模块5 Unit 2 The environment -word power and grammar

(共90张PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Word power
& Grammar and usage
Ⅰ.短语填空
根据汉语意思完成下列短语。(每空限填一词)
1．dig________　　　　　　挖掘
2．be associated________... 和……有交往，有联系
3．work________ 从事，搞……
4．after________ 毕竟，终究
5．________doing sth. 一……就……
6．watch...________ 密切监视……
7．make space________ 为……留出空间
8．do harm/damage________ 对……有害
【答案】　1.up　2.with　3.on　4.all　
5.on　6.closely　7.for　8.to
Ⅱ.语法探究
用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。
9．________(see) the picture，I can’t help thinking of the old days.
【答案】　Seeing
10．While ________(wait) for the train，I had a long talk with Jack.
【答案】　waiting
11．Everybody agrees that her daughter is an ________ (amuse) girl.
【答案】　amusing
12．I was tired of the speech yesterday；it was so________ (bore)．
【答案】　boring
13．He is accustomed to________(stay up)．
【答案】　staying up
14．His father died，________(leave) him nothing but debt.
【答案】　leaving
15．The_______( disappoint ) son made his father _______ (disappoint)．
【答案】　disappointing；disappointed
16．He slept last night with the light ________(burn)．
【答案】　burning
harm vt.& n．伤害，危害
do harm to sb.＝do sb.harm 给某人造成伤害
do no harm 没有坏处，有帮助
mean no harm 不想伤害
There is no harm in doing sth.做某事不会有害处
Doctors say smoking harms our health.
医生说吸烟有害健康。
The bad weather did a lot of harm to the crops.
恶劣的天气给农作物造成了巨大的损害。
harmful adj.有害的
harmless adj.无害的
Smoking is harmful to your health.
抽烟对身体有害。
1.The accident could have been much worse；luckily，no harm________.
A．had done　　　　　　　 B．is done
C．was done D．was to do
【解析】　由could have been可知本题描述的是过去发生的事，故应用过去时，而D项表示过去将来，与题意不符。
【答案】　C
power vt.驱动，提供动力
Electricity powers all the machines in our factories.
电力驱动我们工厂的所有机器。
power n．能力，力量；势力，权力
in power 掌权的，执政的
in sb’s power 在某人的控制下
come into power 上台，掌权
powerful adj.强大的，有效的
Now it has become a powerful country.
现在它已成为一个强大国家。
force，strength，power与energy
(1)force着重指发挥出来的力量，暴力，强制力，效力。复数形式指“兵力，武力”等。
(2)strength强壮，强度，强壮的性质，力量，力气。常指固有的力量，如人的力气，智力。
(3)power力，力气，(生物或人)做事或行动的能力，(复数)体力，能力。指人的“权力，势力，能力”和物的“能力”。
(4)energy能量；精力；劲头。指人的精神、精力充沛之意。
2.(2007年福建卷)—You are always full of________.Can you tell me the secret
—Taking plenty of exercise every day.
A．power B．strength
C．force D．energy
【解析】　本题考查名词词义辨析。power权力，势力，strength力气，优势；force力，武力；energy精力；be full of energy指“精力旺盛”，符合题意。
【答案】　D
shock vt.使震惊，使震动
The scene shocked her.
那景象使她感到震惊。
I was shocked at the news of his death.
他死去的消息使我感到震惊。
She was shocked to see her father looking so pale.
看到父亲脸色这样苍白，她非常震惊。
shock，amaze，astonish与surprise
(1)shock除程度最强外，还侧重用于表示令人不幸的事情使人震惊，多指精神上心理上受到震动。
(2)amaze强调感到迷惑而又惊异，间或还有“惊叹，佩服”的意思。
(3)astonish语气较强，指使人难以置信，甚至目瞪口呆，但没有“惊叹”的意思。
(4)surprise程度最弱，着重因出乎意外而感到吃惊。
I was shocked when I heard about your accident.
听到有关你的事故我深感震惊。
We were amazed at the ingenuity with which they solved their difficulties.
他们在解决困难中所表现的智慧使我们惊叹。
I was astonished at his rudeness.
他的粗野使我大吃一惊。
We were surprised at finding the house empty.
我们惊讶地发现房子是空的。
shock还可以作名词，意为“震惊，冲击”。
Her death is a terrible shock to him.
她的去世使他极为震惊。
3.—Why are you looking at them in a________expression
—Don’t you think the question________？
A．shocking；shocking B．shocked；shocked
C．shocking；shocked D．shocked；shocking
【解析】　shocked“震惊的”，常用来修饰人或expression(表情)，voice(声音)以及eyes(眼神)等；shocking“令人震惊的”，常用来修饰物。
【答案】　D
disappointing adj.令人失望的，令人沮丧的
a disappointing result/performance令人失望的结果/演出
The outcome of the Court case was disappointing for the family involved.
诉讼案的结果使得涉及本案的这家人非常失望。
His behaviour disappointed his teacher very much.
他的行为令老师非常失望。
We are disappointed at the result of the game.
我们对比赛结果感到失望。
Much to our disappointment，it rained every day during the trip.
这次旅行天天下雨，让我们大失所望。
4.We’re________at the________news that our football team lost again.
A．disappointing；disappointed
B．disappointing；disappointing
C．disappointed；disappointing
D．disappointed；disappointed
【解析】　disappointed感到失望的，多用来指人；disappointing令人失望的，多用来指物。
【答案】　C
shame n．羞愧；耻辱；憾事；令人难堪的事；太过分的事
He lowered his head in shame.
他羞愧地低下了头。
What a shame that I didn’t see the wonderful match.
我没有看到那场精彩的比赛，真是太扫兴了。
It is a shame to treat animals like that.
那样对待动物真是太过分了。
(1)to one’s shame令人羞愧的是
bring shame on sb.使某人丢脸
in shame羞愧地
(2)shame vt.使难为情；使蒙羞
It shames me to do...很不好意思地做……
He was shamed into working hard.
他因羞愧而更加努力工作。
(3)shameful adj.可耻的；丢脸的
shameless adj.无耻的；不知羞耻的
ashamed adj.羞愧的(只作表语)
be ashamed of因……感到羞耻
shameful behaviour/thought可耻的行为/想法
5.—Hello，John.I’m sorry to tell you that I’m too busy to go to the exhibition with you.
—________.The artist is said to be a very good one.
A．That’s all right B．That’s too bad
C．What a shame D．What disappointed
【解析】　答语中“那位艺术家据说是很优秀的”暗示“如果你不去就太可惜了”，故C项正确。
【答案】　C
arrest vt.逮捕；阻止；n.逮捕
The police made several arrests.警方逮捕了好几个人。
be arrested for...因……而被捕
be under arrest被捕
put sb.under arrest逮捕某人
The man was arrested for murder.
那个人因谋杀罪而遭逮捕。
6.The man who had broken into several houses stealing money and jewellery ________ last night.
A．had arrested B．arrested
C．was arrested D．had been arrested
【解析】　由last night可知，本题应用一般过去时，the man与arrest之间为被动关系，故C项正确。
【答案】　C
closely adv.严密地；密切地；仔细地；靠近地
It is closely guarded secret.
这是一个严守的秘密。
The two events are closely connected.
这两个事件密切相关。
close与closely
(1)close用做副词，指“空间上的接近或时间上的接近”，意为“近地”；closely做副词，表示抽象意义上的接近，意为“密切地；仔细地”。
They stood close to the door.他们靠近门口站着。
She listened closely while he was reading.
他读的时候她仔细地听着。
(2)close还可用做形容词和动词。
a close friend亲密的朋友
be/get close to接近，靠近
close the door关门
7.—Did you watch the tennis final of Men’s Doubles
—Yes，it was extremely exciting! It was a________fought game.
A．successfully B．bravely
C．closely D．friendly
【解析】　由答语可知比赛很精彩，四个选项在语法上均合适，但closely有“势均力敌”之意，故选C。
【答案】　C
limit vt.& n．限制；限度
a time/speed limit时间/速度限制
limit sth.to使某事(在一定范围内)存在
be limited to局限于　within limits在限度内
without limit无限地
There is a limit to...……是有限度的
There is no limit to his ambition.
他的野心没有止境。
limited adj.有限的
Water is limited，so don’t waste it any more.
水是有限的，所以不要再浪费了。
He is a man of limited ability.
他是一个能力有限的人。
8.Every speaker was required________his speech________ five minutes.
A．to limit；to B．to limiting；for
C．limiting；to D．limited；in
【解析】　limit sth.to把……限定在……，此处to为介词；require常构成句型require sb.to do sth.，即be required to do，故A项正确。
【答案】　A
instead of 代替，而不是
They went there on foot instead of by bus.
他们步行去的那儿而不是乘公共汽车。
Give me the red one instead of the green one.
给我那个红的，而不是绿的。
instead of，instead，in place of与take the place of
(1)instead of介词短语，后跟名词、代词、动名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等，表示“代替”的成分。
(2)instead adv.单独使用，在句中作状语，表示“代替，顶替”的成分。
(3)in place of介词短语，很多情况下与instead of换用，但侧重指用前者代替后者，意为“取代”或“代替”，还可写为in sb.’s place。
(4)take the place of动词短语，在句中作谓语，后跟名词、代词等。
Now plastics have taken the place of many materials.
如今塑料已取代了许多材料。
9.To spend the summer holiday，they decided to go to Jiu Zhaigou instead of ________some part time work.
A．finding B．to find
C．find D．found
【解析】　instead of后所接成分应与前面的形式一致，此处为decided后接不定式作宾语。
【答案】　B
pick up捡起；拿起
He suddenly picked up a stone/the telephone.
他突然拿起一块石头/电话。
pick up其他用法：
(1)接人，取物
pick you up at the gate在大门口接你
(2)偶然地得到；学会
pick up the information无意中听到这个信息
(3)接收(＝receive)
pick up VOA programmes接收VOA节目
(4)收拾；整理
pick up a room收拾房间
(5)加快
pick up speed加快速度
(6)恢复健康，痊愈
You’ll soon pick up health when you get to the seaside.
你到了海滨就会很快地恢复健康。
10.Under good treatment，Linda is beginning to________ and will soon recover.
A．pick up B．pick out
C．turn up D．show up
【解析】　本题考查动词短语辨析。根据上下文这里是指Linda身体渐渐康复。pick up改善，恢复体力，符合句意。B项“挑出，选出”；C项“出现”；D项“出现，露面”。
【答案】　A
After all，they are limited.毕竟，它们是有限的。
after all毕竟，别忘了；终究；到底
Don ’t prevent him from going there.After all，he is old enough to make his own decision.
别阻碍他去。别忘了，他已经够大了，可以自己做决定了。
They met with many difficulties.But they succeeded after all.
他们遇到了很多困难。但他们终究还是成功了。
in all总共　not at all一点也不
at all究竟，到底　abvoe all最重要的是
first of all首先　all in all总的来说
—It’s so kind of you and your parents.
非常感谢您和您的父母。
—Not at all.不客气。
11.(2008年浙江卷)Why are you so anxious？It isn’t your problem________.
A．on purpose B．in all
C．on time D．after all
【解析】　A项为“故意地”；B项为“总共”；C项为“按时”；D项为“毕竟”。句意为“你为什么如此地焦急？毕竟不是你的问题”。
【答案】　D
The state of our parks is very shocking，with rubbish everywhere.
我们公园的状况是很令人震惊的，到处是垃圾。
with rubbish everywhere是with的复合结构，在句中作状语。
with的复合结构为：with＋宾语＋宾补(adj./adv./介词短语/v. ing/v. ed/to do)，在句中作状语。
He likes to sleep with the window open.
他喜欢开着窗户睡觉。
With her son away from home，she was worried.
她儿子离家出走，她很着急。
She came in with a baby in her arms.她抱着孩子走了进来。
With a local guide leading the way，we got there easily.
由当地导游带路我们很容易地到了那里。
The thief was taken into the police car，with his hands tied behind.那个贼手被绑在后面，带进了警车。
With a lot of problems to settle，the newly elected president is having a hard time.
有诸多问题要去解决，新当选的总统将有一段艰难时期。
with复合结构也可作定语。
Do you know the woman with a baby in her arms
你认识那位抱孩子的妇女吗？
12.(2008年福建卷)You have no idea how she finished the relay race ________her foot wounded so much.
A．for B．when
C．with D．while
【解析】　此处是“with＋复合宾语”结构。其余三项为连词，后接句子，wounded前应加was。
【答案】　C
On taking off his jacket，they found a sleeping tortoise on his stomach.一脱下他的夹克上衣，在他的肚子上发现了一只正在睡觉的乌龟。
on/upon＋doing结构在句中作状语，意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as引导的状语从句。
On hearing the crash，he rushed out of the house.
他一听到轰隆声，便冲出房去。
He was caught by two men upon his stepping out of the taxi.
他一跨出出租车，就被两个人抓住了。
on/upon后也接表动作的名词，如arrival，return，delivery等。
On his return from Europe，he set to work.
他刚从欧洲回来就开始工作了。
“一……就……”的表达法：
on/upon＋n./doing，the moment/the minute/the second，immediately，as soon as，Hardly...when...，No sooner...than...
He rang me immediately he got home.＝Hardly had he got home when he rang me.＝The moment he got home，he rang me.
他刚到家就打电话给我。
13.________seeing the damage he had done，the child felt ashamed.
A．By B．On
C．At D．For
【解析】　on seeing the damage he had done相当于状语从句as soon as he saw the damage he had done他一看到他所造成的损害。
【答案】　B
It was as if people were not listening.
好像人们没在听。
as if在此句中引导表语从句，相当于as though。
He looks as if he were an artist！
他看上去像个艺术家似的！
as if除连接表语从句外，还可连接状语从句，v. ing，v. ed和to do等，并且连接从句时有时要用虚拟语气，有时则不需要。
Look at the dark clouds！It looks as if it is going to rain.
看那些乌云，好像要下雨了。
He has never been abroad，but he talks as if he had been to many countries.(虚拟语气)他从未出过国，可他谈起话来就好像去过许多国家似的。
The lady in the painting looks as if smiling.
油画中的那位女士看上去像在微笑。
The old man opened his mouth as if to say something.
那位老人张开嘴好像要说点什么。
14.She had a tense expression on her face，________she was expecting trouble.
A．even though B．as though
C．so that D．now that
【解析】　本题考查连词的用法。as though好像。句意为：她脸上的表情很紧张，似乎估计到有什么麻烦事。
【答案】　B
现在分词
现在分词的构成
由动词＋ ing构成，在英语中v. ing形式具有名词、形容词和副词的特点，在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语。具有名词特点的v. ing被称为动名词；具有形容词和副词特点的v. ing被称为现在分词。
Studying English is interesting.学英语很有趣。(动名词短语作主语)
I like reading in the morning every day.
我喜欢每天早晨读英语。(动名词短语作宾语)
Being ill，he couldn’t go to school.
因为生病，他不能去上学。(现在分词作状语)
The question being discussed now is quite important.
现在正在讨论的问题非常重要。(现在分词作定语)
现在分词与过去分词
(1)现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词则表示完成的动作。
boiling water沸水(正在沸腾的水)
boiled water开水(已烧开的水，可能已凉了)
(2)现在分词表示主动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者；过去分词表示被动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的承受者。
an exciting film 一部激动人心的电影
excited audiences激动的观众
现在分词的句法功能
(1)作表语
说明主语的性质和特点，相当于形容词。
The film is very interesting and moving.
这部电影很有趣也很感人。
过去分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态，常用一般现在时。
The window is broken.窗子破了。
You are badly hurt.你伤得很严重。
【注意】　现在分词作表语，常常是表示情绪的词。
interesting，boring，frightening，touching，puzzling，confusing，thrilling，exciting，disappointing，charming，discouraging，inspiring，amazing，amusing，shocking，surprising，terrifying，astonishing...
(2)作定语
I saw an interesting film last night.
我昨晚看了一部有趣的电影。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。
【注意】　现在分词在句中作定语时，不仅存在前置与后置的区别，而且存在着时态，时间与形式上的差异。能前置的现在分词大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词，它们的前面常有程度副词very，extremely等，甚至还被最高级修饰。常见的有：exciting，interesting，surprising，amusing，puzzling，frightening，boring，astonishing，inspiring，satisfying，shocking，threatening等。
有些现在分词作定语时，表示经常性的动作或现在或当时的状态。此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般现在时态，而不用进行时态，且能从汉语翻译上体现出来。
The house standing on top of the hill was built in the Qing Dynasty.＝The house which stands on top of the hill was built in the Qing Dynasty.山顶上的房子是清朝时期建的。
Jim has got a brother working in a bank in London.
＝Jim has got a brother who works in a bank in London.
吉姆有个哥哥在伦敦的一家银行里工作。
现在分词的被动式、过去分词与不定式的被动式作定语
①现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.
听！正在唱的这首歌很受学生们的欢迎。(being sung表示动作正被做)
②过去分词作定语时表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。
Have you read the book written by Dickens
你读了狄更斯写的书了吗？(written发生在谓语动词之前)
He is a man loved and respected by us.
他是一个受我们爱戴和尊敬的人。(loved，respected没有时间性，只表被动)
③不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来要被做的动作。
The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is very important.
明天会议上要讨论的问题很重要。(to be discussed表示一个未来要被做的动作)
(3)作宾语补足语
现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在发生。
We saw our teacher doing the experiment.
我们看见老师在做实验。(处于动作的发生过程中，还没有结束)
I saw the girl playing on the beach.
我看见那个女孩正在海滩上玩。(表示动作正在进行)
【注意】　在感官动词(词组)(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，notice等)和其他动词(make，have，let等)后面的宾语补足语有三种形式：即不带to的不定式、现在分词和过去分词。不带to 的不定式表主动和完成，现在分词表主动和进行，过去分词表被动和完成。
I heard her enter the room just now.
我刚才听到她进了房间。
I saw the man taken away by two policemen.
我看到那个人被两个警察带走了。
(4)作状语
现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。
Be careful while/when crossing the street.
过马路时要小心。(时间)
Having been bitten by a dog，she was frightened at it.
被狗咬后，她非常怕它。(原因)
Staying for a long time，you’ll find the house very cheap.
若待上一段时间，你会发现这房子很便宜。(条件)
The cup dropped to the ground，breaking into pieces.
杯子掉到地上，成了碎片。(结果)
Having been told many times，he still made the same mistake.
被告诉了好多遍，他仍然犯同样的错误。(让步)
The man came into the room，carrying a box.
这个人扛着一个箱子进了房间。(伴随状况)
【注意】　现在分词作状语的基本原则：
现在分词表示的动作是主语的一个动作，或是与谓语所表示的动作(或状态)同时发生或是对谓语表示的动作(或状态)加以说明。
Ⅰ.单项选择
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．At the beginning of class，the noise of desks________ could be heard outside the classroom.
A．opened and closed　　　　　
B．to be opened and closed
C．being opened and closed
D．to open and close
【解析】　本句意为：“开始上课时，在教室外面就能听到开关课桌的声音。”表示开关课桌的动作正在进行。
【答案】　C
2．The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，________in the natural light during the day.
A．to let B．letting
C．let D．having let
【解析】　分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作状语。句子主语与let之间为主谓关系，且动作是同时发生的，故用现在分词形式。句意为：在入口处玻璃门已取代了木头门，在白天能让自然光进来。
【答案】　B
3．He is a student at Oxford University，________for a degree in computer science.
A．studied B．studying
C．to have studied D．to be studying
【解析】　本题考查现在分词短语在句子中作后置定语。
【答案】　B
4．Peter received a letter just now________his grandma would come to see him soon.
A．said B．says
C．saying D．to say
【解析】　根据句子结构，此处应用非谓语动词作定语。现在分词表示动作正在进行或经常发生的动作，此处的saying 相当于which said；不定式作定语表示将来，不合题意。
【答案】　C
5．________by a greater demand for vegetables，farmers have built more green houses.
A．Driven B．Being driven
C．To drive D．Having driven
【解析】　本题考查非谓语动词。句意为：受对于蔬菜的更大量需求的驱使，农民们建了更多的暖棚。空格处为句子的状语，其逻辑主语为farmers，与drive存在被动关系，故用被动形式。
【答案】　A
6．—The last one________pays the meal.
—Agreed!
A．arrived B．arrives
C．to arrive D．arriving
【解析】　本题考查非谓语动词作定语。由先行词one前的限定词the last(序数词)可知，四项中只有C项正确。
【答案】　C
7．“Things ________never come again！”I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A．lost B．losing
C．to lose D．have lost
【解析】　句意为“错过的事情不会再重来”。lost为过去分词转化来的形容词，作things的定语，相当于一个定语从句that are lost。
【答案】　A
8．—I must apologize for________ahead of time.
—That’s all right.
A．letting you not know B．not letting you know
C．letting you know not D．letting not you know
【答案】　B
9．(2006年湖北卷)Don’t sit e and help me with this table.
A．do B．to do
C．doing D．and doing
【答案】　C
10．The pupil asked the teacher how much time he spent ________violin every day.
A．to practise to play the
B．practising playing the
C．to practise to play
D．practising to play
【答案】　B
Ⅱ.语法探究
用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。
11．A.________the dog came over，the little girl ran away.(see)
B．________from the top of the hill，and you’ll find the Gulangyu Island more beautiful.(see)
【答案】　Seeing；See
12．A.When we were watching TV，we heard the door ________.(knock)
B．When we were watching TV，we heard someone ________the door.(knock)
【答案】　knocked；knocking
13．A.________by Hank，we entered the dining room. (follow)
B．________Hank，we entered the dining room.(follow)
【答案】　Followed；Following
14．A.The USA is rich，and it is a________country. (develop)
B．Though she’s made great progress，China is still a________ country.(develop)
【答案】　developed；developing
15．A.The question________now at the meeting is very important. (discuss)
B．The question________at the meeting next week is very important. (discuss)
【答案】　being discussed；to be discussed
练考题、验能力、轻巧夺冠