(共39张PPT)
Revising useful structures
1. Underline the predicates in the sentences.
1. James Cook was a great English navigator and Pacific Ocean expedition leader.
2. He had not only an outstanding ability in navigation and exploration, but also a real concern for sailors’ health. He carried out compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains.
3. He had led three great Pacific voyages during his life.
4. In his first Pacific voyage in 1769, James Cook rounded Cape Horn, then spent six months charting New Zealand, and finally explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia.
5. In 1772, Captain Cook set sail to look for a “theorized great southern continent”. Although they could not manage to reach Antarctica owing to the ice, he predicted that if it did exist, it would have to be a wasteland.
6. In 1776, Captain cook started his third Pacific voyage, searching for the Northwest Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, he was killed in a dispute with Hawaiian natives
and his men’s attempt at the Northwest Passage was unsuccessful. However, this voyage is still recognized as especially significant in the history of the discovery of the west coast of North America.
The Predicate
谓 语
Subject---Verb Agreement
主谓一致
谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词词组担任。
及物动词
不及物动词
连系动词
情态动词
动词可分为:
需要跟有宾语的动词叫及物动词，及物动词后可跟一个宾语、直接宾语和间接宾语或一个宾语带宾语补足语。例如：
及物动词
直接宾语
Children seek independence.
The trial raised a number of questions.
He has always liked Mr. Philips.
He made the shortest speech I have
ever heard.
A couple were having a drink at a table by the window.
He took photographs of Vita in her summer house.
直接宾语和间接宾语
They gave us a wonderfully warm welcome.
Mr. Schell wrote a letter the other day to the New York Times.
(… wrote the New York Times a letter.)
I took out the black box and handed it to her. (…handed her the box.)
I had lent my apartment to a friend for the weekend.
He left the note for her on the table.
一个宾语带宾语补足语
Willis’s jokes made her uneasy.
Last year they made him captain of the Team.
The people named the place “Turbo Kutu”.
I thought it right to go there without delay.
Have you found it difficult to speak
不需要跟宾语的动词叫不及物动词
Her whole body ached.
Donald was lying on the bed.
Bob coughed all night.
All the leaves have fallen and winter is coming.
I will travel south this summer and won’t come back to my office until the end of August.
有几个不及物动词后可以跟有与之同形的名词，这叫同源宾语。
They are living a peaceful life.
=They are living peacefully.
He died a heroic death.
=He died heroically.
The girl laughed a merry laugh.
=The girl laughed merrily.
He sighed a deep sigh.
=He sighed deeply.
许多动词往往既是不及物动词又是及物动词。
Gus asked me whether I’d like to have dinner with him. I accepted. (vi.)
I accepted the invitation. (vt.)
He painted every day. (vi.)
He painted vivid portraits of friends and acquaintances. (vt.)
He ran as fast as he could. (vi.)
She ran a hotel in the centre of the city. (vt.)
Father never smoked or drank all his life. (vi.)
He drank a good deal of coffee. (vt.)
At last she thanked them and left. (vi.)
All I know is that Michael and I never left the house. (vt.)
连系动词虽具有词汇意义，但需要带有表语才能构成动词谓语。例如：
The station seems a very small one.
They have remained loyal to the government.
Their hall was larger than his whole flat.
The task of inspecting it proved to be exciting and interesting.
It sounds unnatural to us.
My memories of a London childhood are happy ones.
His body was the color of bronze.
动词词组或称短语动词，可以扩展或改变动词的意义，它们的构成是：
·动词+副词
Mary went away for a few days.
·动词+介词
The other day I came across a letter from Brunei written in the last year of his life.
·动词+副词+介词
You may have come up against unexpected difficulties.
情态动词与动词连用构成的谓语
I must leave very soon.
The rich ought to pay tuition fees for their children.
You may have heard of him.
You should not have done so.
考点分析：
1. At last，we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ___ down to eat our picnic lunch．
A．sitting B．having sat
C．to sit D．sat
本题考查并列谓语的选择。found与sat down应为并列谓语，而其余各项均为非谓语动词形式不能单独作谓语，解题时务必注意并列连词的作用。
2. Professor Smith，along with his assistants，_______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline．
A．work B．working
C．is working D．are working
本题考查主谓一致用法。当“主语+along with/ with/ together with + n. / pron．” 结构作主语时．其谓语动词的单复数应与主语保持一致。 因Professor Smith作主语，故应用单数谓语动词is working。
3. ---You haven't said a word about
my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it
---I'm sorry I _____anything about it
sooner. 1 certainly think it's pretty
on you.
A .wasn't saying B. don't say
C. won't say D. didn't say
4. The evening news comes on at seven o'clock and _____only thirty minutes.
A. keeps B. completes
C. finishes D. lasts
5. ---Has Sam finished his homework
today
---I have no idea. He_____ it this
morning.
A. did B. has done
C. was doing D. had done
6. The forest guards often find
campfires have not been
_____ completely.
A. turned down B. put out
C. put away D. had done
7. The first use of atomic weapons
was in 1945 and their power___
increased enormously ever since.
A. is B. was
C. has D. had been
8. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8
boys of her class, _____visiting a
museum when the earthquake
struck.
A. was B. were
C. had been D. would be
9. The flowers ______ sweet in the
botanic garden, which attracted
the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelled
C. smelling D. are smelled
10. Having a trip abroad is certainly
nice for old couples, but it
remains _____ whether they
will enjoy it.
A. to be seen B. to see
C. seeing D. seen
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads ______ (keep) rising these days.
2. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _____________ (repair) at the garage.
3. What we used to think _______ (be) impossible does seem possible now.
4. The moment the 28th Olympic Games ____________ (declare) open, the whole world cheered.
keeps
is being repaired
was
were declared
5. The use of credit cards in place of cash ____________ (increase) in recent years.
6. Newton _____________ (explain) the movements of the moon from the attraction of the earth.
7. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People ____________ (phone) to ask how I am going to spend the money.
has increased
has explained
are phoning(共70张PPT)
Learning about language
Discovering useful words and expressions
1. Replace the words underlined by ones of similar meaning from the reading passage.
1) Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried for home.
2) Sailing a boat alone far way from the shore made Flora’s parents worry about her safety.
overhead
offshore
3) Clare, would you please put your bicycle next to the others in the shed
4) “Why don’t you plot a more simple route with the smallest number of stops ” asked Mary.
5) Setting out on a long journey by sea with unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially if there were no modern navigational instruments.
alongside
simplified
minimum
voyage
seamen
2. find the words from the reading passage that are the opposite of these compound words.
_________anywhere _________upload
_________inward _______unreliable
_________ land flower
____________ strong point
nowhere
download
outward
reliable
seaweed
shortcoming
3. Write down the words you know, which are related to navigation and sea.
Navigation
navigate, navigational, (instruments: compass, bearing, circle, astrolabe, quadrant, sextant), sail, sailor, voyage, latitude, longitude, equator, horizon, captain, sailor, land, island, set sail, nautical middles, explore, exploration…
Sea
Seaman, seaweed, seafood, shore, offshore, onshore, beach, beach-ball, seabed, seabird, seagull, sea shell, seaside, sea water, seasick, coast, coastline, coastal, tide, wave, current
…
4. Complete the following paragraph with the words below.
precise outward nowhere awkward reference seaweed accelerate mercy randomly voyage alongside approximate
Samuel the sailor was extremely good at plotting his course using the stars as a_________. One day he was determined to set out on a _______across an unknown sea to an unknown continent. He set out with his instruments so he would not be at the _____ of the sea. He found on his ________ journey a rocky island. It seemed to be covered in nests.
reference
voyage
mercy
outward
Suddenly, as Samuel looked, an enormous bird swooped down and picked him up as if he were a/ an_________ parcel. It __________ its speed and rose straight up into the air so as to reach the______ place on the rocks where its nest lay. Once there, it shook itself and threw Samuel in the____________ direction of the nest.
awkward
accelerated
precise
approximate
There seemed to be ________ to hide but then he noticed lots of_______ on his left and quickly hid under it.
The bird landed nearby and pecked _________ at the rocks. Samuel rolled over swiftly and found himself at the edge of the cliff. He looked down slowly with a beating heart. Below him was his boat lying ________ the shore!
nowhere
seaweed
randomly
alongside
“How lucky I am!” Samuel thought to himself. He then gave a mighty leap and landed in it. Once inside he could safely sail away.
work out
① to calculate an answer, amount, price, or value 计算
② to think about sth. and manage to understand it 设法弄懂
③ to think carefully about how you are going to do sth. and plan a good way of doing it 精心制定出，安排
Explanation on P11
eg.
⑴ See if you can work out this bill
out.
⑵ The plot is so complicated that it’ll
take you a while to work it out.
计算
弄明白
⑶ I can’t work out Geoff ; one day he’s friendly ,the next day he ignores me completely.
⑷ I haven’t worked out who’s gong to look after the kids tonight.
明白
计划
1. We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship’s position on a map.
在经纬度未能绘出航船在地图上的位置之前，我们很想知道航海员是怎样在海上探险的。
Page 12
may/might well 很可能，极有可能
These are excellent photographs and we may well use them in our magazine.
这些是很不错的照片，我们很有可能把它们用在我们的杂志上。
You might well find that you’ll need more by the weekend.
到周末你很可能会发现你需要更多东西。
2. The voyages of travelers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.
17世纪前的海上航行表明，即使没有现代航海术的帮助，旅行者也没有受大海的支配。
① voyage n./ vi. 航海, 航行
The voyage from England to India used to take six months.
过去从英国航行到印度要六个月。
go on/make/take a sea voyage
去航海旅行
voyager n.
航行者, 航海者
They have got everything ready to make a _____ across the Atlantic.
A. trip B. travel
C. voyage D. tour
② at the mercy of
without any protection against; helpless before 任由…摆布；在…面前无助
They were lost at sea, at the mercy of wind and weather.
他们在海上迷失了方向,任凭风和天气的摆布。
I don’t like to be at the mercy of such a man.
我不愿受这样一个人的摆布。
have mercy on/ show mercy to
对……表示怜悯
The terrorists showed no mercy to the hostages.
恐怖分子对人质残酷无情。
without mercy 毫不留情地
The mother left the dying baby in the hospital without mercy.
那位母亲狠心地把垂死的婴儿丢弃在医院。
It’s a mercy (that) (口)幸运的是,幸亏
(用于表示更遭的情况得以避免总算是幸运)
It’s a mercy the accident happened so near the hospital.
幸亏事故发生在离医院很近的地方。
It’s a mercy she wasn’t seriously hurt.
幸运的是她伤势不重。
③ even though 用作连词，意为“尽管，即使”，引导让步状语从句。
[高考示例]
There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, ______ she was an only child. (辽宁 2005)
A. ever since B. now that
C. even though D. even as
even though“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。 ever since“自从……以来”，常和完成时态连用；now that“既然，由于”；even as“正当，恰恰在……的时候”。
[拓展] even though 和even so 的区别：even though = even if用作连词，引导让步状语从句；even so 用作副词，意思是“尽管这样/那样，即便如此”。
[高考示例]
Your uncle seems to be a good driver; ______, I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car.
(江西 2005)
A. even so B. even though
C. therefore D. so
3. minimum (min)
adj. 最小的, 最低的
n. 最小值, 最小化。
其反义词为maximum (max)
adj. 最高的, 最多的, 最大极限的
n. 最大量, 最大限度, 极大
The minimum requirements for the job
are a degree and two years’ experience.
该工作的最低要求是要有学位和两年
的工作经验。
You must get a minimum of 40
questions right to pass the examination.
你最少必须答对40道题才能通过考试。
keep/reduce sth. to a minimum
将某物保持在/降低到最低限度
The school manages to keep bullying to a minimum.
学校设法最低限度得减少恃强凌弱的行为。
The maximum number of students in each class is 58.
每个班学生人数的最高限额是58名。
4. indicate vt.
指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明
I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.
我问他姐姐在哪儿, 他朝对面的商店指了一下。
I indicated that his help was not welcome.
我表明他的帮助不受欢迎。
5. close adj.
①near in space or time
空间上或时间上靠近的
②likely 可能的
③careful 小心的
close to death
离死亡不远
take a close look at sth.
严密注意某物
keep a close watch/eye on
仔细地看
They chose a spot close to the river for their picnic.
他们选择了一个离河不远的地方进行野餐。
Your birthday is close to mine.
你的生日离我的生日相隔不长。
The two countries are close to signing a peace agreement.
两国即将签署和平协议。
6. used to do
表过去习惯化的动作或状态
be/become/get used to doing/n.
习惯于(to为介词)
be used to do
为被动语态，表示“被用来做某事”
I used to go swimming on Saturdays but now I don’t.
The country life he was used to _____
greatly since 1992. (2005 山东)
A. change B. has changed
C. changing D. have changed
I’m not used to getting up so early.
Cloth is used to make clothes.
7. nowhere adv.
无处, 到处都无
该词用于句首时，要用倒装语序。
I have no job and nowhere to live.
我没工作，也没地方住。
Nowhere could I see him.
我哪儿也看不到他。
Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else __ such a beautiful palace. (2004 辽宁)
A. can you find B. you could find
C. you can find D. could you find
nowhere else是否定词，以否定词开头的句子要进行倒装。根据上一个句子的谓语动词可确定用一般现在时。
注：nowhere置于句首时，句子要用倒装的语序。
8. offshore adj./adv.
向海面吹的, 离岸的, 海面上的, 海上/下作业的
offshore workers
海上作业的工人
offshore bank/company/investment
境外银行/公司/投资
offshore wind/current etc.
从陆地吹向海面的风/离岸的潮流
The storm moved offshore.
风暴离岸移动。
A boat moored offshore.
船在近海下锚。
9. accelerate vi./vt.
= to (cause to ) move faster 加速, 促进
She accelerated her car and passed the bus in front.
她加快车速超过了前面的公共汽车。
The car suddenly accelerated.
那辆车突然开始加速。
1. secure
adj.安全的, 可靠的, 放心的, 无虑的
v. 保护,使安全
Our house is secure from flood.
我们的房子没有被淹的危险。
Some measures are needed to secure the bank from a flood.
这道堤防需要采取一些措施, 免得被洪水冲坏。
Page 13
security n.安全，保安，保护
Security was tight during the President’s visit.
总统来访期间，保安工作十分严密。
For security reasons the visitors were searched.
为了安全起见，来宾受到了检查。
2. magnetic
adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的
magnet
n. 磁体, 磁铁
a magnetic recorder
磁录音机
a magnetic compass bearing
可分辨磁极方向的罗盘
a magnetic person
有魅力的人
The iron has lost its magnetic force.
这铁已失去磁力。
3. random n. 随意, 任意
adj. 任意的, 随便的, 胡乱的
make a random choice
任意选择
at random = aimlessly; without any plan 随机，随便
The travelers at the airport were searched at random.
（搜查人员对）机场上的旅客随便选几个人加以搜查。
Soiled dishes were piled at random.
脏碟子乱七八糟地堆着。
4. awkward adj.
难使用的, 笨拙的, 尴尬的;
棘手的,难处理的
an awkward remark
令人窘迫的评论
There was an awkward silence, when no one knew what to say.
当谁都不知道说什么时，出现了令人尴尬的沉默。
他很笨，总是丢东西。
He is awkward; he keeps dropping things.
An awkward situation arose during the peace talks.
在和平谈判中出现了棘手的情况。
5. reference n. 提及, 涉及, 参考, 参考书目, 证明书(人), 介绍信(人)
At the meeting the teacher made references to his heroic deeds. 在会上老师提到了他的英雄事迹。
These are reference books for teachers. 这些是教师参考书。
refer v.
提到, 涉及, 查阅, 咨询
The teacher often refers her pupils to this dictionary.
老师经常让她的学生查这本字典。
Her pupils often refer to this dictionary.
她的学会经常查这本字典。
Don’t refer to it again.
别再提那件事。
6. precise adj. 精确的, 准确的
precision n. 精确(性), 精密(度)
A lawyer needs a precise mind. 律师需要一丝不苟的精神。
A camera is an instrument of precision. 照相机是一种精密仪器。
7. simplify vt. 单一化, 简单化
simple adj. 简单的
The English in this story has been simplified to make it easier to understand. 这个故事里的英语被简写以便更容易理解。
His father lived a simple life in the country. 他父亲在农村过着简朴的生活。
8. portable adj. 轻便的, 手提(式)的, 便携式的
a portable typewriter 提式打字机
a portable generator 便携式发电机
9. shortcoming n.
缺点, 短处（常用复数）
In spite of all her shortcomings, she is still the best teacher the school has.他尽管有些缺点，但仍然是该校最好的教师。
10. update
v. 使现代化, 修正, 校正, 更新
n. 现代化, 更新
updated
adj. 最新的，现代化的，适时的
an updated and revised edition
最新修订本
11. tendency n. 趋向, 倾向
We’ve noticed a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 我们注意到一种趋势，越来越多的人在家里工作而不在办公室里上班。
have a tendency to do sth. 倾向于做某事, 往往会做某事
Jean’s nice but she has a tendency to talk too much. 简人倒不错，就是往往太唠叨。
12. reliable adj. 可靠的, 可信赖的
rely v.依赖, 依靠, 信赖, 信任, 依赖于
reliability n.可靠性
She may forget to come --- she is not very reliable. 她可能忘了来，她不太可信赖。
课文长句难句剖析
The compass has a special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go.
剖析: pointer 是先行词, which 是引导词, 在从句中作主语, 引导后面定语从句always indicates the North Pole; so引导后面的是结果状语从句; it作形式主语, 真正的主语是to help find the direction; the direction 作为先行词, that是引导词, 引导定语从句the ship needs to go。
译文：指南针有一个特殊的磁针，始终指着北极。因此人们用它来帮助找出船只所要去的方向。
1. ____________ giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience.
2. He used to tell me that he ________ be a writer but it turned out that he became a doctor.
cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take ... off, to one’s astonishment, attach ... to, take over, compare ... with, in addition to, aim to
用方框内所给词组的适当形式完成下列句子（其中有两个词组是多余的）。
In addition to
aimed to
3. It was a reasonable assessment and probably pretty ______ the truth.
4. The workers find themselves absolutely ______________ the capitalists．
5. Inexperienced as he was, he could ________ the difficulties wonderfully well.
cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take ... off, to one’s astonishment, attach ... to, take over, compare ... with, in addition to, aim to
close to
at the mercy of
cope with
6. He kept his men alive by keeping them busy so as to ______ their minds ______ their stomachs and their thirst.
7. She ________ great value ____ being financially independent.
cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take ... off, to one’s astonishment, attach ... to, take over, compare ... with, in addition to, aim to
attaches to
take off
8. I spotted a shooting star which, ____
___________, was bright green in color.
9. When she fell ill, her daughter ______ the business from her.
10. There will be a full investigation to ______ what caused the accident.
cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take ... off, to one’s astonishment, attach ... to, take over, compare ... with, in addition to, aim to
astonishment
took over
work out
to my(共46张PPT)
Using Language
Reading
Comprehension
True or false questions:
1. I was forced to join Captain Bligh in the small boat.
2. After the crew took over the ship “Bounty”, Captain Bligh was allowed to take with him a chart , a compass and a quadrant.
F
F
3. It was very difficult for us to get a correct reading from the quadrant as the boat moved constantly during the course.
4. Captain Bligh used a system called “dead reckoning” and he knew there was land directly southwest of their original position.
T
F
5. We completely believed Captain Bligh when he talked hopefully about what we would do when we got back to England.
6. Captain Bligh was as weak as the rest of us but he was determined not to give up.
F
T
7. Captain Bligh kept us busy and tried to take our minds off our stomach and thirst all the way.
8. We finally escaped the jaws of death and arrived in Timor over fifty days after being set loose in our small boat.
T
F
1. Our outward voyage in the “Bounty” to Tahiti had been filled with the kind of incidents that I thought would be my stories when I returned home.
剖析：in the “Bounty” to Tahiti 是介词短语作定语，修饰voyage；be filled with解作：充满…”；incidents是先行词，that引导后面定语从句，在从句中作主语；I thought作为插入语； when引导后面是时间状语从句。
Explanation
译文：我们乘坐“邦蒂号”出发到塔希提岛这段航程中充满了各种事件。我以为回国后可以讲这些故事。
incident n.事件, 事变
He could remember every incident in great detail.
他能把每件小事的细节都记得清楚。
incident 附带的小事件，事端，政变
accident 意外事故
event 重大事件
How did the accident happen
这起事故是怎么发生的？
July 7th Incident 七七事变
What were the chief events of last year
去年主要的大事是什么？
2. departure n. 启程, 出发, 离开
a departure lounge 候车室
departure date 动身日期
depart vi.离开, 起程, 逝世
3. crew n. 全体人员, (工作)队
The plane had seventy passengers and a crew of ten.
飞机上有70名乘客和10名机务人员。
注意:做主语时, 如看作整体, 谓语用单数; 如看作成员, 谓语用复数。
The crew on board the plane was small.
The crew were busy preparing.
4. deposit
v. 放置, 放下放置,安置；
托付,寄存;存钱
She deposited her money in the bank.
他把钱存到银行里。
dilemma n. 进退两难的局面, 困难的选择(可加不定冠词)
e.g.
You place me in something of a dilemma.
Jill was in a dilemma whether to go out
with Bill or Joe.
The doctor was in a dilemma whether to
tell the patient the truth about his
condition or not.
5. drawback n. 缺点, 毛病;不利因素
One drawback of New York in the summer is the heat.
In spite of all its drawbacks, it was a place of quiet, peace.
The only drawback of the plan is that it costs too much.
draw back
① 退回,往后退
The children drew back from the dog when it barked at them.
② 不履行(诺言)
He will not draw back from what he has promised.
6. dusk n. 薄暮, 黄昏,暮色
Dusk was falling.
By dusk we had reached a place called Lion Forest.
At dusk the lights of the city come on.
dawn n. 黎明, 拂晓, 破晓
The darkest hour is before the dawn.
And at dawn we rose and knocked at the gate of the city.
7. routine n.
例行公事, 常规, 日常事务, 程序
Teachers in our school will have a routine medical examination on Teachers’ Day.
在教师节我们学校的教师要进行常规的检查。
I arrive at nine o’clock, teach until twelve thirty and then have a meal; that is my morning routine. 我九点钟到，上课到十二点钟，然后吃饭；那是我上午的例行做法。
8. pretty
adj. 漂亮的, 优美的, 机灵的, 恰当的
adv. 相当，颇
a pretty garden / valley
美丽的花园 / 山谷
You speak English pretty well.
你的英语讲得相当好。
I feel pretty tired.
我感到相当疲劳了。
9. in addition 另外
There was an earthquake and, in addition, there were tsunamis. 除了地震之外，还有海啸。
比较：in addition, in addition to
in addition = as well, besides 相当于副词
in addition to = as well as 相当于介词
In addition, the owner of the land may charge an extra fee.
In addition to swimming, she likes tennis.
10. starvation n. 饥饿, 饿死
starve v.饥饿, 饿死
Thousands and thousands of people there are on the point of starvation.
那儿成千上万的人都面临着饿死的危险。
Thousands of people will starve if food doesn’t reach the stricken city.
如果食物不能运到那座受灾的城市， 成千上万的人就要饿死。
11. extreme
adj. 尽头的, 极端的, 偏激的, 最后的
n. 极端, 极端的事物
the extreme edge of the field
原野的尽头
extreme pleasure
极度高兴
resorted to extremes in the emergency
在紧急状态下诉诸非常手段
12. cope with
有效地或成功地对付或应付
A family and a full time job are a lot to cope with. 照顾家庭并干一份全职工作需要花很多精力。
She is not a competent driver and can’t cope with driving in heavy traffic. 她不是一个称职的司机，在交通拥挤时就开不好车。
deal with只是采取行动去对付某人或某事，并不考虑成功与否。
13. psychologically adv. 心理上地, 心
理学地
psychological adj. 心理(上)的
psychology n. 心理学, 心理状态
psychological research
心理学研究
psychological warfare 心理战
the psychology of war 战争心理
14. tension n. 紧张(状态), 不安, 拉紧, 压力, 张力, 牵力, 电压
The tension of the Far East is building up again. 中东的形势又逐步紧张起来。
strain/ tension
strain通常指过分吃力, 影响健康的紧张状态
tension 多指由于双方或各方面关系不好所造成的紧张状态
Too much reading is a strain on one’s eyes.
The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.
15. gradually adv. 逐渐地
gradual adj. 逐渐的, 逐步的, 渐进的
The rock gradually wears away due to the action of the water.
由于水的作用，岩石逐渐磨损。
Computerization has resulted in the gradual disappearance of many manual jobs.
计算机化导致了许多手工工作的逐渐消失。
16. foresee vt. 预见, 预知
He foresaw the rapid increase in unemployment.
Those who can foresee difficulties on their way to success may keep calm when they really appear. 在走向成功的路途中能够预见到困难的人在困难真正出现的时候常常能保持冷静的态度。
17. take one’s mind off
使某人的注意力离开
keep one’s mind on…
专心于，把注意力集中于
put one’s mind into/to…
专心于
18. thirst n.
渴, 口渴, (～ for)渴望, 热望
The soldiers died of thirst in the desert.士兵们在沙漠中因长期干渴而死。
He has a great thirst for knowledge. 他有强烈的求知欲
thirsty adj. 口渴的, 渴望的, 热望的
He is thirsty for news. 他渴望获得新闻。
19. set loose
出发, 使爆炸, 引起, (使)开始(做某事)
Someone has set the tigers loose from their cage and they are terrorizing the town.
When we escape, shall we set the other prisoners loose
20. hardship n. 困苦, 艰难, 辛苦
a time of great economic hardship 经济极度困难的时期
Be the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comforts. 吃苦在别人前头,享受在别人后头.
His father went through all kinds of hardships in the old society. 他的父亲在旧社会吃尽了苦头。
21. the jaws of death / defeat
= used to describe an unpleasant situation that almost happens 鬼门关，失败的险境
The team snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. 这个队翻盘而险胜。
Writing
Now write a report to your leader explaining to him why you think Captain Bligh should or should not receive the medal. Follow these steps.
Write down your ideas in the order as they occur to you.
Number the ideas so that they are in a logical order.
Each paragraph should explain one of the reasons why Captain Bligh should get the medal or not.
Your last paragraph should emphasize again the most important reasons why you think Captain Bligh should or should not get the medal.
Sample letter
Dear Sir，
I think Captain Bligh should certainly receive a special medal for his amazing voyage across the sea to Timor. This is a journey that could not have been completed without great navigational skill. In addition Captain Bligh did not lose one man.
First, he showed his leadership qualities by sharing the food and water fairly with the men in the boat. Everyone was treated equally and this made for good feeling between the members of the boat.
Second, he kept everyone in the boat cheerful by discussing what they would do
when they arrived safely. No one was allowed to think about what might happen if they did not arrive!
Third, he kept them occupied by organizing the complicated mathematical calculations needed to find their position at sea. The crew who had taken over the
“Bounty” had left Captain Bligh with only a quadrant and a compass. This meant that numerous calculations were needed to find their correct position. Captain Bligh encouraged the crew in the boat to take measurements regularly and each person
was given a different responsibility for working out these measurements. This activity was important because it stopped the men from thinking about how little food and water there was.
So I hope you will give Captain Bligh this medal. He has shown leadership, fairness and concern for his crew and helped them return to England safely.
Yours,
(your name)
Homework
Finish exercises in workbook.(共39张PPT)
Reading
The four basic instruments for navigation: Sinan, Inch Astrolabe, Sextant and nautical map.
Sinan, the ancient Chinese compass.
It was invented by Zhang Heng in the Han dynasty. It is made up of a bronze foundation (青铜地盘) and magnetic spoon(磁勺) which is made of natural magnet, positioned right in the central of the foundation.
The handle of the spoon points to the south, while the other side points to the north. When the Sinan is in the still, the handle of the spoon points to the south because of influence of the terrestrial magnetism (地磁).
It has 17 stars listed as well
as a map of the sky overhead
(for 37 degrees) and the
ecliptic (黄道). The time of
day or night is on the outside
edge with noon at the top of the Astrolabe and midnight at the bottom. It comes with a carrying chain, a pouch, and a book on its use. The reverse side has a sight for measuring the elevations of the heavenly bodies.
astrolabe
sextant
The sextant is a navigational instrument for measuring the angle between the horizon and some object in the sky. First a sailor looks at the horizon through an eyepiece. At the same time he can see light from the sun or a star reflected off a small mirror on top of the instrument, onto a second mirror and into the eyepiece.
The navigator can then see two images, the horizon and the sun side by side. He can then measure the angle between them on a scale at the bottom of the instrument. The scale goes from 0 to 120 degrees. An earlier instrument, called a quadrant, measured in angle in the same way but it could only measure angles from 0 to 90 degrees.
nautical chart
Nautical charts are maps of the depth of the sea and the currents of the oceans. They provide modern sailors with routes through the seas, rather like roads through the countryside. The information began to be collected in the nineteenth century and has continued to be updated ever since. These charts were not available to Captain Bligh or Zheng He.
Discuss
1. How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented
Kept close to the shore, used nature such as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them, and used some of the instruments including a compass, astrolabe, etc.
2. Which do you think was easier to work out: latitude or longitude
Latitude, because it was used to measure how far you had traveled from land on a straight line. It was discovered a long time before longitude.
3. Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used
1) compass ( in ancient China)
2) astrolabe
3) sextant
4) sea / nautical / marine chart
4. Which ones do you think are still used
today
Sea charts are still used today.
1. Where do these materials come from
2. What did the early navigator use to help them navigate
3. What natural objects were used to assist the navigation
4. Is it easier to measure longitude or latitude
5. Do the astrolabe, the quadrant and the sextant mean the same thing
Read and answer these questions.
Comprehending
1. Read the passage and answer the following questions.
What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant ( ) What is the use of a compass ( ) A. To set the course of the ship B. To measure the position of the ship C. To measure the speed of the ship
D. To tell the time
A
B
2) Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship
Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you know your direction, speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.
3) Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude
The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because they are fixed points in the sky and their movements in relation to the earth are already known. So they can be used to measure a ship's position.
2. Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups:
1) What skills would you seek in your sailors
2) What problems would you anticipate for this journey
What would you do if : Plan of action
You were far from land and a storm arose.
Wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position and return to your original course.
3. Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them.
What would you do if : Plan of action
You knew your latitude but didn’t know your longitude.
Use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude.
What would you do if : Plan of action
You were blown off-course.
Use the compass and the astrolabe , quadrant or sextant to find out your position , return to your former course.
What would you do if : Plan of action
You were offshore but you needed more food and water.
Follow nesting birds to shore ;
look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land.
What would you do if : Plan of action
You wanted to keep a straight course.
Use a compass.
What would you do if : Plan of action
You were lost with no land in sight.
Measure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or sea weed to show that land is nearby.
4. Read the passage again and use the information to analyze the navigational skills.
Using nature
1. To find the ship’s position at sea a sailor used the North Star and the sun.
2. A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw _________________________________
_______________________.
3. Sailors used ________________________
________to increase their speed.
fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning home in the evening or fog
sea currents or tides and winds
4. There were two methods to find longitude:
1)_______________________
2)__________________________________
Using instruments
measuring time and speed
compass and complicated mathematical tables
5 Write down the working principles of the following instruments:
Bearing circle:
Astrolabe:
to compare the height of the sun now with the position of the sun at midday.
to compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun
Quadrant:
a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above the horizon, and compare that measurement with previous measurements (using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position)
Sextant:
an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ship's position).
5. Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people. You have a small box for your personal things but it can only hole ten items. What would you need for a week’s journey across the North Sea to England
Category Items
Clothes
Hygiene
Bedding
Games
soap
blanket
cards, chess
shirt, trousers
Category Items
Shoes
Tools
Medicines
Books
knife, scissors
sea-sick tablets, cold medicine
novels, essay collections
waterproof boots
Read the passage (Reading) and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. An early method of calculating longitude was to use a knotted rope tied to a log.
2. The astrolabe was the first instrument to measure the sun’s position.
3. The quadrant was more precise and simplified than the astrolabe, but still had its shortcoming.
T
F
T
4. Up till now, the most accurate and reliable navigational instrument is the sextant.
5. The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are different kinds of navigational instruments and they have nothing to do with each other.
F
F
Type of writing and summary of SAILING THE OCEAN.
Type
SAILING THE OCEAN
Using nature to help:
Using navigational instruments to help:
exposition
Finding longitude, Finding latitude
Keeping alongside the coastline, using celestial bodies, using wildlife, using the weather, using the sea
Homework
1. Review this passage.
2. Preview Learning about language.(共54张PPT)
In pairs discuss these questions:
1 What is a navigator
A navigator explores new routes across the sea.
2 What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer
A navigator explores the sea; an explorer discovers new places on land.
Warming Up
By: 刘超英
3 Look at these famous people. Are they navigators or explorers What do you know about them
Navigator sea nautical instruments
find new islands or continents
Navigator is someone who finds the position and plots the course of a ship, an aircraft, a car, etc, using maps and instruments.
Explorer land use of compass and landmarks find new places within an already identified island or continent
Explorer is someone who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it.
Very often navigators are also explorers.
Look at the pictures. Then answer the questions.
1 How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented
Kept close to the shore, used nature such as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them, and used some of the instruments including a compass, astrolabe, etc.
Pre-reading
2 Which do you think was easier to work out: latitude or longitude
Latitude, because it was used to measure how far you had travelled from land on a straight line. It was discovered a long time before longitude.
3 Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used
1 _________________________
2 _________
3 _________
4 ________________________
4 Which ones do you think are still used today
Sea charts are still used today.
compass (in ancient China)
astrolabe
sextant
sea / nautical / marine chart
Read the passage and answer the following questions.
1 What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant ( )
What is the use of a compass ( )
A to set the course of the ship
B to measure the position of the ship
C to measure the speed of the ship
D to tell the time
Comprehending
1
B
A
2 Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship
Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you know your direction, speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.
3 Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude
The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because they are fixed points in the sky and their movements in relation to the earth are already known. So they can be used to measure a ship's position.
Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups:
1 What skills would you seek in your sailors
The sailors would need to be excellent navigators, able to cope with both hot and cold weather, experienced in sailing through very bad weather and able to co-operate in a team.
2
2 What problems would you anticipate for this journey
I would anticipate very hot weather (around the equator), cold weather (around the Cape of Good Hope), very stormy seas (around the Cape), and problems with food and water (unless helped by local natives the water may be contaminated and the food scarce), etc.
What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them.
3
What would you do if: Plan of action
You were far from land and a storm arose.
wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position and return to your original course
You knew your latitude but didn't know your longitude.
You were blown off-course.
use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude
use the compass and the astrolabe, quadrant or sextant to find out your position, return to your former course
You were offshore but you needed more food and water.
You wanted to keep a straight course.
follow nesting birds to shore; look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land
use a compass
You were lost with no land in sight.
measure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby
Read the passage again and use the information to analyse the navigational skills. Write the answers in your own words. Using nature
1 To find the ship's position at sea a sailor used the North Star and the sun.
4
2 A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw ______________________________
_______________________ .
3 Sailors used ________________________ to increase their speed.
fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning
home in the evening or fog
sea currents or tides and winds
Using instruments
4 There were two methods to find longitude:
1 _________________________
2 _______________________
____________________ .
measuring time and speed
compass and complicated mathematical tables
5 Write down the working principles of the following instruments:
Beating circle: _______________________________________________________________ .
Astrolabe: _______________________________________________________________ .
to compare the height of the sun now with the position of the 'sun at midday
to compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun
Quadrant: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ .
a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above the horizon, and compare that measurement with previous measurements (using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position)
Sextant: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ .
Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people. You have a small box for your personal things but it can only hold ten items. What would you need for a week's journey across the North Sea to England
an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ship's position)
5
Category Items Category Items
Clothes Shoes
Hygiene Tools
Bedding Medicines
Games Books
shirt, trousers
waterproof boots
soap
scissors, knife
blanket
sea-sick tablets, cold medicine
cards, chess
novels, essay collections
Replace the words underlined by ones of similar meaning from the reading passage. 1 Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried for home.
2 Sailing a boat alone far away from the shore made Flora's parents worry about her safety.
Learning about Language
1
overhead
offshore
3 Clare, would you please put your bicycle next to the others in the shed
4 "Why don't you plot a more simple route with the smallest number of stops " asked Mary.
5 Setting out on a long journey by sea with unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially if there were no modern navigational instruments.
alongside
simplified
minimum
voyage
seamen
Find the words from the reading passage that are the opposite of these compound words.
____________ anywhere
____________ upload
____________ inward
____________ unreliable
____________ land flower
____________ strong point
2
nowhere
download
outward
reliable
seaweed
shortcoming
Write down the words you know, which are related to navigation and sea.
3
Navigation Sea
navigate, navigational (instruments: compass, bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant, sextant), sail, sailor, voyage, latitude, longitude, equator, horizon, captain, sailor, land, island, set sail, nautical middles, explore, exploration
seaman, seaweed, seafood, shore, offshore, onshore, beach, beach-ball seabed, sea-bird, seagull, sea shell, seaside, sea water, seasick, coast, coastline, coastal, tide, wave, current,
Complete the following paragraph with the words below.
Samuel the sailor was extremely good at plotting his course using the stars as a _______ . One day he was determined to set out on a _______ across an unknown sea to an unknown continent. He set out with his instruments so he would not be at the _____ of the sea. He found on his ________ journey a rocky island. It seemed to be covered in nests. Suddenly, as Samuel looked, an enormous bird swooped down
4
reference
voyage
mercy
outward
and picked him up as if he were a / an ______ parcel. It ________ its speed and rose straight up into the air so as to reach the _______ place on the rocks where its nest lay. Once there, it shook itself and threw Samuel in the __________ direction of the nest. There seemed to be ________ to hide but then he noticed lots of ________ on his left and quickly hid under it. The bird landed nearby and pecked _________ at the rocks. Samuel rolled over swiftly and found himself at the edge of the cliff. He looked
awkward
accelerate
precise
approximate
nowhere
seaweed
randomly
down slowly with a beating heart. Below him was his boat lying ________ the shore! "How lucky I am!" Samuel thought to himself. He then gave a mighty leap and landed in it. Once inside he could safely sail away.
alongside
Revising useful structures
Read the information below and learn more about Captain Cook. Then underline the predicates in the sentences.
1 James Cook was a great English navigator and Pacific Ocean expedition leader.
2 He had not only an outstanding ability in navigation and exploration, but also a real concern for sailors' health. He carried out compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains.
1
3 He had led three great Pacific voyages during his life.
4 In his first Pacific voyage in 1769, James Cook rounded Cape Horn, then spent six months charting New Zealand, and finally explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia.
5 In 1772, Captain Cook set sail to look for a "theorized great southern continent". Although they could not manage to reach the Antarctic owing to the ice, he predicted that if it did exist, it would have to be a wasteland.
6 In 1776, Captain Cook started his third Pacific voyage, searching for the Northwest Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, he was killed in a dispute with Hawaiian natives and his men's attempt at the Northwest Passage was unsuccessful. However, this voyage is still recognized as especially significant in the history of the discovery of the west coast of North America.
Complete the following dialogue, using verbs in their proper forms. Remember to read the conversation before and after each blank before you fill it in.
Susan: Do you think you'll be going to that pop concert next week
Clare: No. Let's forget about that as it'll soon be time for our exams.
Susan: ____________________________
2
Do you need to do more revision
Clare: I don't really think I need to do more revision. I've done enough but it'll help me forget the concert you'll be enjoying.
Susan: ____________________________
_____________________________
Clare: Actually there is a reason. I don't think I'm going to have enough money even though I've been saving especially for this occasion.
Susan:_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ .
Is there another reason why you don't want to come to the concert
Perhaps I can help you. I always earn extra money by cleaning cars. My father always pays me when I clean his
Clare: Well, thank you for offering to help me. I'll happily clean your father's car if he'll pay me too.
Susan: _______________________________
________________________________
Clare: I hope you'll thank him for me. I'd never be allowed to clean my father's car. He is so proud of it he won't let anyone touch it.
Susan: _______________________________
________________________________
I'm sure he will. He’s always been kind to my friends.
Oh this is my father's fourth car so the excitement has worn off a little.
Clare: His fourth car My goodness. He must have been earning a lot of money to have owned so many.
Susan:________________________________
_____________________________
Clare: Oh I see! That explains things. Please would you phone him now and ask him when it would be convenient for me to clean it
Susan: ___________________________
I suppose so. He has his own business so he needs a car for his work.
Of course I'll do that right away.
Clare: That's so kind of you. Now while I'm doing the cleaning perhaps you can order our tickets for the concert. I'll go and get ready to begin work. See you soon. Thanks and goodbye.
When Captain Bligh returned home he was treated as a hero. It was discussed whether he should receive a special medal or not. Get into groups of four and discuss these questions. Then role-play the dialogue.
USING LANGUAGE
1
1 Sample dialogue
Li Pei (LP), Du Zhou (DZ), Wen Fuqing (WF) and Liu Yongfu (LY) are discussing the journey and Captain Bligh's leadership qualities.
LP: Why are you convinced that this journey shows the greatest navigational skill I'm sure there must have been others that were as good, if not better!
DZ: Do you know of many other sea voyages of this kind
WF: Well, there's that journey by Shackleton from Elephant Island in the Antarctic to get help from another island with a whaling station. He wanted to rescue his men. The weather was terrible and he was in an open boat, too.
LY: How can you think that journey was more difficult It didn't last very long. Captain's Bligh's journey lasted over forty days, was very hot and they had very little food and water. It was because Captain Bligh was a great leader that they survived.
DZ: Now that I've heard about it I am very impressed. All those men pushed together in a very small boat, it must have been terrible for them to stay friendly. Meanwhile they were being driven mad by lack of fresh water and there was all that salt water all around them. That's the reason I think it was the greatest sea escape.
LP: When you put it that way I suppose it was a great achievement. Captain Bligh was certainly excellent in the way he kept the men occupied and tried to take their minds off their troubles. In addition he treated everyone the same when it came to food or water. So I think you are right and it was the greatest example of navigational skill against the odds! Do you agree
DZ, WF and LY (together): Yes. We do.
2 Sample dialogue
DZ: What leadership qualities do you think Captain Bligh showed
LP: Since he had such violent disagreements with his crew, I think he was a bad leader.
WF: Do you really He does seem to have had a bad temper so that has given him a bad reputation. However, he was also kind to his men at other times so I think he was a reasonable leader.
LY: What did he do
WF: He provided cabbage so the sailors would not get ill and made them dance so that they would stay healthy. That shows he was a good leader.
DZ: Yes indeed. That is one good quality. However having a bad temper and getting angry quickly shows a bad quality.
WF: Now think about the voyage to Timor. On that journey he was fair with the food, kept everyone occupied working out the boat's position, and kept the crew cheerful. The fact that he tried so hard to build co-operative behavior shows good leadership qualities.
LP: Indeed he did. That is why some people regard him as a hero.
LY: Well, he seems contradictory. He is a good leader in a crisis and a bad one the rest of the time.
DZ: No, no! That seems a bit cruel although it was due to his bad temper the crew took over the ship. It was also due to his good temper that the crew survived in the small boat. I think Liu Yongfu is right.
He was good in a crisis because he was fair with the food, encouraged team spirit, made people cheerful and used his skills to get them home. But he was a bad leader in a general situation because he got angry over small things (like accusing people of stealing food or disobeying him) and was too easy-going in Tahiti (where he let the men relax too much so they did not want to go back to England).
LP: He was a strange mixture indeed!
A sample letter report
Dear Sir,
I think Captain Bligh should certainly receive a special medal for his amazing voyage across the sea to Timor. This is a journey that could not have been completed without great navigational skill. In addition Captain Bligh did not lose one man.
First, he showed his leadership qualities by sharing the food and water fairly with the men in the boat. Everyone was treated equally and this made for good feeling between the members of the boat.
Second, he kept everyone in the boat cheerful by discussing what they would do when they arrived safely. No one was allowed to think about what might happen if they did not arrive!
Third, he kept them occupied by organizing the complicated mathematical calculations needed to find their position at sea. The crew who had taken over the "Bounty" had left Captain Bligh with only a quadrant and a compass. This meant that numerous: calculations were needed to find their correct
position. Captain Bligh encouraged the crew in the boat to take measurements regularly and each person was given a different responsibility for working out these measurements. This activity was important because it stopped the men from thinking about how little food and water there was.
So I hope you will give Captain Bligh this medal. He has shown leadership, fairness and concern for his crew and helped them return to England safely.
Yours,
(your name)
Read these words and then listen to the tape. Circle those aids that early sailors used to find their way.
Listening and speaking
1
compass maps fish movements
stars weather waves currents
clouds rainfall birds other ships
mountains
Listen to the tape again and fill in the chart.
2
Sailors from Sea or Ocean Skills
Phoenicia Mediterra-nean Used the sky to find their way
North
Polynesia
Norway
Watched birds to find land .
Pacific
Studied the waves of the ocean .
These are some Viking sailing directions from Norway to Greenland.
Use the information from the listening to explain these sailing strategies.
1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
3
Vikings used to prefer to sail following the coastline so they could check that they were on the correct route.
Vikings used birds, and natural features like mountains, to direct their ships.
Polynesian seamen had traditional sayings to help them with their sailing. Can you explain what they mean
1 "If you can read the ocean, you will never be lost.”
Study the waves so that you can read what will happen in the weather or when land is close.
2 "Watch for when the sun grows.”
The position of the morning sun on the horizon can help you check your course.
4
*
3 "The stars are the eyes of Heaven.”
The stars can give you information about your position and can help you "see" where you are.
4 "When the bird flies out to sea, the sea will grow calm.”
Birds do not fly out to sea if a storm is coming so a bird flying away from the shore means good weather.(共63张PPT)
Before listening to the tape, look at the map below. Then write down which new places Zheng He might have visited on his seven voyages.
Listening
1
By 刘超英
Zheng He’s Voyage
By 刘超英
By 刘超英
nautical chart
LISTENING TEXT
WHO WAS ZHENG HE
(Li Huaying = LH, Celia Main = CM)
LH: The most famous Chinese navigator was Zheng He. He lived from 1371 to 1433 and made seven voyages around the South China Sea, across to India and even as far as the eastern coast of Africa. It was the 600th anniversary of these voyages in 2005.
CM: Are there other famous Chinese navigators or is he the only one
LH: He is the only one we've got evidence for.
CM: So there may have been others
LH: We don't know. That's because a later Emperor may have destroyed a lot of evidence of other voyages.
CM: I see. Where did Zheng He go
LH: The documents tell us that he was born in Yunnan. He built a pillar to record his achievements. It states that he made seven voyages and visited more than thirty countries.
He said that the Emperor ordered him to show the strength of Chinese power and meet "foreigners from beyond the seas". So he went to unknown places and set up trade.
CM: Tell me about his voyages.
LH: Well, on his first voyage he visited Calicut in India. The people there were very impressed and a little frightened when they saw so many large ships. So the ruler wisely decided to make friends with these strangers.
He gave Zheng He many scarves made of gold and decorated with jewels. Then he entertained him and his men with music and songs.
CM: Did he go to other places
LH: Yes, on other voyages he visited Champa, and Sumatra near China, Hormuz, and Aden in the Persian Gulf and Mogadishu in Africa. Zheng He opened diplomatic relations with them and gave them presents.
CM: What did the Chinese offer as gifts
LH: Zheng He found that foreign kings particularly admired Chinese porcelain and silk. So that's why his ships were filled with those things.
CM: I see. Is that why they say his ships were so large
LH: Yes, t suppose so. When he returned from India he brought a giraffe for the Emperor as a present. So his ships must have been large.
CM: Some writers say that the ships could carry as many as 20,000 people altogether.
LH: And other writers say Zheng He was eight feet tall! We shouldn't believe everything writers tell us. Obviously they wanted to show how important Zheng He was. Undoubtedly the ships were large--- but perhaps not that large!
CM: I see. That makes sense. Well, thank you for telling me about Zheng He. He sounds a fascinating man.
Answers may vary.
Listen to the tape for the first time and tick those ports and islands mentioned in the text. Then check to see how many you got right out of the six in the pre-listening activity.
1 ____________ 2 ______________
3 ____________ 4 ______________
5 ____________ 6 ______________
Read the statements and listen to the tape for the second time. Then complete the chart.
2
3
Calicut
Champa
Sumatra
Hormuz
Aden
Mogadishu
Statement Evidence
1 He is the only 15th century Chinese navigator we know.
No reports of other navigators for this period have survived.
2 He came from Yunnan Province.
3 His ships were very large.
4 He was very important.
It was written in documents.
The writers mention it in the books.
He made seven voyages and visited more than thirty countries.
5 Foreign kings liked Chinese porcelain and silk.
6 He returned with strange presents for the Emperor. 1
2
Zheng He remarks how much the foreign kings liked porcelain and silk.
He brought a giraffe for the Emperor from Africa.
He brought scarves of fine gold decorated with pearls and precious stones.
Listen to the tape for the third time and finish these sentences so that they show cause and effect.
1 The Emperor wanted to demonstrate Chinese power abroad so
2 When he died Zheng He wanted people to know how successful he had been so
4
he sent Zheng
He with a large fleet of ships to visit new places in neighbouring countries.
up a pillar describing all his achievements.
he put
3 The writers wanted people to believe that Zheng He's ships were large so
4 The writers wanted people to believe Zheng He was very important
would believe that he really had achieved great things and gone to many foreign countries.
that they
described him as being eight feet tall.
so they
Talking
May the strangest argument win!
The following information given may help you make your arguments well.
Possible arguments for the voyages Possible arguments against the voyages
The government can remove pirates from the seas. Then they can tax the traders more.
Armies to the north of China are a constant and very real threat. They had wars with the Chinese army in the past and may do so again if China is not prepared.
The voyages are very impressive and make people in distant lands recognize the greatness of China.
To defend China against the armies from the north is very costly and needs many soldiers. There' will be no money for a fleet.
If we do not continue the voyages we will lose diplomatic and trading connections.
There is little reason to continue foreign trade. China is so large that it does not need foreign trade to develop economically.
Sample debate
(Em = Emperor)
Em: Those against the voyages may make their arguments now.
S 1: Your Excellency, we would like to suggest that you do not continue with these voyages. They are expensive and take many soldiers, who could be protecting Chinese borders, away on trading expeditions. This means our people are left exposed to attacks by armies from the north.
S2: We are a great country and do not need to trade with other foreign countries to succeed economically. Selling goods within our borders is quite enough to secure our future. So, Your Excellency, there seems to be no reason to continue these voyages.
Em: Thank you. Now let me hear the arguments of those who want these voyages to continue.
S3: Thank you, Your Excellency. These voyages are very impressive and many people are now able to recognize the greatness of China. They help build diplomatic relations with other countries. What is more, we can co-operate with other countries to clear the South China Sea of pirates and other troublesome people.
S4: In addition these links can help us with our foreign trade. We can sell many things to these countries. Their rulers often ask for more silk and porcelain goods and are very eager for our
friendship and co-operation. With our foreign trade connections we can increase our position in this area and spread our influence even wider.
Em: Thank you for your advice. I have thought for a long time on this matter and I agree that trade with other countries is good. We can use this opportunity to spread the greatness of China and to increase our influence in this region. It would also help our people if we cleared the South China Sea of pirates. They cause difficulties to our fishermen and traders
and hurt many innocent lives. As for our northern border, I will secure that by using other troops and make sure we will be secure in the future. Thank you for your help. The voyages will continue!
Look at each plete it with a word opposite in meaning to the one underlined in the sentence.
EXAMPLE:
The return voyage was calm, but during the outward voyage we had one storm after another.
1 When the dawn appeared and outlined the African mountains, they were very beautiful, but at ____ the mountains appeared dark and very frightening.
USING words AND expressions
1
dusk
2 On the arrival of the Queen of England everyone bowed, but on her __________ . everyone waved her goodbye instead.
3 Relaxation exercises are a good way to calm one's mind, but too much exercise brings too much ________ .
departure
tension
4 When climbing the mountain we had to slow down before we reached the top, but on the way down we _________ all the way.
5 To buy a new car every year would represent a life of luxury, but not to have one is no ________ when there are so many buses and taxis.
accelerated
hardship
Use the words or phrases below in their proper forms to complete the passage.
Last year I had a bad experience in the jungle of South America. We had set out with a ________ compass, which was __________ for locating the source of the local river. Our depended _______ on
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survival portable starvation incident jaws of death compulsory crew parcel thirst dilemma psychologically foresee
portable
compulsory
survival
our navigating skills, but what nobody could have ______ was that we would break our compass. Without it, I, as leader, was on the horns of a _______ . Should we wait for rescue or continue our expedition and perhaps get lost My decision was made when we counted our food supplies. _________ was not going to be a problem, but _______ was something that we were going to have to deal with ______________ . So we waited where we were. Luckily the police sent a small airplane to find us and drop us a _______ of
foreseen
dilemma
Starvation
thirst
psychologically
parcel
supplies and a new compass. When we eventually arrived back from our journey, the air _______ congratulated us on our escape from the ____________ . Only their help combined with our self-control and determination prevented this _______ from becoming a disaster!
crew
jaws of death
incident
Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrase in brackets.
1 渐渐地，我习惯了学校的常规。既然我已经上了高级班，就可以自己制定学习计划了。(gradually； routine)
I have gradually accepted / got used to the routine at school now that I am in the advanced class and can make my own study plan.
3
2 让那个女孩来拍广告有一个不利条件，就是她方方的下巴使她看上去不大友好。(drawback；jaw)
The drawback of using that girl for the advertising was her square jaw which made her look unfriendly.
3 数学是一门需要精密准确工作的学科。(mathematics；precise)
Mathematics is a subject which demands precise and accurate work.
4 在公园里，我看见一个小男孩手持风筝线，风筝在他的头顶上正由风摆布，忽上忽下。(overhead；at the mercy of )
In the park I saw a small boy holding the string of a kite overhead, which was rising and falling at the mercy of the wind.
5 那个探险家想成为第一个到达南极的人以确保他在历史上的地位。(secure；pole)
That explorer wanted to secure his place in history by being the first man to reach the South Pole.
6 王先生每月往银行里存款，好攒钱买一所公寓，以尽他对家庭的责任。(deposit；responsibility)
Mr Wang made a deposit into the bank every month to save for a flat so that he could fulfil his responsibility to his family.
Read this passage and then fill in the missing predicates using the verbs in brackets.
In 1909 a disagreement _____ (arise) over who had been the first person to reach the North Pole. This geographical point to the north of the earth ___________ (can, find) among the ice and snow that _____ (float) on the northern sea. Three men _____ (make) the same claim: Frederick Cook, Matthew Hensen and Robert Peary.
USING STRUCTURES
arose
can be found
floats
made
The first to suggest that he ___________ (reach) the North Pole was Frederick Cook. His claim ___ soon _____ (find) to be false when the photographs he _______ (use) as evidence ______ (prove) to be fakes. The second ____ (be) Matthew Hensen, a black American explorer of the Arctic. He was the servant of the third candidate, Robert Peary and ________________ (travel) with him across the Arctic for twenty years. He _____ (state) that he and Robert Peary ___ both ______ (reach) the North Pole together.
had reached
was
found
had used
proved
was
had been travelling
stated
had
reached
The American Congress, however, _______ (declare) that Peary was the true winner of this race to be the first American to reach the North Pole. It ______ (seem) that although Hensen and Peary travelled together, Peary ______ (refuse) to allow Hensen to join in his success. Evidence that Hensen ____ (be) there (such as his 110 photographs) all mysteriously _________ (disappear). It seems we ____ (may) never know exactly which American(s) reached the North Pole first. But the Inuit ___ (be) certain that they ___________ (live) there long after the problem ________ (solve).
declared
seemed
refused
was
disappeared
may
are
will be living
is solved
Listen to the tape and put these sentences in the correct order.
( ) 1 Sindbad spent his money foolishly.
( ) 2 One day he landed on an island.
( ) 3 He sold his goods and returned home.
( ) 4 He decided to become a merchant.
( ) 5 The island was really a whale.
LISTENING TASK
1
A
C
I
B
D
( ) 6 He was captured.
( ) 7 He drifted to another island.
( ) 8 The king gave him a job.
( ) 9 He was thrown into the sea when the whale sank.
G
F
H
E
LISTENING TEXT
SINDBAD'S FIRST ADVENTURE
Once there lived a rich merchant called Sindbad. One evening as they were eating dinner, his friends asked him how he had become so rich. Sindbad smiled. "listen," he said, "and I'll tell you my adventures. This is the first one
"My father was rich but I spent his money unwisely and was soon left with nothing. At last I decided to trade in foreign lands. So I bought some goods and set out. We sailed many days from island to island. I sold goods and bought others. Then, at last we came to a
beautiful island and decided to visit it.
The passengers began to make a fire to cook dinner. We ate and drank happily. Then I went to explore the island. I had not gone far when I heard the captain calling us back to the ship. "Come quickly. This isn't an island but a giant whale! It has been floating so long on the sea that sand has settled on its back and trees have grown there. The fire woke it up and soon it will sink under the waves and you'll drown
Everyone rushed to the ship leaving everything behind. Some reached it safely but not all. Suddenly the island shook beneath our feet and sank under the water. I was thrown into the sea, but I managed to grab a piece of wood. Meanwhile the captain set sail, leaving me alone. I thought I would die!
I drifted on the sea until I came to another island. I was safe! But my troubles weren't over, for I was suddenly seized by five men. They dragged me into bushes and held me there. Then I noticed that nearby was a horse tied to a tree. We waited until it grew dark.
Then out of the sea came some enormous seahorses. They approached the real horse cautiously while the men rushed out to catch them. Most escaped but they captured one. They took me back to the king. Later I found that they kept the seahorses to produce strong young horses to sell.
I worked for the king who was good to me. My job was to tell him of any foreign ship that came to his island. One day some foreign merchants came to sell goods.
I asked the captain where he was going. 'Tm going to Baghdad; he said, "I've some goods that belonged to a merchant called Sindbad. I'm taking them back." I couldn't believe my ears. Immediately I explained who I was, and proved to them that I WAS Sindbad. Then I sold my goods and returned to Baghdad a rich man. This was the first of my e back tomorrow to hear the second one."
Listen to the tape again and answer these questions.
1 Do you think this story could be true Why
The story could not be true because:
A whale would not remain still long enough for trees to grow on its back;
Sea horses do not have the build or size of real horses;
Sea horses cannot be used to produce stronger horses than real horses.
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2 Which part do you find is the most unlikely
The ideas of the students may vary. The most important thing is to make sure they have a reason for their ideas.
3 Identify two aspects of animal behavior that are not true. Why
These aspects of animal behavior are not true. Whales resting so long on the surface of the ocean. Whales have to keep returning to the surface of the sea to breathe but then they must return under the water to keep their skin wet. It would be impossible for a whale to remain on the water so long that soil accumulated and trees grew there.
Sea horses being able to live and move on land and in the sea. Sea horses are small creatures made of shell or bone and about the size of a hand. They have no legs but move along by pushing their tail up and down and curling it up between pushes. Their heads resemble the knights of chessmen sets.
Sea horses cannot breed with land horses to produce stronger land horses.
4 What is the coincidence in the story Explain it.
The coincidence was that Sindbad met some people from his home. He wanted to go home, and they were looking for him.
Now that you have read some of Sindbad's story it is your task to complete it in an exciting way. First, in pairs, sort out the structure of the story.
READING TASK
1
Structure of the story Information need Information gained
1 Beginning Hero Sindbad
Place
Type of writing
Baghdad
fiction
2 Develop-ment Place 1
What happens
Place 2
What happens
on an unknown island
Sindbad is left behind by the ship, sees a bird and ties himself to its leg to escape.
on a high hill
Sindbad unties himself and sees the hill is covered in diamonds.
Now in pairs you are going to devise an ending for the story. Remember that you want the escape to be as exciting as possible but without using magic. Be prepared to tell your ending together to the rest of the class.
2
3 Ending Place
how it ends
hero’s situation
Sindbad falls down a hole and lands on the beach.
Ship passing by rescues him.
Rich (diamonds); Back to Baghdad
Now you are ready to make your own Sindbad story. It will be his third adventure.
Questions given to the students
Where does the story start
Why does Sindbad leave Baghdad this time
What happens on the voyage
Where does the adventure take place
How does he find riches
What problem does he have
How does he escape
SPEAKING TASK
Sample dialogue
S1: Where do you think Sindbad should go this time He seems to have travelled to tropical islands and other strange places. Perhaps he should go to Antartica this time.
S2: A good idea. He can set off from Baghdad and get carried by a strong wind to colder parts. His ship can be hit by an iceberg and he is the only survivor on an iceberg.
S1: That sounds wonderful. Which animals live in Antarctica
S2: Penguins seem to be the only animals that live there. Perhaps they can mistake him for food and drag him across the ice to their nests.
S1: There he discovers that the penguins use gold to line their nests and if he can get some and get away he will become rich again.
S2: Good thinking. Perhaps another iceberg can hit the place where the penguins live. It rocks the nests and releases the gold. In addition it exposes an old and abandoned boat covered by ice and snow and forgotten by its owners. Sindbad can use that to sail back to Baghdad.
S1: Great! Let's get writing.
Now begin to write your own Sindbad story. Use the stories you have read and heard to improve your writing. Follow the process set out below (given in the text book p.65).
Sample Writing
One warm sunny day Sindbad was sitting in its Baghdad home when a messenger came banging on his door. He carried a letter from the government begging Sindbad to join an
WRITING TASK
expedition bound for the islands where he had earlier found so many diamonds. He quickly agreed.
The day he set sail was fine and the wind strong. It carded the ship rapidly out of the harbor and into the open sea. Once there it changed into a howling gale which tore at the ship's sails and dragged it southwards. The sailors were very frightened and went below for safety but Sindbad remained on deck looking at the waves. It was lucky he did, for no sooner had the sailors gone below than the ship hit an enormous iceberg and immediately sank. All were drowned
except Sindbad who was able to crawl onto the iceberg before his ship sank. He lay there in fear for some hours. Later he became so hungry that he was forced to move around on the iceberg searching for food. But, alas, only penguins live in Antarctica so Sindbad remained hungry.
Just as he had curled himself up into a ball to try and go to sleep and forget his problems, he felt himself being pulled across the ice. A large penguin was towing him like a boat behind it and towards a large
nest. Inside the nest he placed the terrified Sindbad, next to three small baby penguins. The mother penguin then began to feed the babies and kept trying to peck Sindbad and remove some flesh from his body. This action was extremely painful and to avoid it Sindbad tried to hide in the bottom of the nest. As he did so, he noticed that the bottom of the nest shone with a yellow glow and as he explored further he soon found that the glow came from gold. It seemed that the penguins lined their nests with gold!
Sindbad struggled to collect some gold for himself but his efforts were in vain. Then suddenly an iceberg hit the place where the nest lay so firmly that the nest broke apart, the gold was revealed and the penguins were thrown into the sea. Sindbad grabbed the gold and looked around for a means of escape.
Suddenly he saw the unmistakable outline of a ship covered by ice and snow but still seaworthy. Sindbad quickly uncovered it and seizing the oars began to row to the north. Before too long he was picked up by another ship and returned to Baghdad, covered in glory and rich once again.
