(共39张PPT)
Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing
写作专题突破
Unit 1
语法专题突破
Section Ⅳ
语法专题突破
虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等，一般常用于正式的书面语中。
一、虚拟语气在条件句中的运用
1．虚拟语气在条件从句中的应用其主从句的谓语动词形式如下：
if条件从句 主句
与现在
事实相反 did/were should/could/might/
would＋动词原形
与过去
事实相反 had＋过去分词 should/could/might/
would＋have done
与将来
事实相反 did/should＋动词原形/were to＋动词原形 should/could/might/
would＋动词原形
If I were ten years younger，I would start all over again.
如果我年轻10岁，我会从头开始的。(与现在事实相反)
You might have seen Mr.Smith if you had attended the lecture.
如果你参加了讲座，你也许会见到史密斯先生的。(与过去事实相反)
If it should rain，we would stay at home.
假如明天下雨，我们就呆在家里。(与将来事实相反)
2．虚拟条件句的省略和倒装
如果条件句中的if省略，须把条件句中的were，had，should放在条件从句的主语前面，从而构成倒装语序。
Were you a bird，you could fly in the sky.
如果你是一只小鸟，就能在天空中飞翔了。
3．错综时间条件句(混合虚拟语气)
当虚拟语气的主从句所指的时间不一致时，应该根据各自谓语动词发生的时间采用相应的形式。
If you had taken my advice，you would know what to do now.
要是那时你听我劝告的话，你现在就知道该做什么了。
4．含蓄条件句
用一个介词短语或分词短语来代替条件句，这就是含蓄条件句。这些词有：without，but for，or，otherwise，with，but，even，in case of等。
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
若是多加注意，这些树就会长得更好。
He would have gone to the party，but he was ill yesterday.
他昨天想去参加宴会，但是那时他病了。
The firemen arrived in time.Otherwise the house would have been burnt to the ground.
消防队员及时赶到了，不然的话，房子就烧毁了。
二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用
1．宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)表示建议、决定、要求、请求、命令的动词
suggest/insist/decide/demand/request/require/ask/beg/order等后跟宾语从句时，从句用虚拟语气，即should＋动词原形，should可以省略。
She insisted that the seats(should)be booked in advance.
她坚持要预定座位。
He demanded that he(should)be told everything.
他要求将一切告诉他。
【温馨提示】 suggest作“暗示，表明”和insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”解时，从句要用陈述语气。
He insisted that he was not involved in the case.
他坚持认为自己与那个案子没有牵连。
(2)wish的宾语从句中虚拟语气有三种，宾语从句中用一般过去时(be动词用were)表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，用would/could/might加动词原形表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
I wish I remembered his E?mail.
我希望我记得他的邮箱地址。
I wish I had studied hard.
我多么希望我那时学习刻苦。
I wish you would go with us tomorrow.
但愿你明天跟我们一块去。
(3)would rather后的宾语从句也要用虚拟语气，一般过去时表示与现在将来事实相反，过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
I’d rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。
I’d rather you had passed the exam.
我宁愿你通过了考试。
(4)It is high/about time that...句型中一般用过去时或should＋动词原形表示虚拟语气。
It’s high/about time that children go/should went to school.到了孩子们上学的时候了。
2．用在主语从句中
It is desired/suggested/proposed/required
/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity＋that从句，从句中谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should可省略。
It is important that you should come here soon.
你快点来很重要。
It is suggested that the old man should be sent to hospital immediately.
有人建议立即把老人送往医院。
3．用在表语从句和同位语从句中
advice，demand，order，request，suggestion，proposal，requirement，recommendation等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should可省略。
Obama issued the order that the troops should withdraw from Iraq.
奥巴马命令部队从伊拉克撤军。
Their desire was that a treaty should be signed at once.
他们的愿望是马上签订协约。
4．If only后面需要用虚拟语气，句子多用一般过去时或过去完成时。
If only I could operate the computer.
要是我会操作电脑该多好。
If only he had known it.
要是他知道这件事该多好。
5．状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在as if/though引导的方式状语从句中，一般过去时表示与现在事实相反，过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
She loves the boy as if he were her own son.
她喜欢这个男孩子就好像他是她的亲儿子一样。
(2)在in case that，for fear that，lest引导的条件状语从句中，经常用should＋动词原形表示虚拟语气。
She puts a coat over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.
她把一件大衣盖在小孩身上，以免他着凉。
Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．I’d rather you________(come)tomorrow.
答案：came
2．If only he ________(be)alive.
答案：were
3．We should act as if she____________(watch)us.
答案：were watching
语法专练
4．I couldn’t help even though I ____________(be)there at the moment.
答案：had been
5．If I __________(inform)yesterday，I __________(know)what to do now.
答案：had been informed；should know
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．My idea is that we____________(应好好地想一想)before accepting it.
答案：should think it over
2．______________(要不是他的帮助)，I couldn’t have finished the work on time.
答案：Had it not been for his help
3．Without/But for your help，______________
(我是不会安全到家的)．
答案：I couldn’t have returned home safely
4．If I were you，I________________(更加注意英语的习语和短语)．
答案：would pay more attention to English idioms and phrases
5．________________(如果他九点动身的话)，he ought to have been in London by eleven o’clock.
答案：If he had started at 9∶00
Ⅲ.单项填空
1. He hurried to the station only________that the train had left.
A．to have found B．finding
C．found D．to find
解析：选D。本题考查结果状语的表示方法。现在分词和不定式都可以表示结果，但现在分词往往表示自然顺承的结果，而不定式多表示出乎意料的结果，本题根据题意分析表示的是出乎意料的结果，因此用不定式作结果状语。
2．—Did you go to the party last night
—I do wish I________.I was ill last night.
A．went B．did
C．were D．had
解析：选D。由wish后宾语从句中的last night推出此处表示与过去相反的假设，应用过去完成时had gone，省略了动词。
3. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I________your advice.
A．followed B．would follow
C．had followed D．should follow
解析：选C。本题考查的是虚拟语气的用法。句意为：看看我现在有多麻烦！要是我听从了你的劝告就好了。从句中用虚拟语气，表示如果听了你的劝告，我就不会有那么多麻烦了，是一种与过去事实相反的假设，因此用过去完成时。
4. Doctors in this hospital recommended that the patient________some light manual labor.
A．do B．did
C．doing D．done
解析：选A。句意：这所医院的医生建议这位病人做一些轻微的体力劳动。recommend“建议”，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用(should＋)do形式。
5. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，otherwise he________a goal.
A．had scored B．scored
C．would score D．would have scored
解析：选D。本题考查虚拟语气。句意为：在踢球前他犹豫了一会儿，否则他就会射中球门。根据otherwise可以判断出要用虚拟语气；由hesitate可知是过去发生的事，因此要用would have scored。
6．Though he looked________in the old clothes, he was a wealthy man.
A．shabbiness B．shabby
C．rags D．rag
解析：选B。look shabby/ragged表示看上去寒酸，而rag/rags则表示衣服破烂。
7．His hearing is________，so he is bent
________becoming a musician.
A．acute；to B．acutely；on
C．acute；on D．acutely；to
解析：选C。be bent on专心于，一心要……，而听觉灵敏，用形容词acute。
8．________it________to rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off until the same time next week.
A．Should；不填 B．If；should
C．Were；不填 D．If；was going
解析：选C。将来时的虚拟条件句用were to/should＋动词原形，if省略，把were或should放在主语之前。故A、B、D不正确。
9．If we had taken such effective measures much earlier, the river________so seriously now.
A．is not polluted
B．would not be polluted
C．had not been polluted
D．hasn’t been polluted
解析：选B。句意：如果我们早采取这些有效的措施，这条河现在就不会被污染得这么严重了。条件从句表示与过去事实相反，而从时间状语now判断，主句表示与现在事实相反，故主句谓语用“would＋动词原形”。
10．________your advice, I would have been caught in the traffic and I wouldn’t have been there on time.
A．In spite of B．But for
C．Because of D．As for
解析：选B。由主句的would have been caught可知本句是虚拟语气。but for要不是，此处用于含蓄条件句。
写作专题突破
【写作要求】
假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter发来电子邮件向你咨询如何才能学好中文。请你根据下列要点写一封电子邮件回复他。
要点：
1．参加中文学习班；
2．看中文书刊、电视；
3．学唱中文歌曲；
4．交中国朋友。
注意：
1．词数100左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【要点词汇】
1．征求意见________________
答案：ask for one’s advice
2．上课________________
答案：take a course
3．看电视________________
答案：watch TV
4．交朋友________________
答案：make friends with
【句型结构】
1．我很高兴收到你的来信，征求我的如何学好中文的建议。
I’m glad to receive your letter ________________ how to learn Chinese well.
答案：asking for my advice on
2．这里有几条建议。
________________ a few suggestions.
答案：Here are
3．首先，上中文课是很重要的，因为你能够学习……
________，it is important to ________ a Chinese course，________ you’ll be able to learn...
答案：First；take；as
【连句成篇】
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【佳作欣赏】
Dear Peter，
I’m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well.Here are a few suggestions.
First，it is important to take a Chinese course，as you’ll be able to learn from the teacher and practice with your fellow students.Then, it also helps to watch TV and read books, newspapers and magazines in Chinese whenever possible.
Besides，it should be a good idea to learn and sing Chinese songs, because by doing so you’ll learn and remember Chinese words more easily.You can also make more Chinese friends.They will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.
Try and write to me in Chinese next time.
Best wishes，
Li Hua
【类文点津】
建议信是书信的一种，属应用文范畴，写这类文章应注意以下几点：
1．细读提示，认真审题。
审体裁：说明自己的建议。
定格式：书信的正确格式(开头及结尾)。
定人称：根据内容需要，对人称合理的选择，定位，(一般第一人称)。
定时态：一般现在时态和将来时态。
2．紧扣主题，组织要点。
这类作文一般为提纲式作文，其“要点”似乎已定好了，但大多还有一些开放性空间，因此，要在弄清题意的基础上，逐个地，完美无缺地把内容要点列出来。要使文章层次分明，要点清晰，适当地使用过渡词或连接词：besides，in addition，what’s more，in one’s opinion，personally，therefore等。
3．选词造句，逐步成文。
根据词汇的句法功能，及表达建议的句子类型，将句子按一定的顺序排列成主谓一致，时态呼应，脉络分明，内容完整的短文。
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谢谢使用(共60张PPT)
Section Ⅲ Learning about Language & Using Language
速效提能演练
Unit 1
重点难点探究
Section Ⅲ
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1.Some three hundred educators attended a seminar on second language acquisition.
大约三百名教育者出席了这个关于第二语言习得问题的研讨会。
品味经典
①He devotes his time to the acquisition of knowledge.
他把时间用在获取知识上。
②Next to acquiring good friends，the best acquisition is the of good books.
除了获得好友之外，最有意义的获得就是获得好书。
③The library’s latest acquisitions were donated by a millionaire.
图书馆最近增添的书籍是一位百万富翁捐献的。
自我探究
acquisition n．取得，获得，习得；获得物。
归纳拓展
acquire vt.取得，获得；学到(知识等)?acquired adj.养成的，习得的
④He acquired much knowledge of repairing computer.
他获得了许多电脑维修知识。
⑤With the help of his English teacher，he acquired many good methods of English learning.
在英语老师的帮助下他学到了许多英语学习的好方法。
用acquisition的适当形式填空
(1)How did he________the habit of stealing
(2)He is a valuable________to the team.
(3)Abstract art is an________taste.
答案：(1)acquire (2)acquisition (3)acquired
牛刀小试
2.His hearing is so acute that he can even hear a pin drop.
他的听力如此敏锐，以至于能听到一根针掉到地上的声音。
品味经典
①Many of the animals have an acute sense of smell.
许多动物有敏锐的嗅觉。
②The girl is in acute pain.
那个小女孩感到剧痛。
自我探究
acute adj.尖锐的，敏锐的，剧烈的，急性的。
归纳拓展
acute pain剧痛?
acute appendicitis急性阑尾炎?
acute angle锐角?
acuteness n.?acutely adv.
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)他是个敏锐的社会现状观察者。
He is________________of the social scence.
答案：an acute observer
(2)狗的嗅觉灵敏。
Dogs have__________________________.
答案：an acute sense of smell
3.Bob was very poor and his clothes were shabby because he had had them a long time.
鲍勃是很贫穷的，他的衣服是破旧的，因为他穿它们很长时间了。
品味经典
①You looked rather shabby in those clothes.
你穿那种衣服看上去很寒酸。
②He is a tramp in shabby clothes.
他是个衣衫褴褛的流浪汉。
自我探究
shabby adj.破旧的，褴褛的，卑鄙的，不公正的。
归纳探究
a shabby street 穷街陋巷?
be shabby in dress衣衫褴褛?
look shabby看上去一副寒酸相
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)The old captain returned________________(穿着破旧的衣服)．
答案：in shabby clothes
(2)The boss often __________________(耍卑鄙的手段)on his workers.
答案：play a shabby trick
4.Tick only the statements that you think resemble your situation.
标出你认为只和你的情况类似的陈述。
品味经典
①She resembles her sister in appearance but not in character.
她和她姐姐外貌相似，但性格不同。
②China’s south does not at all resemble the American South.
中国的南方一点也不像美国的南部。
③The brothers resemble each other in taste.
那对兄弟兴趣相似。
自我探究
resemble vt.像，类似于。
归纳拓展
resemble不能用于进行时态中，也无被动语态。resemble是及物动词，本身已含有“与……相似”的意思，故不必加多余的with。?
resemble sb./sth.in sth.在某方面与(他人或物)相似，在某方面像……?
resemblance n.相似；相像?
resemblance to sb./sth.与某人/某物相似?resemblance between A and B A、B之间的相似之处
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)她和她姐姐外貌相似，但性格不同。
She________her sister________appearance but not ________character.
答案：resembles；in；in
(2)I can’t find out __________________(这两种植物的相似之处)．
答案：the resemblance of the two kinds of plants
5.I usually remember people’s faces but I am often vague about their names.
我通常记住人们的面貌，但经常忘记他们的名字。
品味经典
①If you wanted me to go why didn’t you say so in plain English instead of making vague hints
你想叫我走，为什么拐弯抹角而不直说？
②At the back of his mind was the vague idea that he had met her before.
他隐隐约约地觉得以前曾经见过她。
自我探究
vague adj.含糊的，不清楚的。
归纳拓展
vague promises 含糊的承诺
vague about...不清楚……
a vague memory模糊记得
a vague feeling/suspicion隐约觉得/怀疑
vaguely adv.含糊地；稍微；大致地；茫然地；心不在焉地
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)她说话含含糊糊，我怎么也听不明白她想说些什么。
She is________________I can never understand what she is trying to say.
答案：so vague that
(2)她很不清楚事情的详细细节。
She________rather______________the details of the incident.
答案：was；vague about
(3)他在面试中表现得有点滑稽可笑。
The interview made him look____________.
答案：vaguely ridiculous
6.I find it tiresome to sit and concentrate on anything for a long time.
如果长时间坐着并集中注意力于某事，我会感到很厌倦。
品味经典
①His speech is really tiresome.
他的演讲实在令人厌倦。
②How tiresome！I have left my watch behind.
真讨厌！我忘了带表了。
自我探究
tiresome adj.令人厌烦的，烦人的。
归纳拓展
tire v.使……累?
tired adj.感到累的?
tiring adj.令人厌倦的?
get tired of＝be tired of对……厌倦?
be/get tired from/with因为……而劳累
③I’m get tired of listening to the same music.
我讨厌总是听相同的音乐。
④The boy was tired from long study.
男孩因长时间的学习而感到累了。
牛刀小试
用tire的适当形式填空
(1)Reading small print________the eyes very much.
(2)This child is sometimes________.
(3)He got ________of teaching in the same school.
答案：(1)tires (2)tiresome (3)tired
7.I tend to see pictures in my mind when I am reading or listening.
在读或听的时候，我往往会在脑海中看到图像。
品味经典
①He’s a good salesman，but his offhand manner does tend to put people off.
他是个很好的推销员，可是他那随便的态度容易使人产生反感。
②Modern furniture design tends to simplicity.
现代家具设计越来越简单。
自我探究
tend to(do sth.)易于，往往会(做某事)。
归纳拓展
tendency n.倾向，趋势(后常接不定式作定语)?tend to/towards朝某个方向；有某种倾向?
tend on/upon服侍；招待?
tend sb./sth.照料某人/某物
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)The child____________________(有发胖的趋势)．
答案：has a tendency to get fat
(2)The sort of music he listens to varies，but______________________(倾向于流行音乐)．
答案：tends towards popular music
8.I find it tiresome to sit and concentrate on anything for a long time.
如果长时间坐着并集中注意力于某事，我会感到很厌倦。
句型巧析
品味经典
①I consider it possible to have a talk with him.
我认为与他交谈一下，是有可能的。
②I think it important for him to learn English well.
我认为学好英语对他很重要。
自我探究
动词＋it(形式宾语)＋宾语补足语(形容词/名词)＋动词不定式(真正宾语)句型。
归纳拓展
(1)此句型完整的形式是：主语＋think/feel/make/consider...＋it＋n./adj.＋for/of sb.to do...。其中for/of引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。其中it是形式宾语，代替不定式。类似的动词还有：believe，feel，think，consider等。
(2)it作形式宾语也可以代替从句。
(3)当宾语补足语是no use，no good等这些单词的时候，真正的宾语要用动名词。
(4)it作为形式宾语还可以用在像I like/hate it that/when...等句式中。
③I have made it clear that I object to the plan.
我已经表明我反对这个计划。
④I consider it no use talking with him；he won’t listen to others.
我认为和他交谈无用，他不会听别人的话的。
⑤I like it when there are friends around me.
我喜欢有朋友和我在一起。
牛刀小试
I like ________in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A．this B．that
C．it D．one
解析：选C。句意为：在秋天，我喜欢阳光明媚，万里无云的时候。此处it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是由从句when the weather is clear and bright充当的。
9.It’s never too late to learn.
活到老，学到老。
品味经典
①The question is too difficult to answer.
这个问题太难回答了。
②It’s too late for the work to be done.
太晚了，工作做不完。
自我探究
“too...to”结构表示“太……而不能”。
归纳拓展
(1)too...to...和表示人的心理状态的形容词连用，无否定意义，此类词有happy，glad，ready，anxious，eager，willing，pleased，thankful
等。
(2)把never/not等否定词放在too前，表示肯定，译作“并不太……所以能……”；加在to前，译作“太……不至于不……”。
(3)cannot...too...无论……也不过分，越……越好
③He is too ready to talk.
他爱说话。
④He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他那么细心不会注意不到这点。
⑤You cannot be too careful.
你无论怎么仔细也不过分。
牛刀小试
The shop manager always says to his assistants，“We can never be________polite to our customers.”
A．so B．too
C．that D．more
解析：选B。never too polite to our customers意为“对我们的顾客越有礼貌越好”。
10.I would rather hear a book on a cassette than read it.
我宁愿听磁带朗读而不愿看书。
品味经典
①I would rather stay at home than go out with you.
我宁愿呆在家里也不愿意和你出门。
②I’d rather take the slowest train than go there by air.
(＝I would take the slowest train rather than go there by air.)
我宁愿坐最慢的火车也不愿乘飞机去那儿。
自我探究
would rather...than...句型，意为“宁愿……而不……”。
归纳拓展
would rather的用法：?(1)would rather为情态动词，后接动词原形，than后可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语或省略to的不定式。常见句型如下：
(2)would rather 后有时候接从句，此时从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气——一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
③I would rather not tell him the truth.
我宁愿不对他讲实话。
④I’d much rather deal with a man than with a woman.
我很愿意跟男人打交道而不愿跟女人打交道。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)I______________(宁愿不去)to work there if I have to listen to him.
答案：would rather not go
(2)I would rather________________(你马上走)．
答案：you went right now
速效提能演练
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谢谢使用(共12张PPT)
Section Ⅰ Warming Up & Reading—Preparing
预习多维感知
Section Ⅰ
预习多维感知
Step One：Fast Reading
Read the text and choose the best answer according to the text.
1．How is the text organized
①the importance of techniques ②summary ③the importance of practice
A．①→②→③ B．③→②→①
C．①→③→② D．③→①→②
2．According to the text，the best way to become a successful reader is________.
A．to practise reading for a long time
B．to keep in mind the purpose for your reading
C．to use proper reading techniques and practise a lot
D．to choose proper reading materials
3．If you are reading a newspaper before going on board the plane，you’d better________.
A．taste it
B．swallow it
C．chew and digest it
D．look up the unknown words
4．Which of the following is NOT true according to the text
A．It is much easier to understand a text if you read the title and the sub?headings.
B．It is necessary to look up the unknown English words if you are an English learner.
C．The reading materials you choose to practise with should be neither too difficult nor too easy.
D．It is a good idea to study the techniques that good readers use.
5．Why does the author cite(引用)Francis Bacon’s words
A．Because Francis Bacon is well?known to the readers.
B．Because the readers are interested in Bacon’s words.
C．Because the author wants to use Bacon’s words to support his own point.
D．Because the author wants the readers to keep Bacon’s words in mind.
答案：1～5. DCABC
Step Two：Careful Reading
Read the text and fill in the blanks.
How to Become a Successful Reader
Part The main idea for each part
Part 1 Practice makes 1.________.
Part 2 Make your reading practice 2.________.
Part 3 1.Before reading 3.________ 4.________，good readers preview the text.
2.A good reader reads 5.________not 6.________.
3.A good reader reads in different ways 7.________ 8.________the purpose for reading.
4.A good reader doesn’t need to 9.________every word in a text.
Part 4 Summary of how to become a 10.________reader.
答案：1.perfect 2.enjoyable 3.in 4.detail 5.actively 6.passively 7.depending 8.on 9.understand 10．successful
Step Three：Summary
The key to success lies in 1.____________practice and certain correct techniques.The same principle applies to a 2.____________reader.Here are some 3.____________methods of reading.First of all，before reading in 4.____________，good readers 5.____________the text，such as learning a few of the new words，asking himself what the 6.____________tell about the text.Second，a good reader always read actively not passively.Next，a good reader reads in different ways depending on the
7.____________for reading.He reads carefully when the book is to be chewed and 8.____________.Last but not least，don’t 9.____________each new word you meet while reading.Just guess its meaning according to the context.Study the techniques above and 10.____________them in your reading，and you will develop reading skills.
答案：1.frequent 2.competent 3.efficient 4.detail 5.preview 6.captions 7.purpose 8.digested 9.consult 10.adopt
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谢谢使用(共69张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Warming Up & Reading—Language Points
速效提能演练
Unit 1
重点难点探究
Section Ⅱ
重点难点探究
词汇精研
1.Learning efficiently
高效学习
品味经典
①You should work more efficiently.
你应该工作得更有效率。
②The police handle the traffic very efficiently.
警察把交通管得井井有条。
自我探究
efficiently adv.有效率地，效率高地。
归纳拓展
efficient adj.效率高的；有能力的?
an efficient lawyer 一位能干的律师?efficiency n.效率；效能，功效?
labor efficiency劳动效率?
effect n.效果；影响?
effective adj.有效的
易混辨析
efficient，effective
(1)efficient 是指工作效率高；其名词形式为efficiency，意为“效率，功效”。
(2)effective 是指某种事物起了作用，产生了效果；其名词形式为effectiveness，意为“效果，有效”。
用efficient，effective的适当形式填空
(1)an ________ secretary
(2)increase________of production and diminish cost of output
(3)an ________medicine for hair loss
答案：(1)efficient (2)efficiency (3)effective
牛刀小试
2.The same principle applies to competent readers.
上述原则同样适用于能力强的读者。
品味经典
①Make sure the firm is competent to carry out the work.
要确保这家公司有能力完成这项工作。
②She is always a highly confident and competent teacher.
她一直是一位信心十足且称职的老师。
自我探究
competent adj.有能力的，能胜任的。
归纳拓展
③He is competent for this job.
他适合做这项工作。
④He’s not competent to look after young children.
他没有看小孩的本事。
牛刀小试
用competent的适当形式填空
(1)You can gain a high level of________in English.
(2)Make sure the company is ________ to carry out the work.
答案：(1)competence (2)competent
3.Read the sentences in the box below and then see how many of the question beneath the sentences you can answer.
阅读下面方框中的句子，然后看看这些句子下面的问题你能回答出多少。
品味经典
①Beneath that apparently calm surface is a man of fierce temper.
文静的外表下掩盖着的是一个火暴脾气的人。
②Making that unpleasant remark was beneath him.
说那种刺耳的话有失他的身份。
③Her careful make?up hid the signs of age beneath.
她的精心化妆掩饰了脂粉下面岁月刻下的痕迹。
自我探究
beneath prep.在……下；(地位等)低于；adv.在下方。
易混辨析
below，under，beneath
below指“位置低于……”；under指“正下方，或墙角下、山脚下”；beneath 在一般场合表示抽象含义。
④Far below the moon appeared a bright star.
在月亮下面很远的地方有一颗明亮的星星。
⑤She put the letter under her pillow.
她把那封信放在枕头下。
⑥It is beneath you to tell a lie.
撒谎有失你的身份。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)The ship sank________________(在波涛之下)．
答案：beneath the waves
(2)They thought she had married __________(不如她)．
答案：beneath her
(3)Such a thing is____________(不值得注意)．
答案：beneath notice
4.One way to know what techniques to use is to study the techniques that good readers use and then adopt them in your own reading.
明确使用何种技巧的方法是学习那些优秀的阅读者使用的技巧，然后在自己的阅读中采用这些技巧。
品味经典
①We should adopt the consumers’ suggestion.
我们应该接受用户的建议。
②Most countries adopt metric system.
大多数国家采用米制。
③As they had no children of their own，they adopted an orphan.
他们没有亲生儿女，就收养了一个孤儿。
自我探究
adopt vt.收养；采取(纳，用)。
归纳拓展
adoption n.采用，采取，采纳，收养
adoptive adj.收养的；有收养关系的?
an adopted son养子?
an adoptive father养父?
adopted words外来词
④The number of adoptions has risen in the past year.
去年，收养子女的数目增加了。
牛刀小试
I ________ their method of making the machine.
A．adopted B．voted
C．elected D．commanded
解析：选A。句意：“我采用了他们制造这种机器的方法。”vote选举；elect也是选举的意思；command命令。这三个词分别与method搭配，意思都不通顺。
5.The key to success in reading is frequent practice plus...
阅读成功的关键是经常地练习加之……
品味经典
①The crops suffered from frequent blights.
农作物经常遭受病虫害。
②His frequent hesitations annoyed the audience.
他三番五次欲言又止，听众已感到厌烦。
自我探究
frequent adj.时常发生的，频繁的，常见的。
归纳拓展
frequency n.频繁，频率?
frequently adv.频繁地；习惯地；经常地
③He frequently visits London.他经常去伦敦。
牛刀小试
用frequent的适当形式填空
(1)Sudden rainstorms are________on this coast.
(2)This wood is ________by all kinds of brids.
(3)He goes to the market to buy stamps________.
(4)Accidents are happening there with increasing________.
答案：(1)frequent (2)frequented (3)frequently (4)frequency
6.Assessing your reading：can you consult reference books
评估一下你的阅读：你会查阅参考书吗？
(1)assess
品味经典
①My income was assessed at 20,000 dollars.
我的收入被评定为20000美元。
②Damages were assessed at $500 billion in the disaster.
这次灾难损失估计达5000亿美元。
③It’s too early to assess the effects of the new legislation.
要评价新法令的效果现在还为时过早。
自我探究
assess vt.评价；评估。
归纳拓展
assess sb.at ...给某人估算……
assess tax on sb.’s ...对某人的……征税
assess sb.’s efforts评价某人的工作
④Damage caused by the flood to the village was assessed at $40,000.
洪水给这个村子造成的损失估价为4万美元。
⑤They assessed a tax of $300 on me last month.
上个月他们向我征税三百美元
牛刀小试
翻译句子
(1)这些孩子们被评为已进步和正在进步的学生。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：The children were assessed as advanced and advancing students.
(2)consult
品味经典
①He consulted his lawyer about it.
他向他的律师请教那件事。
②We lost our way and consulted the map.
我们迷了路因而查看地图。
③I consulted with a friend of mine about it.
我和我的一位朋友商量那件事。
自我探究
consult vt.请教；咨询。
易混辨析
consult，look up，consult with
(1)consult是向比自己更具权威的词典、参考书、医生、律师等请教咨询。
(2)look up后跟所查的字，词，信息，电话号码等；然后跟查阅的工具书等。
(3)对方是和自己平等的人时，多用consult with。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(2)He ________(查阅)his dictionary to ________(查阅)the word“apotheosis”and then________(商议)his classmates the accurate meaning of the word.
答案：consulted；look up；consulted with
7.This applies equally to playing sports or becoming a good musician，painter or doctor.
这同样适合于进行体育运动、当一名优秀的音乐家、画家或者医生。
品味经典
①This traffic rule applies to all the drivers.
这条交通规则适用于所有的司机。
②Does that principle apply to everyone
那条原则适合于每个人吗？
自我探究
apply to意为适用，适合。
归纳拓展
apply sth.to sth.把……应用(运用)于?apply(to)for sth.(向……)申请，请求?
apply oneself to专心从事，埋头于……
③We should apply what we have learned at school to daily life.
我们应该将我们在学校学到的知识应用到日常生活中。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)安全驾驶之规则适用于每个人。
The rules of safe driving______________
__________________________________________.
答案：apply to everyone
(2)如果你申请这所学校你就得交至少20美元的注册费。
If you __________________，you’ll have to pay a registration fee of at least $20.
答案：apply to this university
(3)你必须使自己尽快适应国外生活。
You must __________________the life abroad.
答案：apply yourself to
8.There are certain techniques you can learn and then it is up to you to practise，practise and practise.
有些技巧可供你学习，然后全靠你自己去练习、练习、再练习。
品味经典
①It is up to you to do...由你来决定干某事。
②It is up to you where and how much to invest.You’ll be a winner forever if you choose us.
在哪里投资，投资多少，你来决定。在此投资，您将永远是赢家。
自我探究
be up to...意为取决于……。
归纳拓展
up to date最新式的?
up to now/then直到现在/那时
not be up to much质量差；不很好；值不了多少up to sth.达到(某数量、程度等)；至多有?
up to doing sth.(体力或智力上)能胜任
③I’m not up to this job.
我不能胜任这项工作。
④It’s up to you to decide when we shall start.
何时动身由你决定。
⑤This kind of single?lung fish can live up to 12 hours when out of water.
这种单肺鱼离开水面能生存多达12小时。
牛刀小试
—What do you want to do next？We have half an hour until the basketball game.
—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.
A．It just depends
B．It’s up to you
C．All right
D．Glad to hear that
解析：选B。It’s up to you.是口语中常用的一句话，意为“随你便吧。/你决定吧。”
9.Before you start reading a text in_detail，preview the text to find out what it contains and how it is organized.
在你详细阅读一篇课文之前，事先浏览课文，找出它的内容概要和组织结构。
品味经典
①Give me all the details of the accident－tell me what happened in detail.
给我说说事故发生的详情，详细告诉我发生了什么事。
②It is worthwhile dealing with this in some detail.
值得对此事进行较为详细的论述。
自我探究
in detail 意为详细地。
归纳拓展
detailed adj.详细的，详尽的?
a detailed plan of work详细的工作计划?
go into details/detail详细叙述?
detail sth.to/for sb.向/为某人详述某事
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)I________________(向她详细讲述了我们的计划)．
答案：detailed our plans to her
(2)Can you describe what happened ________________(详细地)
答案：in detail
10.It is the same with reading.
阅读也是这样。
句型巧析
品味经典
①—Tom is very weak and lazy.
汤姆非常虚弱也很懒。
—So it is with his wife.
他妻子也是如此。
②—Tom is from America，but he can speak Chinese very well.
汤姆是美国人，但他汉语讲得很好。
—It is the same with John.
约翰也是如此。
自我探究
句子中It is the same with是“……也如此”的意思，用于前面描述的是“两种或两种以上”的不同情况，这些情况对于后者来说也如此。
归纳拓展
(1)So it is with sb./sth.＝It is the same with sb./sth.……也同样如此。
(2)如果前面只提到了一种肯定的情况，要表示“……也如此”，可以用“So＋be/情态动词/助动词(do/does/did/have/has...)＋主语”这一句式。
如果前面只提到了一种否定的情况，要表示“……也不如此”，则可以用“Neither/Nor＋be/情态动词/助动词(do/does/did/have/has...)＋主语”这一句式。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)—Singing is very interesting and it needs much practice.
—________________________(舞蹈也是如此)．
答案：So it is with dancing/It is the same with dancing
(2)—India is a large country and now it is developing very quickly.
—_______________________(中国也是如此)．
答案：So it is with China/It is the same with China
11.Supposing you had just bought a new DVD player.
假设你刚买了一台DVD播放器。
品味经典
①Suppose/Supposing the experiment fails，we’ll suffer from a great loss.
假设实验失败了，我们将遭受很大的损失。
②Suppose a company has a new breakfast cereal that it wants to sell.
假如有个公司想出售一种新的早餐麦片粥。
自我探究
supposing＝suppose conj.假如，假使……。
suppose vt.推想，猜想vi.料想。
归纳拓展
(3)省略答语
③I suppose so.我认为是这样。
④I don’t suppose so.＝I suppose not.我不这么认为。
⑤We supposed him(to be)dead.我们猜想他是死了。
⑥I don’t suppose he will come here.
我想他不会到这儿来。
(4)be supposed to do 应该做
(5)be supposed to have done理应做过某事(但可能没做，含有虚拟意味)
⑦We are not supposed to play football at this time.
我们不该在这个时间踢足球。
牛刀小试
完成句子
(1)Customers____________________(不该抽烟)here.
答案：are not supposed to smoke
(2)Jack____________________(应当完成了)his work now.
答案：is supposed to have done/finished
(3)____________________(假如)she is absent，we’ll still have the meeting without her.
答案：Providing/Provided(that)/Suppose
/Supposing(that)
速效提能演练
本部分内容讲解结束
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谢谢使用(共7张PPT)
Unit 4 Learning efficiently
教材背景链接
想成为自己精神世界至高无上的领袖吗？读书吧！莎士比亚说：“书籍是人类知识的总统。”知识不仅给人力量，还给人安全，给人幸福。书中那些精深的哲理，在岁月的无情淘洗中，熠熠生辉！读好书，好读书，读书好！
If you look for a book as a present for a child，you will be spoiled for choice even in a year where there is no new Harry Potter.J.K Rowling’s wizard is not alone：the past decade has been a harvest for good children’s books, which has set off a large quantity of films and in turn led to increased sales of classics such as The Lord of the Rings.
Yet despite that, reading is increasingly unpopular among children.According to statistics, in 1997,23% said they didn’t like reading at all.In 2003,35% did.And around 6% of children leave primary school each year unable to read properly.
Maybe the decline is caused by the increasing availability of computer games.Maybe the books boom has affected only the top of the educational pile.Either way, Chancellor Gordon Brown plans to change things for the bottom of the class.In his pre-budget report, he announced the national project of Reading Recovery to help the children struggling most.
Reading Recovery is aimed at six-year-olds, who receive four months of individual daily half?hour classes with a specially trained teacher.
An evaluation earlier this year reported that children on the scheme made 20 months’ progress in just one year，whereas similarly weak readers without special help made just five months’ progress, and so ended the year even further below the level expected for their age.
International research tends to find that when British children leave primary school they read well, but read less often for fun than those elsewhere.Reading for fun matters because children who are keen on reading can expect lifelong pleasure and loving books is an excellent indicator of future educational success.According to the OECD, being a regular and enthusiastic reader is of great advantage.
1．Which of the following is true of Paragraph 1
A．Many children’s books have been adapted from films.
B．Many high?quality children’s books have been published.
C．The sales of classics have led to the popularity of films.
D．The sales of presents for children have increased.
2．Statistics suggested that________.
A．the number of top students increased with the use of computers
B．a decreasing number of children showed interest in reading
C．a minority of primary school children read properly
D．a large percentage of children read regularly
3．What do we know about Reading Recovery
A．An evaluation of it will be made sometime this year.
B．Weak readers on the project were the most hardworking.
C．It aims to train special teachers to help children with reading.
D．Children on the project showed noticeable progress in reading.
4．The aim of this text would probably be________.
A．to overcome primary school pupils’ reading difficulty
B．to encourage the publication of more children’s
books
C．to remind children of the importance of reading for fun
D．to introduce a way to improve early childhood reading
Keys：1～4 BBDD
