(共42张PPT)
Experiment reports
Look at the pictures in Exercise 1 and guess the answers to the questions:
What materials are being used in this
experiment
What do you think the purpose of the experiment is
What order do you think the pictures should go in
Listening on P79
Number the pictures in the order you hear about them.
2
3
1
5
4
Listen to the first part again and answer the questions.
What is the purpose of the experiment
To find out three important conditions that seeds need in order to start growing.
2. Are students going to do the experiment in groups or individually
In groups.
3. Where are the materials that the students need to set up the experiment
On the bench.
4. What materials do the students need to set up the experiment
Four dishes and four pieces of cloth, a dish of seeds, some tap water, some boiled water and some cooking oil.
Third listening
Listen to the first part again and complete the table of conditions that each dish of seeds was given.
Conditions
Dish A
Dish B
Dish C
Dish D
tap water, warm temperature, oxygen
tap water, cold temperature, oxygen
no water, warm temperature, oxygen
boiled water, oil, warm temperature, no oxygen
Fourth listening
Now listen to the second part of the tape in which the class discusses the results of the plete the table of results.
Did the seeds grow Reasons why or why not
Dish A
Dish B
Yes
Because they had water, warmth and
oxygen.
No
Because it was too
cold.
Did the seeds grow Reasons why or why not
Dish C
Dish D
No
No
Because they were watered with boiled water which has no oxygen. Also, they were covered with oil which prevented oxygen getting to the seeds.
Because they didn’t get any water.
Listen to the second part of the tape again and discuss the question:
What was the conclusion of the experiment
Seeds need warmth, water and oxygen to grow.
An experiment on plants
Part1: Listen to a teacher(TH) helping her class set up an experiment.
TH: OK, everybody, this morning we’re going to do an experiment to find out three important conditions that seeds need in order to start growing.
LISTENING TEXT
The materials are all on the bench.
Choose someone from your group to go and get four dishes and four pieces of cloth, a dish of seeds, some tap water, some boiled water and some cooking oil. Look at the instructions on the board. Let’s read through them.
One: Put the pieces of cloth on the dishes and spread the seeds on the cloth. Label the dishes A to D.
Two: Take Dish A and wet the cloth with tap water and place it in a well-aired warm spot– so by the window over there would be fine.
Three: Take Dish B, wet it with tap water and put it in the fridge.
Four: Take Dish C and put it next to Dish A. Do not water it.
Five: Take Dish D and water it with the boiled water. Then drop a small amount of oil onto the cloth and put it next to Dish C.
Six: Leave them all for a few days. OK,
now you can go ahead and set up
the experiment.
Part 2: Listen to the class discussing the results of the experiment. Students include Andrew (A), Rosemary (R) and Sandy(S).
TH: Right, let’s talk about what’s happened in our experiment. What are the results Andrew
A: The seeds in Dish A have started growing but none of the others have.
TH: Good. Why do you think the seeds in Dish B didn’t grow Rosemary
R: Because it was too cold
TH: That’s right. And what about Dish C
R: The seeds didn’t get any water so they couldn’t grow.
TH: Yes. Now, Dish D is interesting. The seeds got both water and warmth so why didn’t they grow Any ideas Andrew
A: Well, the seeds got boiled water.
TH: So, why’s that important Anyone Well, boiled water has no oxygen in it and seeds need oxygen to grow. And What about the oil Sandy
S: Wouldn’t the oil make sure that no Oxygen could get to the seeds
TH: Excellent. Well done. So, what’s our conclusion about three important conditions that a seed needs in order to start growing
S: That seeds need warmth, water and oxygen to grow.
TH: Very good. Now I want you all to write up the experiment in your science notebook.
Writing task
When writing an experiment report, you can ask questions about:
● the position of the headings, what the headings are, their order:
● how the items in the “materials” section are presented (as a list);
● what the “procedure” tells you (the steps you carry out to set up the experiment);
● the grammatical structures used for each section of the report.
Outline
Materials:
A
B
C
D
Aim: To find out three important conditions that seeds need in order to start growing.
1. four dishes
2. four pieces of cloth
4. some tap water
3. some boiled water
5. a dish of seeds
6. some cooking oil
Procedure:
Put the pieces of cloth on the dishes.
Spread the seeds on the cloth. Label the
dishes A to D.
2. Take Dish A and wet the cloth with tap water and place it in a well-aired warm spot—so by the window over there would be fine.
3. Take Dish B, wet it with tap water and put it in the fridge.
4. Take Dish C and put it next to Dish A.
Do not water it.
5. Take Dish D and water it with the boiled water. Then drop a small amount of oil onto the seeds and put it next to Dish C.
6. Leave them all for a few days.
Results
Dish A:
Dish B:
Dish C:
Dish D:
Conclusion
Seeds need warmth, water and oxygen to grow.
The seeds grew.
The seeds didn’t grow.
The seeds didn’t grow.
The seeds didn’t grow.
Sample report:
I did the experiment to find out three important conditions that seeds need in order to start growing.
First, I put the four pieces of cloth on each dish, spread the seeds on the cloth and label the dishes A to D.
Then I placed Dish A in a well-aired warm spot by the window, took Dish B and wet it with tap water and put it in the fridge, took Dish C and put it next to Dish A without watering it.
Finally I watered Dish D with the boiled water, dropped a small amount of cooking oil onto the seeds and put it next to Dish C. A few days later, I found that only Dish A grew.
So I drew a conclusion that seeds
need warmth, water and oxygen to grow.
Discussion:
Look at the pictures of a plant experiment. The pictures are in the correct order. Discuss with partners about the processes the plants go through. Report each picture one by one:
Plant three beans in a pot, water them and leave them in a warm, light spot.
Two small shoots appear.
Cut the ends off a plastic bottle.
Wrap the bottle in dark paper.
Lay the bottle on its side in the pot and put some wet paper towel inside. Put one of the seeds in the centre of the bottle.
The seed have two long shoots, one heading towards the soil and the other growing up toward the light.
Sample:
I planted three beans in a pot, watered them and left them in a warm light spot. In a week each seed had two small shoots. I cut the ends of a plastic bottle and
wrapped it in dark paper. I laid the bottle on its side on the top of the pot of soil and place a wet piece of paper towel inside the bottle.
I put one of the seeds in the centre of the bottle. Two weeks later the seed had two shoots, one growing up and the other growing down. So I drew a conclusion that shoots grow up towards the light, roots grow downwards into the soil.(共47张PPT)
Reading
Warming up
How much do you know about plants
DISCUSSION:
Did you know that:
1. some plants do not have flowers
2. some plants have roots that live in
the air
3. some plants eat meat
4. some plants need animals to
pollinate them
5. some plants grow on other plants
6. plants are adapted to live in
specific environments
7. people buy plants that come from
other countries for their gardens
8. a new plant does not always
grow from a seed
Special plants
Pre-reading
Do you have a courtyard or some pot plants on your balcony Do you know where these plants come from
Are they Chinese plants or do they come from another country
When you last visited a public garden, did you look at the individual plants
there Were there any plants from other countries
How do you think plants have traveled from one country to another
Joseph Banks
Dr Nathaniel Ward
The Wardian case
Robert Fortune (1812-1880)
represented the Horticultural Society of London (now the Royal Horticultural Society) as a collector in China shortly after the Treaty of Nanjing had brought the Opium War to a close. Through his use of the Wardian case, Fortune was able to introduce many of the best-known Chinese garden plants into cultivation in Europe and North America.
Père Paul Guillaume Farges (1844 - 1912)
French missionary and naturalist. Born at Monclar-de-Quercy, Tarn-et-Garonne. He was sent to China in 1867 and remained stationed in north-east Sichuan until 1903. Although he had always nurtured an interest in the local flora and fauna, it was not until 1892 that he started to collect herbarium specimens in earnest. During the eleven years before he moved south to Chongqing, he collected and preserved over 4,000 specimens.
Dove Tree
Ernest Henry Wilson (1876 - 1930)
Scan the title of the reading
passage and the pictures and
predict what it is about
Plant Exploration in the 18th And 19th centuries
the beginning
when:
Not until the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries
Who:
European middle classes
European nations
What:
Taking great interest in
collecting plants
When:
By the middle of the 18th century
Who:
French Catholic missionaries
What:
Father d’Incarville was sent to _______ to _____ _______ of trees and bushes including those of the ____ ____ _____
Beijing
collected seeds
Tree of Heaven
Result:
Seeds of the tree of Heaven were sent to ______, and were grown _________ ____ .
In 1784, It was______ in ______ _______
England
Throughout Europe
introduced
North America
When:
In 1769
Who:
Sir Joseph Banks
What:
Banks____ _____ of plants none of which had been recorded by_________ .
collected lots
Europeans
A change
When:
nineteenth centuries
Who:
Dr Nathaniel Ward’s
What:
The invention of
_____________
Wardian case
Result:
In 1833, ward _______ two cases of British plants to Australia all the plant ____________________ journey.
shipped
survived
the six--month
When:
between 1843 and 1859
Who:
Robert Fortune
What:
He not only introduce ____ ______________ to ______ _______ but he also shipped _____ ____ from __________ to_______
Then
120
species of plants
western
garden
plants
Shanghai
India
tea
When:
The second half of nineteenth century
Who:
Father Farges
What:
He collected the seeds of ____ ____ and brought them to ______.
Dove Tree
France
When:
1899
Who:
E H Wilson
What:
He introduced many new plants to______________
At last
Western garden
Skimming
Read the passage quickly and try to get the main idea of this passage
Reading
Scanning
T or F Questions:
1. The plants in our garden grew in China originally.
F
2. The American Middle Classes took great interest in collecting new plants during the 18th and 19th centuries.
F
3. French Catholic missionaries were beginning to set themselves up in China by the middle of the 18th century.
4. After Father d’ Incarville died, some Tree of Heaven seeds were sent to England.
F
Banks, together with James Cook, collected many examples of plants in Australia.
6. Keeping plants alive during long
land or sea voyage was very
difficult, which caused the
Wardian Case to be invented.
7. Robert Fortune introduced over 120 species of plants to Western Gardens, because he could easily travel everywhere in China.
8. During the second half of the 19th century, many Catholic missionaries were sent to China, and they collected many seeds of plants, which were sent back to France.
F
Read the text carefully and match each person to the thing he did.
1. Father d’Incarville
2. Sir Joseph Banks
3. Dr Nathaniel Ward
4. Father Farges
5. Robert Fortune
6. E H Wilson
b
f
d
c
e
a
a. collected lots of seeds of the Dove Tree
b. sent Tree of Heaven seeds to England
c. sent the seeds of the Dove Tree back to France
d. shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney
e. shipped 20,000 tea plants to India
f. collected vast quantities of plants in Australia
Detailed reading:
Try to get the main idea of each paragraph:
Para 1:
explains when plant collecting began.
Para 2:
describes when and where plant collecting began on a large scale by Europeans.
Para 3:
talks about French Catholic missionaries who collected plants in China in the 18th century.
Para 4:
is about the famous British plant collector, Sir Joseph Banks, who collected many new plants in Australia.
Para 5:
explains the problems of keeping plants alive on long trips.
Para 6:
describes an experiment carried out by Dr Nathaniel Ward who invented a glass case in which to transport plants on long journeys.
Para 8:
is about Father Farges, a French Catholic missionary who collected plants in China in the 19th century.
Para 7:
is about Robert Fortune, a British plant collector who made several trips to China in the 19th century.
Para 9:
Describes how many European plant collectors, such as E H Wilson, went to China so that new plants could be introduced to gardens in the West.
Structure:
Part I:
Para1-2 the beginning of
plant collecting
Part II:
Para3-4 the exploration
of plants in the 18th century
Part III:
Para 5-7 the invention and
use of Wardian case
Part IV:
Para 8-9 the exploration
of plants in the 19th centry
Comprehending
Time
People/plants
Historic Events
In 1500
B.C
Father
d’Incarville
sent ships to gather plants, animals and other goods
the Queen of Egypt
in the 1740s
was sent to Beijing
tree of Heaven seeds
collected plants in Australia
In 1784
the Tree of Heaven tree
In 1751
arrived in England
In 1769
Sir Joseph Banks
was introduced into
North America
In 1833
shipped two cases of British Plants to Sydney
Robert
Fortune
During the second half of the 19th
century
were sent to China from France
Nathaniel
Ward
1843-1859
made several trips to China
many
Catholic
missionaries
Father Farges
collected a large quantity of the seeds of the Dove Tree in China
In 1897
sent seeds of Dove Tree
From China to France
In 1899
E H Wilson
Imagine:
Suppose three of you are botanists
(植物学家), and one is a captain.
Now each botanist wants the captain to bring his plant home. But the captain
can take only one plant, so each must try his best to explain his reason to persuade the captain into taking his own plant.
Discussion
If you are a botanist from Britain and you are asked by the King to collect seeds of trees from China ,What will you prepare why
Do you think plant exploration is meaningful why
Homework
1. Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
2. Learn the text by heart.(共26张PPT)
Reading and discussion on P37
Bee
Humming-birds
Butterflies
moth
Difficult words and expressions
evolve
evolution
attach to
bat
tube
odour
give out
发展；进展；进化
发出；分发
气味
管子
演变；进化
附上；贴上
蝙蝠
What is the text about What do pictures show you What is the chart about
1
The text is about flowers and their animal pollinators. The pictures show different kinds of animal pollinators and their flowers. The chart lists animal pollinators and the characteristics of the flowers they pollinate.
Answer the questions.
1. What is the advantage for animals of visiting flowers
Animals get food called nectar from the flowers.
2. Why do some plants need animals
Some plants need animals to pollinate them.
2
3. How does an animal pollinate a flower
An animal pollinates a flower by collecting pollen from a flower and passing it onto another flower.
4. What features of a flower are important in attracting animal pollinators
The features of a flower that are important in attracting animal pollinators are its colour, shape, size and smell.
5. What is nectar
Nectar is a sweet liquid produced by flowers and collected by bees.
6. What kinds of animals are most flowers pollinated by
Most flowers are pollinated by bees, moths and butterflies.
True or false
1. Bees follow coloured lines to the nectar inside the flower.
2. Flowers that are white or pale can be seen by night pollinators.
3. Butterflies are attracted to sweet-smelling flowers.
T
T
F
3
4. Bats pollinate flowers at night.
5. Flower colour is not important to hummingbirds.
6. All pollinators need to land on the flower if they are to find the nectar.
T
F
F
Find other nouns in the chart that mean the same as “smell”. List adjectives from the chart that are used to describe different kinds of smells.
Nouns that mean “smell”: ______ ________.
Adjectives that describe smells: _______________________________________________.
odour,
perfume
delicate, fragrant, odourless, strong, sweet, musty, fruity
4
1. evolve
evolve 常用作不及物动词，意为“进化，形成，发展”，常与from 搭配使用，意为“从……发展而来”。如：
The present British political system has evolved over several centuries.
英国的现行政治制度是经过几个世纪逐步发展而成的。
The developmental history of society tells us that man has evolved from the ape.
社会发展史告诉我们人是从类人猿进化来的。
★其名词形式为 evolution, 意为 “进化，演变，发展，渐进”。
如：
1）. Darwin’s theory of evolution has been widely accepted.
达尔文的进化论已经被广泛接受。
2）. The farmers benefit a lot from the evolution of farming methods. 耕种方法的发展使农民大大受益。
★其形容词形式为evolutionary, 意为“演变的，进化的，逐渐发展的”。如：
The change has been evolutionary.
变化是渐进的。
[小试] 翻译下列句子。
这位设计师逐渐形成了自己的风格。
2. 这家公司已经发展成为一家大机构。
The designer gradually evolved the style of his own.
The company has evolved into a large organization.
2. attach
attach sth. to sth. 表示“把……附加、系上或缚在……上” 。如：
He attached a label to each piece of luggage. 他把每件行李都贴上标签。
attach to sb. / sth. 表示“（使）与……有联系，与……有关联”。如：
It was just an accident and no blame attaches to either of you. 这只是一个意外，你俩一点责任也没有。
attach importance / value / weight, etc. to sth. 表示“认为……有重要性/价值/分量等”。如：
We should attach primary importance to the development of economy.
我们应把经济发展放在首要位置。
be attached to表示 “（变得）喜欢，依恋，对……有感情”。如：
I am much attached to my family.
我对我的家很依恋。
be attached to 还表示“附属于”。如：
This middle school is attached to a normal college.
这所中学附属于一所师范院校。
attach oneself to sb. / sth. 表示“依附某人，参加某事”。如：
He attached himself to the group of mountain climbers.
他参加了那个登山队。
The hospital is attached to that university.
2. A young man attached himself to me at the party and I couldn’t get rid of him.
3. 在年底前你将一直属于这一部门。
4. 我们已变得十分留恋这所房子，舍不得搬家。
这家医院附属于那所大学。
在聚会上有个年轻人总缠着我，我简直无法摆脱他。
You’ll be attached to this apartment until the end of the year.
We’ve grown very attached to this house and wouldn’t move.(共39张PPT)
Listening
1. How would you describe each plant What do you think is unusual about each plant
2. One of the pictures shows pitcher plants and another shows “living stones”. Which picture shows which plant The name of the plant in the other picture is Rafflesia.
Listening on P36
Look carefully at the photos of the plants and answer the questions.
living stone
Rafflesia
pitcher plants
Pitcher plant
Now listen to Mark, Gordon and Andrea telling their class about these plants. Which student talks about which plant
Plant A B C
Student’s name
Name of the plant
Mark
Pitcher
plant
Living stones or Lithops
Gordon
Rafflesia arnoldii
Andrea
Listen to the other students’ reactions to Mark, Gordon and Andrea’s descriptions of the plants. Write down the expressions they use.
Expressions of wonder:
That’s amazing!
What fantastic plants!
Wow!
How interesting!
I think it’s fantastic!
Expressions of disgust:
Oh, yuck!
That’s disgusting!
UNUSUAL PLANT
TH: Today Mark, Gordon and Andrea are going to tell us about some unusual plants. Mark, do you want to go first
M: Sure. Today, I want to talk about an insect-eating plant called a pitcher plant.
Listening text
Here’s a photo of it. Look at this part here. It’s shaped like a pitcher. It’s actually a leaf even though it looks like a flower. It’s really clever---the insects are attracted by the sweet smell coming from what they think is a flower. But it’s a trap.
Once an insect goes down into the pitcher, it can’t get out as there are small hard hairs pointing downwards that prevent it from escaping. In the end, the insect falls down into a pool of liquid at the bottom of the pitcher and gets digested by the plant.
S1: That’s amazing!
S2: What fantastic plants!
TH: Gordon.
G: These are the plants I’m going to talk about. They’re often called “living stones”, but even though they do look a bit like stones, they are in fact plants.
S3: Wow!
S4: How interesting!
G: Their scientific name is Lithops and they come from South Africa and Nambia. The body of a lithops is actually a pair of leaves that have become rounded like a stone. This is because this plant lives in very
hot and dry places. When the leaves are shaped like this, not much water is lost from the plant. Another interesting thing about these strange plants is that they’re the same colour and appearance of the soil and stones around it. This makes them less obvious to animal looking for food.
TH: Thanks, Gordon. Andrea.
A: I’m going to tell you about Rafflesia arnoldii, a plant that has a flower about one metre wide. In fact, it’s the largest flower in the world. Rafflesia arnoldii doesn’t have any leaves, stems or roots. It doesn’t need them as it’s a parasite. It gets this food by
living on another plant. You might think that this flower should smell wonderful but it actually looks and smells like rotting meat!
S2: Oh, yuck!
S1: That’s disgusting!
S3: I think it’s fantastic!
A: Me too. Anyway, it attracts insects that eat dead animals but instead of getting a feed, the insects pick up its pollen and spread it to other Rafflesias, Rafflesia arnoldii grows in the jungles in Indonesia but as the forests are being cut down, it’s becoming very rare.
TH: Thanks Andrea and thanks everyone. Those plants are certainly fascinating.
Listening on P75
Pre-listening
1. In which parts of the word would you find tropical rainforests
Tropical rainforests occur in three major regions: Asia, Africa and Central and South America.
2. Why do you think rainforests are being cut down
As populations increase, people need more land to live on. There are also mining companies which destroy forests in their search for minerals.
3. Why do you think tropical rainforests are important to the world
Because there are about 10 million species of plant and animal in the world. More than half of these live in the tropical rainforests. The rainforest could provide us with cures for diseases.
Also, rainforests absorb a lot of rain so that there’s a constant supply of clean water running into rivers and lakes.
Number the topics below in the order in which you hear about them.
□the area of the earth’s land covered by tropical rainforest
□ reasons why rainforests are being destroyed
□ the rate of rainforest destruction
□ some consequences of rainforests being destroyed
□ the best way to make money from rainforests
1
3
2
5
4
Are these statements true or false Correct the false statements.
1. Rainforests cover 14% of the earth’s land surface.
2. More than half of the rainforests have disappeared.
F
6%
T
3. 150 acres of rainforest are destroyed every day.
4. In 40 years’ time we might not have any rainforests left on earth.
5. People can make more money from harvesting rainforest plants than from cutting down the rainforests.
F
Over 150 acres of rainforest are destroyed every minute..
T
T
THE DESTRUCTION OF TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
Ed Walker (E) is interviewing Dr Anne Butler (A) about the destruction of tropical rainforests.
LISTENING TEXT
E: Anne, we hear a lot these days about how quickly tropical rainforests are disappearing.
A: Yes, that's right. Rainforests now cover only 6% of the earth's land surface. They used to cover about 14%, so more than half of the world's tropical rainforests have
been destroyed, and that's in less than 50 years. Over 150 acres of rainforest is lost every minute in Asia, Africa, Central and South American.
E: That's unbelievable.
A: Yes, it's frightening. The last remaining rainforests could be gone in less than 40 years.
E: But why is this happening
A: Well, there are a number of reasons. As populations increase, people need more land to live on. Forests are cut down to plant crops or to start farms.
The wood is sold for firewood or building materials, furniture and paper, for example. And there are also mining companies which destroy the forests in their search for minerals.
E: I suppose people have to make a living.
A: Yes, but you know, people can make more money by harvesting things like fruits, nuts and oils, as well as plants that can be used in medicine than by cutting down the forests.
E: Oh really I didn't know that. Now, could you outline some of the reasons why it’s not a good idea to destroy rainforests
A: Sure. You must have heard about the rich animal and plant life in tropical rainforests. Well, there are about 10 million species of plants and animals in the world. More than half of these live in the tropical rainforests. So, destroying rainforests means that thousands of these species are dying out before we’ve even realized it.
E: I’ve heard too that the rainforest could provide us with cures for diseases.
A: Yes, there are certainly many new drugs waiting to be discovered. Another problem is that the destruction of forests contributes to global warming.
Also, rainforests absorb a lot of rain so that there's a constant supply of clean water running into rivers and lakes. If the trees are cut down, the rain isn't absorbed and there is flooding.
E: So, what can individuals do to help slow down the destruction
A: That's a good question ... Wade out)(共26张PPT)
Reading on P78
Co–Evolution
yucca 丝兰
yucca moth
The Traveller’s
Palm 棕榈树
The Madagascar black lemur
The Ophrys Orchid 兰花
wasp
Warming up
Discuss the question:
What’s the relationship between
plants and animals
Pre-reading
Before you read the text, glance quickly
through it and answer these questions.
1. What’s the topic of the text
2. What three plants are featured
3. What do the photos show you
4. What three animal pollinators are
featured
What’s the topic of the text
2. What three plants are featured
Co-evolution.
The yucca, the Traveller’s Palm, and the Ophrys orchid.
3. What do the photos show you
4. What three animal pollinators are featured
Yucca flowers, a Traveller’s Palm,
and an Ophrys orchid.
The yucca moth, the Madagascar
black lemur, a certain kind of wasp
(the male, not the female wasp).
First reading
Now read the text more carefully and
answer these questions.
Why can no other animals but the
yucca moth pollinate the yucca
It’s only the yucca moth which is
the right size and shape to pollinate
the yucca.
2.Can you guess why the Traveller’s
Palm has that name
The Traveller’s Palm has this name
because travellers used to drink
its nectar when they were thirsty.
3. What do you think “sweet tooth”
means
If a person or an animal has a “sweet tooth”, they like sweet food very much.
4. Why do the male wasps try to mate with the orchid flowers
The male wasps try to mate with
the orchid flowers because they
look like and smell like female wasps.
5. Why do the female wasps visit the orchid flowers Do they have a role in pollination
The female wasps visit the orchid
flowers to collect the chemical that the male wasps were attracted to earlier. The female wasps do not have a role in pollination since the flowers are dying when they visit them.
Second reading
Now read and think about the advantages and disadvantages of the relationships between the plants and pollinations described in the text.
Check your understanding and complete the table.
Plant/
pollinator Advantages Disadvantages
Yucca
Moth
The yucca is certain to be pollinated.
The moth’s caterpillars have a certain supply of food
They are totally dependent on each other for survival.
Plant/
pollinator Advantages Disadvantages
Traveller’s
palm
Lemur
The palm’s flower can be opened by the lemur.
The lemur has a source of food.
There is a disadvantage for the palm only if there are no lemurs or other animals present strong enough to open the flowers.
Plant/
pollinator Advantages Disadvantages
Orchid
Wasp
The orchid is certain to be pollinated.
They are totally dependent on each other for survival.
The female wasps collect a chemical from the orchid needed to attract the males to them.
Discussion
Discuss what you think would happen
to the animal pollinators of each of
the plants described if these plants
died out.
Suggested answers:
The yucca and the yucca moth:
If yucca plants died out, the
Yucca moth would also die out as the caterpillars need the yucca seeds for food.
The Traveller’s palm and the
Madagascar black lemur:
If the Traveller’s palm died out,
the Madagascar black lemur would
not die out as it can find other sources of food.
The Ophrys orchid and the wasp:
If the Ophrys orchid died out, the wasp would also died out as the
female wasp needs the chemical
produced by the orchid to attract
the male wasps.(共70张PPT)
Unit4
Exploring plants
Warming up
Can you tell the name of the flower
Tulip
Tulips are beautiful
flowers and people often
Send them to their friends
as presents.
Sunflower
It comes from North
America.Indians there
began to grow them
some 3000 years ago .
Peony
the Chinese national flower
Rose
Roses are best presents to be sent to friends. And it is also very popular
to send roses as love signal between young people. Red roses
indicate warmth and love and white ones, purity and simplicity,
blue ones, honesty and sincerity.
Which is your favorite flower Why
Reading:
rose 玫瑰
tulip 郁金香
peony 牡丹
sunflower 向日葵
Which flower is your favorite Why
rose
red roses indicate warmth and love
white ones, purity（纯洁） and simplicity（朴实）
blue ones, honesty and sincerity.
Joseph Banks
Daniel solander
Karl Linnaeus
Teacher
Student
lifelong
friends
What happened in these years Complete the sentences.
1 In l5OO BC, the Queen of Egypt sent ships to gather plants, animals and other goods.
2 In the 1740s, a French Catholic missionary called Father d'Incarville was sent to Beijing.
3 In1751,some Tree of Heaven seeds arrived in England.
Comprehending
4 In1769,Sir Joseph Banks collected vast quantities of plants in the land now known as Australia
5 In 1784, the Tree of Heaven was introduced into North America.
6 In 1833, Nathaniel Ward used two special cases that he had invented to ship British plants to Sydney,Australia.
7 Between 1843 and 1859, a British plant collector Robert Fortune. made several trips to China
8 During the second half of the nineteenth century, many Catholic missionaries were sent to China from France.
9 In 1897, a French Plant collector Father Farges. sent seeds of the Dover Tree from China to France.
10 In 1899, a Plant collector, E H Wilson. collected a large quantity of the seeds of the Dove Tree in China.
Grammar
1. Collecting “exotic” plants, as they are called, dates back to the earliest times. (Reading Para.1)
【解析】date back to从现在追溯到过去某时，相当于date from或go back to。
【考查方向】考查date back to短语作谓语的情况。因“追溯”是从现在算起指向过去，所以改动词的时态通常用一般现在时，没有被动语态。
【考题预测】His interest in stamp collecting his school days.
A. is dated from B. dates back to
C. is dated back to D. dates
【点拨】date back to(date from)无被动形式，而date作动词表示“写上日期”，与句意不符，故选B。
2. Brave young men took the opportunity of going on botanical expeditions, often facing many dangers including disease, near-starvation, severe environments and conflicts with the local people. (Reading Para.2)
【解析1】动词-ing短语often facing many dangers including disease, near-starvation, severe environments and conflicts with the local people作谓语took the opportunity的伴随状语。
【考查方向】非谓语动词的考测。现在分词短语作伴随状语，它同句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，并且和句子谓语动作几乎是同时发生。
【真题再现】We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _______ that all children like these things. （全国卷III 2006）
A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought
【点拨】we和think构成逻辑上的主谓关系，而且动作thinking that…同动作provide…同时发生。故选A。
【解析2】conflict是名词，意为“冲突，斗争”，常构成短语有：in conflict有矛盾，有冲突；in conflict with和……有矛盾，和……不一致；bring sb into conflict使某人与……发生争执等等。
【考查方向】考试时会把conflict同argument（辩论）, negotiation（谈判）, bargain（契约，合同）, battle（战斗，战争）, campaign（战役，活动，运动）, struggle（竞争，奋斗）, contact（联系，接触）, connection（联接，关系）等名词放在一起辨析。
【真题再现】In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _____ in personality. （上海2004）
A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict
【点拨】 contact “联系，接触，交际，交往”；contrast “对比，对照”；connection “联系，关系”；conflict“争论，冲突，抵触，斗争”。句意：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止价格冲突。故选D。
3. In 1769, Banks collected vast quantities of plants in the land now known as Australia. (Reading Para.4)
【解析1】quantity作名词，意为“量，数量，总量”， quantity前可用huge, good, great, large，small, vast等词语修饰。
【考查方向】“a large quantity of + 可数名词复数”作主语，相当于“a large number of + 可数名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“a large quantity of + 不可数名词”作主语，相当于“a large amount of + 不可数名词”作主语，谓语一般情况下用单数，但如果“quantities of+不可数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。
【真题再现】As a result of destroying the forests, a large____ of desert ___ covered the land. （2001年上海）
A. number… has B. quantity…has C. number…have D. quantity …have
【点拨】a large number of后面接复数名词，所以排除A和C；a large quantity后面跟的是desert，表示“沙漠”，用于不可数名次，所以排除D。句意为：破坏森林的结果是大片沙漠覆盖了陆地。选B。
【解析2】句中now known as Australia是过去分词短语作the land的后置定语，相当于定语从句which is now known as Australia。be known as以……著称。
【考查方向】考查非谓语动词作定语。以be known引出的短语有：be know as作为……而出名；be known for因……而出名；be known to为……知道。
【真题再现】Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ______as 3M. （浙江2004）
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
【点拨】过去分词短语作定语。故选B。
4. A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to use Wardian cases. (Reading Para.7)
【解析】句中the earliest是形容词最高级作plant collectors的定语，动词不定式短语to use Wardian cases作collectors的后置定语。
【考查方向】当名词被形容词最高级或序数词(含last)等修饰时，其后接动词不定式作定语。
【真题再现】This company was the first ________ portable radio as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. （上海2005春）
A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced
【点拨】the first后面省略了名词company，the first后接动词不定式作后置定语。句意：这家公司是世界上第一家生产小收音机和录音机的公司。选B。
5 Although the missionaries collected large numbers of specimens, there was not enough material for growing particular species in Western gardens. (Reading Para.9)
【解析】although是从属连词，意为“尽管，虽然，然而”，引导让步状语从句，起补充说明的作用。
【考查方向】考查连词although与其他连词的辨析。although不与but连用，但可与副词still或yet连用。although与though同义，用法也基本相同，但在让步从句中，though的位置比较活（如“Though he is poor”和“Poor though he is”），although则通常置于从句之首。
【真题再现】 he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. （全国I卷2006）
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although
【点拨】since和as表示原因，unless表示条件，although表示让步。根据句意，本题引导although让步状语从句，故选D。
1. Last week while we were going through the forest. I lost touch with my friend. I was very frightened at that moment. But now I think it was _____ exciting _____.
a; experience B. an; experience
C. /; experience D. /; experiences
2. In the botanical garden we can find a(n) _______ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers.
species B. groups
C. amount D. variety
3. This is a very special flower and it can _______ a strong sweet perfume at night.
give in B. give up
C. give out D. give over
√
√
√
4. It was __________ back home after he finished the report.
not until midnight did he go
B. until midnight that he didn’t go
C. not until midnight that he went
D. until midnight when he didn’t went
5. They are so close friends and their friendship college days.
dates back to B. are dated back to
C. are dated from D. dates back from
6. — Can you give me some advice about the design
— I think it should _______ to all ages and social groups.
A. appear B. appeal C. suit D. fit
√
√
√
7. ______, he would come late and then say he was sorry.
Eventually B. Typically
C. Particularly D. Especially
8. There was a little nice present for everyone, with a suitable poem _______ to it.
attached B. attacked
C. attracted D. attributed
9. It was suggested that the NMET _____ in the city because of the flood.
was postponed B. be postponed
C. would be postponed D. had been postponed
√
√
√
10. Famous _____ a writer, Lu Xun is well-known _____ Chinese _____ his wonderful works.
like; for; as B. for; to; as
C. as; to; for D. to; as; for
11. When I try to understand _____ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seams to me that there are two causes.
why it does B. what it does
C. what it is D. why it is
12. Entry in this competition is _____ to amateurs.
A. weakened B. omitted C. restricted D. lowered
√
√
√
13. In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _______ in personality.
A. contact B. contrast
C. connection D. conflict
14. ——Waiter! My wife takes great interest in most of the food on the menu.
——Thanks. __________.
——Salad, fried fish, fried chicken and orange juice, please.
What can I do for you B. At your service
C. Shall I take your order D. Oh, what
15. ——I didn’t know this was a one-way street on that avenue. officer
. —— __________.
That’s all right. B. You are sure.
C. How dare you say that D. Sorry, but that’s no excuse.
√
√
√
Language points
1 However，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale
然而，直到18和19世纪人们对植物世界大规模的探索才开始。
It is／was not until．that…的意思是“直到才 ”。如：
Actually it was not until 4 June that the submarines arrived at the station.
实际上，直到6月4号舰艇才到达基地。
It was not until the l880s that there were consistent experimental findings to support his theory.
直到19世纪80年代才有了一致的实验发现支持他的理论。
另外，含有not until结构的句子也还可以放在
句首来表示强调，这时主旬用倒装句。如：
Not until the early years ofthel9th century did
marl know what heat is.
直到19世纪初期人们才知道什么是热能。
Not until 1 began to work did I realize bow much
time I had wasted．
直到开始工作时我才意识到自己浪费了多少时间。
on a large scale意思是“大规模地”。如：
The aim of the project is to test whether this
method provides valid results when it is employed on a large scale
这个项目的目的是检验当这种方法被大规模运用时是否有效。
scale在这儿的意思是“规模；程度；范围”。如：
a large—scale business operation
大规模的商业运作
Many companies are now expanding to benefit
from economies of scale
许多公司因大规模的经营扩展而获利。
scale用作名词时，还可以表示“等级；标准”。
如：
The force of the wind is measured on a standard
scale of 0—12。
风力用0—12级的标准来测量。
The earthquake measured6.5 on the Richter scale
这次地震是里氏6.5级。
表示“刻度，标度”。如：
The ruler has one scale in centimeters and one
scale in inches这把尺子一边是用厘米，一边用英
寸刻度。
scales表示“磅秤;天平”。美国用scale。如：
Putting it on the scales把它放在天平上。
bathroom scales浴室磅秤
表示“比例；比例尺”。如：
The plan of the building was drawn to scale
这栋大楼的平面图是按比例绘制的。
The map has a scale of one centimeter to the kilometer
这幅地图的比例是一厘米代表一公里。
或介词of doing。如：
When we were finally alone，It took the opportunity
to ask him a few personal questions当我们终干单独
在一起的时候，我趁机问了他几个私人问题。
I’d like to take this opportunity of thanking
everyone for their hard work 0n the project我愿借
此机会感谢每个人为这个项目所付出的辛勤劳动。
They took the opportunity to visit Arm while they
were in London在伦敦时他们找了机会去看望了安。
注意opportunity与其它动词或介词的搭配。
如：
You shouldn’t miss the opportunity to see the play
—it is rarely put on你不要错过看这场戏的机会，
它很少上演。
There will be plenty of opportunity for asking
questions later．最后有很多机会问问题。
conflict意思是“冲突,抵触-争论”。如：
The two parties have been in conflict since the
election自从选举以来两党一直陷入矛盾之中。
conflict还有“战争，战斗;斗争”的意思。如：
This is a serious dispute and could lead to armed
conflict这存在着严重的分歧，很可能导致武装冲
突。
3．At that time，there were restrictions on the
movement of Europeans and so．in order t0 travel
unnoticed，he developed his fluency in Chinese and
dressed as a Chinese man，even shaving his head in the
Chinese style．那时候，欧洲人在中国的活动受到种
种限制，因此，为了在旅行时不被别人注意，他努
力使自己的汉语讲得很流利，并且穿着中国人的服
装，甚至像中国人一样削发(留辫)。
这是个并列句，At that time，there were restrictions
On the movement of Europeans是并列句的第一部分，
in order to travel unnoticed 是第二部分，由and把这两
部分连接起来。
restriction意思是“限制}约束”，注意它后面
所接的介词on，表示“限制或约束的具体内容”。
如：
This ticket permits you to travel anywhere。with—
out restriction．这张票允许你无限制地访问任何地
方。
Speed restrictions operate on all urban roads限速
规定适用于所有城市道路。
词语联想
与restrictions意思相同的词是limits。如：
Unfortunately there are certain limit son my time
and I am unable to help yon很不凑巧我有7时间限制，无法帮助你。
What’s the speed limit on this road 这条路的限
速规定是多少
inordertotravelunnoticed是动词不定式做目的
状语。unnoticed是动词的过去分词形式，用作to
travel的伴随情况状语。如：
The teacher came in，followed by his students老
师进来，后面跟着他的学生。
She sat by the window，lost in thought．她在窗前坐下，陷入沉思。
fluency是fluent的名词形式，意思是“流利}
流畅”。如：
To work as a translator, you need fluency in at least
one foreign language作为翻译．你至少要流利地掌
握一门外语。
She speaks German with impressive fluency．她说
一口令人印象深刻的流利的德语。
even shaving his head in the Chinese style；~动词
的-ing形式，用作状语。如：
The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction
with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here．
来访的部长在他的谈话里表达了他的满意，并补充
说他在这里很愉快。
Even when we turn off the bed side lamp and are
fast asleep，electricity is working for us。driving our
refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our rooms
a~-conditioned即便当我们关掉床头灯，进入梦乡，
电还在为我们工作，开动冰箱，热水保温或保持室
内空调的运转。
shave意思是“刮(胡子、脸)，剃(须)，剃掉
(身体某部位)上的全部毛发”。如：
I cut myself while I was shaving．我在刮胡子的
时候制破了自己。
He has decided to shave off his beard.他已决定刮
掉胡子。
4-Not only did Fortune introduce over l20 species
Of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped20，000
Tea plants from Shanghai to India, where a successful tea industry was established
福琼不仅把120余种植物引进入西方的园林，而且还用船将两万株茶树从上海运到印度，印度的制茶工业就成功地发展起来了。
not only放在旬首时，用来表示强调，这时句子需要倒装。
如：
Not only did the，bring snacks and drinks，but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest
他们不但买了零食和饮料，而且带来了为在森林里举行野餐时玩的扑克。
Not only did he complain about the food，he
also refused to pay for it他不但抱怨食物，而且
拒绝付帐。
Not only did he refuse the gift，he also severely
criticized the sender．他不仅拒绝收礼．而且还严厉
地批评了送礼人。
注意：只有当Not only．．But also连接两个分
句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首
的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，就不
能用倒装结构。in：
Not only John but also Ben should have got a full
mark in the exam.不仅约翰，而且本也应在此次考
试中得到满分。
introduce在本句的意思是“引进}引入”(to
Bring in。especially for the first time)。如：
Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America
土豆是从南美引入欧洲的。
More advanced techniques have been introduced for production since then．
从那以后许多的先进技术被引进到生产之中。
词语联想
bring in也可表示“引进·引入”的意思。如：
The government intended to bring in a new law
to reduce pollution政府想引入一项新的法律来减少污染。
The influence of Europe has brought in many new fashions．欧洲的影响带来了许多新的时尚。
establish意思是“建立;创立;使开业”(start
all organization)。如：
As soon as the country became independent，it
established its own national bank这个国家刚刚独立就建立了自己的国家银行。
Most of the money is to be used to establish local industries许多钱用来建立地方工业。
词语联想
以下词语也可表示“建立；创立·使开业”(start
an organization)的意思。如：start／start up
The family arrived herein 1922 and started up a
chain of restaurants．1922年这家人来到这里，开了
连锁饭店。
They intend to use the money to start their own
business．他们想用这笔钱开戗自己的事业。
open
A new shopping mall has been opened on the
east side of town在城东一家新的大型购物中心已经开业。
Fifteen years ago Sally and her husband opened a small hotel on the edge of town 15年前，萨利和她的丈夫在城边开了一家小旅馆。
set up
Taylor is now in the process of setting up a new
marketing company called BMT泰勒正忙着建立一个新的名叫BMT的贸易公司。
Some of the people in our street ale setting up a
neighborhood crime prevention committee我们街道的一些人正在建立一个社区预防犯罪的委员会。
1. Choose the best answers
1) -- Don't you think necessary that he be sent to New York rather than Miami
-- I agree, but the problem is he has
refused to.
A. this; that B. it; that
C. this; what D. it; what
2) So curious was he about wild plants that he
decided __ a trip to Madagascar for further research.
A. they will take B. taking
C. to take D. they would have taken
√
√
3) -- Victor certainly cares too much for himself.
-- Yes. He's never interested in is doing.
A. what anyone else B. that everybody
C. which someone else D. that anybody else
4) -- What should I do with this passage -- the main idea of each paragraph. A. Finding out B. To find it out C. Found out D. Find out
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√
5) The old lady's hand shook constantly, and she ________ this shaking had begun about half a year before.
A. explained to the doctor how
B. explained the doctor to
C. told the doctor when
C. told the doctor about
6) John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will_______ at the airport.
A. send him away B. see him off
C. send away him D. see off him
√
√
7) The head office of bank is in Beijing, but it has
________ all over the country.
A. companies B. organizations
C. branches D. offices
8) Do you have any idea _______ is going on in
the classroom
A. that B. which C. who D. what
√
√
9) When asked by the police, he said he remembered __ at the party, but not
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave
C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
10)We have been looking at houses, but haven't found ____ we like yet.
A. one B. ones C. them D. it
√
√
Grammar:
1、间接宾语可以改为由介词to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语后面。如：He gave her some chips. = He gave some chips to her. 2、以下几种情况通常要用介词to或for引起的短语： 1)当直接宾语是人称代词(it/them)时。如：This book is Mr Wang's. Please give it to him. 2)当强调间接宾语时。如：Mother cooks meals for us every day. 3)当间接宾语比直接宾语长一些时。如：On the bus, she often gives her seat to the old person. 3、由to引出间接宾语的动词有：give, show, pass, lend, take, tell等；由for引出间接宾语的动词有：buy, make, cook, get, sing, read等。
See you!
