中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
不定式
非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。其特点是：
1．不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。
2．它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
3．不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。
4．分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。
（一）
形式
语态时态
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
to
do
to
be
done
完成式
to
have
done
to
have
been
done
进行式
to
be
doing
完成进行式
to
have
been
doing
1.完成式
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,
通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,
或是在它之后发生.
假如不定式所表示的动作,
在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,
就要用不定式的完成式.
I
am
glad
to
have
seen
your
mother
(=
I
am
glad
I
have
seen
your
mother).
(比较:
I
am
glad
to
see
you.)
He
is
said
to
have
written
a
new
book
about
workers.
He
pretended
not
to
have
seen
me.
2.进行式
如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,
不定式表示的动作正在进行,
这时要用不定式的进行式.
You
are
not
supposed
to
be
working.
You
haven’t
quite
recovered
yet.
We
didn’t
expect
you
to
be
waiting
for
us
here.
He
pretended
to
be
listening
attentively.
3.完成进行式
在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,
就要用不定式的完成进行式.
The
struggle
was
known
to
have
been
going
for
twenty
years.
We
are
happy
to
have
been
working
with
you.
4.被动式
当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,
不定式一般要用被动形式.
It
is
an
honor
for
me
to
be
asked
to
speak
here.
She
hated
to
be
flattered.
He
wanted
the
letter
to
be
typed
at
once.
【例】Sir
Denis,
who
is
78,
has
made
it
known
that
much
of
his
collection
______
to
the
nation.
A)
has
left
B)
is
to
leave
C)
leaves
D)
is
to
be
left
结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。收藏品是"被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D)
is
to
be
left。
（二）句法功能
1.不定式作主语
【例】It
is
not
unusual
for
workers
in
that
region
_________.
A)
to
be
paid
more
than
a
month
later
??????B)
to
be
paid
later
than
more
a
month
C)
to
pay
later
than
a
month
more
????
D)
to
pay
later
more
than
a
month
it
在句中作形式主语。
而不定式to
be
paid
more
than
a
month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A)。
2.不定式做宾语
大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如：We
are
planning
to
build
a
reservoir
here.
【例】There
is
a
man
at
the
reception
desk
who
seems
very
angry
and
I
think
he
means
_________
trouble.
A)
making
B)
to
make C)
to
have
made
D)
having
made
动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B)
to
make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示……的意思、意味着”，所以选项A
和
D错误。
★
必背：常见带to的动词:
afford担得起
want想要
aim目标是
appear好像
claim宣称
decide决定
desire渴求
determine决心
fail不能
happen碰巧
hesitate犹豫
agree同意
intend打算
choose选择
prefer
宁愿
expect期待
manage设法
offer主动愿意
pretend假装
promise答应
attempt尝试
refuse拒绝
seek寻求
plan
计划
3.
不定式做补足语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。
（1）不定式做主语补足语
【例】The
ancient
Egyptians
are
supposed
_________
rockets
to
the
moon.
A)
to
send
B)
to
be
sending
C)
to
have
sent
D)
to
have
been
sending
在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式，
因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式to
have
sent作主语补足语。
（2）不定式做宾语补足语
这样的动词有：advice,
allow,
announce,
ask,
assist,
authorize,
bear,
beg,
bribe,
cause,
command,
compel,
condemn,
deserve,
direct,
drive,
enable,
encourage,
entitle,
entreat,
exhort,
forbid,
force,
get,
hate,
help,
implore,
induce,
inspire,
instruct,
intend,
invite,
lead,
leave,
like,
mean,
need,
oblige,
order,
permit,
persuade,
pray,
prefer,
press,
prompt,
pronounce,
recommend,
remind,
report,
request,
require,
summon,
teach,
tell,
tempt,
urge,
want,
warn,
wish。
这样的短语有：call
on（请求）,
care
for（关心）,
count
on（依靠，指望）,
depend
on（依赖、依靠）,
keep
on
at（困扰，追问）,
long
for（渴望）,
make
out（分辨）,
vote
for（选举）,
prevail
on（说服）,
rely
on（信赖）,
wait
for（等待）。
【例】They
are
going
to
have
the
serviceman
__________
an
electric
fan
in
the
office
tomorrow.
A)
install
B)
to
install
C)
to
be
installed
D)
installed
全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。"have
sb.
do
sth."句型的主动语态，因此，have
后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A)
install。
4.不定式作表语
One
of
our
main
tasks
now
is
to
mechanize
agriculture.
5.不定式做定语
不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词（下面例1）。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。
很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability,
ambition,
anxiety,
attempt,
campaign,
chance,
courage,
decision,
determination,
drive（动力）,
effort,
force,
inclination,
intention,
method,
motive,
movement,
need,
opportunity,
pressure,
reason,
right（权利）,
struggle,
tendency,
wish,
anything,
anyone,
everything,
everyone,
nothing,
no
one,
something,
some
one等。
这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词（例2）在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。
【例1】Could
you
find
someone________？
A)
for
me
to
play
tennis
with
B)
for
me
to
play
tennis
C)
play
tennis
with
D)
playing
tennis
请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。
【例2】The
pressure
________causes
Americans
to
be
energetic,
but
it
also
puts
them
under
a
constant
emotional
strain.
A)
to
compete
C)
to
be
competed
B)
competing
D)
having
competed
结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明"pressure"的内容。
6.不定式作状语
不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。
They
stood
by
the
roadside
to
talk
about
the
plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)?
His
family
was
too
poor
to
support
him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)?
We
are
glad
to
hear
the
news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)?
（三）、动词不定式不带to的情形
1.
在“动词+
宾语+不定式”结构中,
如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,
hear,
watch,
smell,
feel,
notice等,
或是表示“致使”意义的
have,
make,
let等,
其后的不定式结构不带to.
John
made
her
tell
him
everything.
这类结构转换为被动语态时,
后面的不带to
的不定式一般还原为带to
的不定式.
She
was
made
to
tell
him
everything.
2.
在
had
better,
had
best,
would
rather,
would
sooner,
would
just
as
soon,
might
(just)
as
well,
cannot
but
等搭配之后,
动词不定式也不带to.
I’d
rather
not
have
eggs
and
bacon
for
breakfast.
They
cannot
but
accept
his
term.
3.
在介词except,
but
之后,
如果其前有动词do的某种形式,
不定式一般不带to,
反之带to.
There
is
nothing
to
do
except
wait
till
it
stops
raining.
Smith
will
do
anything
but
work
on
a
farm.
There’s
no
choice
but
to
wait
till
it
stops
raining.
4.
连词
rather
than,
sooner
than
置于句首时,
其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时,
其后的不定式有时带to,
有时不带to。
Rather
than
push
the
book
back
as
he
wanted
to
do,
he
forced
himself
to
pick
it
up.
He
decided
to
write
rather
than
telephone.
The
manager
believes
it
is
important
to
invest
in
new
machinery
rather
than
to
increase
wages.
5.用作表语的动词不定式,
如果主语是由“all
+
关系分句”，“thing
+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing
+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What
he
will
do
is
(to)
spoil
the
whole
thing.
All
you
do
now
is
complete
the
form
The
only
thing
I
can
do
now
is
go
on
by
myself.
The
thing
to
do
now
is
clear
up
this
mess.
（四）、不定式的省略
1.
同一结构并列由and或or连接。
I
want
to
finish
my
homework
and
(to
)go
home.
I’m
really
puzzled
what
to
think
or
(to)say.
特例：To
be
or
not
to
be,this
is
a
question.
He
is
better
to
laugh
than
to
cry.(表示对比)
不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。
What
he
did
was(to)
lose
the
game.
句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such
as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。
Don’t
do
anything
silly,
such
as
marry
him.
比较：have
nothing
to
do
but
do
/have
nothing
but
to
do
have
no
choice
but
to
do
/can’t
(help)
but
do
主句含有不定式，后面有rather
than,
rather
than后省to。
Why
not、had
better、would
rather、can’t
but等词后省to。如：
He
could
not
but
walk
home.
(五)、不定式的替代
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：
Susan
is
not
what
she
used
to
be.
—You
came
late
last
night.
You
ought
to
have
finished
your
homework.
—I
know
I
ought
to
have.
常见的有：I’d
like
/
love
/
be
happy
to.
(六)、不定式的其他用法
1.
too…to
结构通常表示否定意义:
She
was
too
young
to
understand
all
that.
not
too,
but
too,
all
too,
only
too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:
He’s
only
too
pleased
to
help
her.
2.不定式的逻辑主语
如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,
可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:
It
is
not
hard
for
one
to
do
a
bit
of
good.
It
is
a
great
honour
for
us
to
be
present
at
this
rally.
在以某些形容词(如
kind,
good,
nice,
wise,
unwise,
clever,
silly,
wrong,
right,
foolish,
stupid,
careless,
considerate,
rude,
naughty,
impolite等)作表语时,
不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,
来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:
It’s
kind
of
you
to
think
so
much
of
us.
It’s
unwise
of
them
to
turn
down
the
proposal.
3.
不定式的完成时的特殊用法。
①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The
novel
was
said
to
have
been
published.
I
regret
to
have
been
with
you
for
so
many
years.
seem、appear、be
said、be
supposed、be
believed、be
thought、be
known、be
reported等动词常用于上面句型。
此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。
I’m
sorry
___________________
for
a
minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）
I’m
sorry
_______________________for
so
long.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）
②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。
（A）should
like
to
/
would
like
to
/
would
love
to
+
不定式的完成时。
（B）was
/
were
to
+
不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。
（C）expect
/
hope
/
mean
/
promise
/
suppose
/
think
/
want/
wish
+
不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。注意：表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气还可以用：
was/were
going
to
do
或was/were
about
to
高考核心词汇精选背诵（E字母）
eager
electrician
entire
explode
ease
emphasis
entitle
exploit
establish
energetic
essential
expose
embarrass
employ
estimate
extend
effective
encounter
evaluate
extent
efficient
endure
eventually
elegant
elementary
excursion
extinct
extraordinary
eliminate
enhance
evident
enquiry
embarrass
enormous
evolve
enthusiastic
emerge
enrol
exhaust
extravagant
单句语法填空（注意不定式用法）
1.
_______
(catch)
the
train,
we'd
better
hurry
to
the
station
by
taxi.
2.
I
meant
__________
(finish)
my
work
last
night,
but
I
didn't
feel
very
well.
3.
It
has
been
an
honor
for
me____________
(invite)
to
your
country.
4.
It
happened______________
(rain)
when
I
got
there.
5.The
crowd
cheered
wildly
at
the
sight
of
Liu
Xiang,
who
was
reported
________
(break)
the
world
record
in
the
110-meter
hurdle
race.
6.
When
mother
entered
the
room
last
night,
I
pretended
_________
(work)
on
the
computer.
7.
She
was
the
first
woman
_________
(elect)
to
such
a
post.
8.Energy
drinks
are
not
allowed
______
(make)
in
Australia
but
are
brought
in
from
New
Zealand.
9.___________
that
task
in
such
a
short
time
is
really
a
challenge.（主语/形式主语）
10.
He
managed_____________
(solve)
the
complicated
problem.
宾语）
11.
I
feel
it
a
great
honor
__________
(invite)
to
speak
at
the
meeting
before
so
many
students.
（形式宾语）
12.
His
wish
is
_____________
(become)
an
astronaut.
（表语）
13.
On
Sundays,
he
always
has
a
lot
of
letters
__________
(write).
（定语）
14.
She
raised
her
voice____________
(hear)
well.
（状语）
15.
The
teacher
encouraged
the
students
_________
(take)
active
part
in
some
outdoor
activities.
(ask/tell/order/advise
sb.
to
do
sth.)
（补语）
参考答案：
1.To
catch
2.
to
have
finished
3.
to
have
been
invited
4.
to
be
raining
5.
to
have
broken
6.to
be
working
7.
to
be
elected
8.
to
be
made
9.
To
finish
(finish)
10.
to
solve
11.to
be
invited
12.
to
become
13.
to
write
14.
to
be
heard
15.
to
take
用不定式补全下列句子
1.
爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。
_______________
are
both
great
happiness.
2.
中国人民决不会征服。
The
Chinese
people
refuse
_______________
3.
他们获悉他已被警方逮捕。
They
knew
him
____________
(arrest)
by
the
police.
4.
根据报道他们已安全到达。
They
are
reported
____________________.
5.
我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。
I
want
this
bike
_________________________.
6.
玛利仿佛已经被告之这件事了。
Mary
seemed
____________________________.
7.
众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。
He
is
known
________________
a
gold
medal
at
the
Olympic.
8.
为了周游世界，他需要学习一些外语。
_________________,
he
needs
to
learn
some
foreign
languages.
9.
这是由中国工程师首次设计工程项目。
It
is
____________
by
Chinese
engineers.
10.
信息技术发展如此之快，很难预测在将来的二十年计算机能够做什么。
The
IT
technology
is
developing
so
fast
that
_____
in
the
next
20
years.
补全句子参考答案：
1.
To
love
and
to
be
loved
2.
to
give
in/to
be
conquered.
3.
to
have
been
arrested
4.
to
have
arrived
safely.
5.
to
be
repaired
at
once.
6.
to
have
been
told
about
it.
7.
to
have
been
given/awarded
8.
In
order
to/To
travel
around
the
world
9.
the
first
such
project
to
be
designed
10.
it
is
difficult
to
predict
what
computers
can
do
汉译英
（注意不定式的使用）
1.
那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘它的美丽。（It
……）（2003上海高考）
2.
我发现很难与那些固执己见的人合作。（…it…）（2004上海高考）
3.
这个游戏的规则太复杂，三言两语解释不清。(too
…
to)
(2004上海高考)
4.
你最好乘出租车去电影节的开幕式，不然就要迟到了。
(2005上海高考)
5.
这款手机样式新颖、携带方面，深受年轻人的欢迎。
(2005上海高考)
6.
为了保持健康，我们经常参加体育锻炼。(To…)
（2006上海春考）
7.
物理课上，他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。(fail)
（2006上海春考）
8.
我忘了提醒他面试的时间。(remind)
（2007上海高考）
9.
他设法把游客及时送到了机场。
(manage)
（2008上海高考）
10.
你今晚能来参加我的生日聚会?
(possible)
（2008上海高考）
参考答案：
1.
It’s
very
hard
for
those
who
haven’t
been
to
the
small
village
to
describe
its
beauty.
2.
I
find
it
(is)
hard
to
cooperate
with
those
who
always
stick
to
their
own
opinions.
3.
The
rule
of
the
game
is
too
complicated
to
explain/be
explained
in
a
few
words.
4.
You’d
better
go
to
the
opening
ceremony
of
the
Film
Festival
by
taxi,
or
you’ll
be
late.
5.
The
mobile
phone
is
fashionable
in
style
and
convenient
to
carry,
so
it
is
very
popular
with
youngsters.
6.
To
keep
fit,
we
often
take
part
in
physical
exercises.
7.
In
the
physics
class,
he
failed
to
understand
what
Professor
Wang
was
talking
about.
8.
I
forgot
to
remind
him
of
the
time
for
the
interview.
9.
He
managed
to
send
the
tourists
to
the
airport
in
time.
10.
Is
it
possible
for
you
to
attend
my
birthday
party
this
evening?
高考核心词汇检测
Broadly
speaking,
I
would
agree
with
Shirley,
though
not
_______.
A.
widely
B.
thoroughly
C.
entirely
D.
extensively
The
______on
his
face
told
me
that
he
was
angry.
A.
impression
B.
expectation
C.
appearance
D.
expression
Drinking
too
much
will
_________
drivers’
lives.
A.
endanger
B.
exclude
C.
enable
D.
evolve
_____
in
writing
letters,
he
had
no
time
to
notice
me.
A.
Engaged
B.
Enlarged
C.
Interested
D.
Surprised
The
new
law
will
come
into
________
on
the
day
it
is
passed.
A.
effect
B.
use
C.
effort
D.
being
The
poor
driver
telephoned
the
police
and
______what
had
happened.
A.
claimed
B.
exploited
C.
expressed
D.
explained
People
were
pushing
each
other
out
of
the
way
________
to
get
to
the
front.
exhausted
B.
eager
C.
equal
D.
extensive
This
dictionary
is
available
in
_______
form
in
this
library.
A.
electric
B.
electronic
C.
electrical
D.
electricity
The
tourist
industry
should
be
_______
to
supply
a
variety
of
jobs.
A.
enhanced
B.
enclosed
C.
employed
D.
emphasized
The
lady
dressed
in
fashionable
clothes
is
_____
in
her
appearance,
but
rude
in
her
speech．
A.
energetic
B.
considerate
C.
elegant
D.
innocent
We
all
think
this
proposal
is
entirely
_______,
fiscally
and
politically.
A.
fantastic
B.
external
C.
feasible
D.
extraordinary
Showing
some
sense
of
humor
can
be
a
(n)
_____
way
to
deal
with
some
stressful
situation.
A.
favorable
B.
elementary
C.
effective
D.
favorite
My
grandfather
is
as
____
as
a
young
man
and
hates
sitting
around
doing
nothing
all
day.
A.
enthusiastic
B.
energetic
C.
talkative
D.
sensitive
The
more
one
is
________
the
English-speaking
environment,
the
better
he
or
she
will
learn
the
language.
A.experienced
in
B.
exposed
to
C.
caught
on
D.
kept
up
To
the
child’s
quick
recovery,
five
doctors
took
turns
looking
after
him
day
and
night.
A.
ensure
B.
exhaust
C.
equip
D.
establish
参考答案：
1~5
CDAAA
6~10
DBBAC
11~15
CCBBA
语言能力综合运用
Section
A
Art
of
living
Aristotle
once
wrote
that
“happiness
is
a
state
of
activity”.
In
other
words,
whether
you
are
seeking
lifelong
satisfaction
(31)
______
a
few
moments
of
good
cheer,
you
have
got
to
move
forward.
We’ve
surveyed
the
experts
and
found
four
steps
to
take
toward
a
sunny
disposition（性格）:
1.
VALUE
YOUR
RELATIONSHIPS
Over
a
30-year
period,
University
of
Illinois
researchers
asked
nearly
12,000
people
(32)
______
income,
education,
political
participation,
volunteer
activities,
and
close
relationships
affected
their
happiness.
Reported
Newsweek’s
Sharon
Begley
on
the
findings,
“The
highest
level
of
happiness
(33)
______
(find)
with
the
most
stable,
longest,
and
most
contented
relationships.”
2.
EXPRESS
YOURSELF
Singing
aloud,
talking
to
a
stranger,
raising
your
hand:
All
may
increase
(34)
______
feeling
of
well-being,
according
to
a
study
from
Wake
Forest
University.
Participants
tracked
their
moods
for
two
weeks
and
reported
feeling
happier
when
they
were
(35)
______
(outgoing).
3.
SPEND
MONEY
ON
OTHERS
The
editors
of
forbes.com
gave
$5
or
$20
randomly
to
46
strangers.
Half
the
group
was
told
to
spend
money
on
(36)
______,
while
the
other
half
was
told
to
spend
it
on
others.
Those
who’d
shared
the
wealth
felt
much
happier
at
the
end
of
the
day
than
those
who’d
spent
it
on
themselves.
There
was
no
difference
in
happiness
between
those
who
spent
$5
or
$20,
(37)
______(suggest)
that
it’s
not
how
much
money
you
spend,
but
how
you
spend
it,
(38)
______
can
boost
(提升)
the
spirit.
4.
FOCUS
ON
THE
POSITVE
Studies
from
the
University
of
Pennsylvania’s
Positive
Psychology
Center
show
(39)
______
negative-minded
people
who
wrote
down
three
good
things
that
happened
to
them
each
day
for
six
months
reported
an
(40)
______
(improve)
outlook.
or
32.how
33.is
found
34.a
35.more
outgoing
36.themselves
37.
suggesting
38.that
39.that
40.improved
Section
B
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
by
using
the
words
in
the
box.
Each
word
can
only
be
used
once.
Note
that
there
is
one
word
more
than
you
need.
base
B.
presentations
C.
required
D.
determines
E.question
F.
practical
G.
generally
H.
received
I.
organized
J.
participation
K.
presentations
Student
41
in
the
classroom
is
not
only
accepted
but
also
expected
of
the
student
in
many
courses.
Some
professors____42
part
of
the
final
grade
on
the
student’s
oral
participation.
Although
there
are
formal
lectures
during
which
the
student
has
a
passive
role
(i.e.,
listening
and
taking
notes),
many
courses
are
____43
around
classroom
discussions,
student
questions,
and
informal
lectures.
In
graduate
discussions
the
professor
had
a
“manager”
role
and
the
students
make
____44
and
lead
discussions.
The
students
do
the
actual
teaching
in
these
discussions.
A
professor’s
teaching
method
is
another
factor
that
___45
the
degree
and
type
of
student
participation.
Some
professors
prefer
to
control
discussions
while
others
prefer
to
guide
the
class
without
controlling
it.
Many
professors
encourage
students
to
____46
their
ideas.
Students
who
object
to
the
professor’s
point
of
view
should
be
prepared
to
prove
their
positions.
In
the
teaching
of
science
and
mathematics,
the
controlling
mode
of
instruction
is
47___
traditional,
with
teachers
presenting
formal
lectures
and
students
taking
notes.
However,
new
educational
trends
have
turned
up
in
the
humanities
and
social
sciences
in
the
past
twenty
years.
Students
in
education,
society,
and
history
classes,
for
example,
are
often
____48
to
solve
problems
in
groups,
design
projects,
make
____49
,
and
examine
case
studies.
Since
some
college
or
university
courses
are
“____50
”
rather
than
theoretical,
they
pay
more
attention
to
“doing”
for
themselves.
参考答案：41.J
42
A
43.I
44.
B
45.D
46.E
47.G
48.C
49.K
50.
F
Reading
Comprehension
Section
A
Directions:
For
each
blank
in
the
following
passage
there
are
four
words
or
phrases
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
the
word
and
phrase
that
best
fits
the
context.
Artificial
intelligence
is
technology
designed
to
perform
jobs
that
require
higher-level
thinking
skills,
in
other
words,
skills
like
those
of
human
intelligence.
Artificial
intelligence
systems
are
____51____
in
economics,
to
study
things
like
stock
market
activity.
They
are
also
used
in
medicine---for
example,
to
help
doctors
____52____
disorders,
choose
the
best
treatment,
or
___53___
on
patients.
And
they
are
used
in
the
military,
to
develop
systems
like
self-guiding
vehicles
and
so-called
smart
bombs
that
look
for
their
____54____.
They
can
____55___
monitor
spacecraft.
A
Research
Project
on
Artificial
Intelligence
started
50
years
ago,
in
the
summer
of
1956.
Recently
a
___56___
was
held
in
Dartmouth
College,
and
over
100
scientists
gathered
to
____57____
the
development
in
artificial
intelligence
in
the
next
50
years.
The
research
of
artificial
intelligence
is
based
on
the
theory
that
every
part
of
____58____
intelligence
could
be
described
in
____59____
detail
that
a
machine
could
be
made
to
copy
it.
It
is
true
that
computers
are
being
built
to
operate
in
some
ways
like
the
____60___.
However,
machines
are
____61____
to
fully
capture
all
human
emotions,
feelings
and
creativity---at
least
not
anytime
soon.
Computers
may
never
____62____
humans,
but
humans
should
expect
to
find
more
and
more
“smart
machines”.
These
devices
could
someday
even
be
____63____
in
the
body.
Yet
progress
with
artificial
intelligence
has
been
____64____
than
what
scientists
fifty
years
ago
expected.
For
example,
scientists
find
it
difficult
to
train
computers
to
freely
use
and
translate
languages.
Using
a
language
correctly
____65____
a
knowledge
of
countless
social
and
cultural
situations
and
conditions.
So
far,
language
is
an
area
where
humans
still
consider
themselves
smarter
than
machines.
A.
created
B.
applied
C.
formed
D.
switched
A.
inform
B.
recognize
C.
reform
D.
search
A.
operate
B.
investigate
C.
perform
D.
relieve
A.
area
B.
purposes
C.
targets
D.
regulations
A.
ever
B.
even
C.
normally
D.
correctly
A.
conference
B.
commitment
C.
connection
D.
contact
A.
plan
B.
invent
C.
engage
D.
devote
A.
high
B.
smart
C.
average
D.
human
A.
much
B.
many
C.
such
D.
so
A.
body
B.
brain
C.
humans
D.
experts
A.
sure
B.
uncertain
C.
likely
D.
unlikely
A.
ruin
B.
substitute
C.
replace
D.
defeat
A.
infused
B.
implanted
C.
grown
D.
transplanted
A.
quicker
B.
slower
C.
better
D.
worse
A.
requires
B.
makes
C.
offers
D.
Changes
51
–
65
BBACB
AADCB
DCBBA
Section
B
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
passages.
Each
passage
is
followed
by
several
questions
or
unfinished
statements.
For
each
of
them
there
are
four
choices
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Choose
the
one
that
fits
best
according
to
the
information
given
in
the
passage
your
have
just
read.
（A）
Once
upon
a
time,
a
man
punished
his
5-year-old
daughter
for
using
up
the
family's
only
roll
of
expensive
gold
wrapping
paper.
Money
was
tight,
and
he
became
even
more
upset
when
on
Christmas
Eve,
he
saw
that
the
child
had
pasted
the
gold
paper
so
as
to
decorate
a
shoebox
to
put
under
the
Christmas
tree.
Nevertheless,
the
next
morning
the
little
girl,
filled
with
excitement,
brought
the
gift
box
to
her
father
and
said,
"This
is
for
you,
Daddy!"
As
he
opened
the
box,
the
father
was
embarrassed
by
his
earlier
overreaction.
But
when
he
opened
it,
he
found
it
was
empty
and
again
his
anger
flared.
"Don't
you
know,
young
lady,”
he
said
harshly,
“when
you
give
someone
a
present
there's
supposed
to
be
something
inside
the
package!"
The
little
girl
looked
up
at
him
with
tears
rolling
from
her
eyes
and
said:
"Daddy,
it's
not
empty.
I
blew
kisses
into
it
until
it
was
all
full."
The
father
was
crushed.
He
fell
on
his
knees
and
put
his
arms
around
his
precious
little
girl.
He
begged
her
to
forgive
him
for
his
unnecessary
anger.
An
accident
took
the
life
of
the
child
only
a
short
time
later.
It
is
told
that
the
father
kept
that
little
gold
box
by
his
bed
for
all
the
years
of
his
life.
Whenever
he
was
discouraged
or
faced
difficult
problems
he
would
open
the
box,
take
out
an
imaginary
kiss,
and
remember
the
love
of
this
beautiful
child
who
had
put
it
there.
In
a
very
real
sense,
each
of
us
as
human
beings
have
been
given
an
invisible
golden
box
filled
with
unconditional
love
and
kisses
from
our
children,
family,
friends
and
God.
???????
There
is
no
more
precious
possession
anyone
could
hold.
66.
Father
begged
his
daughter
forgive
him
for
his
unnecessary
anger
when_________.
A.
he
found
his
daughter
used
up
the
family's
only
roll
of
expensive
gold
wrapping
paper
B.
he
opened
the
box
and
found
it
was
empty
C.
his
daughter
told
him
that
box
was
full
of
her
kisses
D.
an
accident
took
the
life
of
the
girl
only
a
short
time
later
67.
When
did
the
daughter
prepared
the
special
gift
for
her
father?
A.
After
Christmas
B.
At
Christmas
C.
Before
Christmas
Eve
D.
After
Christmas
Eve
68.
Which
of
the
following
sentences
was
not
true?
A.
The
father
was
not
angry
at
the
first
sight
of
the
empty
box..
B.
When
the
girl
was
five
years
old,
an
accident
took
her
life.
C.
When
the
father
was
discouraged
or
faced
difficulty,
he
would
miss
his
daughter
and
feel
sad.
D.
From
the
story
we
knew
that
the
father
and
the
daughter
loved
each
other
deeply.
69.
What
is
the
most
precious
possession
that
we
can
hold?
A.
The
gifts
from
our
family
and
friends
B.
The
love
we
enjoy
from
our
family
and
friends
without
any
conditions
C.
The
empty
box
full
of
the
kisses
D.
We
feel
happy
by
exchanging
love
with
our
family
and
friends
66~69:
C
C
A
B
(B)
Science
Adventures
Day
Camp
2018
Science
Adventures
presents
four
exciting
weeks
for
science
camps
in
Summer
2011!
Our
all-new
featured
projects
and
activities
will
engage
and
excite
your
children.
Every
week-long
camp
is
an
adventure
in
learning
and
fun.
GO
WILD!
Leap
into
the
wild
with
Gizabelle
on
wonderful
adventure
to
research
into
extreme
plants
and
animals.All
campers
will:Meet
live
animals
face-to-faceBuild
a
microscopeExamine
a
bug's
lifeEnter
the
world
of
bats
and
birdsFull-day
campers
will:Go
on
a
dinosaur
hunt
GIZMOS
&
GADGETS
Invent
with
Electronics!
Join
Gizmo
in
hissecret
lab
where
imagination
and
science
mix
tocreate
amazing
inventions.All
campers
will:Explore
electricity
with
a
hands-on
electronic
kitMake
ice
cream
without
a
freezerFull-day
campers
will:Build
motorized
K'Nex
racersDesign
a
marble
roller
coaster
MYSTERY
OF
THE
PHARAOHS'
TREASURE
Solve
an
Egyptian
mystery!
Journey
to
the
land
of
the
pharaohs
(法老)
to
solve
a
mystery
and
hunt
for
two
treasures!All
campers
will:Interpret
hieroglyphics
(象形文字)Dig
an
ancient
mummyTake
home
some
gold
treasureFull-day
campers
will:Find
three
secret
stonesBuild
a
rock
and
crystal
collectionCollect
beautiful
gemstones
(宝石)
SPACE
&
ROCKETRY'
11
Launch
the
Comet
Rocket!
Join
a
mission
through
space
on
an
amazing
journey
to
the
stars.All
campers
will:Build
and
launch
the
solid-fueled
Comet
RocketMake
a
working
telescopeBuild
a
light-up
model
of
our
solar
systemFull-day
campers
will:Explore
the
secrets
of
MarsBuild
a
motorized
K'Nex
Mars
RoverCreate
a
fiber-optic
constellation
70.
The
passage
is
mainly
written
for
A.
school
children
B.
primary
teachers
C.
parents
D.
School
masters
71.
In
which
of
the
following
projects
can
you
probably
learn
to
make
a
telescope?
A.
GO
WILD
!
B.
GIZMOS
&GADGETS.
C.
MYSTERY
OF
THE
PHARAOHS'
TREASURE.
D.
SPACE
&
ROCKETRY'
11.
72.
Which
one
of
the
following
statements
is
NOT
TRUE?
A.
If
you
choose
GO
WILD,
you
can
know
some
knowledge
about
wild
animals.
B.
If
you
choose
GIZMOS
&GADGETS,
you
can
use
some
tools
to
find
out
the
principle
of
the
electricity
C.
If
you
choose
MYSTERY
OF
THE
PHARAOHS'
TREASURE,
you
can
know
the
meaning
of
the
ancient
words
in
Egypt.
D.
If
you
choose
SPACE
&
ROCKETRY'
11,
you
can
know
all
of
the
secrets
of
the
solar
system.
70~72:
C
D
D
（C）
According
to
a
new
study,
a
brief
writing
exercise
can
help
women
in
college
physics
classes
improve
their
academic
performance
and
reduce
some
of
the
well-documented
differences
between
male
and
female
science
students.
In
the
new
study,
Miyake
and
his
colleagues
tested
399
male
and
female
college
students
in
an
introductory
physics
class.
During
the
first
and
fourth
weeks
of
the
class,
the
researchers
asked
a
randomly
selected
group
of
the
students
to
write
about
their
personally
important
values,
such
as
friends
and
family,
for
15
minutes.
Other
students
were
randomly
placed
into
a
control
group
and
asked
to
write
about
their
least
important
values
and
to
explain
why
they
might
be
important
to
other
people.
The
writing
exercise
helped
reduce
the
difference
between
male
and
female
academic
performance
in
the
15-week
physics
class.
More
women
earned
B's
in
the
affirmation
group
than
in
the
control
group—and
more
women
earned
C's
in
the
control
group
than
in
the
affirmation
group.
The
results
of
a
survey
given
to
the
students
indicate
that
the
resulting
academic
improvement
was
most
pronounced
in
women
who
believed
that
men
generally
performed
better
at
physics.
In
the
control
group,
women's
exam
scores
tended
to
decrease
as
their
level
of
endorsement（认可，支持）of
the
stereotype
increased.
But,
this
could
not
be
found
in
the
affirmation
group.
"Although
our
findings
are
promising,
I'd
like
to
caution
that
the
values
affirmation
intervention
is
not
a
silver
bullet
that
magically
makes
the
gender
achievement
gap
disappear
altogether,"
Miyake
concluded.
"The
situation
is
more
complicated
than
that,
and
there
are
many
factors
contributing
to
the
gender
gap
in
some
STEM
(science,
technology,
engineering,
and
mathematics)
disciplines.
But,
this
values
affirmation
intervention
holds
promise
especially
when
it's
combined
with
the
sort
of
educational
reforms
that
are
known
to
improve
all
students'
learning.
Provided
that
we
create
rich
learning
opportunities
for
all
students,
psychological
interventions
like
this
may
help
make
challenging
and
possibly
intimidating
STEM
courses
less
intimidating
and
more
accessible
to
a
larger
fraction
of
the
student
population."
73.
The
main
idea
of
this
essay
is
that
___________________.
A.
brief
writing
exercises
must
be
helpful
for
women
to
improve
their
performance
in
physics
B.
women
can
improve
themselves
in
physics
and
negative
stereotypes
C.
it's
possible
for
women
to
learn
physics
better
by
brief
writing
and
reduce
negative
stereotypes.
D.
the
values
affirmation
intervention
can
magically
make
the
gender
achievement
gap
disappear.
74.
The
best
time
we
use
for
one
brief
writing
exercise
is
_______.
A.
5
minutes
B.
10
minutes
C.
15
minutes
D.
20
minutes
75.
The
new
research
objects
in
this
essay
are
_______.
A.
399
male
and
female
college
students
in
an
physics
class
B.
all
the
high
school
students
C.
the
women
students
in
college
physics
classes
D.
the
women
students
in
Grade
Seven
at
a
public
school
76.
It
can
be
inferred
that
women
who
improve
themselves
in
physics
by
writing
exercises
become
________
than
before
indeed.
A.
more
confident
B.
more
intelligent
C.
more
quick-witted
D.
more
interested
in
physics
73~76:
C
C
A
A
Translation
Directions:
Translate
the
following
sentences
into
English,
using
the
words
given
in
the
brackets.
1她的工作效率一点也不高，这常常遭到老板的指责。(which)
2不管天有多晚，他从不把今天的事拖到明天。(put
off)
3
我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。（it）
4你的词汇量越大，你阅读原版小说会越感到容易。(The
more…the
more)
5那些志愿者做好事的人从来就不图金钱回报，他们认为只有这样才能问心无愧。（in
return）
参考答案：
1.Her
work
is
far
from
being
efficient,
which
is
often
scolded
by
the
boss.
2.
However
(+a./ad.+
主谓)
late
it
is,
he
never
puts
off
what
must
be
done
today
till
tomorrow.
3.
I
find
it
hard
to
cooperate
with
those
who
always
stick
to
their
own
opinions.
4.
The
larger
your
vocal
bury
is,
the
easier
you
will
find
it
to
read
original
novels.
5.
Those
who
volunteer
to
do
good
deeds
never
ask
for
money
in
return.
They
think
only
in
this
way,
can
they
have
a
clear
conscience.
不定式用法梳理
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
不定式
非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。其特点是：
1．不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。
2．它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
3．不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。
4．分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。
（一）
形式
语态时态
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
to
do
to
be
done
完成式
to
have
done
to
have
been
done
进行式
to
be
doing
完成进行式
to
have
been
doing
1.完成式
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,
通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,
或是在它之后发生.
假如不定式所表示的动作,
在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,
就要用不定式的完成式.
I
am
glad
to
have
seen
your
mother
(=
I
am
glad
I
have
seen
your
mother).
(比较:
I
am
glad
to
see
you.)
He
is
said
to
have
written
a
new
book
about
workers.
He
pretended
not
to
have
seen
me.
2.进行式
如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,
不定式表示的动作正在进行,
这时要用不定式的进行式.
You
are
not
supposed
to
be
working.
You
haven’t
quite
recovered
yet.
We
didn’t
expect
you
to
be
waiting
for
us
here.
He
pretended
to
be
listening
attentively.
3.完成进行式
在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,
就要用不定式的完成进行式.
The
struggle
was
known
to
have
been
going
for
twenty
years.
We
are
happy
to
have
been
working
with
you.
4.被动式
当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,
不定式一般要用被动形式.
It
is
an
honor
for
me
to
be
asked
to
speak
here.
She
hated
to
be
flattered.
He
wanted
the
letter
to
be
typed
at
once.
【例】Sir
Denis,
who
is
78,
has
made
it
known
that
much
of
his
collection
______
to
the
nation.
A)
has
left
B)
is
to
leave
C)
leaves
D)
is
to
be
left
结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。收藏品是"被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D)
is
to
be
left。
（二）句法功能
1.不定式作主语
【例】It
is
not
unusual
for
workers
in
that
region
_________.
A)
to
be
paid
more
than
a
month
later
??????B)
to
be
paid
later
than
more
a
month
C)
to
pay
later
than
a
month
more
????
D)
to
pay
later
more
than
a
month
it
在句中作形式主语。
而不定式to
be
paid
more
than
a
month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A)。
2.不定式做宾语
大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如：We
are
planning
to
build
a
reservoir
here.
【例】There
is
a
man
at
the
reception
desk
who
seems
very
angry
and
I
think
he
means
_________
trouble.
A)
making
B)
to
make C)
to
have
made
D)
having
made
动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B)
to
make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示……的意思、意味着”，所以选项A
和
D错误。
★
必背：常见带to的动词:
afford担得起
want想要
aim目标是
appear好像
claim宣称
decide决定
desire渴求
determine决心
fail不能
happen碰巧
hesitate犹豫
agree同意
intend打算
choose选择
prefer
宁愿
expect期待
manage设法
offer主动愿意
pretend假装
promise答应
attempt尝试
refuse拒绝
seek寻求
plan
计划
3.
不定式做补足语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。
（1）不定式做主语补足语
【例】The
ancient
Egyptians
are
supposed
_________
rockets
to
the
moon.
A)
to
send
B)
to
be
sending
C)
to
have
sent
D)
to
have
been
sending
在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式，
因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式to
have
sent作主语补足语。
（2）不定式做宾语补足语
这样的动词有：advice,
allow,
announce,
ask,
assist,
authorize,
bear,
beg,
bribe,
cause,
command,
compel,
condemn,
deserve,
direct,
drive,
enable,
encourage,
entitle,
entreat,
exhort,
forbid,
force,
get,
hate,
help,
implore,
induce,
inspire,
instruct,
intend,
invite,
lead,
leave,
like,
mean,
need,
oblige,
order,
permit,
persuade,
pray,
prefer,
press,
prompt,
pronounce,
recommend,
remind,
report,
request,
require,
summon,
teach,
tell,
tempt,
urge,
want,
warn,
wish。
这样的短语有：call
on（请求）,
care
for（关心）,
count
on（依靠，指望）,
depend
on（依赖、依靠）,
keep
on
at（困扰，追问）,
long
for（渴望）,
make
out（分辨）,
vote
for（选举）,
prevail
on（说服）,
rely
on（信赖）,
wait
for（等待）。
【例】They
are
going
to
have
the
serviceman
__________
an
electric
fan
in
the
office
tomorrow.
A)
install
B)
to
install
C)
to
be
installed
D)
installed
全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。"have
sb.
do
sth."句型的主动语态，因此，have
后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A)
install。
4.不定式作表语
One
of
our
main
tasks
now
is
to
mechanize
agriculture.
5.不定式做定语
不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词（下面例1）。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。
很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability,
ambition,
anxiety,
attempt,
campaign,
chance,
courage,
decision,
determination,
drive（动力）,
effort,
force,
inclination,
intention,
method,
motive,
movement,
need,
opportunity,
pressure,
reason,
right（权利）,
struggle,
tendency,
wish,
anything,
anyone,
everything,
everyone,
nothing,
no
one,
something,
some
one等。
这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词（例2）在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。
【例1】Could
you
find
someone________？
A)
for
me
to
play
tennis
with
B)
for
me
to
play
tennis
C)
play
tennis
with
D)
playing
tennis
请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。
【例2】The
pressure
________causes
Americans
to
be
energetic,
but
it
also
puts
them
under
a
constant
emotional
strain.
A)
to
compete
C)
to
be
competed
B)
competing
D)
having
competed
结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明"pressure"的内容。
6.不定式作状语
不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。
They
stood
by
the
roadside
to
talk
about
the
plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)?
His
family
was
too
poor
to
support
him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)?
We
are
glad
to
hear
the
news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)?
（三）、动词不定式不带to的情形
1.
在“动词+
宾语+不定式”结构中,
如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,
hear,
watch,
smell,
feel,
notice等,
或是表示“致使”意义的
have,
make,
let等,
其后的不定式结构不带to.
John
made
her
tell
him
everything.
这类结构转换为被动语态时,
后面的不带to
的不定式一般还原为带to
的不定式.
She
was
made
to
tell
him
everything.
2.
在
had
better,
had
best,
would
rather,
would
sooner,
would
just
as
soon,
might
(just)
as
well,
cannot
but
等搭配之后,
动词不定式也不带to.
I’d
rather
not
have
eggs
and
bacon
for
breakfast.
They
cannot
but
accept
his
term.
3.
在介词except,
but
之后,
如果其前有动词do的某种形式,
不定式一般不带to,
反之带to.
There
is
nothing
to
do
except
wait
till
it
stops
raining.
Smith
will
do
anything
but
work
on
a
farm.
There’s
no
choice
but
to
wait
till
it
stops
raining.
4.
连词
rather
than,
sooner
than
置于句首时,
其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时,
其后的不定式有时带to,
有时不带to。
Rather
than
push
the
book
back
as
he
wanted
to
do,
he
forced
himself
to
pick
it
up.
He
decided
to
write
rather
than
telephone.
The
manager
believes
it
is
important
to
invest
in
new
machinery
rather
than
to
increase
wages.
5.用作表语的动词不定式,
如果主语是由“all
+
关系分句”，“thing
+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing
+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What
he
will
do
is
(to)
spoil
the
whole
thing.
All
you
do
now
is
complete
the
form
The
only
thing
I
can
do
now
is
go
on
by
myself.
The
thing
to
do
now
is
clear
up
this
mess.
（四）、不定式的省略
1.
同一结构并列由and或or连接。
I
want
to
finish
my
homework
and
(to
)go
home.
I’m
really
puzzled
what
to
think
or
(to)say.
特例：To
be
or
not
to
be,this
is
a
question.
He
is
better
to
laugh
than
to
cry.(表示对比)
不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。
What
he
did
was(to)
lose
the
game.
句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such
as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。
Don’t
do
anything
silly,
such
as
marry
him.
比较：have
nothing
to
do
but
do
/have
nothing
but
to
do
have
no
choice
but
to
do
/can’t
(help)
but
do
主句含有不定式，后面有rather
than,
rather
than后省to。
Why
not、had
better、would
rather、can’t
but等词后省to。如：
He
could
not
but
walk
home.
(五)、不定式的替代
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：
Susan
is
not
what
she
used
to
be.
—You
came
late
last
night.
You
ought
to
have
finished
your
homework.
—I
know
I
ought
to
have.
常见的有：I’d
like
/
love
/
be
happy
to.
(六)、不定式的其他用法
1.
too…to
结构通常表示否定意义:
She
was
too
young
to
understand
all
that.
not
too,
but
too,
all
too,
only
too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:
He’s
only
too
pleased
to
help
her.
2.不定式的逻辑主语
如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,
可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:
It
is
not
hard
for
one
to
do
a
bit
of
good.
It
is
a
great
honour
for
us
to
be
present
at
this
rally.
在以某些形容词(如
kind,
good,
nice,
wise,
unwise,
clever,
silly,
wrong,
right,
foolish,
stupid,
careless,
considerate,
rude,
naughty,
impolite等)作表语时,
不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,
来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:
It’s
kind
of
you
to
think
so
much
of
us.
It’s
unwise
of
them
to
turn
down
the
proposal.
3.
不定式的完成时的特殊用法。
①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The
novel
was
said
to
have
been
published.
I
regret
to
have
been
with
you
for
so
many
years.
seem、appear、be
said、be
supposed、be
believed、be
thought、be
known、be
reported等动词常用于上面句型。
此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。
I’m
sorry
___________________
for
a
minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）
I’m
sorry
_______________________for
so
long.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）
②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。
（A）should
like
to
/
would
like
to
/
would
love
to
+
不定式的完成时。
（B）was
/
were
to
+
不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。
（C）expect
/
hope
/
mean
/
promise
/
suppose
/
think
/
want/
wish
+
不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。注意：表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气还可以用：
was/were
going
to
do
或was/were
about
to
高考核心词汇精选背诵（E字母）
eager
electrician
entire
explode
ease
emphasis
entitle
exploit
establish
energetic
essential
expose
embarrass
employ
estimate
extend
effective
encounter
evaluate
extent
efficient
endure
eventually
elegant
elementary
excursion
extinct
extraordinary
eliminate
enhance
evident
enquiry
embarrass
enormous
evolve
enthusiastic
emerge
enrol
exhaust
extravagant
单句语法填空（注意不定式用法）
1.
_______
(catch)
the
train,
we'd
better
hurry
to
the
station
by
taxi.
2.
I
meant
__________
(finish)
my
work
last
night,
but
I
didn't
feel
very
well.
3.
It
has
been
an
honor
for
me___________
(invite)
to
your
country.
4.
It
happened_____________
(rain)
when
I
got
there.
5.The
crowd
cheered
wildly
at
the
sight
of
Liu
Xiang,
who
was
reported
________
(break)
the
world
record
in
the
110-meter
hurdle
race.
6.
When
mother
entered
the
room
last
night,
I
pretended
________
(work)
on
the
computer.
7.
She
was
the
first
woman
_________
(elect)
to
such
a
post.
8.Energy
drinks
are
not
allowed
______
(make)
in
Australia
but
are
brought
in
from
New
Zealand.
9.____________
that
task
in
such
a
short
time
is
really
a
challenge.（主语/形式主语）
10.
He
managed______________
(solve)
the
complicated
problem.
宾语）
11.
I
feel
it
a
great
honor
__________
(invite)
to
speak
at
the
meeting
before
so
many
students.
（形式宾语）
12.
His
wish
is
_____________
(become)
an
astronaut.
（表语）
13.
On
Sundays,
he
always
has
a
lot
of
letters
__________
(write).
（定语）
14.
She
raised
her
voice____________
(hear)
well.
（状语）
15.
The
teacher
encouraged
the
students
_________
(take)
active
part
in
some
outdoor
activities.
(ask/tell/order/advise
sb.
to
do
sth.)
（补语）
用不定式补全下列句子
1.
爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。
_______________
are
both
great
happiness.
2.
中国人民决不会征服。
The
Chinese
people
refuse
_______________
3.
他们获悉他已被警方逮捕。
They
knew
him
____________
(arrest)
by
the
police.
4.
根据报道他们已安全到达。
They
are
reported
____________________.
5.
我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。
I
want
this
bike
_________________________.
6.
玛利仿佛已经被告之这件事了。
Mary
seemed
____________________________.
7.
众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。
He
is
known
________________
a
gold
medal
at
the
Olympic.
8.
为了周游世界，他需要学习一些外语。
_________________,
he
needs
to
learn
some
foreign
languages.
9.
这是由中国工程师首次设计工程项目。
It
is
____________
by
Chinese
engineers.
10.
信息技术发展如此之快，很难预测在将来的二十年计算机能够做什么。
The
IT
technology
is
developing
so
fast
that
_____
in
the
next
20
years.
汉译英
（注意不定式的使用）
1.
那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘它的美丽。（It
……）（2003上海高考）
2.
我发现很难与那些固执己见的人合作。（…it…）（2004上海高考）
3.
这个游戏的规则太复杂，三言两语解释不清。(too
…
to)
(2004上海高考)
4.
你最好乘出租车去电影节的开幕式，不然就要迟到了。
(2005上海高考)
5.
这款手机样式新颖、携带方面，深受年轻人的欢迎。
(2005上海高考)
6.
为了保持健康，我们经常参加体育锻炼。(To…)
（2006上海春考）
7.
物理课上，他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。(fail)
（2006上海春考）
8.
我忘了提醒他面试的时间。(remind)
（2007上海高考）
9.
他设法把游客及时送到了机场。
(manage)
（2008上海高考）
10.
你今晚能来参加我的生日聚会?
(possible)
（2008上海高考）
高考核心词汇检测
Broadly
speaking,
I
would
agree
with
Shirley,
though
not
_______.
A.
widely
B.
thoroughly
C.
entirely
D.
extensively
The
______on
his
face
told
me
that
he
was
angry.
A.
impression
B.
expectation
C.
appearance
D.
expression
Drinking
too
much
will
_________
drivers’
lives.
A.
endanger
B.
exclude
C.
enable
D.
evolve
_____
in
writing
letters,
he
had
no
time
to
notice
me.
A.
Engaged
B.
Enlarged
C.
Interested
D.
Surprised
The
new
law
will
come
into
________
on
the
day
it
is
passed.
A.
effect
B.
use
C.
effort
D.
being
The
poor
driver
telephoned
the
police
and
______what
had
happened.
A.
claimed
B.
exploited
C.
expressed
D.
explained
People
were
pushing
each
other
out
of
the
way
________
to
get
to
the
front.
exhausted
B.
eager
C.
equal
D.
extensive
This
dictionary
is
available
in
_______
form
in
this
library.
A.
electric
B.
electronic
C.
electrical
D.
electricity
The
tourist
industry
should
be
_______
to
supply
a
variety
of
jobs.
A.
enhanced
B.
enclosed
C.
employed
D.
emphasized
The
lady
dressed
in
fashionable
clothes
is
_____
in
her
appearance,
but
rude
in
her
speech．
A.
energetic
B.
considerate
C.
elegant
D.
innocent
We
all
think
this
proposal
is
entirely
_______,
fiscally
and
politically.
A.
fantastic
B.
external
C.
feasible
D.
extraordinary
Showing
some
sense
of
humor
can
be
a
(n)
_____
way
to
deal
with
some
stressful
situation.
A.
favorable
B.
elementary
C.
effective
D.
favorite
My
grandfather
is
as
____
as
a
young
man
and
hates
sitting
around
doing
nothing
all
day.
A.
enthusiastic
B.
energetic
C.
talkative
D.
sensitive
The
more
one
is
________
the
English-speaking
environment,
the
better
he
or
she
will
learn
the
language.
A.experienced
in
B.
exposed
to
C.
caught
on
D.
kept
up
To
the
child’s
quick
recovery,
five
doctors
took
turns
looking
after
him
day
and
night.
A.
ensure
B.
exhaust
C.
equip
D.
establish
语言能力综合运用
Section
A
Art
of
living
Aristotle
once
wrote
that
“happiness
is
a
state
of
activity”.
In
other
words,
whether
you
are
seeking
lifelong
satisfaction
(31)
______
a
few
moments
of
good
cheer,
you
have
got
to
move
forward.
We’ve
surveyed
the
experts
and
found
four
steps
to
take
toward
a
sunny
disposition（性格）:
1.
VALUE
YOUR
RELATIONSHIPS
Over
a
30-year
period,
University
of
Illinois
researchers
asked
nearly
12,000
people
(32)
______
income,
education,
political
participation,
volunteer
activities,
and
close
relationships
affected
their
happiness.
Reported
Newsweek’s
Sharon
Begley
on
the
findings,
“The
highest
level
of
happiness
(33)
______
(find)
with
the
most
stable,
longest,
and
most
contented
relationships.”
2.
EXPRESS
YOURSELF
Singing
aloud,
talking
to
a
stranger,
raising
your
hand:
All
may
increase
(34)
______
feeling
of
well-being,
according
to
a
study
from
Wake
Forest
University.
Participants
tracked
their
moods
for
two
weeks
and
reported
feeling
happier
when
they
were
(35)
______
(outgoing).
3.
SPEND
MONEY
ON
OTHERS
The
editors
of
forbes.com
gave
$5
or
$20
randomly
to
46
strangers.
Half
the
group
was
told
to
spend
money
on
(36)
______,
while
the
other
half
was
told
to
spend
it
on
others.
Those
who’d
shared
the
wealth
felt
much
happier
at
the
end
of
the
day
than
those
who’d
spent
it
on
themselves.
There
was
no
difference
in
happiness
between
those
who
spent
$5
or
$20,
(37)
______(suggest)
that
it’s
not
how
much
money
you
spend,
but
how
you
spend
it,
(38)
______
can
boost
(提升)
the
spirit.
4.
FOCUS
ON
THE
POSITVE
Studies
from
the
University
of
Pennsylvania’s
Positive
Psychology
Center
show
(39)
______
negative-minded
people
who
wrote
down
three
good
things
that
happened
to
them
each
day
for
six
months
reported
an
(40)
______
(improve)
outlook.
Section
B
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
by
using
the
words
in
the
box.
Each
word
can
only
be
used
once.
Note
that
there
is
one
word
more
than
you
need.
base
B.
presentations
C.
required
D.
determines
E.question
F.
practical
G.
generally
H.
received
I.
organized
J.
participation
K.
presentations
Student
41
in
the
classroom
is
not
only
accepted
but
also
expected
of
the
student
in
many
courses.
Some
professors____42
part
of
the
final
grade
on
the
student’s
oral
participation.
Although
there
are
formal
lectures
during
which
the
student
has
a
passive
role
(i.e.,
listening
and
taking
notes),
many
courses
are
____43
around
classroom
discussions,
student
questions,
and
informal
lectures.
In
graduate
discussions
the
professor
had
a
“manager”
role
and
the
students
make
____44
and
lead
discussions.
The
students
do
the
actual
teaching
in
these
discussions.
A
professor’s
teaching
method
is
another
factor
that
___45
the
degree
and
type
of
student
participation.
Some
professors
prefer
to
control
discussions
while
others
prefer
to
guide
the
class
without
controlling
it.
Many
professors
encourage
students
to
____46
their
ideas.
Students
who
object
to
the
professor’s
point
of
view
should
be
prepared
to
prove
their
positions.
In
the
teaching
of
science
and
mathematics,
the
controlling
mode
of
instruction
is
47___
traditional,
with
teachers
presenting
formal
lectures
and
students
taking
notes.
However,
new
educational
trends
have
turned
up
in
the
humanities
and
social
sciences
in
the
past
twenty
years.
Students
in
education,
society,
and
history
classes,
for
example,
are
often
____48
to
solve
problems
in
groups,
design
projects,
make
____49
,
and
examine
case
studies.
Since
some
college
or
university
courses
are
“____50
”
rather
than
theoretical,
they
pay
more
attention
to
“doing”
for
themselves.
Reading
Comprehension
Section
A
Directions:
For
each
blank
in
the
following
passage
there
are
four
words
or
phrases
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
the
word
and
phrase
that
best
fits
the
context.
Artificial
intelligence
is
technology
designed
to
perform
jobs
that
require
higher-level
thinking
skills,
in
other
words,
skills
like
those
of
human
intelligence.
Artificial
intelligence
systems
are
____51____
in
economics,
to
study
things
like
stock
market
activity.
They
are
also
used
in
medicine---for
example,
to
help
doctors
____52____
disorders,
choose
the
best
treatment,
or
___53___
on
patients.
And
they
are
used
in
the
military,
to
develop
systems
like
self-guiding
vehicles
and
so-called
smart
bombs
that
look
for
their
____54____.
They
can
____55___
monitor
spacecraft.
A
Research
Project
on
Artificial
Intelligence
started
50
years
ago,
in
the
summer
of
1956.
Recently
a
___56___
was
held
in
Dartmouth
College,
and
over
100
scientists
gathered
to
____57____
the
development
in
artificial
intelligence
in
the
next
50
years.
The
research
of
artificial
intelligence
is
based
on
the
theory
that
every
part
of
____58____
intelligence
could
be
described
in
____59____
detail
that
a
machine
could
be
made
to
copy
it.
It
is
true
that
computers
are
being
built
to
operate
in
some
ways
like
the
____60___.
However,
machines
are
____61____
to
fully
capture
all
human
emotions,
feelings
and
creativity---at
least
not
anytime
soon.
Computers
may
never
____62____
humans,
but
humans
should
expect
to
find
more
and
more
“smart
machines”.
These
devices
could
someday
even
be
____63____
in
the
body.
Yet
progress
with
artificial
intelligence
has
been
____64____
than
what
scientists
fifty
years
ago
expected.
For
example,
scientists
find
it
difficult
to
train
computers
to
freely
use
and
translate
languages.
Using
a
language
correctly
____65____
a
knowledge
of
countless
social
and
cultural
situations
and
conditions.
So
far,
language
is
an
area
where
humans
still
consider
themselves
smarter
than
machines.
A.
created
B.
applied
C.
formed
D.
switched
A.
inform
B.
recognize
C.
reform
D.
search
A.
operate
B.
investigate
C.
perform
D.
relieve
A.
area
B.
purposes
C.
targets
D.
regulations
A.
ever
B.
even
C.
normally
D.
correctly
A.
conference
B.
commitment
C.
connection
D.
contact
A.
plan
B.
invent
C.
engage
D.
devote
A.
high
B.
smart
C.
average
D.
human
A.
much
B.
many
C.
such
D.
so
A.
body
B.
brain
C.
humans
D.
experts
A.
sure
B.
uncertain
C.
likely
D.
unlikely
A.
ruin
B.
substitute
C.
replace
D.
defeat
A.
infused
B.
implanted
C.
grown
D.
transplanted
A.
quicker
B.
slower
C.
better
D.
worse
A.
requires
B.
makes
C.
offers
D.
Changes
Section
B
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
passages.
Each
passage
is
followed
by
several
questions
or
unfinished
statements.
For
each
of
them
there
are
four
choices
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Choose
the
one
that
fits
best
according
to
the
information
given
in
the
passage
your
have
just
read.
（A）
Once
upon
a
time,
a
man
punished
his
5-year-old
daughter
for
using
up
the
family's
only
roll
of
expensive
gold
wrapping
paper.
Money
was
tight,
and
he
became
even
more
upset
when
on
Christmas
Eve,
he
saw
that
the
child
had
pasted
the
gold
paper
so
as
to
decorate
a
shoebox
to
put
under
the
Christmas
tree.
Nevertheless,
the
next
morning
the
little
girl,
filled
with
excitement,
brought
the
gift
box
to
her
father
and
said,
"This
is
for
you,
Daddy!"
As
he
opened
the
box,
the
father
was
embarrassed
by
his
earlier
overreaction.
But
when
he
opened
it,
he
found
it
was
empty
and
again
his
anger
flared.
"Don't
you
know,
young
lady,”
he
said
harshly,
“when
you
give
someone
a
present
there's
supposed
to
be
something
inside
the
package!"
The
little
girl
looked
up
at
him
with
tears
rolling
from
her
eyes
and
said:
"Daddy,
it's
not
empty.
I
blew
kisses
into
it
until
it
was
all
full."
The
father
was
crushed.
He
fell
on
his
knees
and
put
his
arms
around
his
precious
little
girl.
He
begged
her
to
forgive
him
for
his
unnecessary
anger.
An
accident
took
the
life
of
the
child
only
a
short
time
later.
It
is
told
that
the
father
kept
that
little
gold
box
by
his
bed
for
all
the
years
of
his
life.
Whenever
he
was
discouraged
or
faced
difficult
problems
he
would
open
the
box,
take
out
an
imaginary
kiss,
and
remember
the
love
of
this
beautiful
child
who
had
put
it
there.
In
a
very
real
sense,
each
of
us
as
human
beings
have
been
given
an
invisible
golden
box
filled
with
unconditional
love
and
kisses
from
our
children,
family,
friends
and
God.
???????
There
is
no
more
precious
possession
anyone
could
hold.
66.
Father
begged
his
daughter
forgive
him
for
his
unnecessary
anger
when_________.
A.
he
found
his
daughter
used
up
the
family's
only
roll
of
expensive
gold
wrapping
paper
B.
he
opened
the
box
and
found
it
was
empty
C.
his
daughter
told
him
that
box
was
full
of
her
kisses
D.
an
accident
took
the
life
of
the
girl
only
a
short
time
later
67.
When
did
the
daughter
prepared
the
special
gift
for
her
father?
A.
After
Christmas
B.
At
Christmas
C.
Before
Christmas
Eve
D.
After
Christmas
Eve
68.
Which
of
the
following
sentences
was
not
true?
A.
The
father
was
not
angry
at
the
first
sight
of
the
empty
box..
B.
When
the
girl
was
five
years
old,
an
accident
took
her
life.
C.
When
the
father
was
discouraged
or
faced
difficulty,
he
would
miss
his
daughter
and
feel
sad.
D.
From
the
story
we
knew
that
the
father
and
the
daughter
loved
each
other
deeply.
69.
What
is
the
most
precious
possession
that
we
can
hold?
A.
The
gifts
from
our
family
and
friends
B.
The
love
we
enjoy
from
our
family
and
friends
without
any
conditions
C.
The
empty
box
full
of
the
kisses
D.
We
feel
happy
by
exchanging
love
with
our
family
and
friends
(B)
Science
Adventures
Day
Camp
2018
Science
Adventures
presents
four
exciting
weeks
for
science
camps
in
Summer
2011!
Our
all-new
featured
projects
and
activities
will
engage
and
excite
your
children.
Every
week-long
camp
is
an
adventure
in
learning
and
fun.
GO
WILD!
Leap
into
the
wild
with
Gizabelle
on
wonderful
adventure
to
research
into
extreme
plants
and
animals.All
campers
will:Meet
live
animals
face-to-faceBuild
a
microscopeExamine
a
bug's
lifeEnter
the
world
of
bats
and
birdsFull-day
campers
will:Go
on
a
dinosaur
hunt
GIZMOS
&
GADGETS
Invent
with
Electronics!
Join
Gizmo
in
hissecret
lab
where
imagination
and
science
mix
tocreate
amazing
inventions.All
campers
will:Explore
electricity
with
a
hands-on
electronic
kitMake
ice
cream
without
a
freezerFull-day
campers
will:Build
motorized
K'Nex
racersDesign
a
marble
roller
coaster
MYSTERY
OF
THE
PHARAOHS'
TREASURE
Solve
an
Egyptian
mystery!
Journey
to
the
land
of
the
pharaohs
(法老)
to
solve
a
mystery
and
hunt
for
two
treasures!All
campers
will:Interpret
hieroglyphics
(象形文字)Dig
an
ancient
mummyTake
home
some
gold
treasureFull-day
campers
will:Find
three
secret
stonesBuild
a
rock
and
crystal
collectionCollect
beautiful
gemstones
(宝石)
SPACE
&
ROCKETRY'
11
Launch
the
Comet
Rocket!
Join
a
mission
through
space
on
an
amazing
journey
to
the
stars.All
campers
will:Build
and
launch
the
solid-fueled
Comet
RocketMake
a
working
telescopeBuild
a
light-up
model
of
our
solar
systemFull-day
campers
will:Explore
the
secrets
of
MarsBuild
a
motorized
K'Nex
Mars
RoverCreate
a
fiber-optic
constellation
70.
The
passage
is
mainly
written
for
A.
school
children
B.
primary
teachers
C.
parents
D.
School
masters
71.
In
which
of
the
following
projects
can
you
probably
learn
to
make
a
telescope?
A.
GO
WILD
!
B.
GIZMOS
&GADGETS.
C.
MYSTERY
OF
THE
PHARAOHS'
TREASURE.
D.
SPACE
&
ROCKETRY'
11.
72.
Which
one
of
the
following
statements
is
NOT
TRUE?
A.
If
you
choose
GO
WILD,
you
can
know
some
knowledge
about
wild
animals.
B.
If
you
choose
GIZMOS
&GADGETS,
you
can
use
some
tools
to
find
out
the
principle
of
the
electricity
C.
If
you
choose
MYSTERY
OF
THE
PHARAOHS'
TREASURE,
you
can
know
the
meaning
of
the
ancient
words
in
Egypt.
D.
If
you
choose
SPACE
&
ROCKETRY'
11,
you
can
know
all
of
the
secrets
of
the
solar
system.
（C）
According
to
a
new
study,
a
brief
writing
exercise
can
help
women
in
college
physics
classes
improve
their
academic
performance
and
reduce
some
of
the
well-documented
differences
between
male
and
female
science
students.
In
the
new
study,
Miyake
and
his
colleagues
tested
399
male
and
female
college
students
in
an
introductory
physics
class.
During
the
first
and
fourth
weeks
of
the
class,
the
researchers
asked
a
randomly
selected
group
of
the
students
to
write
about
their
personally
important
values,
such
as
friends
and
family,
for
15
minutes.
Other
students
were
randomly
placed
into
a
control
group
and
asked
to
write
about
their
least
important
values
and
to
explain
why
they
might
be
important
to
other
people.
The
writing
exercise
helped
reduce
the
difference
between
male
and
female
academic
performance
in
the
15-week
physics
class.
More
women
earned
B's
in
the
affirmation
group
than
in
the
control
group—and
more
women
earned
C's
in
the
control
group
than
in
the
affirmation
group.
The
results
of
a
survey
given
to
the
students
indicate
that
the
resulting
academic
improvement
was
most
pronounced
in
women
who
believed
that
men
generally
performed
better
at
physics.
In
the
control
group,
women's
exam
scores
tended
to
decrease
as
their
level
of
endorsement（认可，支持）of
the
stereotype
increased.
But,
this
could
not
be
found
in
the
affirmation
group.
"Although
our
findings
are
promising,
I'd
like
to
caution
that
the
values
affirmation
intervention
is
not
a
silver
bullet
that
magically
makes
the
gender
achievement
gap
disappear
altogether,"
Miyake
concluded.
"The
situation
is
more
complicated
than
that,
and
there
are
many
factors
contributing
to
the
gender
gap
in
some
STEM
(science,
technology,
engineering,
and
mathematics)
disciplines.
But,
this
values
affirmation
intervention
holds
promise
especially
when
it's
combined
with
the
sort
of
educational
reforms
that
are
known
to
improve
all
students'
learning.
Provided
that
we
create
rich
learning
opportunities
for
all
students,
psychological
interventions
like
this
may
help
make
challenging
and
possibly
intimidating
STEM
courses
less
intimidating
and
more
accessible
to
a
larger
fraction
of
the
student
population."
73.
The
main
idea
of
this
essay
is
that
___________________.
A.
brief
writing
exercises
must
be
helpful
for
women
to
improve
their
performance
in
physics
B.
women
can
improve
themselves
in
physics
and
negative
stereotypes
C.
it's
possible
for
women
to
learn
physics
better
by
brief
writing
and
reduce
negative
stereotypes.
D.
the
values
affirmation
intervention
can
magically
make
the
gender
achievement
gap
disappear.
74.
The
best
time
we
use
for
one
brief
writing
exercise
is
_______.
A.
5
minutes
B.
10
minutes
C.
15
minutes
D.
20
minutes
75.
The
new
research
objects
in
this
essay
are
_______.
A.
399
male
and
female
college
students
in
an
physics
class
B.
all
the
high
school
students
C.
the
women
students
in
college
physics
classes
D.
the
women
students
in
Grade
Seven
at
a
public
school
76.
It
can
be
inferred
that
women
who
improve
themselves
in
physics
by
writing
exercises
become
________
than
before
indeed.
A.
more
confident
B.
more
intelligent
C.
more
quick-witted
D.
more
interested
in
physics
Translation
Directions:
Translate
the
following
sentences
into
English,
using
the
words
given
in
the
brackets.
1她的工作效率一点也不高，这常常遭到老板的指责。(which)
2不管天有多晚，他从不把今天的事拖到明天。(put
off)
3
我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。（it）
4你的词汇量越大，你阅读原版小说会越感到容易。(The
more…the
more)
5那些志愿者做好事的人从来就不图金钱回报，他们认为只有这样才能问心无愧。（in
return
不定式用法梳理
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