(共6张PPT)
Module 1 Small Talk
教材背景链接
名言佳句
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.
戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友。
One of the greatest pleasures in life is conversation.
生活中最大的乐趣之一是交谈。
—L.P.Smith
——史密斯
Speech is a mirror of the soul；as a man speaks，so is he.
—Ephraem Syrus，American writer
语言是心灵的镜子；一个人只要说话，他说的话就是他的心灵的镜子。
——美国作家 塞拉斯
类文欣赏
与人闲聊(small talk)是一个技术活，如何能打破冰山？如何让对方对你印象深刻？无论你是内向类，还是外向型，读读下面的“小贴士”会有助于提升你的“聊商”。
How to make small talks
Small talk is an essential part of our daily life，and is an essential skill to make you more popular as well as to make other people happy.However，it can be a big challenge.Here are some tips to improve your skills on small talk.
1．Be the first to say “Hello”．If you’re not sure the other person will remem
ber you，offer your name to ease the pressure.For example，“I am Fred，glad to see
you again.”
Smile first and always shake hands when you meet someone.
2．Listen more than you talk.
3．If there are people you especially want to meet，one of the best ways to approach them is to be introduced by someone they respect.Ask a mutual friend to do the honors.
4．Remember to ask people questions about themselves；however，avoid personal ones.Begin with a question that will get you a simple reply and go from there.The most important，though，is to be self confident.
5．In order to have a good conversation，there are only three things to leave out：politics，religion and personal questions.
Politics and religion should be avoided for obvious reasons.Generally speaking，political and religious opinions are personal；people avoid discussing them，even with friends and workmates.If a person asks you about politics or religion，and you do not want to talk about them，it is perfectly OK to say，“If you do not mind，I would rather not talk about politics/religion.”
Personal questions including such things as marriage，income and age should also be avoided.If you are not sure if a question is personal or not，all you have to do is asking for permission to ask.For example：“May I ask you a personal question？”or “Would it be OK if I ask whether you are married？”If the person says that it is OK，please go on.If the person says it is not，move on to another topic quickly.
A good conversation where two people share useful information can serve two purposes.First，it can give you some English practice that is interesting，and，second，it can lay the foundation(基础)for friendly exchange and perhaps a friendship.
Read the passage above，and tell the following statements true(T)or false(F)．
1．Listening is more important in small talk.( )
2．Religion is a suitable topic for small talk.( )
3．The passage suggests that you must be self confident in small talk.( )
Keys： 1.T 2.F 3.T(共50张PPT)
Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing
语法专题突破
Section Ⅳ
写作专题突破
语法专题突破
品味语法
自我探究
第一组两句话中，need是情态动词，疑问和否定用need本身表示；第二组两句中的need是实义动词，疑问和否定用助动词do表示；第三组中didn’t need to表示“过去没必要做，事实上也没有做”。needn’t have done表示“过去虽没必要做，但事实上做了”。
need的用法
need表示“需要”或“必要”。
1．need既是实义动词，又是情态动词。作为实义动词，need后跟不定式或名/代词作宾语，有人称和数的变化，其变化与一般动词相同；作为情态动词，need和动词原形构成复合谓语，通常用在否定句，疑问句或条件句中，无人称和数的变化。
讲解归纳
He needn’t do it.(情态动词)
He doesn’t need to do it.(实义动词)
他没有必要做这件事。
My father needs three men to help him.(实义动词)
我父亲需要三个人帮助他。
2．回答Need I．..
肯定回答用：Yes，you must.；否定回答用：No，you needn’t/don’t need to/don’t have to.。
—Need I pay a certain amount of money to use your telephone
——用一用你的电话，我需要付一定数量的钱吗？
—Yes，you must.(No，you needn’t /don’t need to/don’t have to.)
——是的，你必须付。(不，你不必。)
3．回答Must I．..？否定回答用No，you needn’t/don’t need to/don’t have to.。
—Must I hand in my application today
——今天我必须交上申请表吗？
—No，you needn’t/don’t need to/don’t have to.
——不，你不必。
4．表示现在或将来没有必要做某事，但不关心做还是没做，用：needn’t do sth./don’t need to do sth./don’t have to do sth.。
I didn’t need to get up early this morning，because it was Sunday today.
今天早上我没有必要早起，因为今天是星期天。
5．need的被动含义：need，want，require，worth(形容词)后面接doing可以表被动：need doing＝need to be done。
The flower needs watering.＝The flower needs to be watered.
花该浇水了。
6．needn’t have done表示没有必要做的事却做了；而didn’t need to do通常表示“没必要，实际上也没做某事”。
语法专练
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．The machine is so old that it needs ____________ (repair)．
答案：repairing
2．Experts have no doubt that the number of children __________(need) help is increasing.
答案：needing
3．Such a thing needn’t ____________ (talk) about once more.
答案：be talked
4．You needn’t ____________(wait) for him in the rain.
答案：be waiting
5．He needn’t ____________(go) there yesterday.
答案：have gone
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．我们需要等他，是吗？
We need to wait for him，________________we
答案：don’t
2．因为昨天你工作到很晚，所以今天早晨你本不必来。
As you worked late yesterday，you ________________ this morning.
答案：needn’t have come
3．他现在必须做这项测验吗？
________ he ________ this test now
答案：Need；do
4．那时我决心去需要我的任何地方。
I was determined to go wherever I ________________ at that time.
答案：was needed
5．随着私家车的普及，道路状况需要改善。
With the popularity of private cars，road conditions ______________________.
答案：need improving/to be improved
Ⅲ.单项填空
1．Mark________have hurried.After driving at top speed，he arrived half an hour early.
A．needn’t B．wouldn’t
C．mustn’t D．couldn’t
解析：选A。句意为：马克本没有必要那么急，全速开车后他提前了半个小时到达。根据句意和前后的照应可知应选A项。A项表示“本没有必要”；B项意为“不会”；C项表示“不允许”；D项表示“不可能”。显然，B、C、D三项与后文论述不符。
2．You________buy a gift，but you can if you want to.
A．must B．mustn’t
C．have to D．don’t have to
解析：选D。句意为：你不必买礼物，但是如果你想买的话也可以买。mustn’t禁止，不可以；don’t have to不必。根据句意，D项正确。
3．—May I take this book out of the reading room
—No，you________.You read it in here.
A．mightn’t B．won’t
C．needn’t D．mustn’t
解析：选D。句意为：——我可以把这本书带出阅览室吗？——不可以，你一定不能带出去。你就在这里读。mustn’t表示强烈的禁止。
4．—Must we do it now
—No，you________.
A．won’t B．needn’t
C．can’t D．don’t
解析：选B。由must引起的疑问句，其否定回答形式为needn’t，肯定回答形式为must。此题B项还可以改成don’t need to或don’t have to。
5．It is Sunday.You________ me up so early.
A．must have woken B．should have woken
C．needn’t have woken D．can’t have woken
解析：选C。考查needn’t have done本没有必要做……，而实际上做了。A项表示“一定做了……，”对过去发生动作的肯定推测；而D项则表示对过去发生的动作的否定推测；B项则为“本应该做……，而实际上未做”。
6．You________ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.
A．needn’t to come B．don’t need come
C．needn’t come D．needn’t
解析：选C。句意为：如果你有重要的事情要做，下午的会议你就不必参加了。B项应改为don’t need to come。
7．Why didn’t you tell me there was no meeting today？I________ all the way here through the heavy snow.
A．can’t have driven
B．mustn’t have driven
C．shouldn’t have driven
D．needn’t have driven
解析：选D。needn’t have driven本来没有必要做，但事实上做了。A项意为“不可能干……”表示对过去发生事情的肯定推测；B项结构错误；C项意为“本不应该做……，而实际上做了”，据句意知D项最佳。
8．I got up early that morning，but I ________ so because I had no work to do.
A．mustn’t have done B．need to do
C．needn’t have done D．can’t have done
解析：选C。此处表示“我本不必起那么早”，故用needn’t have done。
9．As a result of the serious flood，two thirds of the buildings in the area ________.
A．need repairing B．needs to repair
C．needs repairing D．need to repair
解析：选A。考查need的用法。句意：由于严重的洪水灾害，这个地区的三分之二的建筑物需要修理。当主语为物时，表示“需要”的动词need后跟动词的 ing形式，主动形式表示被动含义。因为主语为the buildings，所以谓语为复数形式。
10．The boss has given everyone a special holiday，so we ________ go to work tomorrow.
A．can’t B．mustn’t
C．needn’t D．shouldn’t
解析：选C。考查情态动词用法。句意：老板准了我们一个特假，因此我们明天不必去上班了。needn’t不必，符合句意。can’t不能；mustn’t禁止，不许；shouldn’t不应该。
写作专题突破
【写作要求】
假设你是李华，曾在伦敦学习一年，现已回国。你想联系你的英国老师Mr.Smith，但没有其联系方式。请根据以下信息给你的英国同学Alex发一封电子邮件：
1．感谢Alex对你英语学习的帮助；
2．询问Mr.Smith的近况并索要其联系方式；
3．邀请Alex在春节期间来中国感受中国文化。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可适当增加细节。
【要点词汇】
1．进展__________________
2．多亏了，由于__________________
3．改善__________________
4．与……失去联系__________________
5．与……取得联系__________________
6．除此之外，另外__________________
7．中国文化__________________
8．期待，盼望__________________
答案：1.get on/along with 2.thanks to 3.improve
4．lose contact with 5.get in touch with 6.in addition
7．Chinese culture 8.look forward to
【句式结构】
1．从上次分开后，我们有一年没见了。
__________________ a year ________ we parted last time.
答案：It has been；since
2．我一直怀念在伦敦的日子，那时你在英语学习上给了我很多帮助。
I’ve been __________ the days in London __________ you __________________ my English study.
答案：missing；when；helped me a lot with
3．能告诉我一些关于他的信息以及如何与他取得联系吗？
__________________ something about him and ____________________ him
答案：Would you please tell me；how to get in touch with
4．能邀请你在春节期间来感受多彩的中国文化将是我极大的荣幸。
__________________ for me to invite you to my country during the Spring Festival when you will ____________.
答案：It would be a great honour；experience colorful Chinese culture
5．期待着你的回信。
________________________.
答案：I’m looking forward to your reply
【连句成篇】
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【佳作欣赏】
Dear Alex，
How are you？It has been a year since we parted last time.Now I’m getting on well with everything and have been missing you all the time.I’ve been missing the days in London when you helped me a lot with my English study.Thanks to your kind help，I have improved my English a lot.Do you remember Mr.Smith，our English teacher？
How is he now？Does he get along with his work？To my regret，I have lost contact with him.Would you please tell me something about him and how to get in touch with him
In addition，it would be a great honour for me to invite you to my country during the Spring Festival when you will experience colorful Chinese culture.
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
【类文点津】
写e mail和写英文信相差不多，主要由称呼、正文和落款三部分构成。
写正文时要注意以下两点：
1．先要明确写给谁。不同的收件人，语气不同。写给朋友的可用一些俚语或缩写词语，但正式的邮件就不能用。像高考中的书面表达题，就是正规的写作，最好不要用俚语或缩写词语。
2．电子邮件要直接，并多用短句，使意思清楚。当然，对重点部分要作详细介绍。像高考试题中要求写的电子邮件，就必须根据(汉语或图画)提示，将要点写全，并注意语言的运用。也就是说，应把它作为一个小作文来对待，而不是像我们平时给朋友发的邮件，不讲章法。
词语串串练
Dear Alex，
I’m writing in ①reply to your email.I’m glad that you ask me a ②favour.I think ③small talk can help you ④make friends at the ⑤reception to be held at the Chinese ⑥Embassy.Small talk means an ⑦informal conversation about things that are unimportant.If you ⑧lack the ⑨confidence to talk to people you don’t know or you ⑩are nervous about the serious subjects，you can begin by using small talk.You can
think of a certain relaxing topic to begin the conversation with others.In addition，you should be outspoken and give others opportunity to speak.Meanwhile，you should master some listening skills. You can use body language，such as nodding，smiling rather than yawning， sighing， looking away from the speaker，to encourage them to continue.Don’t interrupt the conversation by showing off yourself，which is impolite.Learning about
亲爱的亚历克斯：
我正在回复你的邮件。我很高兴你要我44帮忙。我想闲谈会帮助你在中国大使馆举行的招待会上交朋友。闲谈是关于不重要的事情的非正式的谈话。如果你缺乏跟不认识的人谈话的自信或对严肃的话题感到紧张时，你就可以用闲谈开始。你可以想出某个轻松的话题开始谈话。此外，你还要坦率，给别人说话的机会。同时，你还要掌握一些听的技巧。你可以用肢体语言，如点头或微笑，而不是打吹欠、叹气或把目光从说话者的身上移开，来鼓励别人继续说。
不要为了炫耀自己而打断谈话，这是不礼貌的。提前了解一些社交规则可以帮助你避免尴尬的局面。在正式场合，除非有人带头，人们很少谈及私事，因为他们不希望自己的私生活被侵犯。最后要根据具体的情况改变话题。我希望以上所说的对你有所帮助。
现在我给你说说苏珊的故事。或许你从她身上能学到点东西。苏珊的座右铭是“每次我开口，就会讲错话”。她是一家公司的女推销员。她的主要缺点是她完全缺乏闲谈，或者更确切地说，她总是有错误的闲谈。结果，她总是犯经常性的错误。一天，她会见一位重要的顾客，这人有点胖。苏珊打趣说：“嗨！你什么时候生宝宝？”
你可以想象当时的情形多么尴尬。这位顾客反驳她说：“我没有怀孕。”苏珊没有意识到顾客的怒气，也没有向她道歉。接下来的时间里，不管苏珊多么地努力，也不能使这位顾客高兴起来。通过她的事情，我们可以看到如果不注意别人的感受，我们在与人交往时就不会成功。
祝你过得愉快！
你的朋友，
李华
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谢谢使用(共21张PPT)
Section Ⅰ Introduction & Vocabulary and Reading—Warming Up
预习多维感知
Section Ⅰ
预习多维感知
Step One：Ask and discussion
1．What is“small talk”？
________________________________________________________________________
2．Is it necessary to make“small talk”in certain situations
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step Two：Fast reading
1．Have you ever crossed the road to avoid talking to someone you recognise？Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you don’t know？And are you nervous about the idea of being at a social event in another country？Don’t worry—this passage will help you.Read the text and then try to find the answer to the question.
What kind of book is the passage from
A．an English teaching book
B．a business course
C．a book which tells you what to do at social events
D．a book to help you prepare for a speaking examination
答案：C
2．Scan the text and then choose the best answer according to the text.
(1)The first paragraph makes us know________.
A．people will have some difficulty in making friends
B．what the writer will talk about in the following paragraphs
C．some people are nervous when at a social event
D．someone can help you overcome your nervousness
(2)Which of the following small talk is not suitable for you to start a conversation with a stranger
A．The final football match between French and Italy in the World Cup.
B．The problems in the Middle East.
C．New films directed by Ang Lee.
D．The Wimbledon Tennis match.
(3)What’s the reason for Esther to have the motto “Every time I open my mouth，I put my foot in it”？
A．She was the most outspoken human being in the world.
B．She was not a very good saleswoman.
C．She had a complete absence of small talk.
D．She had never learnt the basic rules of small talk.
(4)From the conversation between Esther and one of her customers in Paragraphs 3 to 5，we can know that________.
A．Esther was quite familiar with the customer
B．Esther was laughing at the customer for her old looking
C．it was impolite to ask one’s age
D．the customer was pleased to talk with Esther
(5)Which of the following is what you should do when listening to the other speaking
A．Saying“uh huh”from time to time.
B．Sighing after the other says one sentence.
C．Looking away from the person who is talking to you when listening.
D．Changing the subject while the person is saying something about himself.
(6)The writer mainly wants to ________in this passage.
A．introduce to us the rules to be a better listener
B．tell how to use small talk correctly in our conversation
C．give us some tips on how to improve our social skills
D．inform us of the different social customs in different countries
答案：(1)B (2)B (3)D (4)B (5)A (6)C
Step Three：Careful reading
1．Listen to the tape and answer the following questions.
(1)According to the passage, should people plan what they’re going to say at parties
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Yes, they should prepare some topics to talk about.
(2)What do people think about those who talk too much
________________________________________________________________________
答案：They are not impressive.
(3)Describe two things you shouldn’t do in a conversation.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：look at your watch; yawn(sigh, look away, change the subject, finish other people’s sentences)．
(4)Why is it a good idea to nod and smile when the other person is talking
________________________________________________________________________
答案：To show that you are listening.
(5)What does the quotation from Benjamin Disraeli tell you about people
________________________________________________________________________
答案：People like talking about themselves.
2．Read the text and fill in the blanks.
答案：(1)easy (2)communicate (3)advance (4)small
(5)involves (6)encouraging (7)contact (8)away
(9)first (10)different
Step Four：Summary
Good social skills can help you communicate well.Firstly，learn how to do small talk.Before starting more1.________ conversations，you should have some2.__________conversation openers ready.Do remember to think of topics you would3.________if you were talking to strangers.Secondly，develop your listening4.________because communication is a two-way5.________involving speaking and listening，including keeping good eye
6.________，using positive body language，etc.Remember not to use7.________body language，8.________away from the person who’s talking to you or finish other people’s sentences.In9.________，remember that different countries have different social10.________，so when in Rome，do as the Romans do.
答案：1.serious 2.low-risk 3.avoid 4.skills
5．process 6.contact 7.negative 8.look 9.addition
10．rules
Step Five：Discussion
Activity 6 on page 4 of the textbook.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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谢谢使用(共120张PPT)
Section Ⅲ Reading and Listening，Reading and Vocabulary，
Reading Practice & Cultural Corner
重点难点探究
Section Ⅲ
速效提能演练
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1 So...you wrote in your application form that you’re interested in mountains.
那么……你在申请表中写道你对登山很感兴趣。
品味经典
①I’ve sent off applications for four different jobs.
我向四个不同的工作寄发了申请。
②He sent in his application to the office.
他向办公室递交了申请。
③He decided to make an application for the job.
他决定申请那份工作。
自我探究
application用作名词，意为“申请”，短语make an application for意为“申请……”。
归纳拓展
④Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me.
从二十世纪七十年代起，我又被开发出了很多新的用途。
⑤Now think of some more questions to ask people applying for these jobs.
现在想出更多的问题来问一下申请工作的人。
⑥What I have said applies only to some of you.
我所说的只适用于你们当中的一部分人。
⑦You will pass your exams only if you really apply yourself to your work.
你只有真正专心致志用功，考试才能及格。
⑧The result of this research can be applied to new developments in technology.
这项研究成果能应用于新的技术开发方面。
牛刀小试
The three friends all ________ for the same job.
A．required B．chose
C．applied D．referred
解析：选C。apply for“申请”，其他三个动词都不能和for连用。
2 I have a favour to ask.
我想请你帮个忙。
品味经典
①Do me a favour and turn the radio down while I’m on the phone, will you
劳驾，我在打电话，把收音机的声音调小点好吗？
②We would think it a great favour if you would reply at once.
如果你能立即回复，我们将感激不尽。
③Is it in favour of cloning or against cloning
它是赞成克隆行为还是反对？
④The result was 28 to 15 in Wang Hong’s favour.
选举结果是28∶15，对王洪有利。
自我探究
favour用作名词，意为“恩惠，帮忙，照顾”。
可用于以下短语：
do sb.a favour/ do a favour for sb.帮某人一个忙
in favour of赞同；支持
in sb.’s favour对某人有利
归纳拓展
⑤The play got a favourable reception from the critics.
该剧得到了评论界的一致好评。
⑥She always favours her youngest child more than the others.
她总是偏爱她最小的孩子。
牛刀小试
My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was ________ it.
A．in favour of B．in memory of
C．in honour of D．in search of
解析：选A。考查介词短语。句意为：我妹妹反对我的建议而我哥哥赞成。in favour of支持，赞成。
3 Esther Greenbaum’s major shortcoming was that she had a complete absence of small talk.
埃斯特·格林鲍姆最大的缺点就是她完全不懂得如何与人闲谈。
品味经典
①The absence of air and water makes it impossible to live on the moon.
因为没有空气和水，所以在月球上居住是不可能的。
②However, learning English as a foreign language is very difficult in the absence of a native language environment.
然而，在缺乏母语环境的情况下学习作为外语的英语相当困难。
③Every time after a long absence from school，I feel really stupid because I am a bit behind the others.
每一次缺课很长一段时间之后，我都感觉自己真的很笨，因为我比别人有点落后了。
④She never speaks ill of anyone in his or her absence/while he or she is away.
她从不趁人不在时说别人的坏话。
⑤Absence of mind may have bad results.
心不在焉可能会导致糟糕的结果。
自我探究
absence为不可数名词，意为“缺乏，不存在，不在场”。
in/during sb.’s absence在某人不在时
in the absence of sth.缺乏某物
absence from school缺课
absence of mind心不在焉
归纳拓展
⑥Three of them were absent from the meeting.
他们中有三人缺席了会议。
⑦Love was totally absent from his childhood.
他童年时代没受到丝毫的疼爱。
牛刀小试
A carefully chosen colleague becomes the “manager”and deals with all the matter during the real manager’s ________.
A．ability B．absence
C．aboard D．access
解析：选B。句意：经过精心筛选后的一个同事成为了临时的经理，在真正的经理不在的时候处理所有的事务。用absence表示“缺席，不在”，符合语境语义和结构要求。A项意为“能力”，C项意为“在船(飞机)上”等，D项意为“通道，途径”，均不符合语境语义和结构要求。
4 In fact，she had never learnt the basic rules of social communication，and as a consequence，she made systematic mistakes every time she opened her mouth.
实际上，她从来就没有认识到社交的基本规则，因此每次开口说话就会犯一些经常性的错误。
品味经典
①He often studies deep into the night.As a consequence，he got the first place in this grade exam.
他经常学习到深夜。结果，他在本次考试中获得了年级第一名。
②She was over the age limit and，as a consequence, her application was rejected.
她超龄了，结果申请被拒绝了。
自我探究
as a consequence是介词短语，在句中作状语，意为“结果”，相当于as a result。
归纳拓展
③As a consequence of smoking，my father coughs frequently.
因为吸烟的缘故，我父亲经常咳嗽。
④I missed the early train，and as a consequence(result)/in consequence，I couldn’t go to Beijing.
我错过了早班列车，因此我去不了北京了。
⑤In consequence of the rain，the match was delayed.
由于下雨，比赛推迟了。
牛刀小试
Getting up late，I missed the early bus this morning.________ I was late for work.
A．As a consequence B．What’s more
C．Or else D．Even so
解析：选A。前后句是因果关系故用as a consequence因此，结果。what’s more而且；or else否则；even so即使如此。
5 Esther interrupted her, “Hey, so you married him！”
埃斯特打断她说：“嘿，原来你嫁给他了呀！”
品味经典
①I’m sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here
抱歉，打断一下，这样的地方他们怎么能居住呢？
②We interrupt this programme to bring you a news flash.我们中断节目，报告新闻快讯。
自我探究
interrupt是及物动词，意为“打断，使……中断”。
易混辨析
disturb，interrupt
(1)disturb意为“打扰，扰乱”，侧重指扰乱某种状态或使某种秩序受到影响，指骚扰，使人不安。
(2)interrupt意为“打断”，指的是打断某个活动的进程，使其不能继续进行下去，往往指使之中断。
③“Who is it disturbing me at this time of night？”said the captain.“这么晚了谁还来打扰我？”船长说。
④She tried to explain what had happened but he kept interrupting her.
她尽力给他解释发生的事，但他老是打断她的话。
牛刀小试
用disturb，interrupt的适当形式填空
(1)Did the dog’s barks last night ________ your peace of mind
(2)Don’t ________ your teacher while he is talking.
(3)Trade between the two countries was ________ by the war.
答案：(1)disturb (2)interrupt (3)interrupted
单项填空
(4)Be quiet！It’s rude to ________ people when they are talking.
A．disturb B．introduce
C．prevent D．interrupt
解析：选D。句意：安静！别人说话的时候去打断别人是很不礼貌的。用interrupt表示“打断；使中断”，后接宾语，符合语境语义。A项意为“因扰”，B项意为“介绍”，C项意为“预防，阻止”，都不符合语境语义要求。
6 Notice how certain words are left out in informal conversation.
注意一下在非正式交际用语中某些单词是如何被省略掉的。
品味经典
①This word is wrongly spelt；you’ve left out a letter.
这个单词拼错了，你漏了一个字母。
②You can leave out the parts of the story that are not interesting.
你可以把故事中无趣的部分省略。
③First decide what to leave out and what to leave in.
首先决定如何取舍。
自我探究
leave out是及物动词短语，意为“省去、删去”。代词作宾语时，应放在两个词中间。
归纳拓展
leave...alone不打扰；不理会；不干预
leave...aside不予考虑，搁置一边
leave behind遗留；忘带；把……抛在后面
leave for动身去某地
leave...to/with 把……托付给；留给
④I’ve told you to leave my things alone.
我已经告诉过你不要动我的东西。
⑤The burglar left the antique frame and the glass behind.
盗贼留下了古老的画框和玻璃。
⑥We will leave for the airport at a quarter past five.
我们将在5点15分动身去机场。
⑦Leaving the expense aside，do we actually need a second car
费用多少不说，且问我们真的需要再来一辆汽车吗？
牛刀小试
The teacher stressed again that the students should not ________ any important details while retelling the story.
A．bring out B．let out
C．leave out D．make out
解析：选C。考查词组辨析。句意为：“老师再次强调，同学们在复述这个故事时不要遗漏任何重要细节。” leave out遗漏；bring out出版，生产；let out泄露；make out理解，辨认出。故C符合句意。
7 But while few Americans will worry about the questions you may ask, particularly if you clearly show you’re aware of cultural differences, they may hesitate before they ask you similar questions.
不过极个别的美国人将非常担心你所问的问题，尤其是你明确表明你对文化差异很了解时，他们可能在问你类似问题时非常犹豫。
品味经典
①It happened without my being aware of it.
事情在我不知不觉中发生了。
②Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health.
吸烟的人非常清楚吸烟对他们健康的危害。
③John has been aware of having done something wrong.
约翰已意识到自己做错了事情。
④I don’t think you are aware of how much this means to me.
我想你还不知道这对我有多么重要。
自我探究
be aware of为形容词短语，意为“知道，理解，意识到”，相当于realize或understand。后跟名词，代词或特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句作宾语。be也可换成become，强调“开始觉察”。
归纳拓展
be aware that...意识到……
⑤He must have been aware that his parents’ marriage was breaking up.
他一定意识到他父母的婚姻在破裂。
⑥I was not aware that I had hurt her feelings.
我不知道我已经伤害了她的感情。
牛刀小试
The headmaster didn’t seem to be ________ that there should have been so much dispute(争端)about the decision.
A．sure B．aware
C．active D．sensible
解析：选B。句意为：校长好像没有意识到这个表决竟然有这么多分歧。be aware that clause意识到。sure确信的；active积极的；sensible明智的。
8 Income is a very private matter, and you’d do well to avoid asking how much people earn, although some people may not only be open about it, but show off their wealth.
收入是一种保密的事情，所以你要避开问别人挣多少钱，尽管有些人对此并不保密，并且炫耀自己的财富。
品味经典
①Mike has only driven to the pub to show off his new car－he usually walks!
迈克驾车来到酒吧，只是为了向大家炫耀他的那辆新车——他通常是步行来的！
②He’s always showing off to his classmates.
他老在同学面前炫耀。
③She only bought that sports car to show off and prove she could afford one.
她买那辆跑车只是为了炫耀，来证明她能买得起。
④He actually enjoys his new hair style and has decided to start showing it off.
他其实很喜欢他的新发式，并且决定开始炫耀了。
自我探究
show off意为“炫耀，卖弄”，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，表示“向……炫耀”时，在后面加介词“to”，代词作宾语时，要放在两个词之间。
归纳拓展
on show在展出
show sb. in/out带……进入/送……出去
show...around带领……参观
show up出席；到场
⑤We showed three visitors around Beijing.
我们带领三个游客游览北京。
⑥Show her in, Mrs. Pearce.
皮特斯夫人，带她进来。
⑦I have been waiting for him for twenty minutes, but he hasn’t shown up yet.
我已经等了他二十分钟，可他还没有来。
⑧All the new products were on show at the exhibition.展览会上陈列着所有的新产品。
牛刀小试
The society today offers the young generation more chances to________their talent and skills.
A．give out B．take in
C．show off D．carry on
解析：选C。考查动词短语辨析。give out作“分发，发出(气味、热等)”时，是及物动词，作“用尽，精疲力竭”时，是不及物动词；take in意为“吸收，理解，欺骗”；show off意为“卖弄，炫耀，展示”；carry on意为“继续”。
9 Imagine a situation where two strangers are talking to each other after someone they both know has left the room, or the café or party, etc.
设想这样一个情景，双方都认识的人离开了房间、咖啡馆或聚会，两个陌生人开始交谈。
品味经典
①I can’t imagine living without electricity.
我不能想象没有电的生活。
②Imagine that you are living on the moon.
设想你正生活在月球上。
③He didn’t quite dare to imagine himself as a real artist.他不太敢想象自己是一个真正的艺术家。
自我探究
imagine是及物动词，意为“想象；猜想”。后跟名词，代词或v. ing作宾语，不能跟动词不定式。imagine sb.as...的意思为“想象某人是……”。
牛刀小试
—There is a story here in the paper about a 110?year-old man .
—My goodness ! I can’t imagine ________that old.
A．to be B．to have been
C．being D．having been
解析：选C。考查imagine的用法。imagine(想象)后用动名词作宾语。本句意思为：我无法想象那么老。本题不强调完成。
10 What’s the purpose of your visit to London
你到伦敦游览的目的是什么？
品味经典
①The purpose of the book is to provide a complete guide to the university.
这本书旨在全面介绍这所大学。
②For what purpose did you do that
你做那件事的目的是什么？
③What is the main purpose of the building
这栋建筑物的主要用途是什么？
自我探究
purpose为可数名词，意为“目的，意图”；表示“用途”时为不可数名词。
归纳拓展
④I came here for the purpose of finding a good job.
我到这里来为的是找一份好工作。
⑤He is to blame as he broke the cup on purpose.
他应该受到指责，因为他故意打破了杯子。
牛刀小试
Don’t be angry with her. She made the mistake by chance, not ________.
A．in common B．on purpose
C．by accident D．in a hurry
解析：选B。句意为：别生她的气，她偶然犯错误，而不是故意的。on purpose故意地。
11 apologising and explaining，for example，reasons for being late or not doing a task
例如，道歉且解释你迟到或没有做这个任务的原因
品味经典
①You must apologise to your sister for being so rude.
你太无理了，必须向你姐姐道歉。
②I must apologise for not having been able to write to you sooner.
很抱歉，没有早点给你写信。
自我探究
apologise为不及物动词，意为“道歉”。常用于短语：
apologise to sb. for (doing) sth.表示“因……向某人道歉”的意思。
归纳拓展
③“Oh, sorry，”said Esther without any apology. “Just putting on a little weight, huh？”
“啊，真遗憾，”埃斯特毫无歉意地说。“只是略微发福，嗯哼？”
④Those affected have been sent letters of apology.
已经向那些受到影响的人发了致歉信。
⑤I must make an apology to him for not going to his party.
没有参加他的聚会，我得向他道歉。
⑥I owe you an apology for my rudeness last night.
昨天晚上我太粗暴，应该向你道歉。
牛刀小试
Tom came to the teacher’s office and made an apology ________ his teacher ________ his being late for school.
A．to；for B．to；to
C．for；to D．for；for
解析：选A。句意“汤姆到老师办公室，就他上课迟到向老师道歉。”根据make an apology to sb.for(doing)sth.结构得出答案。
12 Her motto was “Every time I open my mouth，I put my foot in it.”
她的座右铭是：每次我开口说话，就会讲错话。
句型巧析
品味经典
①Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.
每当你想吸烟的时候，提醒你自己你是不吸烟的。
②Every time I listen to We are the world, I think of the pop singer Michael Jackson.
每次听《We are the world》这首歌时，都会令我想起流行歌手迈克尔·杰克逊。
③He felt nervous each time she spoke to him.
每次她和他讲话时，他都感到紧张。
自我探究
every time或each time在句中作连接词，引导时间状语从句，意为“每次，每当”。从句中谓语用一般时代替将来时。
自我探究
④Call me the moment you arrive.
你一到就给我打电话。
⑤He sold his house and went to the south the summer he lost his job.
在他失业的那年夏天，他卖掉房子去了南方。
⑥My girlfriend beat me at poker the first time we played.
我头一次和女朋友打扑克，她就把我赢了。
牛刀小试
________the head teacher came in, the noisy students stopped talking.
A．Hurriedly B．While
C．Once D．The moment
解析：选D。考查状语从句的连接词。the moment引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”的意思。
13 It is estimated that 80% of all conversation in English is small talk.
据估计80%的英语交谈都是闲聊。
品味经典
①It is reported that there will be a concert this saturday evening.
据报道这个周六晚上有一场音乐会。
②It is suggested that some measures(should)be taken to stop pollution.
有人建议采取一些措施来防止污染。
③It is said that Tom has come back from abroad.
＝People say that Tom has come back from abroad.
＝Tom is said to have come back from abroad.
据说汤姆已经回国了。
自我探究
本句是It is＋过去分词＋that从句结构，it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。
该句型常为It is said/hoped/thought/supposed/known/reported/announced/decided/suggested/believed...that...等，也可以转化成含有宾语从句的复合句或含有不定式作主语补足语的简单句。
牛刀小试
It is often ________ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.
A．said B．to say
C．saying D．being said
解析：选A。句意“人们常说，人天生具有语言能力。”It is often said that...“据说；人们常说”，it为形式主语，that从句为实际主语。
14 Imagine a situation where two strangers are talking to each other after someone they both know has left the room，or the café or party，etc.
想象一下这样一种情形：当双方都认识的人离开了房间、咖啡馆或者聚会等场合，两个彼此不认识的人开始交谈起来。
品味经典
①You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.
你可能会遇到一种情形，使得你不得不立刻做出决定。
②Could you find a situation where you can use the phrase
你能不能找一个能用上这个短语的情景？
自我探究
当先行词是situation时，定语从句用where引导，相当于in which，意为“在这种情形下”。相同用法的先行词还有：case，point，stage。
牛刀小试
It’s helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently.
A．that B．when
C．which D．where
解析：选D。题意：把孩子放到一个可以使他们认为自己是不同的情景中是有帮助的。situation用作先行词时定语从句引导词用where，where相当于in which，故选D项。
The Wrong Kind of Small Talk
Esther Greenbaum was a saleswoman for a firm of fax machines and business supplies.But she was also the most outspoken human being in the world—well，Westchester County，at least.Her motto was“Every time I open my mouth，I put my foot in it”．
译文助读
Esther Greenbaum’s major shortcoming was that she had a complete absence of small talk.No，that’s not quite true.She had small talk，but it was the wrong kind.In fact，she had never learnt the basic rules of social communication，and as a consequence，she made systematic mistakes every time she opened her mouth.It was no coincidence either that she wasn’t a very good saleswoman.
One day during a meeting，Esther was introduced to an important customer，a mature woman.
“Nice to meet you，”she said.“How old are you？”The customer looked awkward.
“Forty？Forty five？”said Esther.“You look much older.And your friend...she’s older than you，but she looks much younger！”
On another occasion，Esther teased a typist，“Hey！When’s your baby due？”
The typist went red and contradicted Esther.“Actually，I’m not pregnant，”she said.
“Oh，sorry，”said Esther without any apology.“Just putting on a little weight，huh？”
Esther was never cautious about other people’s feelings.One of her acquaintances，a salesman in the firm，was going through a very messy divorce and was very depressed.She tried to cheer him up.
“Forget her！She was a complete fool.No one liked her anyway.”
Much of the time，Esther said the first thing to come into her head.One day at work，a clerk came into the office with a new hairstyle.
“Nice haircut，”said Esther.“How much did it cost？”
The woman replied，“I’d rather not say.”
Esther replied，“Well，anyhow，either you paid too much or you paid too little.”
She met a very famous writer once.“Hey，what a coincidence！”she said.“You’re writing a book and I’m reading one！”
The trouble with Esther was she said what she thought，and didn’t think about what she said.A young man was trying to be modest about his new job many miles away.
“I guess the company chose me so they’d get some peace in the office，”he smiled.
“No，I guess they chose you to discourage you from spending your whole career with us，”Esther replied sweetly.
Once，Esther went to a brunch party to meet some old school friends on the anniversary of their graduation.She greeted the hostess.
“Do you remember that guy you were dating？What happened to him？”she asked.“You know，the ugly one.”
At that moment，a man came up and stood by her friend.“Esther，I’d like you to meet my husband，”she said.“Charles，this is...”
Esther interrupted her，“Hey，so you married him！”
错误的聊天
埃斯特·戈林鲍姆是一个传真机(fax)和业务供应公司(firm)的女推销员(saleswoman)。但她也是世界上最口无遮拦的(outspoken)人(human being)，至少在韦切斯特县是这样。她的“座右铭(motto)”是“每当我张口，就会讲错话(put one’s foot in one’s mouth)。”
埃斯特·戈林鲍姆的主要缺点(shortcoming)是她根本不会(absence缺乏)聊天。不，这不太准确。她会聊天，不过是错误的那种。实际上，她从来就没有认识到社交的基本规则，结果(as a consequence)每次张嘴说话都会犯经常性的(systematic)错误。她成不了一位优秀的推销员也就不是巧合(coincidence)了。
有一天在会议期间，埃斯特被介绍给一位重要的客户(customer)，一位看起来很成熟的(mature)女性。
“很高兴见到你，”她说，“您多大啦？”那位顾客看起来很尴尬(awkward)。
“40岁？45岁？”埃斯特问道。“你看起来真老。不过你的朋友……她要比你岁数大，但她看起来要比你年轻得多！”
还有一次，埃斯特打趣(tease)一位打字员(typist)说：“嗨！你什么时候生宝宝啊？”
那位打字员一下子变得面红耳赤，并反驳(contradict)埃斯特。“实际上，我还没怀孕(pregnant)呢。”她说。
“噢，真遗憾，”她毫无歉意(apology)地说。“只是略微发福，嗯哼？”
埃斯特从来不留意(cautious谨慎的)别人的感情。和她在同一家公司做推销员的一个熟人(acquaintance)正陷入离婚(divorce)窘(messy棘手的，难办的)境，他为此非常沮丧。埃斯特试图让他高兴起来(cheer sb.up)。
“忘掉她！她是个十足的傻瓜(fool)。没人会喜欢她的。”
多数时候，埃斯特脑子里想什么就说什么。一天正在工作的时候，一个刚理了新发型的职员(clerk)走进办公室。
“理得(haircut发型)真好，”埃斯特说。“花了多少钱？”
那个女职员答道：“我不想说。”
埃斯特接着说：“喔，不管怎样(anyhow)，要么花了太多，要么花了很少。”
她曾经遇到一位著名的作家。“嘿，真是巧合！”她说。“你正要写的那本书，我现在正在看！”
埃斯特的问题在于她想到什么就说什么，并且从不思考她要说的话。一个年轻人在离自己数英里以外的地方找到一份新工作，对此他表现得很谦虚(modest)。
他笑着说：“公司选择我是为了他们能在公司里得到一点平和。”
埃斯特亲切地回答：“不是的，我想他们之所以挑中你是因为不想让你一辈子都跟着我们干。”
一次，埃斯特在他们毕业周年纪念(anniversary)早午餐(brunch)聚会上遇见几个老校友。她向女主人(hostess)打招呼。
“你还记得和你约会的那个家伙吗？他怎样啦？”她问道。“你知道的，那个丑陋的家伙。”
就在这时，一位男士走上前来并站到她朋友的身边。“埃斯特，我想让你见一下我丈夫，”她说，“查尔斯，这是……”
埃斯特打断(interrupt)她的话说：“呵，原来你和他结婚了！”
Making Friends in the USA
In the USA，conversation is less lively than in many other cultures，where everyone talks at the same time.When someone talks，everyone is expected to listen，no matter how dull the person’s speaking may be.
If you’re not sure what to talk about，you can ask what people do.We’re defined by our jobs and we’re usually happy to talk about them，unless you’re a spy!
Some people say that Americans talk about their feelings more than Asians，but are more secretive about factual matters.You can safely ask questions about families，where you come from，leisure interests，as well as the latest movies.We’re interested in people’s ethnic background too.But it’s best to avoid politics，religion and other sensitive topics.
A highly personal conversation can take place after a very short period of knowing someone，but this doesn’t mean that you’re close friends，or the relationship is very deep.But a lot of people are very friendly and hospitable，and the famous invitation“If you’re ever in Minneapolis/San Diego/Poughkeepsie，do call by and see us！”is never made without a genuine desire to meet again.
But while few Americans will worry about the questions you may ask，particularly if you clearly show you’re aware of cultural differences，they may hesitate before they ask you similar questions.In fact，it’s a sign that they don’t wish to violate your private life.So，many Americans will talk about safe topics because they don’t dare to be too curious or personal，but will happily talk about more private matters if you take the lead.
Generally we dislike arguments，and we avoid topics which lead to disagreement.It’s easy to return to discussing the weather：“Do you like the USA？How do you like the weather？”or making compliments：“What lovely flowers and what a beautiful vase！”“That’s a fabulous dress you’re wearing.”You should accept compliments graciously and say “Thank you！”
There are a couple of dangerous topics of conversation：age and money.Age is not treated as something very special，unless someone is very old：“Isn’t she wonderful for her age！”and there are no special rules or signs of extra respect for elderly people.Anyway，Americans always want to look younger than they really are，so don’t expect an accurate reply!
Income is a very private matter，and you’d do well to avoid asking how much people earn，although some people may not only be open about it，but show off their wealth.We don’t ask how much things cost，either.
But what we don’t like is silence，and almost anything is better than the embarrassment of a quiet party and silent guests.
在美国交朋友
在美国，交谈不如在许多别的文化里活跃，在其他国家大家一起讨论。当一个人在发表见解时，不管他说得多么无聊，其他人都必须洗耳恭听。
如果你不知道要说什么，你可以问他们是做什么的。我们的工作决定了(define解释，给……下定义)我们的身份，我们都喜欢谈论我们的职业，除非你是个间谍！
有些人说美国人谈论感情要比亚洲人谈论得多，但对待现实的事情却较为神秘。你不仅可以很稳妥地谈论最新的电影也可以问家庭、来自哪里及业余爱好。我们也对人们的种族背景感兴趣。但是最好避开政治、宗教信仰以及其他一些敏感话题。
两人认识很短一段时间之后会有一个亲密交谈，但这并不意味着你们是亲密的朋友或彼此感情很深。不过大部分人都是友好和好客的，著名的邀请语“如果你到明尼阿波利斯/圣地亚哥/波基普西，请务必到我家坐坐！”没有真情实意是不会发出这样的邀请的。
尽管没有几个美国人对你可能会问的问题担忧，尤其是你明确地表明你知道(be aware of)这些文化差异，然而他们可能在问你类似的问题时非常犹豫。事实上，这是一个他们不想冒犯你的私人生活的征兆。所以，许多美国人谈论一些稳妥的话题，因为他们不敢(表现得)太好奇或太涉及私事，不过，如果你先带头(take the lead)谈论，那么他们将会高兴地谈论更多私人的问题。
一般来说，我们不喜欢争论，并避开可能导致争议的话题。这就很容易返回到谈论天气的话题上：“你喜欢美国吗？你觉得天气怎么样？”或者说些称赞的话：“这花真好看，花瓶真漂亮！”“你穿上这衣服真是漂亮极了！”你应该欣然(graciously优雅地)接受这些赞美并说声“谢谢！”
还有两个交谈忌讳的话题：年龄和薪水。年龄一般不被认为是一个很特别的话题，除非一个人年事已高：“对她这个年纪来说很不错了！”而且对老人来说，没有特殊规则或额外的尊敬。不管怎样，美国人总想看起来比他们的真实年龄还年轻，因此别指望得到确切的回答！
收入是一件保密的事情，所以你要避开问别人挣多少钱，尽管有些人不仅公开其收入，而且还要炫耀(show off)他们的财富。我们也不要问东西花了多少钱。
但是我们不喜欢沉默，几乎什么都比聚会的寂静和客人的沉默带来的尴尬好。
The AAA
It is estimated that 80% of all conversation in English is small talk.A very important function of small talk is to establish a relationship between people who don’t know each other very well，or don’t know each other at all.
Psychologists say that the most successful formula for small talk between people like this is the AAA model.AAA＝answer，add and ask.This is how it works.
Imagine a situation where two strangers are talking to each other after someone they both know has left the room，or the café or party，etc.The first person asks a question：
A：Do you live near here
The second person replies by answering the question，adding some extra information and then asking another question：
B：(Answer)Yes，I do.
(Add)In an apartment on Brown Street.
(Ask)Do you live nearby too
The first person does the same，answer，add and ask：
A：(Answer)No，I live in Bristol.
(Add)I’m just visiting London.
(Ask)Have you lived here long
B：(Answer)Not so long.
(Add)I moved here three years ago.
(Ask)What’s the purpose of your visit to London
The speakers may have difficulty at first，but they soon realise that the important thing is that they are saying something.By continuing with the AAA model，the conversation continues.Because the thing they both want to avoid is an embarrassing silence.
The conversation can continue in this way for a long time.However，something can happen that completely changes the atmosphere.
B：Why do you live in Bristol
A：I’m studying there.History.Are you a student
B：Yes.And I know some people who are studying at Bristol.Do you know a girl called Helen Brown
A：Helen Brown！！Yes！She’s one of my best friends！How do you know her
B：She’s my cousin.
At this point，the AAA model stops.Because they used this very useful social technique，they found something they have in common at last.
AAA模式
据估计，80%的英语会话是聊天。聊天的一个十分重要的功能(function)是在两个彼此不怎么了解的人或者两个根本就不认识的人之间建立一种关系。
心理学家(psychologist)说人与人之间聊天的最成功的(successful)模式(formula法则，原则)是AAA模式。AAA＝回答，补充和询问。这就是它是怎样运作的。
设想(imagine)这样一种情形，双方都认识的人离开了房间、咖啡馆或聚会，两个陌生人开始交谈。第一个人问了一个问题：
A：你在附近住吗？
第二个人回答了这个问题，并补充了一些信息然后问另一个问题：
B：(回答)是的，我是。
(补充)在布朗大街的一套公寓里。
(询问)你也住在附近吗？
第一个人同样地做了回答、补充和询问：
A：(回答)不，我住在布里斯托尔。
(补充)我只是到伦敦来游玩。
(询问)你在这儿住了很长时间了吗？
B：(回答)不是很长。
(补充)三年前我搬到这儿。
(询问)你到伦敦的目的(purpose)是什么？
说话者刚开始可能会有困难，但是他们很快地意识到重要的是他们在说一些事情。通过继续AAA模式，谈话得以继续进行。因为他们都想避免的是一种尴尬的沉默。
谈话能以此种方式继续很长时间。然而，一些事情的发生能完全改变这种气氛。
B：你为什么住在布里斯托尔？
A：我在那儿学习。历史。你是一个学生吗？
B：是的。我认识一些人，他们也在布里斯托尔学习。你认识一个叫海伦·布朗的女孩吗？
A：海伦·布朗！！是的！她是我一个最好的朋友！你怎么认识她的？
B：她是我的表妹。
到此时，AAA模式停止了。因为运用这种非常有用的社交技巧，最后他们找到了共同的东西。
速效提能演练
本部分内容讲解结束
点此进入课件目录
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谢谢使用(共67张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Introduction，Vocabulary and Reading &Function—Language Study
重点难点探究
Section Ⅱ
速效提能演练
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1 Have you ever crossed the road to avoid talking to someone you recognise
你是否做过这样的事情：看见认识的人以后，故意过马路以避免与其说话？
品味经典
①What does he mean by avoiding eye contact
他躲开目光接触是什么意思？
②Many deaths could have been avoided if the US and Britain had not launched the war.
如果英美两国不发动战争的话，本可以避免许多人死亡。
③They all avoided mentioning that name.
他们都避免提及那个名字。
④He tried to avoid being punished by his father.
他试图避免被父亲惩罚。
自我探究
avoid是及物动词，意为“避免；避开”。后跟名词、代词或v. ing作宾语，不可跟动词不定式。
易混辨析
avoid，escape
avoid 表示“避免、避开；防止某事发生”之意；有故意避免之意。后跟名词、代词或动词的 ing形式。
escape 表示“逃跑；漏出”时，常与from搭配；表示“逃脱；逃避”时，后跟名词或动词的 ing形式，常表示成功逃脱。
⑤You may avoid all known sources of contagion，yet not easily escape infection.
你可以避开所有已知的接触传染病源，却难以摆脱非接触传染。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)她紧急刹车，避免了一场车祸。
She braked suddenly and __________an accident.
(2)我们很幸运，没有受罚。
We were lucky to __________________.
答案：(1)avoided (2)escape being punished
单项填空
(3)I crossed the street to avoid________her，but she saw me and came towards me.
A．meeting B．meet
C．to meet D．being met
解析：选A。avoid后面要跟v. ing形式作宾语，故排除B、C两项。另根据逻辑关系分析，此处表示主动。
2 If you talk about these topics, is the conversation serious or small talk
如果你谈论这些话题，你会把它们当成正式话题还是闲谈？
品味经典
①Please be serious for a minute, this is very important.请严肃点儿，这事很重要。
②Believe me, I am serious about selling the house.
相信我，我对卖房子是认真的。
自我探究
serious是形容词，意为“严肃的”。
be serious about(doing)．..对……很严肃/认真。
归纳拓展
③But in her teens, she started taking sports more seriously.
但十几岁的时候，她对体育的态度更加认真了。
④You can’t take her promises seriously；she never keeps her word.
她答应的事你不必当真，她说话从来不算数。
牛刀小试
He began to take political science ________only when he left school.
A．strictly B．truly
C．carefully D．seriously
解析：选D。考查固定搭配。take sth. seriously意为“认真对待”，故选D。
3 Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you don’t know
你是否做过这样的事情：想要结识更多的朋友，但缺少与陌生人交谈的信心？
品味经典
①Before the final exam，some students lack courage and confidence.
期末考试之前，一些学生缺乏勇气和信心。
②What we lack in this house is space to store things.
我们屋子里缺少存放东西的空间。
自我探究
lack在此处用作及物动词，意为“缺乏，缺少”。不用于被动语态。
归纳拓展
③Too many teachers are treated with a lack of respect.
太多的教师没有受到尊重。
④They lacked for nothing.
他们什么都不缺。
⑤Lack of sleep can affect learning and memory.
缺乏睡眠可能会影响学习和记忆。
⑥He was taken on as a teacher but he was lacking in confidence.
他被聘为教师，但缺乏信心。
牛刀小试
More and more high rise buildings have been built in big cities________space.
A．in search of B．in place of
C．for lack of D．for fear of
解析：选C。本题考查介词短语。in search of“寻找”；in place of“代替”；for lack of“由于缺少”；for fear of“由于害怕”。句意“大城市因缺少空间，建起了越来越多的高层建筑。”
4 It helps if you do a little advance planning.
要是预先做些准备，将会对你有所帮助。
品味经典
①Please give us advance warning if we can’t use this kind of equipment.
如果我们不能使用这种设备的话，请事先通告我们。
自我探究
advance在此处用作形容词，意为“预先的，在前的”。
归纳拓展
②These soldiers advanced towards the important town quickly.
这些士兵迅速向这个重要城镇前进。
③China has made great advances in science and technology.
中国在科技方面进步神速。
④Please help me book a ticket in advance.
请帮我提前预订一张票。
⑤A giant LED screen wall is switched on in advance of Shanghai World Expo.
一面巨大的LED显示屏已在2010年上海世博会开幕前提前亮相。
⑥This is the most advanced type of engine available.
这是目前能用的最先进的发动机了。
牛刀小试
If you are worried that the rooms will not be available，you can book one________.
A．in time B．in advance
C．on end D．by now
解析：选B。句意：如果你担心到时候没房间了，你可以提前预订一个。in advance“提前，预先”，符合语境语义；A项意为“及时”，C项意为“连续地”，D项意为“截至到目前为止”，均不合适。
5 Don’t look away from the person who’s talking to you.
不要把目光从正跟你交谈的人身上移开。
品味经典
①When you are talking to others，you shouldn’t look away from the person you are talking to.
当你跟别人说话时，不要把目光从正跟你谈话的人身上移开。
②She looked away from the film and went out.
她把目光从电影上移开然后出去了。
自我探究
look away from是“动＋副＋介”结构的及物动词短语，意为“把目光从……移开”。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
用look短语的适当形式完成句子
(1)不要看不起这种工作。
Don’t ________________ this kind of work.
(2) 我盼望着能尽快见到你。
I’m ______________ seeing you as soon as possible.
(3)当心！草丛里可能有蛇。
______________！ There might be snakes in the grass.
(4)如果你不知道如何用这个词，你可以查字典。
____________ the word in the dictionary if you don’t know how to use it.
(5)在这个漂亮的商店里我翻阅了几本杂志。
I ______________ several magazines in the beautiful shop.
(6)当我回头看时，我能看到我走错的地方。
When I ____________ I can see where I went wrong.
答案：(1)look down upon (2)looking forward to
(3)Look out (4)Look up (5)looked through
(6)look back
6 In addition，you need to know how long you should stay，and when you have to leave.
除此之外，你还要知道你应该待多长时间，以及什么时候应该离开。
品味经典
①When Diane fell，she hurt her arm and，in addition，broke her glasses.
黛安妮摔倒时，摔伤了胳臂，还摔坏了眼镜。
②In addition，he also found two other deaths in another part of London.
除此之外，他还发现在伦敦的另一个地方有两个死亡的病例。
③My mother gave me sandwiches for my lunch and a bag of milk in addition.
妈妈为我准备了三明治和一袋奶作为午餐。
自我探究
in addition为介词短语，用作状语，意为“另外”，常放在句首，也可放在句中、句尾。
归纳拓展
牛刀小试
用in addition，in addition to填空
(1)__________________ English，he has to study a second foreign language.
(2)The company provides cheap Internet access. ________________，it makes shareware freely available.
答案：(1)In addition to (2)In addition
单项填空
(3)You have to bring your books along with you.________，you should take your picture.
A．In one word B．In short
C．In addition D．In need
解析：选C。句意：你必须随身带上你的书本。另外，你还需要带上你的照片。in addition表示“除此之外，另外”，符合语境语义。A项和B项都意为“总而言之，简言之”，D项意为“需要”，均不合适。
7 In most places，you don’t have to take a gift to a party—but find out first!
在大多数地方，你不必带着礼物去参加宴会——但你得事先弄清楚！
品味经典
①Can you find out Mr.Johnson’s address for me
你能帮我查一下约翰逊先生的地址吗？
②We must find out the customs of other countries, so that they will not think us ill mannered.
我们必须了解别的国家的习俗，免得他们会认为我们是没有礼貌的。
③Please find out when the train starts.
请查一下火车什么时候开。
自我探究
find out为及物动词短语，意为“查找；了解(到)；找出(信息)”。代词作宾语时，应放在两个词中间。
易混辨析
find，find out，look for
(1)find表示“发现，找到”的意思。其宾语常常是具体的人或东西。
(2)find out意为“找出、发现、查明”，多指通过调查、询问、打听、研究之后“搞清楚、弄明白”，通常含有“经过困难曲折”的含义，指找出较难找到的、无形的、抽象的东西。
(3)look for意为“寻找”，是有目的地找，强调“寻找”这一动作。
牛刀小试
用find，find out，look for的适当形式填空
(1)Read this passage，and ______________ the answer to this question.
(2)I don’t ____________ my pen，I’m ______________ it everywhere.
答案：(1)find out (2) find；looking for
单项填空
(3)I finally ________ the phone number by looking it up.
A．found B．found out
C．looked D．looked for
解析：选B。句意：通过查找最终我找到了电话号码。find out表示“了解(到)，找出(信息)”，多指通过调查、询问、打听、研究之后“搞清楚、弄明白”，符合语境语义。A项意为“(偶然)发现，找到”，C项look为不及物动词，不能直接跟宾语，D项意为“寻找”，强调“寻找”这一动作，也不合适。
8 People with good social skills communicate well and know how to have a conversation.
有很好的社交技巧的人可以与人交流得很好并且知道如何和别人交流。
句型巧析
品味经典
①When to go for the picnic hasn’t been decided.
什么时间去野炊还没有定下来。
②I don’t know who to turn to for help.
我不知道该向谁求助。
③I have no idea of how to do it.
我不知道如何做这件事。
自我探究
不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。可以用名词性从句替换。
牛刀小试
He told us whether ________a picnic was still under discussion.
A．to have B．having
C．have D．had
解析：选A。考查“疑问词/连词＋不定式”结构。该结构由疑问代词(what, who, whom，which)/疑问副词(when, where, how)/连接词(whether)后面接带to的不定式等。本题中该结构作主语。
9 Talk to a man about himself，and he will speak to you for hours!
和一个人谈论他自己，他就会和你说上几小时。
品味经典
①Study hard, or/otherwise you’ll fail in your exams.
＝If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail in your exams.
＝You will fail in your exams unless you study hard.
如果你不刻苦学习，你就会考不及格。
②Work harder and/then you will succeed in your studies.
＝If you work harder, you’ll succeed in your studies.
＝Working harder, you will succeed in your studies.
如果你更加努力学习，在学习方面你就会成功。
③Try some of this juice—perhaps you’ll like it.
尝尝这种果汁——也许你会喜欢的。
④Another ￡500，and I could buy a car.
假如我再有500英镑，就能买辆小汽车了。
自我探究
在句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中，祈使句表示条件，陈述句表示结果，当前后两部分间为承接关系时，用and，译成“那么”；前后意思为相反关系时，用or，译成“否则，要不然”。前面的祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句，而陈述句表示结果，可以转换为带有条件状语从句的复合句，转换时要注意连接词的使用。
此句型的变化形式有：祈使句＋破折号＋陈述句；名词词组＋and＋陈述句(名词词组中通常含有more，another，further，earlier等词)。
牛刀小试
用and，or填空
(1)Follow the advice of the doctor，______ you’ll be well very soon.
(2)Don’t jump the queue，________ other people will not be pleased.
答案：(1)and (2)or
单项填空
(3)(2011年高考山东卷)Find ways to praise your children often，__________you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.
A．till B．or
C．and D．but
解析：选C。句意：找出经常表扬孩子的方法，那么你会发现他们就会向你敞开心扉。本题考查句型：祈使句＋and(or)＋简单句，符合句型的只有B、C项，根据句意只能选C。
How Good Are Your Social Skills
Have you ever crossed the road to avoid talking to someone you recognise？Would you love to go to a party and talk confidently to every guest？Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you don’t know？And are you nervous about the idea of being at a social event in another country？Don’t worry—we can help you!
译文助读
You needn’t worry about situations like these if you have good social skills.And they are easy to learn.People with good social skills communicate well and know how to have a conversation.It helps if you do a little advance planning.
Here are a few ideas to help you.
Learn how to do small talk
Small talk is very important and prepares you for more serious conversations.Be prepared！Have some low risk conversation openers ready.For example：
·think of a recent news story—not too serious，e.g.a story about a film star or sports star
·think of things to tell people about your studies
·think of “safe”things you can ask people’s opinions about—music，sport，films，etc.
·think of topics that you would avoid if you were talking to strangers—and avoid talking about them！That way，you don’t damage your confidence!
Develop your listening skills
Listening is a skill which most people lack，but communication is a two way process—it involves speaking AND listening.Always remember—you won’t impress people if you talk too much.Here are some ideas to make you a better listener：
Do...
·show that you are listening by using encouraging noises and gestures—smiling，nodding，saying“uh huh”and “OK”，etc.
·keep good eye contact
·use positive body language
·ask for more information to show your interest
Don’t...
·look at your watch
·yawn
·sigh
·look away from the person who’s talking to you
·change the subject
·finish other people’s sentences for them
Always remember the words of Benjamin Disraeli，British Prime Minister in the 19th century：“Talk to a man about himself，and he will speak to you for hours！”
Learn the rules
If you go to a social occasion in another country，remember that social rules can be different.In some countries，for example，you have to arrive on time at a party；in other countries，you don’t need to.In addition，you need to know how long you should stay，and when you have to
leave.Some hosts expect flowers or a small gift，but in other places，you can take things，but you needn’t if you don’t want to.Remember also that in some countries，you mustn’t take flowers of a certain colour，because they’re unlucky.In most places，you don’t have to take a gift to a party—but find out first!
你的社交技能有多高？
你是否做过这样的事情：看见认识的人以后，故意过马路以避免与其说话？你是否愿意参加聚会并自信地(confidently)和每位来宾交谈？你是否想结交更多的朋友(make friends)但又缺乏(lack)与陌生人交谈的信心？你是否一想到要在别的国家参加社交活动就觉得忐忑不安(be nervous about)？别担心——我们能帮助你！
具备了良好的社交技能，你就不用担心这样的情景。而这些技能是容易学习的。具有良好社交技能的人能很好地和别人交流并且知道怎样说话。要是预先(advance)做些准备，将会对你有所帮助。
下面为你出点主意。
学会怎样聊天
聊天是很重要的，并能帮助你为一些严肃的谈话做准备。有备无患！准备好几句不太会出错的开场白。例如：
·想(think of)一个最近的新闻故事——不要太严肃，譬如，一个有关电影明星或体育明星的故事
·想一些有关你学习的事情告诉别人
·想一些“不会出错”的事情询问别人的意见——音乐、体育、电影等。
·想一些和陌生人谈话时要回避的话题——并且要避免谈论这些话题！那样你的自信心就不会被伤害了！
提高倾听的技能
倾听是大多数人所缺乏的技巧，而交流是双向的过程——它涉及说和听两个方面。要永远记住——话太多并不会给人留下怎样的印象。下面是一些使你成为良好倾听者的方法：
做下面的事情……
·用一些鼓励的声音或姿势表示你正在倾听——微笑、点头(nod)、说一些“嗯”或“对啊”之类的话。
·保持得体的目光接触
·使用积极肯定的身体语言(body language)
·询问更多的信息表示你的兴趣
不要做下面的事情……
·看自己的手表
·打呵欠(yawn)
·叹气(sigh)
·把眼光从正跟你说话的人身上移开(look away from)
·改变话题
·替别人把话说完
要牢记19世纪英国首相本杰明·迪斯累里的话“和一个人谈论他自己，他会和你说上几小时！”
学习规则
如果你在另一个国家去一个社交场合，要记住会有不同的社交规则(social rules)。例如，在一些国家，你得准时参加聚会；而在另一些国家就不需要。另外(in addition)，你需要知道该待多久，还有该在何时离开。有的主人希望能得到一些鲜花或小礼品，而在另一些地方你可以给主人送东西，但如果你不想送也可以不送。还有，要记住在有的国家你不能带某种颜色的鲜花，因为那是不吉利的。在大多数地方，参加聚会不必带礼物——但你得事先弄清楚！
速效提能演练
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