惯配搭、要在间接宾语前补上介词to或for.
它们的句型主要有以下几个：
①give sth to sb=give sb sth ②buy sth for sb=buy sb sth
③sell sth to sb=sell sb sth ④take sth to sb=take sb sth
⑤bring sth to sb=bring sb sth ⑥make sth for sb=make sb sth
⑦hand sth to sb=hand sb sth ⑧pass sth to sb=pass sb sth
⑨keep sth for sb=keep sb sth ⑩send sth to sb=send sb sth
例：
①He passed me some paper.(主动)
Some paper was passed to me by him.（被动）
②You must keep some fruit for him.(主动)
Some fruit must be kept for him.（被动）
三、一些特殊的被动结构
（1）某些系动词，如feel. smell.
taste. sound等加上形容词，
可用主动语态表被动意义。
e.g.:The food tastes delicious.
The music sounds very
familiar to me.
（2）动词need. require. want.
be worth. deserve后加v.-ing
的主动结构常表示被动含义
e.g.: My watch can’t work, it
needs repairing.
This film is really worth
seeing.
need, demand, want(需要）, require, be worth等后用动名词表被动。
The desk needs repairing.
The novel is worth seeing.
注意：need后可接动名词表被动，又可接动词不定式的被动形式。但若有附加成分有用动词不定式的被动形式。比较：
The desk needs repairing.
The desk needs to be repaired this afternoon.
4) 注意动名词的被动形式，（being done)
Nobody likes being laughed of. 没人喜欢被嘲笑。
翻译下列句子
电视机关掉了。
The TV set was turned off.
2. 那小偷被抓住了。
The thief was caught.
3. 所有的窗户都被打破了。
All the windows were broken.
Fill in the blanks with the Passive Voice.
1、Tea _______ (grow) in Fujian.
2、Chinese __________ (speak) in China.
3、The bed __________ (use) for sleeping.
4、Our classroom _________ (clean) every day.
5、The cars __________ (make) in Beijing.
is grown
is spoken
is used
is cleaned
are made
归纳总结方法
　 把主动语态改为被动语态可按“ 、 、 ”来进
行。即：
①变－－－把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主动
语态的主语改为被动语态的介词by的宾语。
　　②套－－－根据原句的时态套用相应时态。
　　③注意－－注意人称的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。
例：①Many people speak English.
English by many people.
②He washed his shoes yesterday.
His shoes by him yesterday.
is spoken
were washed
一变
二套
三注意
各种时态的主动语态和被动语态谓语结构对照表
时 态 主动语态 被动语态
1 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+过去分词
2 一般过去时 did was/were+过去分词
3 一般将来时 will/be going to+动词原形 will/be going to+be+过去分词
4 过去将来时 would+动词原形 would+be+过去分词
5 现在进行时 am/is/are+现在分词 am/is/are+being+过去分词
6 过去进行时 was/were+现在分词 was/were+being+过去分词
7 现在完成时　 have/has+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词
8 过去完成时 had+过去分词 had+been+过去分词
9 含情态动词 情态动词+动词原形 情态动词+be+过去分词
把下列主动句改为被动句
1. The boy cleaned the desk a moment ago.
The desk was cleaned by the boy a moment ago.
2. We will plant 2000 trees next year.
2000 trees will be planted by us next year.
3. You must keep the room clean and tidy.
The room must be kept clean and tidy by you.
4. The police have caught the thief.
The thief has been caught by the police.
5. The farmers are cutting down the trees on the hill.
The trees on the hill are being cut down by the farmers.
Homework
把下列句子改为被动语态：
1. They lent him some money.(两种方法)
He was lent some money by them.
Some money was lent to him by them.
2. He had me make a kite for him.(一种方法)
I was had to make a kite for him.
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间接宾语（人）
直接宾语（物）
宾语
宾语补足语