情态动词虚拟语气语法
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情态动词及虚拟语气导学案
一 ．情态动词具体意义和用法
I. can和could的用法
1. 表示能力：能，能够，会 2. 表示推测：可能，会 3. 表示“有时也会”
It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。
4. 表示允许：可以 (口语中常代替may)
You can first lend me one book this time. 这次你可以先借给我一本书。
5. 表示请求：可以
Can I go swimming today, please, mum 妈妈，我今天可以去游泳吗？
注意：could不是过去式，不表示时态，只是语气较can更委婉，注意在回答中不可用could。如：
—Could I have the television on 我可以开电视看吗？
—Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. 可以。/不可以。
**can与be able to的比较
(1) be able to比can有更多的时态。如：
In the past 50 years or so, scientists have been able to “see” farther and farther into the sky. 在过去50年里，科学家们已经能够往天空看得更远。
(2) 在表示过去具体某次能够成功做成某事时，只能用was/were able to。如：
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
II may与might的用法
1.表示请求允许：可以 2.表示给予允许：可以
注意：1）. 表示给予允许，不能用might；2）. 回答表示不允许用mustn’t/can’t.。如：
—Might I go now 我可以去吗？ —Yes, you may. （—No, you mustn’t/can’t. ）
3表示祝愿 May you succeed!祝你成功! 4.表示推测：可能
5.固定搭配 may well do sth 很可能干may as well do sth最好，不妨干
III must的用法
1.表示义务、意图或建议：必须，应该
2.表示推测：必定，一定
The light is still on, so he must be at home. 灯还是亮的，他一定在家。
The light was out. They must have gone to bed. 灯都熄了，他们必定睡了。
3.表示主张：硬要，一定要
If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走，至少也要等雨停了再走。
4. 表示与说话人愿望相反：偏要, 偏偏
The machine must break down at this busy hour. 正忙的时候机器偏偏坏了。
5.表示不可避免性：必然要，必定会
All men must die. 人总有一死。
**must与have to都可以表示“必须”，其区别如下：
must 强调主观上认为“必须”做某事，而have to 强调客观上要求“不得不”做某事。如：
You have to wear uniform on duty, don’t you？你在值班时必须穿制服，是吗？
注意： 在回答must引起的问句时，如果是否定的答复，可用don’t have to或needn’t(不必) ，但不能用mustn’t(一定不，必须不，不允许，不得) 。如：
—Must I clean the dining room at once 我必须马上打扫餐厅吗？
—Yes, you must.（—No, you don’t have to / —No, you needn’t）
IV shall和Should的用法
shall的用法
1.与一、三人称连用表示征求对方意见：要不要……？，……好吗？如：
Shall I turn on the lights 我开灯好吗
Shall he wait for you outside 要不要他在外面等你
2.与二三人称连用表示承诺、决心、警告、威胁、命令等。如：
I shall write to you again at the end of the month. 月底我再给你写封信。
Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 试卷完全收回后，应试人才能离开座位。
3.表示不可避免的某事：一定
That day shall come. 那一天总会来的。
Should的用法
1.表示“应该，应当”
2.表示“可能，该(=will probably) ”
He should arrive soon他可能很快就到了。
3.表示“万一”
If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。
4.表示“竟然”
You can’t imagine that such a well behaved man should be so rude to a lady.
V． need的用法
1.作情态动词：通常用在疑问句、否定句中，或与条件句、whether, hardly, nobody等连用。如：
Need he go so soon 他这么快就要走吗
He needn’t go. 他不必走。
If she wants anything, she need only ask. 她想要什么, 只需说一声就行。
2.作行为动词：可用于疑问句、否定句和肯定句,用作实义动词，同其他动词一样，要注意时态、人称、数的变化。如：
Does he need to go so soon 他这么快就要走吗
He doesn’t need to go. 他不需要走。
注：作行为动词的need后可接动名词的主动式表示被动含义或不定式的被动（同want，require）。
The garden needs watering(=to be watered) . 花园该浇水了。
VI．dare的意义和应用
1.作情态动词：通常用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中；或与whether, hardly等连用。如：
Dare you ask him 你敢问他吗？
She dare not go out alone. 她不敢单独出去。
I don’t know whether he dare try. 我不知道他敢不敢试。
If you ever dare call me that name again, you’ll be sorry. 你胆敢再那样叫我, 你会后悔的。
2.作行为动词：可用于各种句子中；在疑问句或否定句中，to经常被省略。如：
Did anyone dare (to) admit it 有人敢于承认吗
He did not dare (to) leave his car there. 他不敢把车停放在那里。
VII． ought to用法
1. 表示义务或责任，其意为“应该”。
We ought to leave at once. 我们应该马上离开。
2. 表示建议或劝告，其意为“应该”。
You ought to see the new film. 你应该看看这部新电影。
3. 表示推断，其意为“应该”、“可能”。
I ought to be fit for work next month. 下个月我想必可以工作了。
三．情态动词后接完成式
I 表示对过去情况的推测
1. must have +P. P. 一定已经
2. can/could have + P. P. 可能已经
3. may/might have + P. P. 或许已经
Eg. He must have taken the book since it isn’t here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。
What could have become of him now 现在他可能怎么样了呢
You may have noted that my address has changed. 你也许已经注意到我的地址变了。
She might have gone to have her hair waved. 她可能去烫发去了。
II 表示轻微的责备或后悔
1. ought to /should + have + P. P. 本来应该做某事(而实际上没做)
2. ought not to /shouldn’t + have + P. P. 本来不应该做某事(而实际上却做了)
3. could + have + P. P. 本来能够做某事(而实际上没做)
4. might have +P. P. 本来可以做某事(而实际上没做)
5. needn’t + have + P. P. 本来不必做某事(而实际上做了)
Eg. I ought to have helped her，but I never could. 我本该帮助她的，却从未能这样做。
They oughtn’t to have let you out of hospital so soon. 他们不应当让你这样早出院。
We all know what the poor man should have said. 我们都知道那位可怜的人儿本来应该怎样说。
You shouldn’t have told him about it. 你本不该把这件事告诉他的。
2She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t. 她本可以申请这份工作的，但她没有。
注意：其中could, might不可用can, may代替，这与表示推测时的用法不同。
虚拟语气
I. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
条件从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
现在
过去
将来
1. If we had time ,we _______________(read) it again.
2.If my brother __________(be)here, everything would be all right.
3.If I _______(be) you, I should tell him the truth.
4. If you _____________ (take) my advice ,you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.
5.If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would ___________
(meet) the famous writer.
6. If it were Sunday tomorrow, I ___________(go) to see my teacher.
7. If it _________________(snow) this evening, they would not go out.
注意：
关于be:_____________________________________
关于主句中的情态动词：
_____________________________________________________
关于条件句中的省略：
____________________________________________________
错综时间虚拟条件句：
① If it _____________(rain) last night, the ground ___________(be) wet now.
②(如果我是你)________________ ,I _________________(take) his advice earlier.
③ If you ________________(not watch)television so late last night, you would not be so sleepy now.
④ If you _______________(listen) to the doctor, you would be all right now.
含蓄虚拟条件句：
① But for your help, she would ________________(fail).
② Without water, man couldn’t live.
③ Without your help, we ______________________(not succeed)in going to the college.
④ He was having a meeting, otherwise , he ________________(come) over to help us.
⑤ He ____(be)tired, or he would have attended the party.
④/⑤ : 真实情况 + otherwise / or + 虚拟语气句
⑥ I would have bought it yesterday ,but I ____________(have) money.
⑦ He _________________(do) the work, but he was so careless.
⑥ / ⑦ _______________ + but _____________
⑧ If it were not for ……
If it had not been for …… 要不是 …
If it were not for your help, we could not be living a happy life today.
If it had not been for your timely help, I ________________(fail) the exam.
II. wish + (that)— 宾语从句
现在
过去
将来
注意：(译)I wish I were rich.
I wish I had been rich.
I wished I were rich.
I wished I had been rich.
I wish I _______ her last night.
A. saw B. could see C. see D. could have seen
III. as if / as though 引导的表语从句、方式壮语从句中的谓语动词虚拟语气
现在 did sth ( were)
过去 had done sth
将来 Would / could/ might do sth
1. She talks as if she ______(be) a teacher.
2. It smells as if it ____________ (go) bad.
3. She talks about it again and again, as though she _______never end.
IV. If only + 句子 （要是… 就好了 / 但愿…）
现在 did sth
过去 had done sth
将来 would do sth
1. If only I _____ (be) a girl. 2. If only I had listened to my parents.
3. If only he would go with us.
注意： only if + 句子 （真实语气） 只有…
Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the classroom.(译)
V. 固定句型
1.It’s ( high/ about) time that ab. did/ should do sth(注 should 不能省略)
Eg.It’s time that we had/ should have a rest
2．Would rather sb did sth (现在、将来)
Would rather sb had done sth( 过去)
Eg.I would rather you had not said it.
Exx:①.Who would you rather _____ to Beijing with you
have to go B. have gone C. have gong D. have go
②.Everything taken into consideration, he ______ the exam.
A. passes B. passed C. should pass D. would have passed
③.______ anyone phone, please tell them I am busy. A. should B. / C. Does D. Did
补充：1.plan / mean /intend/ expect (过去式) + ed to have done sth = had + p.p to do sth
原计划、 打算、 期望干某事但实际未干
2． Was/ were to have done sth 想做而未做……We were to have repaired the bike netter.
3.may +动词原形 表示祝愿/ 但愿May you be happy !May good luck be yours.
4.用动词原形:Long live Chairman Mao!( 毛主席万岁)God bless you ! (愿上帝保佑你)
巩固练习
1. ---I’m sorry. I ______ at you the other day.
---Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself. （08江苏卷）
A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout C. mustn’t have shouted
2. –What sort of house do you want to have Something big
--Well, it be big--that’s not important.（08陕西）
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. won’t
3. John promised his doctor he ________ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since.(08北京)
A. might B. should C. could D. would.
4.Although this ____ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.
A. must B. may C. shall D. should
5. ---I can’t find my purse anywhere.
---You have lost it while shopping.（08重庆）
A. may B. can C. should D. would
6. It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it _____ be rather cold sometime.（08福建）
A. must B. can C. should D. would
7. What a pity. Considering his ability and experience, he ____ better.（江西）
A. need have done B. must have done
C. can have done D. might have done
8. Peter ______ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.（08辽宁）
A. shall B. should C. can D. must
9. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ____ it without you.（08山东）
A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed
10. She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.（天津）
A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
一 ．情态动词具体意义和用法
I. can和could的用法
1. 表示能力：能，能够，会 2. 表示推测：可能，会 3. 表示“有时也会”
It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。
4. 表示允许：可以 (口语中常代替may)
You can first lend me one book this time. 这次你可以先借给我一本书。
5. 表示请求：可以
Can I go swimming today, please, mum 妈妈，我今天可以去游泳吗？
注意：could不是过去式，不表示时态，只是语气较can更委婉，注意在回答中不可用could。如：
—Could I have the television on 我可以开电视看吗？
—Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. 可以。/不可以。
**can与be able to的比较
(1) be able to比can有更多的时态。如：
In the past 50 years or so, scientists have been able to “see” farther and farther into the sky. 在过去50年里，科学家们已经能够往天空看得更远。
(2) 在表示过去具体某次能够成功做成某事时，只能用was/were able to。如：
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
II may与might的用法
1.表示请求允许：可以 2.表示给予允许：可以
注意：1）. 表示给予允许，不能用might；2）. 回答表示不允许用mustn’t/can’t.。如：
—Might I go now 我可以去吗？ —Yes, you may. （—No, you mustn’t/can’t. ）
3表示祝愿 May you succeed!祝你成功! 4.表示推测：可能
5.固定搭配 may well do sth 很可能干may as well do sth最好，不妨干
III must的用法
1.表示义务、意图或建议：必须，应该
2.表示推测：必定，一定
The light is still on, so he must be at home. 灯还是亮的，他一定在家。
The light was out. They must have gone to bed. 灯都熄了，他们必定睡了。
3.表示主张：硬要，一定要
If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走，至少也要等雨停了再走。
4. 表示与说话人愿望相反：偏要, 偏偏
The machine must break down at this busy hour. 正忙的时候机器偏偏坏了。
5.表示不可避免性：必然要，必定会
All men must die. 人总有一死。
**must与have to都可以表示“必须”，其区别如下：
must 强调主观上认为“必须”做某事，而have to 强调客观上要求“不得不”做某事。如：
You have to wear uniform on duty, don’t you？你在值班时必须穿制服，是吗？
注意： 在回答must引起的问句时，如果是否定的答复，可用don’t have to或needn’t(不必) ，但不能用mustn’t(一定不，必须不，不允许，不得) 。如：
—Must I clean the dining room at once 我必须马上打扫餐厅吗？
—Yes, you must.（—No, you don’t have to / —No, you needn’t）
IV shall和Should的用法
shall的用法
1.与一、三人称连用表示征求对方意见：要不要……？，……好吗？如：
Shall I turn on the lights 我开灯好吗
Shall he wait for you outside 要不要他在外面等你
2.与二三人称连用表示承诺、决心、警告、威胁、命令等。如：
I shall write to you again at the end of the month. 月底我再给你写封信。
Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 试卷完全收回后，应试人才能离开座位。
3.表示不可避免的某事：一定
That day shall come. 那一天总会来的。
Should的用法
1.表示“应该，应当”
2.表示“可能，该(=will probably) ”
He should arrive soon他可能很快就到了。
3.表示“万一”
If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。
4.表示“竟然”
You can’t imagine that such a well behaved man should be so rude to a lady.
V． need的用法
1.作情态动词：通常用在疑问句、否定句中，或与条件句、whether, hardly, nobody等连用。如：
Need he go so soon 他这么快就要走吗
He needn’t go. 他不必走。
If she wants anything, she need only ask. 她想要什么, 只需说一声就行。
2.作行为动词：可用于疑问句、否定句和肯定句,用作实义动词，同其他动词一样，要注意时态、人称、数的变化。如：
Does he need to go so soon 他这么快就要走吗
He doesn’t need to go. 他不需要走。
注：作行为动词的need后可接动名词的主动式表示被动含义或不定式的被动（同want，require）。
The garden needs watering(=to be watered) . 花园该浇水了。
VI．dare的意义和应用
1.作情态动词：通常用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中；或与whether, hardly等连用。如：
Dare you ask him 你敢问他吗？
She dare not go out alone. 她不敢单独出去。
I don’t know whether he dare try. 我不知道他敢不敢试。
If you ever dare call me that name again, you’ll be sorry. 你胆敢再那样叫我, 你会后悔的。
2.作行为动词：可用于各种句子中；在疑问句或否定句中，to经常被省略。如：
Did anyone dare (to) admit it 有人敢于承认吗
He did not dare (to) leave his car there. 他不敢把车停放在那里。
VII． ought to用法
1. 表示义务或责任，其意为“应该”。
We ought to leave at once. 我们应该马上离开。
2. 表示建议或劝告，其意为“应该”。
You ought to see the new film. 你应该看看这部新电影。
3. 表示推断，其意为“应该”、“可能”。
I ought to be fit for work next month. 下个月我想必可以工作了。
三．情态动词后接完成式
I 表示对过去情况的推测
1. must have +P. P. 一定已经
2. can/could have + P. P. 可能已经
3. may/might have + P. P. 或许已经
Eg. He must have taken the book since it isn’t here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。
What could have become of him now 现在他可能怎么样了呢
You may have noted that my address has changed. 你也许已经注意到我的地址变了。
She might have gone to have her hair waved. 她可能去烫发去了。
II 表示轻微的责备或后悔
1. ought to /should + have + P. P. 本来应该做某事(而实际上没做)
2. ought not to /shouldn’t + have + P. P. 本来不应该做某事(而实际上却做了)
3. could + have + P. P. 本来能够做某事(而实际上没做)
4. might have +P. P. 本来可以做某事(而实际上没做)
5. needn’t + have + P. P. 本来不必做某事(而实际上做了)
Eg. I ought to have helped her，but I never could. 我本该帮助她的，却从未能这样做。
They oughtn’t to have let you out of hospital so soon. 他们不应当让你这样早出院。
We all know what the poor man should have said. 我们都知道那位可怜的人儿本来应该怎样说。
You shouldn’t have told him about it. 你本不该把这件事告诉他的。
2She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t. 她本可以申请这份工作的，但她没有。
注意：其中could, might不可用can, may代替，这与表示推测时的用法不同。
虚拟语气
I. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
条件从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
现在
过去
将来
1. If we had time ,we _______________(read) it again.
2.If my brother __________(be)here, everything would be all right.
3.If I _______(be) you, I should tell him the truth.
4. If you _____________ (take) my advice ,you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.
5.If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would ___________
(meet) the famous writer.
6. If it were Sunday tomorrow, I ___________(go) to see my teacher.
7. If it _________________(snow) this evening, they would not go out.
注意：
关于be:_____________________________________
关于主句中的情态动词：
_____________________________________________________
关于条件句中的省略：
____________________________________________________
错综时间虚拟条件句：
① If it _____________(rain) last night, the ground ___________(be) wet now.
②(如果我是你)________________ ,I _________________(take) his advice earlier.
③ If you ________________(not watch)television so late last night, you would not be so sleepy now.
④ If you _______________(listen) to the doctor, you would be all right now.
含蓄虚拟条件句：
① But for your help, she would ________________(fail).
② Without water, man couldn’t live.
③ Without your help, we ______________________(not succeed)in going to the college.
④ He was having a meeting, otherwise , he ________________(come) over to help us.
⑤ He ____(be)tired, or he would have attended the party.
④/⑤ : 真实情况 + otherwise / or + 虚拟语气句
⑥ I would have bought it yesterday ,but I ____________(have) money.
⑦ He _________________(do) the work, but he was so careless.
⑥ / ⑦ _______________ + but _____________
⑧ If it were not for ……
If it had not been for …… 要不是 …
If it were not for your help, we could not be living a happy life today.
If it had not been for your timely help, I ________________(fail) the exam.
II. wish + (that)— 宾语从句
现在
过去
将来
注意：(译)I wish I were rich.
I wish I had been rich.
I wished I were rich.
I wished I had been rich.
I wish I _______ her last night.
A. saw B. could see C. see D. could have seen
III. as if / as though 引导的表语从句、方式壮语从句中的谓语动词虚拟语气
现在 did sth ( were)
过去 had done sth
将来 Would / could/ might do sth
1. She talks as if she ______(be) a teacher.
2. It smells as if it ____________ (go) bad.
3. She talks about it again and again, as though she _______never end.
IV. If only + 句子 （要是… 就好了 / 但愿…）
现在 did sth
过去 had done sth
将来 would do sth
1. If only I _____ (be) a girl. 2. If only I had listened to my parents.
3. If only he would go with us.
注意： only if + 句子 （真实语气） 只有…
Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the classroom.(译)
V. 固定句型
1.It’s ( high/ about) time that ab. did/ should do sth(注 should 不能省略)
Eg.It’s time that we had/ should have a rest
2．Would rather sb did sth (现在、将来)
Would rather sb had done sth( 过去)
Eg.I would rather you had not said it.
Exx:①.Who would you rather _____ to Beijing with you
have to go B. have gone C. have gong D. have go
②.Everything taken into consideration, he ______ the exam.
A. passes B. passed C. should pass D. would have passed
③.______ anyone phone, please tell them I am busy. A. should B. / C. Does D. Did
补充：1.plan / mean /intend/ expect (过去式) + ed to have done sth = had + p.p to do sth
原计划、 打算、 期望干某事但实际未干
2． Was/ were to have done sth 想做而未做……We were to have repaired the bike netter.
3.may +动词原形 表示祝愿/ 但愿May you be happy !May good luck be yours.
4.用动词原形:Long live Chairman Mao!( 毛主席万岁)God bless you ! (愿上帝保佑你)
巩固练习
1. ---I’m sorry. I ______ at you the other day.
---Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself. （08江苏卷）
A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout C. mustn’t have shouted
2. –What sort of house do you want to have Something big
--Well, it be big--that’s not important.（08陕西）
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. won’t
3. John promised his doctor he ________ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since.(08北京)
A. might B. should C. could D. would.
4.Although this ____ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.
A. must B. may C. shall D. should
5. ---I can’t find my purse anywhere.
---You have lost it while shopping.（08重庆）
A. may B. can C. should D. would
6. It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it _____ be rather cold sometime.（08福建）
A. must B. can C. should D. would
7. What a pity. Considering his ability and experience, he ____ better.（江西）
A. need have done B. must have done
C. can have done D. might have done
8. Peter ______ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.（08辽宁）
A. shall B. should C. can D. must
9. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ____ it without you.（08山东）
A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed
10. She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.（天津）
A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t