2021届新高考英语二轮课件：概要写作（94ppt）
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| 名称 | 2021届新高考英语二轮课件：概要写作（94ppt） |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 2.1MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2020-10-31 18:17:51 | ||
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文档简介
模块四
书面表达
专题三 概要写作
英 语
内容索引
考情透析 谋对策
题型指导 寻技法
素材积累 提档次
真题演练 明趋势
考情透析 谋对策
●近三年的概要写作,我们要知道的4个方面
◆文章体裁皆为议论文,语言难度适中,文章结构简明清晰;
◆文章都有4个段落,包含4个要点;
◆话题都是学生熟悉的。讨论探访报考大学的事项;讨论父母对孩子表扬的数量和质量问题等话题,都曾涉及。
◆体现了“无情境,不命题”的价值引领,强调“应用性和创新性”。
●实现高分小目标,方向和方法都重要
◆思路清晰比埋头苦干重要。概要写作考查对文章大意进行归纳概括,并用简洁的语言转述文章重要信息的能力。考生首先要思路清晰,提炼文章结构,然后用自己的语言转述要点,不能使用原文的句子。
◆懂得取舍。“断舍离”的精髓就是舍掉不必要的,才能抓住更宝贵的。概要写作就是这样。确定文章主要要点,删除次要内容。描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例等都要删除。由于有词数限制,这就要求考生明确文章主旨,理清重点与次重点,果断取舍。
◆任何的高分,都不是横空出世的奇迹,而是有迹可循的因果。概要写作看似是对文章结构的考查,实际上,对考生的语言功底要求很高。由于要用自己的语言准确转述各段要点,考生为了避免和原文的句子重复,就要用句子重构的方式来完成要点归纳。这对考生的词汇、短语、句式以及语法结构之间进行准确转述表达的能力提出了很高的要求。概要写作要想取得高分,就要在日常学习中下功夫。
题型指导 寻技法
●题型解读
概要写作是一种控制型写作,是对原文的基本内容进行浓缩并进行再加工的语言输出形式,是考生对语言材料进行吸收、存储、内化整理和表达的过程,是一种基于理解的创新。概要写作既能训练学生对语言的理解和重新加工的能力,又能提高学生的思维能力。
概要写作题会提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要,以此来考查学生准确获取关键词,对文章大意进行归纳概括,并用简洁的语言转述文章重要信息的能力。考生要在正确理解短文的基础上,用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点,是对阅读理解能力和书面表达能力的综合考查。
原文以说明文和议论文为主,偶有记叙文以及其他文体。原文结构比较明晰,通常包含4个左右的要点。考生要客观准确归纳要点,不照搬原文句子,要点之间要恰当衔接,全文内容要连贯,过渡要自然。
一、题型考查的能力
1.考生概括文章主旨大意和准确获取关键词的能力、对语篇的概括能力;
2.用简洁的语言表述文章重要信息的能力。词汇短语准确,句型表达精练;
3.对文章整体结构的把握能力。
二、概要写作的高考评分标准
1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
3.上下文的连贯性;
4.对各要点表达的独立性情况;
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑;
6.如书写差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。
●评分标准
各档次给分范围和要求(总分25分)
评分档次
第一条
第二条
第三条
第四条
第五档
(21—25分)
理解准确,涵盖全部要点
能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇
有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要作文结构紧凑
完全使用自己的语言
第四档
(16—20分)
理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误,但完全不影响意义表达
比较有效地使用了词语间的连接成分,使所完成的概要作文结构紧凑
有个别整句抄自原文
第三档
(11—15分)
理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达
应用简单的语句间连接成分,使上下文内容连贯
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象
评分档次
第一条
第二条
第三条
第四条
第二档
(6—10分)
理解有误差,但涵盖半数要点
有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达
较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象
第一档
(1—5分)
没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符
有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达
缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯
多个句子抄自原文
0分
白卷,内容太少、所写内容与所给材料无关
●案例剖析
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits.Studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat.What most people are less aware of,however,are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment.
Researchers from the Union of Concerned Scientists in the US recently studied how consumer behavior affects the environment.The study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment,second only to the use of motor vehicle.
Then,how can eating meat have a negative effect on the environment?For a start,all farm animals such as cows,pigs,and sheep give off methane (沼气) gas by expelling (排出) wind from their bodies.One cow can produce up to 60 liters of methane each day.Methane gas is the second most common greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide.Many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide.It is estimated that 25% of all methane released into the atmosphere comes from farm animals.
Another way that meat production affects the environment is through the use of water and land.2,500 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of beef,whereas 20 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of wheat.One acre of farmland used for crop production can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes,30,000 pounds of carrots,or 50,000 pounds of tomatoes.
Many people now see the benefits of switching to a vegetarian diet,not just for health reasons,but also because it plays a vital role in protecting the environment.However,some nutritionists advise against switching to a totally strict vegetarian,or vegan diet.They believe a vegan diet,which excludes all products from animal sources,such as cheese,eggs,and milk,can be short of many necessary vitamins and minerals our bodies need.
写作步骤与技巧
一、通读全文,掌握文章大意和语篇结构
速读原文,准确地把握文章大意,弄清文章整体结构框架和各层次之间的逻辑关系,正确表达作者的观点。首先要找出文章主题句和段落主题句。有些文章的主题句在文章的开头或结尾。有些文章中没有主题句,则要根据各段落、各层次的主题句或大意进行总结。在对文章大意有了清晰、准确认识的基础上,我们需要决定文章中哪些部分与主题密切相关;哪些内容可以忽略、删除;然后进一步确定文章的要点和次要点。
本文是一篇说明文,共有5段。文章大意是:素食因为有利于健康而流行。但是很少人会考虑素食与环境的关系。肉食对环境有很大危害,素食相对环保。但营养学家并不建议人们做纯素食主义者。
二、加工处理文章, 提炼归纳要点
明确全文结构之后,就要对文章内容进行处理,确定主要要点,删除次要内容。文中描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例都属于要删除的内容。剩余的主要部分要仔细研读,与主题相关的关键词句要重点标注出来,这些词句就是最后归纳转述的要点。
分析文章和篇章结构可知,本文共5段,作者表达了5个要点。各段落大意是:
第1段:很少有人认识到素食除了有利于人们的身体健康还有利于环境保护;
第2段:研究发现,肉食消费是人们破坏环境的主要途径之一;
第3段:肉食对环境的消极影响原因之一是牲畜会排放大量沼气;
第4段:肉食对环境的消极影响原因之二是牲畜的畜养需要大量的水和土地;
第5段:尽管素食有很多好处,营养学家不建议人们做纯素食主义者。
三、逐段归纳,准确转述要点
删除了短文中的细节、例证等细枝末节后,每段的主要内容已经明确,然后要用自己的语言准确地转述各段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复,可使用同义转述的形式,也可以用句子重构的方式来完成要点归纳。总之,通过词汇替换、词性改变、转换句式等各种形式,完全使用自己的语言进行转述表达,确保在语言方面达到第五档。归纳时要分清主次,各要点的词数应根据文中对应的内容来定。
第
1
段
主旨句
What most people are less aware of,however,are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment.(段末)
要点
变式
表达
①Apart from contributing to good health,vegetarian diets are also good for the environment.(高度概括,改变句式和表达形式,用contribute to概括上文语句意思)
②While widely acknowledged helpful to keep healthy,vegetarian diets are seldom associated with environmental protection.(改变句式;运用省略句;用are seldom associated with 代替are less aware of)
③Vegetarian diets are popular for promoting health,but people seldom consider it a helper to the environmental protection.(改变句式,改变表达形式;用替代词promote health)
第
2
段
主旨句
The study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment,second only to the use of motor vehicle.(段末)
要点
变式
表达
①According to a study,consuming meat has a very negative influence on the environment.(改变句式,运用同义词替换,改变consume词性,用consuming meat替换meat consumption;用have a negative influence on 替换 damage)
②A recent study shows that eating meat is the second biggest threat to our environment.(删除细节,改变句式,用the second biggest巧妙替换 second only to;用threat替换damage)
③As is shown by a study,consuming meat is one of the main causes of environment disturbance.(用高级句式定语从句as is shown by a study替换the study showed;用environment disturbance代替damage the environment)
第
3
段
主旨句
Many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide.(段中)
要点
变式
表达
①The large amount of methane gas released by farm animals leads to global warming.(改变句式,运用过去分词released by作定语修饰gas;用leads to替换is responsible for)
②Farm animals give off large amounts of methane gas,contributing greatly to global warming.(改变原文句式;运用非谓语动词,语言简练;用contribute to 替换be responsible for)
③Animals raised for meat release methane into atmosphere,causing global warming.(运用过去分词短语raised for meat作定语;用动词-ing形式短语causing global warming作状语,语言简练;用cause替换be responsible for)
第
4
段
主旨句
Another way that meat production affects the environment is through the use of water and land.(段首)
要点
变式
表达
①Producing meat consumes much more water and land than crop production.(改变句式;删除细节;语言精练。用非谓语动词producing meat替换 meat production;用consume 替换through the use of)
②Much more water and land is needed for meat production than for crop production.(改变句式;删除细节;语言精练)
③Raising animals requires far more water and land than planting crops.
(改变句式;高度概括,删除细节,语言精练)
第
5
段
主旨句
However,some nutritionists advise against switching to a totally strict vegetarian,or vegan diet.(段中)
要点
变式
表达
①Although changing to vegetarian diets is beneficial to the environment,some nutritionists argue against diets totally free of meat.(改变句式;高度概括,changing替换switching;用diets totally free of meat替换a totally strict vegetarian,or vegan diet)
②Environment-friendly as the vegetarian diet is,some nutritionists are opposed to being a complete vegetarian for fear of a lack of necessary nutrition.(改变表达形式,运用增分句式倒装句;用are opposed to替换介词against)
③Though a vegetarian diet benefits the environment,some nutritionists object to being a complete vegetarian for better health.(改变句子表达方式;巧用衔接词though替代however,complete替换totally;词性替换)
范文赏读
While widely used to keep healthy,vegetarian diets are seldom associated with environmental protection.(要点1) However,a recent study shows eating meat is the second biggest threat to our environment.(要点2)For one thing,farm animals give off large amounts of methane gas,contributing greatly to global warming.(要点3)For another,meat production consumes much more water and land than crop production.(要点4)Environment-friendly as vegetarian diets are,some nutritionists are opposed to being a complete vegetarian for fear of lacking necessary nutrition.(要点5)
范文点评:
该文准确地定位段首的主题句并加以概括,总领全文。首先讲述素食与环境的密切关系,接着用for one thing,for another清晰地阐述了素食对环境有好处的两个主要原因,最后巧用让步状语从句的倒装句式,引出营养学家带有转折的一个观点,素食虽能保护环境,但全素食会影响健康。全文内容紧凑连贯,衔接自然,一目了然。
词汇和语法结构使用准确,运用了丰富的表达方式,大量地使用同义词的替换,如用 are seldom associated with 来代替 be less aware of the effects,the second biggest threat to代替 second only to,contribute to 代替 be responsible for,consume 代替 need,a complete vegetarian 代替 a totally strict vegetarian,be opposed to代替advise against等。同时,文中也不乏高级句型,如省略句While widely used to keep healthy,非谓语contributing greatly to作状语,让步状语从句的倒装句式Environment-friendly as vegetarian diets are,以及短语are seldom associated with,contributing greatly to,are opposed to,for fear of lacking等。
有效地运用了连接成分,如:however;for one thing,for another 等,使全文意思连贯,结构紧凑。准确地还原了原文的内容,语言丰富,衔接合理,属于第五档作文,参考得分24分。?
素材积累 提档次
●句子提升微技能
一、同义转换微技能
概要写作的语言表达要灵活,不能简单地照搬原句,而是要用自己的话进行转换。这就要求考生要有丰富的语言功底,尽可能多地掌握能够进行语言转换的词汇、短语或者句式来丰富自己的表达。多数的可转换的词汇之间有一些细微的差别,它们的侧重点不一样,在实际运用中,还要根据不同的语境选择最恰当的词。
(一)词汇的转换
1.常用名词的转换
方法 way,method,approach,means
困难 difficulty,challenge,barrier
问题 problem,question,trouble,issue
事情 thing,matter,affair,business
机会 chance,opportunity,occasion
目标 goal,target,aim
责任 duty,responsibility
发展 development,progress,advance
职业 job,career,employment,profession
优势 advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,strength,strong point
劣势disadvantage,shortcoming,weakness,drawback,downside,limitation,weak point
2.重点动词(短语)的转换
认为think,consider,insist
知道know,realize,be aware of,learn about
相信believe (in),have faith in,trust,be convinced of
使用use,apply,employ
完成finish,achieve,accomplish,complete
获得gain,get,acquire,attain,obtain
提供offer,provide,supply,afford
鼓励encourage,motivate,stimulate,inspire
发生happen,occur,take place,come about
同意agree,approve,consent
要求request,demand,require,claim
影响influence,impact,affect
表明show,suggest,imply,indicate,demonstrate
导致lead to,bring about,result in,give rise to,contribute to
3.描绘性形容词的转换
好的good,excellent,outstanding,favorable
坏的bad,awful,terrible,negative,harmful
大的big,massive,huge,enormous,giant,vast
小的small,tiny
富的rich,wealthy,well-off
穷的poor,needy
有益的helpful,beneficial,rewarding,advantageous
有害的harmful,damaging,destructive
勇敢的brave,bold,courageous,fearless,daring
害怕的afraid,frightened,scared,fearful
严重的serious,severe
困难的difficult,tough,challenging
悲伤的sad,depressed,sorrowful,heartbroken
高兴的happy,delightful,glad,joyful,merry,cheerful
重要的important,essential,significant,vital,crucial,critical
漂亮的 beautiful,charming,attractive,fascinating,pretty,eye-catching
4.高频副词的转换
经常often,regularly,frequently
很少rarely,seldom,hardly ever
起先firstly,originally,initially,to begin with
然后then,subsequently,afterwards,thereafter
最后lastly,ultimately,eventually,finally
立刻immediately,shortly,right now,right away
偶尔occasionally,at times,now and then
也also,too,as well,likewise,either
因为because,as,due to,since,in that
非常very,exceedingly,extremely,highly
目前now,at present,nowadays,recently
忽然suddenly,all of a sudden,all at once
当然certainly,definitely,undoubtedly
但是however,nevertheless,while,yet
大约approximately,about,around,roughly,almost
平稳地steadily,smoothly
只有,仅仅only,just,merely,barely
实际上actually,as a matter of fact,indeed,in fact,truly
完全地totally,completely,absolutely,entirely,fully
因此so,therefore,thus,consequently,as a result,in consequence
5.介词(短语)和独立成分等的转换
关于about,concerning,involving,regarding
提前ahead of time,ahead of schedule,in advance
例如for instance,for example,to name only a few,such as
随着时间的推移as time goes on/by,with time going on/by
随着……的到来with the coming/approaching/arrival of...
在某种程度上to some extent,to some degree,in a sense,in a way
(二)词性的转换
在概要写作中,学生若是不能完全用自己的语言转换表达,可以通过词性转换法来改变原句中一些词的词性以避免照搬原文。例如:
1.The workers have produce at a very high rate.(名词与动词的转换)
The workers have sped up production.
2.We found it difficult to solve this complicated problem.(名词与形容词的转换)
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.
3.School buses are safe for the environment.(名词与副词的转换)
School buses are environmentally safe.
4.The white and the black should be equally treated.(形容词与副词的转换;名词与动词的转换)?
The white and the black should receive equal treatment.?
5.What he had said left a deep impression on me.(名词与动词的转换;形容词与副词的转换)?
His words deeply impressed me.?
6.It is absolutely necessary to think independently in study.(形容词与副词的转换;形容词与名词的转换)?
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.?
(三)句式的转换
在概要写作中,恰当运用一些简单的常用句式,来改变原文的句式,可以彰显考生的综合语言运用能力,提高文章的档次。例如:
1.时态的转换
(1)The bus is coming now.(现在进行时)?
Here comes the bus.(一般现在时)
(2)He joined the army two years ago.(一般过去时)
He has been a soldier for two years.(现在完成时)?
2.语态的转换
(1)Parents should give children more praise.(主动语态)
Children should be given more praise.(被动语态)?
(2)We are going to discuss this problem in our class meeting.(主动语态)
This problem is going to be discussed in our class meeting.(被动语态)?
3.非谓语动词代替句子
(1)It is difficult and I can’t finish it.
I find it difficult to finish it.(动词不定式)?
(2)They know the plan and it will be carried out next week.
They know the plan to be carried out next week.(动词不定式的被动语态)?
(3)When you arrive,you can send me a message.
On arriving,you can send me a message.(动词-ing形式作宾语)
(4)The teacher walked out of the lab and the children followed her.
Followed by the children,the teacher walked out of the lab.(动词-ed形式作状语)
(5)The book is very interesting and it has been published recently.
The book published recently is very interesting.(动词-ed 形式作定语)
4.复合句来代替简单句
(1)Simon is our teacher.He will leave for Japan next week.
Simon,who is our teacher,will leave for Japan next week.?
(2)Pamela is spoken highly of.Her composition was well written.
Pamela whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.?
(3)I won’t believe what she says.
No matter what she says,I won’t believe.?
(4)It was a cold day.There was nobody on the street.
It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
(5)To our surprise,the little boy knows so many things.
What surprises us is that the little boy knows so many things.?
(6)He didn’t turn up and we felt disappointed.
The fact that he didn’t turn up made us feel disappointed.?
5.使用虚拟语气
(1)He suggested eating out for a change this weekend.
He suggested that we (should) eat out for a change this weekend.?
(2)We didn’t have a pleasant journey because of the rain.
But for the rain,we would have had a pleasant journey.?
6.使用特殊句式
(1)Though I am weak,I’ll spare no effort.
Weak as I am,I’ll spare no effort.?
(2)I can help the old lady only in this way.
Only in this way can I help the old lady.?
(3)The first step matters.
It is the first step that matters.?
(4)I didn’t realize how much time I had wasted until I began to work.
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.?
(四)肯定与双重否定的转换
当我们用英语表达某种含义时,为了让语气表达更加恳切,经常使用双重否定表达肯定的意思。有时候用否定的反意疑问句来表达鼓励的意思,例如:Why don’t you come early tomorrow morning?明天早上你为什么不早些来呢?虽然有否定的don’t,但实则是赞成“早些来”。在概要写作中,这种不从正面着手,而从反面或侧面进行阐述的表达形式,会使语言表达更加灵活。例如:
1.I totally agree.?
I couldn’t agree more.?
2.I am eager to read the book.?
I cannot wait to read the book.?
3.Swimming is the best way to exercise.?
There is nothing like swimming as a means of exercise.?
4.True friendship must be equal.?
True friendship cannot be without equality.?
5.This problem can be solved by us.?
This problem is not above us.?
6.Health is the most valuable thing.?
Nothing is more valuable than health.?
二、巧妙使用衔接词
要想清晰地概括出文章中的逻辑关系,就要恰当巧妙地使用衔接词,这些衔接词会为你得高分助一臂之力。
(一)表示并列或递进的14种高分衔接
单词:additionally;furthermore;besides;moreover
短语:in addition to;as well as;along with;worse still;apart from
结构:what’s worse;to make matters worse;what’s more;both...and...;not only...but also...
(二)表示因果的30种高分衔接
表示原因的连词: because;as;for;since
表示原因的短语和结构:because of;due to;owing to;thanks to;in that;now that;as a result of;the cause of;for fear that;the reason for;seeing that;one reason is that...
表示结果的副词:therefore;thus;consequently;hence;accordingly
表示结果的短语和结构:result in;the effect of;the consequence of;causing+n.;leading to+n.;resulting in+n.
注意:以下是动词短语 contribute to;have an effect on;owe sth to
(三)表示转折的25种高分衔接
单词:but;however;nevertheless;yet;although;otherwise;instead;despite
短语:on the contrary;differ from;different from;even so;even though;in spite of;by contrast;in contrast
结构:no matter who (what/when/where);in spite of the fact that...
隐含转折或否定意义的词:unlike;actually;unfortunately;unexpectedly;as a matter of fact;in fact;in deed
(四)表示对比的10种高分衔接
单词:while;whereas;similarly;alike;resemble;meanwhile
短语和结构:equally important;at the same time;on the one hand...on the other hand...;for one thing...for another...
(五)表示顺序、程度等的43种高分衔接
首先:first;first of all;at first;in the first place;primarily;initially
肯定:certainly;definitely;undoubtedly;obviously;apparently;inevitably;
essentially;interestingly;surely;certainly
程度:totally;entirely;considerably;relatively
最近情况:recently;in recent years;these years;presently;lately;currently
总结:on the whole;in conclusion;in a word;to sum up;in short;in belief;to conclude;in general;generally speaking;significantly;above all;in any case;anyway;above all;in fact;especially;most importantly
●篇章提升微技能
一、高度概括
概要写作评分标准第五档要求,“理解准确,涵盖全部要点”。用有限的字数涵盖全部要点就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同点归纳总结外,还要简明扼要。部分学生概要写作得分低,主要原因是不会概括。他们只是照抄了原文中的个别句子,或者句子的一部分,不能用自己的话凝练表达。要学会概括,首先要学会寻找主题句。
寻找主题句时,要注意以下小技巧:①转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句;②段首出现疑问时,回答部分可能是主题句;③作者有意识重复强调的观点,往往是主旨;反复出现的词语,往往是体现主旨的关键词;④表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefore,in short;conclude;thus等。
下面我们从段落开始,通过具体案例,来学习、感悟、掌握寻找主题句并进行概括。
1.如何寻找主题句?
案例1
①According to most people,after a long period of studying or working,we need to have a rest to refresh ourselves.②However,that may not be the case.③According to a recent report,you don’t need the break as much as you may think.
详细解析:转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句。本段第一句话阐述了一种观点:大多数人认为,经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神。第二句,However之后,引出本段主题:事实可能并非如此。第三句是对上述表述的阐释:根据最近的一份报告,你并不像你想象的那样需要休息。因此,需要将前两句进行整合。
自我概括:??????????????????????????????????????????????
参考表达:Having a rest to refresh yourself is not so essential as many people think.
简要解析:将“经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神”这种现象用“Having a rest to refresh yourself”来概括,用“not so essential as...”替换“may not be the case”,用自己的语言进行概括,高度提炼段落大意。
案例2
①Additionally,if we get up early and do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning,without doubt we can build our bodies and become much healthier.②That is why many people get up early to do physical exercise year after year.
详细解析:根据语言特点来判断哪个是主题句,哪些不是。一般来说,主题句前具有明确表明观点的词,其他句子都是支撑句。本段中,第一句话表示如果我们进行一些晨练是可以锻炼我们的身体的,此处用without doubt“毫无疑问”,引出了主题句,表明了作者反复强调的观点。第二句话表示这就是为什么许多人年复一年早起锻炼身体,进一步阐释了作者的观点。
自我概括: ???????????????????????????
参考表达:What’s more,people sticking to morning exercise will be increasingly healthy.
简要解析:用“What’s more”替换“Additionally”,将“we get up early and do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning”及“many people get up early to do physical exercise year after year”高度概括为“people sticking to morning exercise”,用“will be increasingly healthy”替换“we can build our bodies and become much healthier”,简洁明了。
2.主题句在段首
案例1
①More than three billion people are at risk from indoor air pollution because of the heating or cooking fuels they use.②Most live in Africa,India and China.③They use wood,crop waste,animal waste or coal.④These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available.⑤But they are also a major cause of health problems and death.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示超过30亿人因为使用的燃料而处于室内空气污染的危险之中。第二句话具体阐述的是这些人来自哪些国家。第三句话具体阐述他们使用的是什么燃料。第四句话阐述了他们使用的原因——廉价。第五句话表明虽然廉价,但是会带来健康问题甚至死亡。因此判断第一句为主题句,后面的为支撑句。
自我概括: ???????????????????????????
参考表达:Many people are suffering from the indoor air pollution caused by cheap fuels.
简要解析:用“Many people”概括“More than three billion people”,用“are suffering from”替换“are at risk from”,用“air pollution caused by cheap fuels”概括“indoor air pollution because of the heating or cooking fuels they use”和“These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available.”,用高度概括与替换的手法进行整合概括。
案例2
①The findings can help people who are battling against temptation.②Willpower isn’t driven by a biology-based process as much as we used to think.③The belief in it is what influences your behaviors.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示这些发现可以帮助人们抵制诱惑。第二、三句话具体阐述了意志力并不像我们过去认为的那样是由基于生物学的过程驱动的,对它的信仰影响了你的行为。后面两句话都是围绕第一句进行的,因此主题句在段首。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The findings are a potential help to resist temptation.
简要解析:用“a potential help”替换“can help”,用“resist”替换短语“battle against”,因此概要句子成为:The findings are a potential help to resist temptation.
3.主题句在段末
案例1
①In 2002,an Australian man went to his friend’s 21st birthday party.②He got drunk,fell off some steps and cut his lip.③He took a picture of his injuries and shared it with his friends online.④“And sorry about the focus,” he wrote,“it was a selfie (自拍).” ⑤That was the first recorded use of the word “selfie”,according to some experts at Oxford Dictionaries.
详细解析:本段介绍“自拍”的起源。段落第一句话表示一位澳大利亚男子参加朋友的生日聚会。第二句话表示他喝得酩酊大醉,磕破了嘴唇。第三句话表示他拍了张负伤的照片,传到了网络上与朋友分享。第四句话表示他说这是张“自拍”。第五句话表示这是“自拍”一词最早出现的记录。前面几句是叙述“自拍”一词出现的具体事例,引出总结性主题句,主题句在段末。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The word “selfie” was first used by an Australian man in 2002.
简要解析:用“The word ‘selfie’ was first used...”被动句来表达主题句,高度概括,省去具体描述事件的词语。
案例2
① “Stop the world;I want to get off!” ②This popular expression refers to a feeling of panic,or stress,that makes people want to stop whatever they are doing,try to relax,and become calm again.③Stress is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life.④Too much stress results in physical,emotional,and mental health problems.
详细解析:本段讲述的是心理压力导致健康问题。段落第一、二句话阐释了一种表达自己恐慌和压力的流行语。第三句话表明压力是现代生活中最常见的健康问题的原因之一。第四句话明确表明:过多的压力会导致身体、情绪和心理健康问题,点明主题。主题句在段末。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Nowadays,the stress people suffer contributes to many health problems.
简要解析:用“the stress people suffer”替换“Too much stress”,“contributes to”替换“results in”,将“physical,emotional,and mental health problems”概括为“many health problems”,高度提炼段落大意。
4.主题句在段中
案例1
①Until the 1960s,most Finnish students left school after six years.②In the middle of the 1960s,the Finnish government saw the need to change and modernize their educational system if they wanted to be internationally competitive.③Lawmakers made a simple decision:a basic school for all the 7-to 16-year-olds.④Compulsory (义务的) education begins at 7.⑤The government makes it possible for all children to attend preschool as well.
详细解析:段落第一句话阐述的是一种现象:大多数芬兰学生入学六年后就会辍学。第二句话表明芬兰政府意识到了改变这种现象的重要性及重要措施。第三句话讲述的是芬兰政府的决定:为所有7到16岁的孩子建立一所基础学校。段落中体现重要决策的,往往为主题句。因此,此处为主题句。第四句话表示义务教育开始的年龄。第五句话表示政府尽可能让所有的孩子都能上学前班。都是对第三句进行的补充。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The Finnish government made laws to ensure the compulsory education.
简要解析:用“The Finnish government”替换“Lawmakers”,用“made laws”替换“made a simple decision”,将芬兰政府具体的政策高度概括为“the compulsory education”,简洁明了。
案例2
①Let us remember getting up early is a good habit.②If you are a late riser,you may find it difficult to form the habit of getting up early.③You will have to make efforts to do so.④If you want to get up early,sleeping earlier the night before is expected to be successful.⑤Besides,you can set your alarm clock or ask someone whom you know will be awake at that time to call you.⑥If you stick to getting up early every day,you will certainly benefit a lot from it.
详细解析:本段讲述的是如何做到早起。第一句话表示早起是一个好习惯。第二、三句话表示如果你是一个晚起的人,可能很难养成早起的习惯。前三句表明:早起的习惯很难养成。从而引出主题句:早起的策略。第四、五句话表示如果你想早起,你可以前一天晚上早睡。此外,还可以设置闹钟,或让别人打电话叫醒你。第六句话表示如果你坚持每天早起,你一定会受益很多,是对主题句的进一步阐释。因此,需要将第四、五句话进行概括。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:If you want to get up early,sleeping earlier and setting a clock or turning to others for help are suggested.
简要解析:用“sleeping earlier”“setting a clock”及“turning to others for help”简明地概括了要做到早起的三种策略,使用“are suggested”地道表达,提出建议。
5.提炼主题句
案例1
In recent years,the act of taking a picture of oneself with a mobile phone,placing the subject center-stage,has won great popularity with everyone from Britain’s Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ to U.S.President joining in.
详细解析:整段就是一个长句。近年来,用手机自拍照片,在屏幕中间设置主题相片,这种行为越来越流行,甚至英国女王伊丽莎白二世及美国总统也加入了这一行列。概括时只需要用简洁的语言来表达。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Today,more and more people are crazy about taking selfies,including some famous people.
简要解析:使用“Today”代替短语“In recent years”,用短语“take selfies”概括从句“the act of taking a picture of oneself with a mobile phone,placing the subject center-stage”,将“everyone from Britain’s Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ to U.S.President”高度概括为“some famous people”,使用词组代替整句或从句更简洁。
案例2
①Most of Finland’s schools get their money from the government.②The people who are in charge of the educational system,from teachers to officials,are trained teachers,not politicians like in other countries.
详细解析:本段讲述的是芬兰教育系统的运作模式。第一句表示芬兰大多数学校的资金都来自政府。第二句表示专业人员负责教育系统的运作。两句是并列的。因此,概括时两句要融合。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The government finances the schools,and professionals manage the system.
简要解析:用“finances”概括“get their money from”,将“The people who are in charge of the educational system,from teachers to officials,are trained teachers”高度概括为“professionals”,用“manage”替换“in charge of”,简洁明了。
二、删除细节
在概要写作中,我们首先要学会辨别哪些是概括性语言,哪些是细节性语言。能恰当地删除细节、删除具体例子更容易把握主旨大意。那么,细节主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情况下,具体的描述性语言、事例、数据、论据、重复强调的观点,往往都是细节。在概括主旨时,往往都要考虑删除。
下面,我们通过具体案例来感悟、掌握如何删除细节。
1.删除描绘性语言
案例1
①Scientists have long assumed that willpower is a limited resource,which is why you feel the need to have a rest,have a snack and then get back to task when you are feeling better.②They argue that the only way your body restores willpower is by rest,food or entertainment.
详细解析:本段第一句表示长期以来,科学家们一直认为意志力是一种有限的资源,这就是为什么你觉得有必要休息一下,吃点东西,然后当你感觉好些时再继续工作。第二句表示身体恢复意志力的唯一方式是休息、进食或者娱乐。本段主旨需要删除细节,并将两句话进行概括。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Willpower,assumed to be a limited resource,is thought to be regained by rest,food,as well as entertainment.
简要解析:第一句删除描述性的语言“which is why you feel the need to have a rest,have a snack and then get back to task when you are feeling better”,用willpower作主语,删除重复的内容,运用同位语及被动语态的手法,有效地将两个句子连接起来,使得其逻辑意思更为连贯与简洁。
案例2
①The researchers designed four experiments to test students’ belief in willpower.②After a tiring task,those who believed,or were led to believe that willpower is a limited resource,performed worse on standard concentration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over.③They also found that during the final exam week,students who believed in the limited resource theory ate junk food 24 percent more often than those who believed they had more control over willpower.④Mr.Job said,“The theory that willpower is a limited resource is interesting.Belief in willpower as a non-limited resource makes people stronger in their ability to work through challenges.”
详细解析:段落第一句表示研究人员设计了四个实验来测试学生对意志力的信念。第二、三句话对实验结果进行了具体描述。第四句话表示相信意志力是一种无限的资源,这让人们更有能力应对挑战。前三句话是对实验的描述,最后一句是结论,是主题句。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Researchers discovered that if you believe willpower is limitless,you will be more powerful.
简要解析:提炼重要信息,删除文中第二、三句话对实验结果进行的具体描述,用if引导的条件状语从句对文章最后的结论进行高度概括与压缩,简洁明了。
2.删除事例与数据等
案例1
①Aprovecho has now partnered with a stove manufacturer in China.②The company is making Aprovecho’s first mass-produced stoves.③They are said to use 40%-50% less wood than an open fire,and produce 50%-70% less smoke.④A company called StoveTec is selling them through its website for less than ten dollars.⑤Dean Still says that more than one hundred thousand have been sold so far.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示Aprovecho现在与中国的一家炉具制造商合作。第二句话表示该公司正在制造Aprovecho首批量产的炉具。第三句话表示它们比明火少用40%-50%的木材,少产生50%-70%的烟雾。第四句话表示一家名为StoveTec的公司在其网站上以不到10美元的价格出售这些产品。第五句话表示到目前为止其销量已经超过10万。后面几句是具体的数字与例子的描写,因此,主题句在段首。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Now Aprovecho has achieved the goal and the new stoves made by its Chinese partner are said to be selling pretty well.
简要解析:用“has achieved the goal”高度概括“Aprovecho has now partnered with a stove manufacturer in China.The company is making Aprovecho’s first mass-produced stoves.”;用“selling pretty well”高度概括数量表达“more than one hundred thousand have been sold so far”,删除具体数字“They are said to use 40%-50% less wood than an open fire,and produce 50%-70% less smoke.”;删除具体例子“A company called StoveTec is selling them through its website for less than ten dollars.”,把握主旨大意。
案例2
①The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem.②Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself.③When most Chinese people are asked how their English is,or they are told their English is very good,they immediately respond by saying,“Oh,my English is very poor.” ④If you say this to yourself often enough,you will believe it.⑤When someone compliments (称赞) you,just say “thank you”.
详细解析:段落第一句表示演讲最重要的一点是要有良好的自尊心。第二句表示自尊是你对自己的感觉。第三句表示当大多数中国人被问及他们的英语如何,或者被告知他们的英语很好时,他们立即回答说,“哦,我的英语很差。”第四句表示如果你经常这样对自己说,你就会相信它。第五句表示当有人赞美你时,你只要说“谢谢”就可以。主题句是第一句,后面几句话是对前面观点的具体阐述。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English.
简要解析:删除第二句话对self-esteem具体的描述,删除第三、四、五句讲述的具体事例,然后对第一句话进行概括,变important为importance,进行词性替换,修饰词也相应的变换,运用了高档句型sth be of vital importance进行同义转述。
案例3
When cold weather comes,many birds move to warmer places to find food.Some fishes give birth in warm water and move to cold water to feed.The most famous migration is probably the migration of fish,which is called “salmon” (鲑鱼).This fish is born in fresh water but it travels many miles to salt water.There it spends its life.When it is old,it returns to its birthplace in fresh water.Then it gives birth and dies.In northern Europe,there is a kind of mouse.They leave their mountain homes when they become too crowded.They move down to the low land.Sometimes they move all the way to the seaside,and many of them are killed when they fall into the sea.
Recently,scientists have studied the migration of a kind of lobster (龙虾).Every year,when the season of the bad weather arrives,the lobsters get into a long line and start to walk across the floor of the ocean.Nobody knows why they do this,and nobody knows where they go.So,sometimes we know why humans and animals move from one place to another place,but at other times we don’t.Maybe living things just like to travel.
详细解析:第一段表示当寒冷的天气来临时,许多鸟类会迁移到温暖的地方寻找食物。有些鱼在温暖的水中生产,然后转移到冷水中喂养。最著名的迁移可能是鲑鱼的迁移。这种鱼出生在淡水里,但它会游很远到咸水里。它在那里度过一生。当它老了,它会回到它出生的淡水中,然后产卵并死亡。在北欧,有一种老鼠。当它们变得太拥挤时,就会离开它们在山里的家。它们向低处移动。有时它们会一路迁移到海边,很多在掉入海中时被杀死。
第二段表示科学家们研究了一种龙虾的迁徙。每年,当坏天气来临的时候,龙虾就排起长队,开始在海底行走。没有人知道它们为什么这样做,也没有人知道它们要去哪里。所以,有时我们知道为什么人类和动物从一个地方搬到另一个地方,但有时我们不知道。也许生物只是喜欢旅行。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Fishes and birds migrate to feed,while some animals,such as a kind of mouse in northern Europe,move for more spaces to live in.Besides,a kind of lobster would line up to move to other places when the weather is bad,but nobody can explain it.
简要解析:第一段中将第一、二句进行高度概括,提炼重要信息;删除具体的例子“salmon”(鲑鱼)。删除对老鼠迁移的具体描述,将其迁徙的目的概括为“move for more spaces to live in”。第二段删除对龙虾迁徙的具体描述,最后用besides将两段连接起来,意思更为连贯与简洁。
真题演练 明趋势
Unit 1
(2019年6月浙江)
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman,author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids,says,“We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise,parents think they’re building their children’s confidence,when,in fact,it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can backfire and,when given in a way that’s insincere,make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still,don’t go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and,as a result,may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise?Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome,you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,”says Donahue,author of Parenting without Fear:Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he’s out there every day and playing hard,you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard,cook dinner,or finish a book report.But whatever it is,praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
【参考范文】
As parents,you shouldn’t praise your kids too much,which can prevent them from trying new things or taking a risk.(要点1)Meanwhile,praising them too little also does harm to your children’s growth.(要点2)Your praise must be based on your kids’ efforts instead of the outcomes.(要点3)In addition,the quality of your praise is more significant than the quantity,which you should bear in mind.(要点4)
Unit 2
(2018年11月浙江)
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms,classrooms and athletic equipment and,of course,the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses,and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life,and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.In fact,a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus,and obviously,if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility,but if you live nearby,go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply,at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend.It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses,things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit.
Now,if time and money are making it impossible,then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers,students,and college counselors (顾问),and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com.While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit,it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
【参考范文】
It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying.(要点1)Undoubtedly,students should visit their local colleges,which may be included in applications.(要点2)At least,they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance.(要点3)For students who are short of money and time,registering online is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.(要点4)
本课结束
书面表达
专题三 概要写作
英 语
内容索引
考情透析 谋对策
题型指导 寻技法
素材积累 提档次
真题演练 明趋势
考情透析 谋对策
●近三年的概要写作,我们要知道的4个方面
◆文章体裁皆为议论文,语言难度适中,文章结构简明清晰;
◆文章都有4个段落,包含4个要点;
◆话题都是学生熟悉的。讨论探访报考大学的事项;讨论父母对孩子表扬的数量和质量问题等话题,都曾涉及。
◆体现了“无情境,不命题”的价值引领,强调“应用性和创新性”。
●实现高分小目标,方向和方法都重要
◆思路清晰比埋头苦干重要。概要写作考查对文章大意进行归纳概括,并用简洁的语言转述文章重要信息的能力。考生首先要思路清晰,提炼文章结构,然后用自己的语言转述要点,不能使用原文的句子。
◆懂得取舍。“断舍离”的精髓就是舍掉不必要的,才能抓住更宝贵的。概要写作就是这样。确定文章主要要点,删除次要内容。描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例等都要删除。由于有词数限制,这就要求考生明确文章主旨,理清重点与次重点,果断取舍。
◆任何的高分,都不是横空出世的奇迹,而是有迹可循的因果。概要写作看似是对文章结构的考查,实际上,对考生的语言功底要求很高。由于要用自己的语言准确转述各段要点,考生为了避免和原文的句子重复,就要用句子重构的方式来完成要点归纳。这对考生的词汇、短语、句式以及语法结构之间进行准确转述表达的能力提出了很高的要求。概要写作要想取得高分,就要在日常学习中下功夫。
题型指导 寻技法
●题型解读
概要写作是一种控制型写作,是对原文的基本内容进行浓缩并进行再加工的语言输出形式,是考生对语言材料进行吸收、存储、内化整理和表达的过程,是一种基于理解的创新。概要写作既能训练学生对语言的理解和重新加工的能力,又能提高学生的思维能力。
概要写作题会提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要,以此来考查学生准确获取关键词,对文章大意进行归纳概括,并用简洁的语言转述文章重要信息的能力。考生要在正确理解短文的基础上,用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点,是对阅读理解能力和书面表达能力的综合考查。
原文以说明文和议论文为主,偶有记叙文以及其他文体。原文结构比较明晰,通常包含4个左右的要点。考生要客观准确归纳要点,不照搬原文句子,要点之间要恰当衔接,全文内容要连贯,过渡要自然。
一、题型考查的能力
1.考生概括文章主旨大意和准确获取关键词的能力、对语篇的概括能力;
2.用简洁的语言表述文章重要信息的能力。词汇短语准确,句型表达精练;
3.对文章整体结构的把握能力。
二、概要写作的高考评分标准
1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
3.上下文的连贯性;
4.对各要点表达的独立性情况;
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑;
6.如书写差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。
●评分标准
各档次给分范围和要求(总分25分)
评分档次
第一条
第二条
第三条
第四条
第五档
(21—25分)
理解准确,涵盖全部要点
能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇
有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要作文结构紧凑
完全使用自己的语言
第四档
(16—20分)
理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误,但完全不影响意义表达
比较有效地使用了词语间的连接成分,使所完成的概要作文结构紧凑
有个别整句抄自原文
第三档
(11—15分)
理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达
应用简单的语句间连接成分,使上下文内容连贯
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象
评分档次
第一条
第二条
第三条
第四条
第二档
(6—10分)
理解有误差,但涵盖半数要点
有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达
较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象
第一档
(1—5分)
没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符
有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达
缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯
多个句子抄自原文
0分
白卷,内容太少、所写内容与所给材料无关
●案例剖析
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits.Studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat.What most people are less aware of,however,are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment.
Researchers from the Union of Concerned Scientists in the US recently studied how consumer behavior affects the environment.The study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment,second only to the use of motor vehicle.
Then,how can eating meat have a negative effect on the environment?For a start,all farm animals such as cows,pigs,and sheep give off methane (沼气) gas by expelling (排出) wind from their bodies.One cow can produce up to 60 liters of methane each day.Methane gas is the second most common greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide.Many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide.It is estimated that 25% of all methane released into the atmosphere comes from farm animals.
Another way that meat production affects the environment is through the use of water and land.2,500 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of beef,whereas 20 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of wheat.One acre of farmland used for crop production can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes,30,000 pounds of carrots,or 50,000 pounds of tomatoes.
Many people now see the benefits of switching to a vegetarian diet,not just for health reasons,but also because it plays a vital role in protecting the environment.However,some nutritionists advise against switching to a totally strict vegetarian,or vegan diet.They believe a vegan diet,which excludes all products from animal sources,such as cheese,eggs,and milk,can be short of many necessary vitamins and minerals our bodies need.
写作步骤与技巧
一、通读全文,掌握文章大意和语篇结构
速读原文,准确地把握文章大意,弄清文章整体结构框架和各层次之间的逻辑关系,正确表达作者的观点。首先要找出文章主题句和段落主题句。有些文章的主题句在文章的开头或结尾。有些文章中没有主题句,则要根据各段落、各层次的主题句或大意进行总结。在对文章大意有了清晰、准确认识的基础上,我们需要决定文章中哪些部分与主题密切相关;哪些内容可以忽略、删除;然后进一步确定文章的要点和次要点。
本文是一篇说明文,共有5段。文章大意是:素食因为有利于健康而流行。但是很少人会考虑素食与环境的关系。肉食对环境有很大危害,素食相对环保。但营养学家并不建议人们做纯素食主义者。
二、加工处理文章, 提炼归纳要点
明确全文结构之后,就要对文章内容进行处理,确定主要要点,删除次要内容。文中描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例都属于要删除的内容。剩余的主要部分要仔细研读,与主题相关的关键词句要重点标注出来,这些词句就是最后归纳转述的要点。
分析文章和篇章结构可知,本文共5段,作者表达了5个要点。各段落大意是:
第1段:很少有人认识到素食除了有利于人们的身体健康还有利于环境保护;
第2段:研究发现,肉食消费是人们破坏环境的主要途径之一;
第3段:肉食对环境的消极影响原因之一是牲畜会排放大量沼气;
第4段:肉食对环境的消极影响原因之二是牲畜的畜养需要大量的水和土地;
第5段:尽管素食有很多好处,营养学家不建议人们做纯素食主义者。
三、逐段归纳,准确转述要点
删除了短文中的细节、例证等细枝末节后,每段的主要内容已经明确,然后要用自己的语言准确地转述各段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复,可使用同义转述的形式,也可以用句子重构的方式来完成要点归纳。总之,通过词汇替换、词性改变、转换句式等各种形式,完全使用自己的语言进行转述表达,确保在语言方面达到第五档。归纳时要分清主次,各要点的词数应根据文中对应的内容来定。
第
1
段
主旨句
What most people are less aware of,however,are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment.(段末)
要点
变式
表达
①Apart from contributing to good health,vegetarian diets are also good for the environment.(高度概括,改变句式和表达形式,用contribute to概括上文语句意思)
②While widely acknowledged helpful to keep healthy,vegetarian diets are seldom associated with environmental protection.(改变句式;运用省略句;用are seldom associated with 代替are less aware of)
③Vegetarian diets are popular for promoting health,but people seldom consider it a helper to the environmental protection.(改变句式,改变表达形式;用替代词promote health)
第
2
段
主旨句
The study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment,second only to the use of motor vehicle.(段末)
要点
变式
表达
①According to a study,consuming meat has a very negative influence on the environment.(改变句式,运用同义词替换,改变consume词性,用consuming meat替换meat consumption;用have a negative influence on 替换 damage)
②A recent study shows that eating meat is the second biggest threat to our environment.(删除细节,改变句式,用the second biggest巧妙替换 second only to;用threat替换damage)
③As is shown by a study,consuming meat is one of the main causes of environment disturbance.(用高级句式定语从句as is shown by a study替换the study showed;用environment disturbance代替damage the environment)
第
3
段
主旨句
Many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide.(段中)
要点
变式
表达
①The large amount of methane gas released by farm animals leads to global warming.(改变句式,运用过去分词released by作定语修饰gas;用leads to替换is responsible for)
②Farm animals give off large amounts of methane gas,contributing greatly to global warming.(改变原文句式;运用非谓语动词,语言简练;用contribute to 替换be responsible for)
③Animals raised for meat release methane into atmosphere,causing global warming.(运用过去分词短语raised for meat作定语;用动词-ing形式短语causing global warming作状语,语言简练;用cause替换be responsible for)
第
4
段
主旨句
Another way that meat production affects the environment is through the use of water and land.(段首)
要点
变式
表达
①Producing meat consumes much more water and land than crop production.(改变句式;删除细节;语言精练。用非谓语动词producing meat替换 meat production;用consume 替换through the use of)
②Much more water and land is needed for meat production than for crop production.(改变句式;删除细节;语言精练)
③Raising animals requires far more water and land than planting crops.
(改变句式;高度概括,删除细节,语言精练)
第
5
段
主旨句
However,some nutritionists advise against switching to a totally strict vegetarian,or vegan diet.(段中)
要点
变式
表达
①Although changing to vegetarian diets is beneficial to the environment,some nutritionists argue against diets totally free of meat.(改变句式;高度概括,changing替换switching;用diets totally free of meat替换a totally strict vegetarian,or vegan diet)
②Environment-friendly as the vegetarian diet is,some nutritionists are opposed to being a complete vegetarian for fear of a lack of necessary nutrition.(改变表达形式,运用增分句式倒装句;用are opposed to替换介词against)
③Though a vegetarian diet benefits the environment,some nutritionists object to being a complete vegetarian for better health.(改变句子表达方式;巧用衔接词though替代however,complete替换totally;词性替换)
范文赏读
While widely used to keep healthy,vegetarian diets are seldom associated with environmental protection.(要点1) However,a recent study shows eating meat is the second biggest threat to our environment.(要点2)For one thing,farm animals give off large amounts of methane gas,contributing greatly to global warming.(要点3)For another,meat production consumes much more water and land than crop production.(要点4)Environment-friendly as vegetarian diets are,some nutritionists are opposed to being a complete vegetarian for fear of lacking necessary nutrition.(要点5)
范文点评:
该文准确地定位段首的主题句并加以概括,总领全文。首先讲述素食与环境的密切关系,接着用for one thing,for another清晰地阐述了素食对环境有好处的两个主要原因,最后巧用让步状语从句的倒装句式,引出营养学家带有转折的一个观点,素食虽能保护环境,但全素食会影响健康。全文内容紧凑连贯,衔接自然,一目了然。
词汇和语法结构使用准确,运用了丰富的表达方式,大量地使用同义词的替换,如用 are seldom associated with 来代替 be less aware of the effects,the second biggest threat to代替 second only to,contribute to 代替 be responsible for,consume 代替 need,a complete vegetarian 代替 a totally strict vegetarian,be opposed to代替advise against等。同时,文中也不乏高级句型,如省略句While widely used to keep healthy,非谓语contributing greatly to作状语,让步状语从句的倒装句式Environment-friendly as vegetarian diets are,以及短语are seldom associated with,contributing greatly to,are opposed to,for fear of lacking等。
有效地运用了连接成分,如:however;for one thing,for another 等,使全文意思连贯,结构紧凑。准确地还原了原文的内容,语言丰富,衔接合理,属于第五档作文,参考得分24分。?
素材积累 提档次
●句子提升微技能
一、同义转换微技能
概要写作的语言表达要灵活,不能简单地照搬原句,而是要用自己的话进行转换。这就要求考生要有丰富的语言功底,尽可能多地掌握能够进行语言转换的词汇、短语或者句式来丰富自己的表达。多数的可转换的词汇之间有一些细微的差别,它们的侧重点不一样,在实际运用中,还要根据不同的语境选择最恰当的词。
(一)词汇的转换
1.常用名词的转换
方法 way,method,approach,means
困难 difficulty,challenge,barrier
问题 problem,question,trouble,issue
事情 thing,matter,affair,business
机会 chance,opportunity,occasion
目标 goal,target,aim
责任 duty,responsibility
发展 development,progress,advance
职业 job,career,employment,profession
优势 advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,strength,strong point
劣势disadvantage,shortcoming,weakness,drawback,downside,limitation,weak point
2.重点动词(短语)的转换
认为think,consider,insist
知道know,realize,be aware of,learn about
相信believe (in),have faith in,trust,be convinced of
使用use,apply,employ
完成finish,achieve,accomplish,complete
获得gain,get,acquire,attain,obtain
提供offer,provide,supply,afford
鼓励encourage,motivate,stimulate,inspire
发生happen,occur,take place,come about
同意agree,approve,consent
要求request,demand,require,claim
影响influence,impact,affect
表明show,suggest,imply,indicate,demonstrate
导致lead to,bring about,result in,give rise to,contribute to
3.描绘性形容词的转换
好的good,excellent,outstanding,favorable
坏的bad,awful,terrible,negative,harmful
大的big,massive,huge,enormous,giant,vast
小的small,tiny
富的rich,wealthy,well-off
穷的poor,needy
有益的helpful,beneficial,rewarding,advantageous
有害的harmful,damaging,destructive
勇敢的brave,bold,courageous,fearless,daring
害怕的afraid,frightened,scared,fearful
严重的serious,severe
困难的difficult,tough,challenging
悲伤的sad,depressed,sorrowful,heartbroken
高兴的happy,delightful,glad,joyful,merry,cheerful
重要的important,essential,significant,vital,crucial,critical
漂亮的 beautiful,charming,attractive,fascinating,pretty,eye-catching
4.高频副词的转换
经常often,regularly,frequently
很少rarely,seldom,hardly ever
起先firstly,originally,initially,to begin with
然后then,subsequently,afterwards,thereafter
最后lastly,ultimately,eventually,finally
立刻immediately,shortly,right now,right away
偶尔occasionally,at times,now and then
也also,too,as well,likewise,either
因为because,as,due to,since,in that
非常very,exceedingly,extremely,highly
目前now,at present,nowadays,recently
忽然suddenly,all of a sudden,all at once
当然certainly,definitely,undoubtedly
但是however,nevertheless,while,yet
大约approximately,about,around,roughly,almost
平稳地steadily,smoothly
只有,仅仅only,just,merely,barely
实际上actually,as a matter of fact,indeed,in fact,truly
完全地totally,completely,absolutely,entirely,fully
因此so,therefore,thus,consequently,as a result,in consequence
5.介词(短语)和独立成分等的转换
关于about,concerning,involving,regarding
提前ahead of time,ahead of schedule,in advance
例如for instance,for example,to name only a few,such as
随着时间的推移as time goes on/by,with time going on/by
随着……的到来with the coming/approaching/arrival of...
在某种程度上to some extent,to some degree,in a sense,in a way
(二)词性的转换
在概要写作中,学生若是不能完全用自己的语言转换表达,可以通过词性转换法来改变原句中一些词的词性以避免照搬原文。例如:
1.The workers have produce at a very high rate.(名词与动词的转换)
The workers have sped up production.
2.We found it difficult to solve this complicated problem.(名词与形容词的转换)
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.
3.School buses are safe for the environment.(名词与副词的转换)
School buses are environmentally safe.
4.The white and the black should be equally treated.(形容词与副词的转换;名词与动词的转换)?
The white and the black should receive equal treatment.?
5.What he had said left a deep impression on me.(名词与动词的转换;形容词与副词的转换)?
His words deeply impressed me.?
6.It is absolutely necessary to think independently in study.(形容词与副词的转换;形容词与名词的转换)?
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.?
(三)句式的转换
在概要写作中,恰当运用一些简单的常用句式,来改变原文的句式,可以彰显考生的综合语言运用能力,提高文章的档次。例如:
1.时态的转换
(1)The bus is coming now.(现在进行时)?
Here comes the bus.(一般现在时)
(2)He joined the army two years ago.(一般过去时)
He has been a soldier for two years.(现在完成时)?
2.语态的转换
(1)Parents should give children more praise.(主动语态)
Children should be given more praise.(被动语态)?
(2)We are going to discuss this problem in our class meeting.(主动语态)
This problem is going to be discussed in our class meeting.(被动语态)?
3.非谓语动词代替句子
(1)It is difficult and I can’t finish it.
I find it difficult to finish it.(动词不定式)?
(2)They know the plan and it will be carried out next week.
They know the plan to be carried out next week.(动词不定式的被动语态)?
(3)When you arrive,you can send me a message.
On arriving,you can send me a message.(动词-ing形式作宾语)
(4)The teacher walked out of the lab and the children followed her.
Followed by the children,the teacher walked out of the lab.(动词-ed形式作状语)
(5)The book is very interesting and it has been published recently.
The book published recently is very interesting.(动词-ed 形式作定语)
4.复合句来代替简单句
(1)Simon is our teacher.He will leave for Japan next week.
Simon,who is our teacher,will leave for Japan next week.?
(2)Pamela is spoken highly of.Her composition was well written.
Pamela whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.?
(3)I won’t believe what she says.
No matter what she says,I won’t believe.?
(4)It was a cold day.There was nobody on the street.
It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
(5)To our surprise,the little boy knows so many things.
What surprises us is that the little boy knows so many things.?
(6)He didn’t turn up and we felt disappointed.
The fact that he didn’t turn up made us feel disappointed.?
5.使用虚拟语气
(1)He suggested eating out for a change this weekend.
He suggested that we (should) eat out for a change this weekend.?
(2)We didn’t have a pleasant journey because of the rain.
But for the rain,we would have had a pleasant journey.?
6.使用特殊句式
(1)Though I am weak,I’ll spare no effort.
Weak as I am,I’ll spare no effort.?
(2)I can help the old lady only in this way.
Only in this way can I help the old lady.?
(3)The first step matters.
It is the first step that matters.?
(4)I didn’t realize how much time I had wasted until I began to work.
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.?
(四)肯定与双重否定的转换
当我们用英语表达某种含义时,为了让语气表达更加恳切,经常使用双重否定表达肯定的意思。有时候用否定的反意疑问句来表达鼓励的意思,例如:Why don’t you come early tomorrow morning?明天早上你为什么不早些来呢?虽然有否定的don’t,但实则是赞成“早些来”。在概要写作中,这种不从正面着手,而从反面或侧面进行阐述的表达形式,会使语言表达更加灵活。例如:
1.I totally agree.?
I couldn’t agree more.?
2.I am eager to read the book.?
I cannot wait to read the book.?
3.Swimming is the best way to exercise.?
There is nothing like swimming as a means of exercise.?
4.True friendship must be equal.?
True friendship cannot be without equality.?
5.This problem can be solved by us.?
This problem is not above us.?
6.Health is the most valuable thing.?
Nothing is more valuable than health.?
二、巧妙使用衔接词
要想清晰地概括出文章中的逻辑关系,就要恰当巧妙地使用衔接词,这些衔接词会为你得高分助一臂之力。
(一)表示并列或递进的14种高分衔接
单词:additionally;furthermore;besides;moreover
短语:in addition to;as well as;along with;worse still;apart from
结构:what’s worse;to make matters worse;what’s more;both...and...;not only...but also...
(二)表示因果的30种高分衔接
表示原因的连词: because;as;for;since
表示原因的短语和结构:because of;due to;owing to;thanks to;in that;now that;as a result of;the cause of;for fear that;the reason for;seeing that;one reason is that...
表示结果的副词:therefore;thus;consequently;hence;accordingly
表示结果的短语和结构:result in;the effect of;the consequence of;causing+n.;leading to+n.;resulting in+n.
注意:以下是动词短语 contribute to;have an effect on;owe sth to
(三)表示转折的25种高分衔接
单词:but;however;nevertheless;yet;although;otherwise;instead;despite
短语:on the contrary;differ from;different from;even so;even though;in spite of;by contrast;in contrast
结构:no matter who (what/when/where);in spite of the fact that...
隐含转折或否定意义的词:unlike;actually;unfortunately;unexpectedly;as a matter of fact;in fact;in deed
(四)表示对比的10种高分衔接
单词:while;whereas;similarly;alike;resemble;meanwhile
短语和结构:equally important;at the same time;on the one hand...on the other hand...;for one thing...for another...
(五)表示顺序、程度等的43种高分衔接
首先:first;first of all;at first;in the first place;primarily;initially
肯定:certainly;definitely;undoubtedly;obviously;apparently;inevitably;
essentially;interestingly;surely;certainly
程度:totally;entirely;considerably;relatively
最近情况:recently;in recent years;these years;presently;lately;currently
总结:on the whole;in conclusion;in a word;to sum up;in short;in belief;to conclude;in general;generally speaking;significantly;above all;in any case;anyway;above all;in fact;especially;most importantly
●篇章提升微技能
一、高度概括
概要写作评分标准第五档要求,“理解准确,涵盖全部要点”。用有限的字数涵盖全部要点就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同点归纳总结外,还要简明扼要。部分学生概要写作得分低,主要原因是不会概括。他们只是照抄了原文中的个别句子,或者句子的一部分,不能用自己的话凝练表达。要学会概括,首先要学会寻找主题句。
寻找主题句时,要注意以下小技巧:①转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句;②段首出现疑问时,回答部分可能是主题句;③作者有意识重复强调的观点,往往是主旨;反复出现的词语,往往是体现主旨的关键词;④表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefore,in short;conclude;thus等。
下面我们从段落开始,通过具体案例,来学习、感悟、掌握寻找主题句并进行概括。
1.如何寻找主题句?
案例1
①According to most people,after a long period of studying or working,we need to have a rest to refresh ourselves.②However,that may not be the case.③According to a recent report,you don’t need the break as much as you may think.
详细解析:转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句。本段第一句话阐述了一种观点:大多数人认为,经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神。第二句,However之后,引出本段主题:事实可能并非如此。第三句是对上述表述的阐释:根据最近的一份报告,你并不像你想象的那样需要休息。因此,需要将前两句进行整合。
自我概括:??????????????????????????????????????????????
参考表达:Having a rest to refresh yourself is not so essential as many people think.
简要解析:将“经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神”这种现象用“Having a rest to refresh yourself”来概括,用“not so essential as...”替换“may not be the case”,用自己的语言进行概括,高度提炼段落大意。
案例2
①Additionally,if we get up early and do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning,without doubt we can build our bodies and become much healthier.②That is why many people get up early to do physical exercise year after year.
详细解析:根据语言特点来判断哪个是主题句,哪些不是。一般来说,主题句前具有明确表明观点的词,其他句子都是支撑句。本段中,第一句话表示如果我们进行一些晨练是可以锻炼我们的身体的,此处用without doubt“毫无疑问”,引出了主题句,表明了作者反复强调的观点。第二句话表示这就是为什么许多人年复一年早起锻炼身体,进一步阐释了作者的观点。
自我概括: ???????????????????????????
参考表达:What’s more,people sticking to morning exercise will be increasingly healthy.
简要解析:用“What’s more”替换“Additionally”,将“we get up early and do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning”及“many people get up early to do physical exercise year after year”高度概括为“people sticking to morning exercise”,用“will be increasingly healthy”替换“we can build our bodies and become much healthier”,简洁明了。
2.主题句在段首
案例1
①More than three billion people are at risk from indoor air pollution because of the heating or cooking fuels they use.②Most live in Africa,India and China.③They use wood,crop waste,animal waste or coal.④These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available.⑤But they are also a major cause of health problems and death.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示超过30亿人因为使用的燃料而处于室内空气污染的危险之中。第二句话具体阐述的是这些人来自哪些国家。第三句话具体阐述他们使用的是什么燃料。第四句话阐述了他们使用的原因——廉价。第五句话表明虽然廉价,但是会带来健康问题甚至死亡。因此判断第一句为主题句,后面的为支撑句。
自我概括: ???????????????????????????
参考表达:Many people are suffering from the indoor air pollution caused by cheap fuels.
简要解析:用“Many people”概括“More than three billion people”,用“are suffering from”替换“are at risk from”,用“air pollution caused by cheap fuels”概括“indoor air pollution because of the heating or cooking fuels they use”和“These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available.”,用高度概括与替换的手法进行整合概括。
案例2
①The findings can help people who are battling against temptation.②Willpower isn’t driven by a biology-based process as much as we used to think.③The belief in it is what influences your behaviors.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示这些发现可以帮助人们抵制诱惑。第二、三句话具体阐述了意志力并不像我们过去认为的那样是由基于生物学的过程驱动的,对它的信仰影响了你的行为。后面两句话都是围绕第一句进行的,因此主题句在段首。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The findings are a potential help to resist temptation.
简要解析:用“a potential help”替换“can help”,用“resist”替换短语“battle against”,因此概要句子成为:The findings are a potential help to resist temptation.
3.主题句在段末
案例1
①In 2002,an Australian man went to his friend’s 21st birthday party.②He got drunk,fell off some steps and cut his lip.③He took a picture of his injuries and shared it with his friends online.④“And sorry about the focus,” he wrote,“it was a selfie (自拍).” ⑤That was the first recorded use of the word “selfie”,according to some experts at Oxford Dictionaries.
详细解析:本段介绍“自拍”的起源。段落第一句话表示一位澳大利亚男子参加朋友的生日聚会。第二句话表示他喝得酩酊大醉,磕破了嘴唇。第三句话表示他拍了张负伤的照片,传到了网络上与朋友分享。第四句话表示他说这是张“自拍”。第五句话表示这是“自拍”一词最早出现的记录。前面几句是叙述“自拍”一词出现的具体事例,引出总结性主题句,主题句在段末。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The word “selfie” was first used by an Australian man in 2002.
简要解析:用“The word ‘selfie’ was first used...”被动句来表达主题句,高度概括,省去具体描述事件的词语。
案例2
① “Stop the world;I want to get off!” ②This popular expression refers to a feeling of panic,or stress,that makes people want to stop whatever they are doing,try to relax,and become calm again.③Stress is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life.④Too much stress results in physical,emotional,and mental health problems.
详细解析:本段讲述的是心理压力导致健康问题。段落第一、二句话阐释了一种表达自己恐慌和压力的流行语。第三句话表明压力是现代生活中最常见的健康问题的原因之一。第四句话明确表明:过多的压力会导致身体、情绪和心理健康问题,点明主题。主题句在段末。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Nowadays,the stress people suffer contributes to many health problems.
简要解析:用“the stress people suffer”替换“Too much stress”,“contributes to”替换“results in”,将“physical,emotional,and mental health problems”概括为“many health problems”,高度提炼段落大意。
4.主题句在段中
案例1
①Until the 1960s,most Finnish students left school after six years.②In the middle of the 1960s,the Finnish government saw the need to change and modernize their educational system if they wanted to be internationally competitive.③Lawmakers made a simple decision:a basic school for all the 7-to 16-year-olds.④Compulsory (义务的) education begins at 7.⑤The government makes it possible for all children to attend preschool as well.
详细解析:段落第一句话阐述的是一种现象:大多数芬兰学生入学六年后就会辍学。第二句话表明芬兰政府意识到了改变这种现象的重要性及重要措施。第三句话讲述的是芬兰政府的决定:为所有7到16岁的孩子建立一所基础学校。段落中体现重要决策的,往往为主题句。因此,此处为主题句。第四句话表示义务教育开始的年龄。第五句话表示政府尽可能让所有的孩子都能上学前班。都是对第三句进行的补充。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The Finnish government made laws to ensure the compulsory education.
简要解析:用“The Finnish government”替换“Lawmakers”,用“made laws”替换“made a simple decision”,将芬兰政府具体的政策高度概括为“the compulsory education”,简洁明了。
案例2
①Let us remember getting up early is a good habit.②If you are a late riser,you may find it difficult to form the habit of getting up early.③You will have to make efforts to do so.④If you want to get up early,sleeping earlier the night before is expected to be successful.⑤Besides,you can set your alarm clock or ask someone whom you know will be awake at that time to call you.⑥If you stick to getting up early every day,you will certainly benefit a lot from it.
详细解析:本段讲述的是如何做到早起。第一句话表示早起是一个好习惯。第二、三句话表示如果你是一个晚起的人,可能很难养成早起的习惯。前三句表明:早起的习惯很难养成。从而引出主题句:早起的策略。第四、五句话表示如果你想早起,你可以前一天晚上早睡。此外,还可以设置闹钟,或让别人打电话叫醒你。第六句话表示如果你坚持每天早起,你一定会受益很多,是对主题句的进一步阐释。因此,需要将第四、五句话进行概括。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:If you want to get up early,sleeping earlier and setting a clock or turning to others for help are suggested.
简要解析:用“sleeping earlier”“setting a clock”及“turning to others for help”简明地概括了要做到早起的三种策略,使用“are suggested”地道表达,提出建议。
5.提炼主题句
案例1
In recent years,the act of taking a picture of oneself with a mobile phone,placing the subject center-stage,has won great popularity with everyone from Britain’s Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ to U.S.President joining in.
详细解析:整段就是一个长句。近年来,用手机自拍照片,在屏幕中间设置主题相片,这种行为越来越流行,甚至英国女王伊丽莎白二世及美国总统也加入了这一行列。概括时只需要用简洁的语言来表达。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Today,more and more people are crazy about taking selfies,including some famous people.
简要解析:使用“Today”代替短语“In recent years”,用短语“take selfies”概括从句“the act of taking a picture of oneself with a mobile phone,placing the subject center-stage”,将“everyone from Britain’s Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ to U.S.President”高度概括为“some famous people”,使用词组代替整句或从句更简洁。
案例2
①Most of Finland’s schools get their money from the government.②The people who are in charge of the educational system,from teachers to officials,are trained teachers,not politicians like in other countries.
详细解析:本段讲述的是芬兰教育系统的运作模式。第一句表示芬兰大多数学校的资金都来自政府。第二句表示专业人员负责教育系统的运作。两句是并列的。因此,概括时两句要融合。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:The government finances the schools,and professionals manage the system.
简要解析:用“finances”概括“get their money from”,将“The people who are in charge of the educational system,from teachers to officials,are trained teachers”高度概括为“professionals”,用“manage”替换“in charge of”,简洁明了。
二、删除细节
在概要写作中,我们首先要学会辨别哪些是概括性语言,哪些是细节性语言。能恰当地删除细节、删除具体例子更容易把握主旨大意。那么,细节主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情况下,具体的描述性语言、事例、数据、论据、重复强调的观点,往往都是细节。在概括主旨时,往往都要考虑删除。
下面,我们通过具体案例来感悟、掌握如何删除细节。
1.删除描绘性语言
案例1
①Scientists have long assumed that willpower is a limited resource,which is why you feel the need to have a rest,have a snack and then get back to task when you are feeling better.②They argue that the only way your body restores willpower is by rest,food or entertainment.
详细解析:本段第一句表示长期以来,科学家们一直认为意志力是一种有限的资源,这就是为什么你觉得有必要休息一下,吃点东西,然后当你感觉好些时再继续工作。第二句表示身体恢复意志力的唯一方式是休息、进食或者娱乐。本段主旨需要删除细节,并将两句话进行概括。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Willpower,assumed to be a limited resource,is thought to be regained by rest,food,as well as entertainment.
简要解析:第一句删除描述性的语言“which is why you feel the need to have a rest,have a snack and then get back to task when you are feeling better”,用willpower作主语,删除重复的内容,运用同位语及被动语态的手法,有效地将两个句子连接起来,使得其逻辑意思更为连贯与简洁。
案例2
①The researchers designed four experiments to test students’ belief in willpower.②After a tiring task,those who believed,or were led to believe that willpower is a limited resource,performed worse on standard concentration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over.③They also found that during the final exam week,students who believed in the limited resource theory ate junk food 24 percent more often than those who believed they had more control over willpower.④Mr.Job said,“The theory that willpower is a limited resource is interesting.Belief in willpower as a non-limited resource makes people stronger in their ability to work through challenges.”
详细解析:段落第一句表示研究人员设计了四个实验来测试学生对意志力的信念。第二、三句话对实验结果进行了具体描述。第四句话表示相信意志力是一种无限的资源,这让人们更有能力应对挑战。前三句话是对实验的描述,最后一句是结论,是主题句。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Researchers discovered that if you believe willpower is limitless,you will be more powerful.
简要解析:提炼重要信息,删除文中第二、三句话对实验结果进行的具体描述,用if引导的条件状语从句对文章最后的结论进行高度概括与压缩,简洁明了。
2.删除事例与数据等
案例1
①Aprovecho has now partnered with a stove manufacturer in China.②The company is making Aprovecho’s first mass-produced stoves.③They are said to use 40%-50% less wood than an open fire,and produce 50%-70% less smoke.④A company called StoveTec is selling them through its website for less than ten dollars.⑤Dean Still says that more than one hundred thousand have been sold so far.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示Aprovecho现在与中国的一家炉具制造商合作。第二句话表示该公司正在制造Aprovecho首批量产的炉具。第三句话表示它们比明火少用40%-50%的木材,少产生50%-70%的烟雾。第四句话表示一家名为StoveTec的公司在其网站上以不到10美元的价格出售这些产品。第五句话表示到目前为止其销量已经超过10万。后面几句是具体的数字与例子的描写,因此,主题句在段首。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Now Aprovecho has achieved the goal and the new stoves made by its Chinese partner are said to be selling pretty well.
简要解析:用“has achieved the goal”高度概括“Aprovecho has now partnered with a stove manufacturer in China.The company is making Aprovecho’s first mass-produced stoves.”;用“selling pretty well”高度概括数量表达“more than one hundred thousand have been sold so far”,删除具体数字“They are said to use 40%-50% less wood than an open fire,and produce 50%-70% less smoke.”;删除具体例子“A company called StoveTec is selling them through its website for less than ten dollars.”,把握主旨大意。
案例2
①The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem.②Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself.③When most Chinese people are asked how their English is,or they are told their English is very good,they immediately respond by saying,“Oh,my English is very poor.” ④If you say this to yourself often enough,you will believe it.⑤When someone compliments (称赞) you,just say “thank you”.
详细解析:段落第一句表示演讲最重要的一点是要有良好的自尊心。第二句表示自尊是你对自己的感觉。第三句表示当大多数中国人被问及他们的英语如何,或者被告知他们的英语很好时,他们立即回答说,“哦,我的英语很差。”第四句表示如果你经常这样对自己说,你就会相信它。第五句表示当有人赞美你时,你只要说“谢谢”就可以。主题句是第一句,后面几句话是对前面观点的具体阐述。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English.
简要解析:删除第二句话对self-esteem具体的描述,删除第三、四、五句讲述的具体事例,然后对第一句话进行概括,变important为importance,进行词性替换,修饰词也相应的变换,运用了高档句型sth be of vital importance进行同义转述。
案例3
When cold weather comes,many birds move to warmer places to find food.Some fishes give birth in warm water and move to cold water to feed.The most famous migration is probably the migration of fish,which is called “salmon” (鲑鱼).This fish is born in fresh water but it travels many miles to salt water.There it spends its life.When it is old,it returns to its birthplace in fresh water.Then it gives birth and dies.In northern Europe,there is a kind of mouse.They leave their mountain homes when they become too crowded.They move down to the low land.Sometimes they move all the way to the seaside,and many of them are killed when they fall into the sea.
Recently,scientists have studied the migration of a kind of lobster (龙虾).Every year,when the season of the bad weather arrives,the lobsters get into a long line and start to walk across the floor of the ocean.Nobody knows why they do this,and nobody knows where they go.So,sometimes we know why humans and animals move from one place to another place,but at other times we don’t.Maybe living things just like to travel.
详细解析:第一段表示当寒冷的天气来临时,许多鸟类会迁移到温暖的地方寻找食物。有些鱼在温暖的水中生产,然后转移到冷水中喂养。最著名的迁移可能是鲑鱼的迁移。这种鱼出生在淡水里,但它会游很远到咸水里。它在那里度过一生。当它老了,它会回到它出生的淡水中,然后产卵并死亡。在北欧,有一种老鼠。当它们变得太拥挤时,就会离开它们在山里的家。它们向低处移动。有时它们会一路迁移到海边,很多在掉入海中时被杀死。
第二段表示科学家们研究了一种龙虾的迁徙。每年,当坏天气来临的时候,龙虾就排起长队,开始在海底行走。没有人知道它们为什么这样做,也没有人知道它们要去哪里。所以,有时我们知道为什么人类和动物从一个地方搬到另一个地方,但有时我们不知道。也许生物只是喜欢旅行。
自我概括:???????????????????????????
参考表达:Fishes and birds migrate to feed,while some animals,such as a kind of mouse in northern Europe,move for more spaces to live in.Besides,a kind of lobster would line up to move to other places when the weather is bad,but nobody can explain it.
简要解析:第一段中将第一、二句进行高度概括,提炼重要信息;删除具体的例子“salmon”(鲑鱼)。删除对老鼠迁移的具体描述,将其迁徙的目的概括为“move for more spaces to live in”。第二段删除对龙虾迁徙的具体描述,最后用besides将两段连接起来,意思更为连贯与简洁。
真题演练 明趋势
Unit 1
(2019年6月浙江)
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman,author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids,says,“We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise,parents think they’re building their children’s confidence,when,in fact,it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can backfire and,when given in a way that’s insincere,make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still,don’t go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and,as a result,may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise?Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome,you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,”says Donahue,author of Parenting without Fear:Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he’s out there every day and playing hard,you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard,cook dinner,or finish a book report.But whatever it is,praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
【参考范文】
As parents,you shouldn’t praise your kids too much,which can prevent them from trying new things or taking a risk.(要点1)Meanwhile,praising them too little also does harm to your children’s growth.(要点2)Your praise must be based on your kids’ efforts instead of the outcomes.(要点3)In addition,the quality of your praise is more significant than the quantity,which you should bear in mind.(要点4)
Unit 2
(2018年11月浙江)
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms,classrooms and athletic equipment and,of course,the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses,and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life,and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.In fact,a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus,and obviously,if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility,but if you live nearby,go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply,at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend.It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses,things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit.
Now,if time and money are making it impossible,then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers,students,and college counselors (顾问),and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com.While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit,it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
【参考范文】
It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying.(要点1)Undoubtedly,students should visit their local colleges,which may be included in applications.(要点2)At least,they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance.(要点3)For students who are short of money and time,registering online is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.(要点4)
本课结束