中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
特殊句式
（一）、强调句
1．陈述句式：It
is/was...that/who...(强调人时可用that或who，强调物时只用that)
一般疑问句：Is/Was
＋it＋...that/who...?
特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/was＋
it＋
that...?
It
was
when
I
got
back
to
my
apartment
that
I
first
came
across
my
new
neighbors.
正是当我回到公寓的时候，我第一次遇到我的新邻居们。
Was
it
on
a
lonely
island
that
he
was
saved
one
month
after
the
boat
went
down?
他是在船沉了一个月之后在一个荒岛上被救的吗？
2．“not...until...”的强调句：It
is/was
not
until...that...(注意时态)
It
was
not
until
I
came
here
that
I
realized
this
place
was
famous
for
not
only
its
beauty
but
also
its
weather.
直到我来到这儿，我才知道这个地方出名不仅因为它的美，还因为它的天气。
易错警示
强调谓语动词，用do/does/did＋动词原形。该结构只用于肯定句，并且只有一般现在时和一般过去时。
（二）、省略句
1．状语从句的省略
当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it且从句中含be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，构成下列结构：连词＋形容词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。
Children，when
accompanied
by
their
parents，are
allowed
to
enter
the
stadium.
当孩子有父母陪伴的时候，他们是被允许进入体育馆的。
2．不定式的省略
(1)在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，可以省去不定式中和前面句子中相同的动词(短语)，只保留不定式符号to。常用在expect，hope，intend，mean，try，want，wish等词后。
Firstly，people
may
feel
forced
when
asked
to
do
things
that
they
don't
want
to.
首先，当人们被要求去做他们不想做的事情时他们会感到是被迫的。
(2)but用作介词，意为“除……之外”时，前面有实义动词do，后接不定式时，要省略to；但前面没有实义动词do时，后接的不定式不省略
to。
If
he
takes
on
this
work，he
will
have
no
choice
but
to
meet
an
even
greater
challenge.
如果他接受了这份工作，除了迎接更大的挑战之外他别无选择。
3．特殊的省略结构：if省略结构
if
so如果这样的话
if
not如果不是这样的话
if
ever如果曾经有的话
if
necessary如果有必要的话
if
possible如果可能的话
if
any如果有的话
（三）、感叹句
1．what引导的感叹句
(1)What＋a/an＋(adj.)＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！
(2)What＋(adj.)＋不可数名词/复数名词＋主语＋谓语！
2．how引导的感叹句
(1)How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！
(2)How＋adj.＋a/an＋单词名词＋主语＋谓语！
(3)How＋主语＋谓语！
What
a
strange
plant(＝How
strange
a
plant)!
I've
never
seen
it
before.
这种植物真奇怪！我以前从未见过。
The
shocking
news
made
me
realize
what
terrible
problems
we
would
face.
这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。
（四）、祈使句
祈使句常用来表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。
1.祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you(常省略)。祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加don't，也可用副词never构成。祈使句的强调形式可以在句首加do。
Do
your
homework
before
you
watch
TV.
看电视之前要先做你的家庭作业。
2.祈使句表示假设的情况。
①祈使句＋and/or＋简单句
②名词词组(多含有more，another)＋and＋简单句
Call
me
tomorrow
and
I'll
let
you
know
the
lab
result.
明天给我打电话，我会让你知道实验结果的。
Start
out
right
away，or
we'll
miss
the
first
train.
立刻出发，否则的话，我们将要错过首班车。
（五）、there
be句型
1.there
be
句型中的be可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用。且be有时可用
live，remain，stand，lie，exist，seem
to
be，appear
to
be，happen
to
be，used
to
be等替换。
There
have
been
many
great
changes
in
our
country
since
then.
自从那时起我国发生了很多大的变化。
Once
upon
a
time
there
lived
an
old
fisherman
in
a
village
by
the
sea.
从前在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。
2.there
be句型的常考句型：
There
is
no
point/sense
(in)
doing
sth.做某事没有意义
There
is
no
doubt
that...毫无疑问……
There
is
no
need
(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.(某人)没有必要做某事
There
is
(no)
difficulty/trouble
in
doing/
with
sth.做某事(没)有困难
There
is
(no)
possibility
of
(doing)
sth./that...(做)某事(没)有可能
there
be结构的非谓语动词形式
There
be
结构的非谓语动词形式是there
to
be
和there
being
两种形式。在句中作主语、宾语和状语。
I
expect
there
to
be
no
argument
about
this.
我期望关于这件事不要再争吵了。(expect与to
do搭配)
I
never
dreamed
of
there
being
any
good
chance
for
me.
我做梦也没想到我会有好机会。(of是介词，后用v.?ing形式)
There
being
nothing
else
to
do，we
went
home.
因为没有其他事可做，我们就回家了。(there
be句型的独立主格结构)
（六）with引导的复合结构
with引导的复合结构，相当于在前述各种独立主格结构前加上with，因此，一般认为这也是一种独立主格结构
A
woman
got
on
the
bus，with
a
baby
around
her
arms.
The
teacher
came
in
with
several
students
following
behind.
With
a
lot
of
things
to
deal
with,
he
will
have
a
difficult
time.
He
left
the
office
with
the
lights
on.
Mary
rushed
out
of
the
house
with
the
door
open.
【例】After
the
Arab
states
won
independence,
great
emphasis
was
laid
on
expanding
education,
with
girls
as
well
as
boys
____________
to
go
to
school.
to
be
encouraged
B.
been
encouraged
C.
being
encouraged
D.
be
encouraged
介词with引出分词独立结构，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以，答案是C)
being
encouraged。
（七）、独立主格结构
“独立主格结构”（absolute
construction）”。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
独立主格结构形式
独立主格结构基本形式：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．
名词/代词+
现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The
man
lay
there,
his
hands
trembling.
So
many
students
being
absent,
the
meeting
had
to
be
put
off.
注：“独立结构”中的being或
having
been
有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．
名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The
boy
lay
on
his
back,
his
hands
crossed
under
his
head.
The
job
not
finished,
we
couldn’t
see
the
film.
Her
shirt
caught
on
a
nail,
she
could
not
move.
3．
名词/代词+不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These
are
the
first
two
books,
the
third
one
to
come
out
next
month.
We
shall
get
together
at
7:30,
the
procession（游行）to
start
moving
at
8
sharp.
4.
名词/代词+名词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many
people
joined
in
the
work,
some
of
them
women
and
children.
He
fought
the
tiger，a
stick
his
only
weapon.
5．
名词/代词+形容词短语
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
例：The
floor
wet
and
slippery,
we
had
to
stay
outside
for
a
while.
I
heard
that
she
got
injured
in
the
accident，my
heart
full
of
sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。
6．名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
例：The
meeting
over,
we
all
went
home.
Nobody
in,
he
left
a
message
on
the
board.
7.
名词/代词+介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
例：The
teacher
came
in,
a
book
under
his
arm.
Nobody
at
home,
the
thief
took
a
lot
of
things
away.
高考高频词汇精选背诵（N字母）
nap
numerous
naked
nurture
navy
nursing
namely
nourish
neat
nursery
nail
napkin
negative
nutrition
notorious
naughty
negotiate
nationwide
nationality
necklace
neglect
naturalist
noticeable
nightmare
neutral
naval
novel
narrative
nevertheless
navigation
nuisance
nominate
noble
novelist
notion
numb
nonsense
native
nylon
naive
单句语法填空（注意特殊句式用法）
1．You
are
waiting
at
a
wrong
place.It
is
at
the
hotel
______
the
coach
picks
up
tourists.
2.
______
seems
to
be
much
more
support
for
the
new
policy
among
college
students
than
among
officials.
3．Give
me
a
chance，_______I'll
give
you
a
wonderful
surprise.
4．It
was
not
until
dark
______
he
found
what
he
thought
was
the
correct
way
to
solve
the
problem.
5．I
should
prefer
there
___________
(be)
no
discussion
of
my
private
affairs.
6．The
little
boy
came
riding
at
full
speed
down
the
motorway
on
his
bicycle.______
a
dangerous
scene
it
was!
7．They
closed
the
door，there
___________
(be)no
customers.
8．When
________
(expose)
to
danger
and
conflict，men
tend
to
increase
blood
pressure，feeling
nervous
or
anxious.
9．As
far
as
I
can
see，_______
is
no
possibility
that
he
will
win
the
tennis
match
this
time.
10．Don't
be
discouraged.
_____(take)
things
as
they
are
and
you
will
enjoy
every
day
of
your
life.
11．Bach
died
in
1750，but
it
was
not
until
the
early
19th
century
that
his
musical
gift
was
fully
recognized.
12．We
can
see
that
________lies
a
pen
and
two
books
on
the
desk.
答案：1.that
2.There
3.
and
4.
that
5.
to
be
6.What
7.
being
8.exposed
9.There
10.
Take
11.that
12.
there
高考核心词汇检测
1.To
their
relief,
their
students
_____
escaped
from
the
shaking
building.
A．narrowly
B．slightly
C．nearly
D．lightly
2.Psychological?studies?show?that?some?people?are?quick-tempered?_____.
A.?at?heart??????????
B.?on?purpose?????????
?C.?in?person??????????
?D.?by?nature
3.Joanna
was
weak
from
a
long
illness.
She
should
have
a
good
rest
and
enough______.
A.?nursery?????????
?B.?nutrition??????????
C.?navigation????
D.?needles
4.You
can’t
throw
the
waste
everywhere.
You
should
keep
the
classroom______.
A．normal
B．neat
C．noble
D．messy
5._____
You
want
to
remember
its
usage,
you’d
better
make
a
sentence
with
the
new
word.
A．Now
that
B．Now
and
then
C．While
D．Even
if
6.
Some
people
who
don’t
like
to
talk
much
are
not________
shy；they
may
just
be
quiet
people.
A.
necessarily
B.
neatly
C.
naturally
D.
negatively
7.
We
are
ready
for
discussions
with
any
legal
parties,
but
we’ll
never
_______
with
criminals.
A.?
neglect
?????
?B.negotiate
??????????
C.navigate???
D.?notice
8.
To
work
out
how
brave
or
anxious
the
baboons（狒狒）were,
Dr.
Carter
presented
them
either
with
a
_______
food
or
a
threat
in
the
form
of
a
model
of
a
poisonous
snake.
?
native????????
?B.?
narrative???????
C.?novel
?????
D.?
neutral
The
gentleman
said
no
and
told
me
that
he
needed
to
go
to
the
______
home
to
eat
breakfast
with
his
wife.
A.??napping
???????
?B.??nourishing?????????
C.?noting?????
D.?nursing
10.
if
a
part
of
your
body
is
________,
you
cannot
feel
anything
in
it,
for
example
because
of
cold
A.?numb
?????????
?B.?
naval??????????
C.??nasty????
D.?noticeable
11.
It
is
not
hard
to
imagine
why,
on
first
seeing
the
city,
most
visitors
would
be
overpowered
by
the
beauty
of
the__________
buildings.
A.??notorious????????
?B.?
noble??????
C.???normal????
D.?nuclear
12.
New
brain
research
suggests
our
brains
work
differently
when
we
face
a
_______
situation.
A.?nationwide?????????
?B.??naughty?????????
C.?nervous??????
D.?numerous
13.
Staying
with
a
_______
speaker
is
better
for
children
than
simply
sitting
in
a
classroom.
A.???naked?????
?
B.??narrative??????
C.?nourished???
D.?native
14.
A
_______
is
a
person
who
studies
plants,
animals,
insects,
and
other
living
things.
A.?naturalist
B.
novelist
C.nationality
D.nightmare
He
won
the
_________
as
Democratic
candidate
for
the
presidency.
notion
B.
napkin
C.
nomination
D.
nickname
参考答案：1~5
ADBBA
6~10
ABCDA
11~15.
BCDAC
阅读六选四
Pre-suasion
works
by
focusing
people’s
attention
on
a
selected
concept,
which
in
turn
inspires
them
to
overvalue
it
over
related
ones.The
pre-suasive,
honesty-establishing
strategy
was
first
employed
by
some
advertising
companies
to
introduce
the
newly-released
products.For
maximum
impact,
it’s
not
only
what
you
do;
it’s
also
what
you
do
just
before
you
do
what
you
do.Long
before
scientists
started
studying
the
process
of
pre-suasion,
a
few
notable
communicators
already
had
an
understanding
of
it.But
by
only
concentrating
on
the
message
itself,
they’ve
missed
a
crucial
component
of
the
process.Over
the
years,
they’ve
learned
a
lot
about
which
features
to
build
into
a
communication
and
which
psychological
strings
to
pull
at
to
elevate
its
success.
Today
and
every
day
we
are
the
targets
of
advertisers,
fundraisers
and
politicians
trying
to
persuade
us
to
buy
something,
do
something
or
think
a
certain
way.
And
they’re
good
at
it.
67.__________________
It
is
not
persuasion
but
pre-suasion
that
counts.
Research
done
in
the
last
15
years
shows
that
good
persuasion
is
achieved
through
good
pre-suasion—the
practice
of
arranging
for
people
to
agree
with
a
message
before
they
even
know
what’s
in
it.
68._____________________
In
one
study,
visitors
to
an
online
sofa
store
were
greeted
with
images
of
either
soft
clouds
or
small
coins
in
the
background
of
its
landing
page.
Those
who
saw
the
clouds
were
more
likely
to
prefer
soft,
comfortable
sofas
for
purchase
whereas
those
who
saw
the
money
preferred
cheaper
models.
69._____________________
For
example,
in
1588,
thousands
of
British
troops,
who
were
gathered
against
a
sea
invasion
by
Spain
at
Tilbury
in
the
UK,
were
deeply
concerned
that
their
leader
Queen
Elizabeth
I,
as
a
woman,
would
not
be
up
to
the
rigors
of
battle.
In
addressing
the
men,
she
got
rid
of
their
fears
pre-suasively
–
first
acknowledging
their
concern
by
admitting
a
weakness,
which
established
her
honesty
for
whatever
she
said
next,
and
then
following
it
with
a
strength
that
destroyed
this
perceived
weakness.
“I
know,”
she
asserted,
“I
have
the
body
of
a
weak
woman.
But
I
have
the
heart
of
a
king,
and
a
king
of
England,
too.”
It’s
reported
that
so
long
and
loud
were
the
cheers
after
this
pronouncement
that
officers
had
to
ride
among
the
soldiers
ordering
them
to
restrain
themselves
so
the
queen
could
continue.
With
considerable
success,
practitioners
of
social
influence
have
always
featured
persuasive
prods–glowing
qualifications,
emotional
tugs,
last-chance
opportunities
–
in
their
appeals.
Perhaps
because
of
that
success,
they’ve
mostly
missed
an
accompanying
truth.
70.__________________
67—70
FADC
Reading
Comprehension
Section
A
Directions:
For
each
blank
in
the
following
passage
there
are
four
words
or
phrases
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
the
word
or
phrase
that
best
fits
the
context.
Everyone
in
business
has
been
told
that
success
is
all
about
attracting
and
retaining
(留住)
customers.
It
sounds
simple
and
achievable.
But,
51
,
words
of
wisdom
are
soon
forgotten.
Once
companies
have
attracted
customers
they
often
52
the
second
half
of
the
story.
In
the
excitement
of
beating
off
the
competition,
negotiating
prices,
securing
orders,
and
delivering
the
product,
managers
tend
to
become
carried
away.
They
forget
what
they
regard
as
the
boring
side
of
business—
53
that
the
customer
remains
a
customer.
54
to
concentrate
on
retaining
as
well
as
attracting
customers
costs
business
huge
amounts
of
money
annually.
It
has
been
estimated
that
the
average
company
loses
between
10
and
30
per
cent
of
its
customers
every
years.
In
constantly
changing
55
,
this
is
not
surprising.
What
is
surprising
is
the
fact
that
few
companies
have
any
idea
how
many
customers
they
have
lost.
Only
now
are
organizations
beginning
to
wake
up
to
those
lost
opportunities
and
calculate
the
56
implications.
Cutting
down
the
number
of
customers
a
company
loses
can
make
a
big
57
in
its
performance.
Research
in
the
US
found
that
a
five
per
cent
decrease
in
the
number
of
defecting
(流失的)
customers
led
to
58
increases
of
between
25
and
85
per
cent.
In
the
US,
Domino’s
Pizza
estimates
that
a
regular
customer
is
worth
more
than
$5,000
over
ten
years.
A
customer
who
receives
a
poor
quality
product
or
service
on
their
first
visit
and
59
never
returns,
is
losing
the
company
thousands
of
dollars
in
60
profits
(more
if
you
consider
how
many
people
they
are
likely
to
tell
about
their
bad
experience).
The
logic
behind
cultivating
customer
61
is
impossible
to
deny.
“In
practice
most
companies’
marketing
effort
is
focused
on
getting
customers,
with
little
attention
paid
to
62
them”,
says
Adrian
Payne
of
Cornfield
University’
School
of
Management.
“Research
suggests
that
there
is
a
close
relationship
between
retaining
customers
and
making
profits.
63
customers
tend
to
buy
more,
are
predictable
and
usually
cost
less
to
service
than
new
customers.
Furthermore,
they
tend
to
be
less
price
64
,
and
may
provide
free
word-of-mouth
advertising.
Retaining
customers
also
makes
it
65
for
competitors
to
enter
a
market
or
increase
their
share
of
a
market.
A.
in
particular
B.
in
reality
C.
at
least
D.
first
of
all
A.
emphasize
B.
doubt
C.
overlook
D.
believe
A.
denying
B.
ensuring
C.
arguing
D.
proving
A.
Moving
B.
Hoping
C.
Starting
D.
Failing
A.
markets
B.
tastes
C.
prices
D.
expenses
A.
culture
B.
social
C.
financial
D.
economical
A.
promise
B.
plan
C.
mistake
D.
difference
A.
cost
B.
opportunity
C.
profit
D.
budget
A.
as
a
result
B.
on
the
whole
C.
in
conclusion
D.
on
the
contrary
A.
huge
B.
potential
C.
extra
D.
reasonable
A.
beliefs
B.
loyalty
C.
habits
D.
interest
A.
altering
B.
understanding
C.
keeping
D.
attracting
A.
Assumed
B.
Respected
C.
Established
D.
Unexpected
A.
agreeable
B.
flexible
C.
friendly
D.
sensitive
A.
unfair
B.
difficult
C.
essential
D.
convenient
51—55.
BCBDA
56—60.
CDCAB
61—65.
BCCDB
Section
B
Directions:
Read
the
following
three
passages.
Choose
the
one
that
fits
best
according
to
the
information
given
in
the
passage
you
have
just
read.
A
The
teacher
who
did
the
most
to
encourage
me
was,
as
it
happened,
my
aunt.
She
was
Myrtle
C.
Manigault,
the
wife
of
my
mother’s
brother
Bill.
She
taught
in
second
grade
at
all-black
Summer
School
in
Camden,
New
Jersey.
During
my
childhood
and
youth,
Aunt
Myrtle
encouraged
me
to
develop
every
aspect
of
my
potential,
without
regard
for
what
was
considered
practical
or
possible
for
black
females.
I
liked
to
sing;
she
listened
to
my
voice
and
pronounced
it
good.
I
couldn’t
dance;
she
taught
me
the
basic
dancing
steps.
She
took
me
to
the
theatre
not
just
children’s
theatre
but
adult
comedies
and
dramas—and
her
faith
that
I
could
appreciate
adult
plays
was
not
disappointed.
My
aunt
also
took
down
books
from
her
extensive
library
and
shared
them
with
me.
I
had
books
at
home,
but
they
were
all
serious
classics.
Even
as
a
child
I
had
a
strong
liking
for
humor,
and
I’ll
never
forget
the
joy
of
discovering
Don
Marquis’s
Archy
&
Mehitabel
through
her.
Most
important,
perhaps,
Aunt
Myrtle
provided
my
first
opportunity
to
write
for
publication.
A
writer
herself
for
one
of
the
black
newspapers,
she
suggested
my
name
to
the
editor
as
a
“youth
columnist”.
My
column,
begun
when
I
was
fourteen,
was
supposed
to
cover
teenage
social
activities—and
it
did—but
it
also
gave
me
the
freedom
to
write
on
many
other
subjects
as
well
as
the
habit
of
gathering
material,
the
discipline
of
meeting
deadlines,
and,
after
graduation
from
college
six
years
later,
a
solid
collection
of
published
material
that
carried
my
name
and
was
my
passport
to
a
series
of
writing
jobs.
Today
Aunt
Myrtle
is
still
an
enthusiastic
supporter
of
her
“favourite
niece”.
Like
a
diamond,
she
has
reflected
a
bright,
multifaceted
(多面的)
image
of
possibilities
to
every
pupil
who
has
crossed
her
path.
66.
Which
of
the
following
did
Aunt
Myrtle
do
to
the
author
during
her
childhood
and
youth?
A.
She
lent
her
some
serious
classics.
B.
She
cultivated
her
taste
for
music.
C.
She
discovered
her
talent
for
dancing.
D.
She
introduced
her
to
adult
plays.
67.
What
does
Archy
and
Mehitabel
in
Paragraph
3
probably
refer
to?
A.
A
book
of
great
fun.
B.
A
writer
of
high
fame.
C.
A
serious
masterpiece.
D.
A
heartbreaking
play.
68.
Aunt
Myrtle
recommended
the
author
to
a
newspaper
editor
mainly
to
______.
A.
develop
her
capabilities
for
writing
B.
give
her
a
chance
to
collect
material
C.
involve
her
in
teenage
social
activities
D.
offer
her
a
series
of
writing
jobs
69.
We
can
conclude
from
the
passage
that
Aunt
Myrtle
was
a
teacher
who
______.
A.
trained
pupils
to
be
diligent
and
well-disciplined
B.
gave
pupils
confidence
in
exploiting
their
potential
C.
emphasized
what
was
practical
or
possible
for
pupils.
D.
helped
pupils
overcome
difficulties
in
learning
66—69.
DAAB
B
Humpback
whales
Humpback
whales
are
sometimes
called
performers
of
the
ocean.
This
is
because
they
can
make
impressive
movements
when
they
dive.
The
name
“humpback”,
which
is
the
common
name
for
this
whale,
refers
to
the
typical
curve
shape
the
whale’s
back
forms
as
it
dives.
Sometimes
the
humpback
will
dive
with
a
fantastic
movement,
known
as
a
breach.
During
breaching
the
whale
uses
its
powerful
tail
flukes
to
lift
nearly
two-thirds
of
its
body
out
of
the
water
in
a
giant
leap.
A
breach
might
also
include
a
sideways
twist
with
fins
stretched
out
like
wings,
as
the
whale
reaches
the
height
of
the
breach.
A
humpback
whale
breathes
air
at
the
surface
of
the
water
through
two
blowholes
which
are
located
near
the
top
of
the
head.
It
blows
a
double
stream
of
water
that
can
rise
up
to
4
meters
above
the
water.
The
humpback
has
a
small
dorsal
fin
located
towards
the
tail
flukes
about
two-thirds
of
the
way
down
its
back.
Other
distinguishing
features
include
large
pectoral
fins,
which
may
be
up
to
a
third
of
the
body
length,
and
unique
black
and
white
spots
on
the
underside
of
the
tail
flukes.
These
markings
are
like
fingerprints:
no
two
are
the
same.
Humpback
whales
live
in
large
groups.
They
communicate
with
each
other
through
complex
“songs”.
Quick
Facts[
Size:
14m~18m
in
length30~50
tons
in
weight
Living
Open
ocean
and
shallow
coastline
waters
Environment:
From
warm
tropical
(热带的)
waters,
where
they
breed,
to
cold
polar
waters,
where
they
eat.
Diet:
Shellfish,
plants
and
fish
of
small
size
Hunting:
Sometimes
in
groups,
in
which
several
whales
form
a
circle
under
the
water,
blowing
bubbles
that
form
a
“net”
around
a
school
of
fish.
The
fish
are
then
forced
up
to
the
surface
in
a
concentrated
mass.
Current
state:
endangered;
it
is
estimated
that
there
are
about
5000~7000
humpback
whales
worldwide.
70.
According
to
Quick
Facts,
a
humpback
whale
______.
A.
cannot
survive
in
waters
near
the
shore
B.
doesn’t
live
in
the
same
waters
all
the
time
C.
lives
mainly
on
underwater
plants
D.
prefers
to
work
alone
when
hunting
food
71.
To
make
a
breach,
a
humpback
whale
must
______.
A.
use
its
tail
flukes
to
leap
out
of
the
water
B.
twist
its
body
sideways
to
jump
high.
C.
blow
two
streams
of
water
D.
communicate
with
a
group
of
humpbacks.
72.
From
the
passage
we
can
learn
that
a
humpback
whale
______.
A.
has
its
unique
markings
on
it
tail
flukes
B.
has
black
and
white
fingerprints
C.
gets
its
name
from
the
way
it
hunts
D.
is
a
great
performer
due
to
its
songs
70—72.
BAA
C
Human
remains
of
ancient
settlements
will
be
reburied
and
lost
to
science
under
a
law
that
threatens
research
into
the
history
of
humans
in
Britain,
a
group
of
leading
archeologists
(考古学家)
says.
In
a
letter
addressed
to
the
justice
secretary,
Ken
Clarke,
40
archaeologists
write
of
their
“deep
and
widespread
concern”
about
the
issue.
It
centers
on
the
law
introduced
by
the
Ministry
of
Justice
in
2008
which
requires
all
human
remains
unearthed
in
England
and
Wales
to
be
reburied
within
two
years,
regardless
of
their
age.
The
decision
means
scientists
have
too
little
time
to
study
bones
and
other
human
remains
of
national
and
cultural
significance.
“Your
current
requirement
that
all
archaeologically
unearthed
human
remains
should
be
reburied,
whether
after
a
standard
period
of
two
years
or
a
further
special
extension,
is
contrary
to
basic
principles
of
archaeological
and
scientific
research
and
of
museum
practice,”
they
write.
The
law
applies
to
any
pieces
of
bone
uncovered
at
around
400
dig
sites,
including
the
remains
of
60
or
so
bodies
found
at
Stonehenge
in
2008
that
date
back
to
3,000
BC.
Archaeologists
have
been
granted
a
temporary
extension
to
give
them
more
time,
but
eventuallly
the
bones
will
have
to
be
returned
to
the
ground.
The
arrangements
may
result
in
the
waste
of
future
discoveries
at
sites
such
as
Happisburgh
in
Norfolk,
where
digging
is
continuing
after
the
discovery
of
stone
tools
made
by
early
humans
950,000
years
ago.
If
human
remains
were
found
at
Happisburgh,
they
would
be
the
oldest
in
northern
Europe
and
the
first
indication
of
what
this
species
was.
Under
the
current
practice
of
the
law
those
remains
would
have
to
be
reburied
and
effectively
destroyed.
Before
2008,
guidelines
allowed
for
the
proper
preservation
and
study
of
bones
of
sufficient
age
and
historical
interest,
while
the
Burial
Act
1857
applied
to
more
recent
remains.
The
Ministry
of
Justice
assured
archaeologists
two
years
ago
that
the
law
was
temporary,
but
has
so
far
failed
to
revise
it.
Mike
Parker
Pearson,
an
archaeologist
at
Sheffield
University,
said:
“Archaeologists
have
been
extremely
patient
because
we
were
led
to
believe
the
ministry
was
sorting
out
this
problem,
but
we
feel
that
we
cannot
wait
any
longer.”
The
ministry
has
no
guidelines
on
where
or
how
remains
should
be
reburied,
or
on
what
records
should
be
kept.
73.
According
to
the
passage,
scientists
are
unhappy
with
the
law
mainly
because
______.
A.
it
is
only
a
temporary
measure
on
the
human
remains
B.
it
is
unreasonable
and
thus
destructive
to
scientific
research
C.
it
was
introduced
by
the
government
without
their
knowledge
D.
it
is
vague
about
where
and
how
to
rebury
human
remains
74.
Which
of
the
following
statements
is
true
according
to
the
passage?
A.
Temporary
extension
of
two
years
will
guarantee
scientists
enough
time.
B.
Human
remains
of
the
oldest
species
were
dug
out
at
Happisburgh.
C.
Human
remains
will
have
to
be
reburied
despite
the
extension
of
time.
D.
Scientists
have
been
warned
that
the
law
can
hardly
be
changed.
75.
What
can
be
inferred
about
the
British
law
governing
human
remains?
A.
The
Ministry
of
Justice
did
not
intend
it
to
protect
human
remains.
B.
The
Burial
Act
1857
only
applied
to
remains
uncovered
before
1857.
C.
The
law
on
human
remains
hasn’t
changed
in
recent
decades.
D.
The
Ministry
of
Justice
has
not
done
enough
about
the
law.
76.
Which
of
the
following
might
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
New
discoveries
should
be
reburied,
the
government
demands.
B.
Research
time
should
be
extended,
scientists
require.
C.
Law
on
human
remains
needs
thorough
discussion,
authorities
say.
D.
Law
could
bury
ancient
secrets
for
ever,
archeologists
warn.
73—76.
BCDD
强调句、独立主格结构及其它特殊句式
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特殊句式
（一）、强调句
1．陈述句式：It
is/was...that/who...(强调人时可用that或who，强调物时只用that)
一般疑问句：Is/Was
＋it＋...that/who...?
特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/was＋
it＋
that...?
It
was
when
I
got
back
to
my
apartment
that
I
first
came
across
my
new
neighbors.
正是当我回到公寓的时候，我第一次遇到我的新邻居们。
Was
it
on
a
lonely
island
that
he
was
saved
one
month
after
the
boat
went
down?
他是在船沉了一个月之后在一个荒岛上被救的吗？
2．“not...until...”的强调句：It
is/was
not
until...that...(注意时态)
It
was
not
until
I
came
here
that
I
realized
this
place
was
famous
for
not
only
its
beauty
but
also
its
weather.
直到我来到这儿，我才知道这个地方出名不仅因为它的美，还因为它的天气。
易错警示
强调谓语动词，用do/does/did＋动词原形。该结构只用于肯定句，并且只有一般现在时和一般过去时。
（二）、省略句
1．状语从句的省略
当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it且从句中含be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，构成下列结构：连词＋形容词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。
Children，when
accompanied
by
their
parents，are
allowed
to
enter
the
stadium.
当孩子有父母陪伴的时候，他们是被允许进入体育馆的。
2．不定式的省略
(1)在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，可以省去不定式中和前面句子中相同的动词(短语)，只保留不定式符号to。常用在expect，hope，intend，mean，try，want，wish等词后。
Firstly，people
may
feel
forced
when
asked
to
do
things
that
they
don't
want
to.
首先，当人们被要求去做他们不想做的事情时他们会感到是被迫的。
(2)but用作介词，意为“除……之外”时，前面有实义动词do，后接不定式时，要省略to；但前面没有实义动词do时，后接的不定式不省略
to。
If
he
takes
on
this
work，he
will
have
no
choice
but
to
meet
an
even
greater
challenge.
如果他接受了这份工作，除了迎接更大的挑战之外他别无选择。
3．特殊的省略结构：if省略结构
if
so如果这样的话
if
not如果不是这样的话
if
ever如果曾经有的话
if
necessary如果有必要的话
if
possible如果可能的话
if
any如果有的话
（三）、感叹句
1．what引导的感叹句
(1)What＋a/an＋(adj.)＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！
(2)What＋(adj.)＋不可数名词/复数名词＋主语＋谓语！
2．how引导的感叹句
(1)How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！
(2)How＋adj.＋a/an＋单词名词＋主语＋谓语！
(3)How＋主语＋谓语！
What
a
strange
plant(＝How
strange
a
plant)!
I've
never
seen
it
before.
这种植物真奇怪！我以前从未见过。
The
shocking
news
made
me
realize
what
terrible
problems
we
would
face.
这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。
（四）、祈使句
祈使句常用来表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。
1.祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you(常省略)。祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加don't，也可用副词never构成。祈使句的强调形式可以在句首加do。
Do
your
homework
before
you
watch
TV.
看电视之前要先做你的家庭作业。
2.祈使句表示假设的情况。
①祈使句＋and/or＋简单句
②名词词组(多含有more，another)＋and＋简单句
Call
me
tomorrow
and
I'll
let
you
know
the
lab
result.
明天给我打电话，我会让你知道实验结果的。
Start
out
right
away，or
we'll
miss
the
first
train.
立刻出发，否则的话，我们将要错过首班车。
（五）、there
be句型
1.there
be
句型中的be可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用。且be有时可用
live，remain，stand，lie，exist，seem
to
be，appear
to
be，happen
to
be，used
to
be等替换。
There
have
been
many
great
changes
in
our
country
since
then.
自从那时起我国发生了很多大的变化。
Once
upon
a
time
there
lived
an
old
fisherman
in
a
village
by
the
sea.
从前在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。
2.there
be句型的常考句型：
There
is
no
point/sense
(in)
doing
sth.做某事没有意义
There
is
no
doubt
that...毫无疑问……
There
is
no
need
(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.(某人)没有必要做某事
There
is
(no)
difficulty/trouble
in
doing/
with
sth.做某事(没)有困难
There
is
(no)
possibility
of
(doing)
sth./that...(做)某事(没)有可能
there
be结构的非谓语动词形式
There
be
结构的非谓语动词形式是there
to
be
和there
being
两种形式。在句中作主语、宾语和状语。
I
expect
there
to
be
no
argument
about
this.
我期望关于这件事不要再争吵了。(expect与to
do搭配)
I
never
dreamed
of
there
being
any
good
chance
for
me.
我做梦也没想到我会有好机会。(of是介词，后用v.?ing形式)
There
being
nothing
else
to
do，we
went
home.
因为没有其他事可做，我们就回家了。(there
be句型的独立主格结构)
（六）with引导的复合结构
with引导的复合结构，相当于在前述各种独立主格结构前加上with，因此，一般认为这也是一种独立主格结构
A
woman
got
on
the
bus，with
a
baby
around
her
arms.
The
teacher
came
in
with
several
students
following
behind.
With
a
lot
of
things
to
deal
with,
he
will
have
a
difficult
time.
He
left
the
office
with
the
lights
on.
Mary
rushed
out
of
the
house
with
the
door
open.
【例】After
the
Arab
states
won
independence,
great
emphasis
was
laid
on
expanding
education,
with
girls
as
well
as
boys
____________
to
go
to
school.
to
be
encouraged
B.
been
encouraged
C.
being
encouraged
D.
be
encouraged
介词with引出分词独立结构，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以，答案是C)
being
encouraged。
（七）、独立主格结构
“独立主格结构”（absolute
construction）”。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
独立主格结构形式
独立主格结构基本形式：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．
名词/代词+
现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The
man
lay
there,
his
hands
trembling.
So
many
students
being
absent,
the
meeting
had
to
be
put
off.
注：“独立结构”中的being或
having
been
有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．
名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The
boy
lay
on
his
back,
his
hands
crossed
under
his
head.
The
job
not
finished,
we
couldn’t
see
the
film.
Her
shirt
caught
on
a
nail,
she
could
not
move.
3．
名词/代词+不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These
are
the
first
two
books,
the
third
one
to
come
out
next
month.
We
shall
get
together
at
7:30,
the
procession（游行）to
start
moving
at
8
sharp.
4.
名词/代词+名词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many
people
joined
in
the
work,
some
of
them
women
and
children.
He
fought
the
tiger，a
stick
his
only
weapon.
5．
名词/代词+形容词短语
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
例：The
floor
wet
and
slippery,
we
had
to
stay
outside
for
a
while.
I
heard
that
she
got
injured
in
the
accident，my
heart
full
of
sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。
6．名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
例：The
meeting
over,
we
all
went
home.
Nobody
in,
he
left
a
message
on
the
board.
7.
名词/代词+介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
例：The
teacher
came
in,
a
book
under
his
arm.
Nobody
at
home,
the
thief
took
a
lot
of
things
away.
高考高频词汇精选背诵（N字母）
nap
numerous
naked
nurture
navy
nursing
namely
nourish
neat
nursery
nail
napkin
negative
nutrition
notorious
naughty
negotiate
nationwide
nationality
necklace
neglect
naturalist
noticeable
nightmare
neutral
naval
novel
narrative
nevertheless
navigation
nuisance
nominate
noble
novelist
notion
numb
nonsense
native
nylon
naive
单句语法填空（注意特殊句式用法）
1．You
are
waiting
at
a
wrong
place.It
is
at
the
hotel
______
the
coach
picks
up
tourists.
2.
______
seems
to
be
much
more
support
for
the
new
policy
among
college
students
than
among
officials.
3．Give
me
a
chance，_______I'll
give
you
a
wonderful
surprise.
4．It
was
not
until
dark
______
he
found
what
he
thought
was
the
correct
way
to
solve
the
problem.
5．I
should
prefer
there
___________
(be)no
discussion
of
my
private
affairs.
6．The
little
boy
came
riding
at
full
speed
down
the
motorway
on
his
bicycle.______
a
dangerous
scene
it
was!
7．They
closed
the
door，there
___________
(be)no
customers.
8．When
________
(expose)
to
danger
and
conflict，men
tend
to
increase
blood
pressure，feeling
nervous
or
anxious.
9．As
far
as
I
can
see，_______
is
no
possibility
that
he
will
win
the
tennis
match
this
time.
10．Don't
be
discouraged.
_____(take)
things
as
they
are
and
you
will
enjoy
every
day
of
your
life.
11．Bach
died
in
1750，but
it
was
not
until
the
early
19th
century
that
his
musical
gift
was
fully
recognized.
12．We
can
see
that
________lies
a
pen
and
two
books
on
the
desk.
高考核心词汇检测
1.To
their
relief,
their
students
_____
escaped
from
the
shaking
building.
A．narrowly
B．slightly
C．nearly
D．lightly
2.Psychological?studies?show?that?some?people?are?quick-tempered?_____.
A.?at?heart??????????
B.?on?purpose?????????
?C.?in?person??????????
?D.?by?nature
3.Joanna
was
weak
from
a
long
illness.
She
should
have
a
good
rest
and
enough______.
A.?nursery?????????
?B.?nutrition??????????
C.?navigation????
D.?needles
4.You
can’t
throw
the
waste
everywhere.
You
should
keep
the
classroom______.
A．normal
B．neat
C．noble
D．messy
5._____
You
want
to
remember
its
usage,
you’d
better
make
a
sentence
with
the
new
word.
A．Now
that
B．Now
and
then
C．While
D．Even
if
6.
Some
people
who
don’t
like
to
talk
much
are
not________
shy；they
may
just
be
quiet
people.
A.
necessarily
B.
neatly
C.
naturally
D.
negatively
7.
We
are
ready
for
discussions
with
any
legal
parties,
but
we’ll
never
_______
with
criminals.
A.?
neglect
?????
?B.negotiate
??????????
C.navigate???
D.?notice
8.
To
work
out
how
brave
or
anxious
the
baboons（狒狒）were,
Dr.
Carter
presented
them
either
with
a
_______
food
or
a
threat
in
the
form
of
a
model
of
a
poisonous
snake.
?
native????????
?B.?
narrative???????
C.?novel
?????
D.?
neutral
The
gentleman
said
no
and
told
me
that
he
needed
to
go
to
the
______
home
to
eat
breakfast
with
his
wife.
A.??napping
???????
?B.??nourishing?????????
C.?noting?????
D.?nursing
10.
if
a
part
of
your
body
is
________,
you
cannot
feel
anything
in
it,
for
example
because
of
cold
A.?numb
?????????
?B.?
naval??????????
C.??nasty????
D.?noticeable
11.
It
is
not
hard
to
imagine
why,
on
first
seeing
the
city,
most
visitors
would
be
overpowered
by
the
beauty
of
the__________
buildings.
A.??notorious????????
?B.?
noble??????
C.???normal????
D.?nuclear
12.
New
brain
research
suggests
our
brains
work
differently
when
we
face
a
_______
situation.
A.?nationwide?????????
?B.??naughty?????????
C.?nervous??????
D.?numerous
13.
Staying
with
a
_______
speaker
is
better
for
children
than
simply
sitting
in
a
classroom.
A.???naked?????
?
B.??narrative??????
C.?nourished???
D.?native
14.
A
_______
is
a
person
who
studies
plants,
animals,
insects,
and
other
living
things.
A.?naturalist
B.
novelist
C.nationality
D.nightmare
He
won
the
_________
as
Democratic
candidate
for
the
presidency.
notion
B.
napkin
C.
nomination
D.
nickname
阅读六选四
Pre-suasion
works
by
focusing
people’s
attention
on
a
selected
concept,
which
in
turn
inspires
them
to
overvalue
it
over
related
ones.The
pre-suasive,
honesty-establishing
strategy
was
first
employed
by
some
advertising
companies
to
introduce
the
newly-released
products.For
maximum
impact,
it’s
not
only
what
you
do;
it’s
also
what
you
do
just
before
you
do
what
you
do.Long
before
scientists
started
studying
the
process
of
pre-suasion,
a
few
notable
communicators
already
had
an
understanding
of
it.But
by
only
concentrating
on
the
message
itself,
they’ve
missed
a
crucial
component
of
the
process.Over
the
years,
they’ve
learned
a
lot
about
which
features
to
build
into
a
communication
and
which
psychological
strings
to
pull
at
to
elevate
its
success.
Today
and
every
day
we
are
the
targets
of
advertisers,
fundraisers
and
politicians
trying
to
persuade
us
to
buy
something,
do
something
or
think
a
certain
way.
And
they’re
good
at
it.
67._________
It
is
not
persuasion
but
pre-suasion
that
counts.
Research
done
in
the
last
15
years
shows
that
good
persuasion
is
achieved
through
good
pre-suasion—the
practice
of
arranging
for
people
to
agree
with
a
message
before
they
even
know
what’s
in
it.
68.__________
In
one
study,
visitors
to
an
online
sofa
store
were
greeted
with
images
of
either
soft
clouds
or
small
coins
in
the
background
of
its
landing
page.
Those
who
saw
the
clouds
were
more
likely
to
prefer
soft,
comfortable
sofas
for
purchase
whereas
those
who
saw
the
money
preferred
cheaper
models.
69.____________
For
example,
in
1588,
thousands
of
British
troops,
who
were
gathered
against
a
sea
invasion
by
Spain
at
Tilbury
in
the
UK,
were
deeply
concerned
that
their
leader
Queen
Elizabeth
I,
as
a
woman,
would
not
be
up
to
the
rigors
of
battle.
In
addressing
the
men,
she
got
rid
of
their
fears
pre-suasively
–
first
acknowledging
their
concern
by
admitting
a
weakness,
which
established
her
honesty
for
whatever
she
said
next,
and
then
following
it
with
a
strength
that
destroyed
this
perceived
weakness.
“I
know,”
she
asserted,
“I
have
the
body
of
a
weak
woman.
But
I
have
the
heart
of
a
king,
and
a
king
of
England,
too.”
It’s
reported
that
so
long
and
loud
were
the
cheers
after
this
pronouncement
that
officers
had
to
ride
among
the
soldiers
ordering
them
to
restrain
themselves
so
the
queen
could
continue.
With
considerable
success,
practitioners
of
social
influence
have
always
featured
persuasive
prods–glowing
qualifications,
emotional
tugs,
last-chance
opportunities
–
in
their
appeals.
Perhaps
because
of
that
success,
they’ve
mostly
missed
an
accompanying
truth.
70.__________
Reading
Comprehension
Section
A
Directions:
For
each
blank
in
the
following
passage
there
are
four
words
or
phrases
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
the
word
or
phrase
that
best
fits
the
context.
Everyone
in
business
has
been
told
that
success
is
all
about
attracting
and
retaining
(留住)
customers.
It
sounds
simple
and
achievable.
But,
51
,
words
of
wisdom
are
soon
forgotten.
Once
companies
have
attracted
customers
they
often
52
the
second
half
of
the
story.
In
the
excitement
of
beating
off
the
competition,
negotiating
prices,
securing
orders,
and
delivering
the
product,
managers
tend
to
become
carried
away.
They
forget
what
they
regard
as
the
boring
side
of
business—
53
that
the
customer
remains
a
customer.
54
to
concentrate
on
retaining
as
well
as
attracting
customers
costs
business
huge
amounts
of
money
annually.
It
has
been
estimated
that
the
average
company
loses
between
10
and
30
per
cent
of
its
customers
every
years.
In
constantly
changing
55
,
this
is
not
surprising.
What
is
surprising
is
the
fact
that
few
companies
have
any
idea
how
many
customers
they
have
lost.
Only
now
are
organizations
beginning
to
wake
up
to
those
lost
opportunities
and
calculate
the
56
implications.
Cutting
down
the
number
of
customers
a
company
loses
can
make
a
big
57
in
its
performance.
Research
in
the
US
found
that
a
five
per
cent
decrease
in
the
number
of
defecting
(流失的)
customers
led
to
58
increases
of
between
25
and
85
per
cent.
In
the
US,
Domino’s
Pizza
estimates
that
a
regular
customer
is
worth
more
than
$5,000
over
ten
years.
A
customer
who
receives
a
poor
quality
product
or
service
on
their
first
visit
and
59
never
returns,
is
losing
the
company
thousands
of
dollars
in
60
profits
(more
if
you
consider
how
many
people
they
are
likely
to
tell
about
their
bad
experience).
The
logic
behind
cultivating
customer
61
is
impossible
to
deny.
“In
practice
most
companies’
marketing
effort
is
focused
on
getting
customers,
with
little
attention
paid
to
62
them”,
says
Adrian
Payne
of
Cornfield
University’
School
of
Management.
“Research
suggests
that
there
is
a
close
relationship
between
retaining
customers
and
making
profits.
63
customers
tend
to
buy
more,
are
predictable
and
usually
cost
less
to
service
than
new
customers.
Furthermore,
they
tend
to
be
less
price
64
,
and
may
provide
free
word-of-mouth
advertising.
Retaining
customers
also
makes
it
65
for
competitors
to
enter
a
market
or
increase
their
share
of
a
market.
A.
in
particular
B.
in
reality
C.
at
least
D.
first
of
all
A.
emphasize
B.
doubt
C.
overlook
D.
believe
A.
denying
B.
ensuring
C.
arguing
D.
proving
A.
Moving
B.
Hoping
C.
Starting
D.
Failing
A.
markets
B.
tastes
C.
prices
D.
expenses
A.
culture
B.
social
C.
financial
D.
economical
A.
promise
B.
plan
C.
mistake
D.
difference
A.
cost
B.
opportunity
C.
profit
D.
budget
A.
as
a
result
B.
on
the
whole
C.
in
conclusion
D.
on
the
contrary
A.
huge
B.
potential
C.
extra
D.
reasonable
A.
beliefs
B.
loyalty
C.
habits
D.
interest
A.
altering
B.
understanding
C.
keeping
D.
attracting
A.
Assumed
B.
Respected
C.
Established
D.
Unexpected
A.
agreeable
B.
flexible
C.
friendly
D.
sensitive
A.
unfair
B.
difficult
C.
essential
D.
convenient
Section
B
Directions:
Read
the
following
three
passages.
Each
passage
is
followed
by
several
questions
or
unfinished
statements.
For
each
of
them
there
are
four
choices
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Choose
the
one
that
fits
best
according
to
the
information
given
in
the
passage
you
have
just
read.
A
The
teacher
who
did
the
most
to
encourage
me
was,
as
it
happened,
my
aunt.
She
was
Myrtle
C.
Manigault,
the
wife
of
my
mother’s
brother
Bill.
She
taught
in
second
grade
at
all-black
Summer
School
in
Camden,
New
Jersey.
During
my
childhood
and
youth,
Aunt
Myrtle
encouraged
me
to
develop
every
aspect
of
my
potential,
without
regard
for
what
was
considered
practical
or
possible
for
black
females.
I
liked
to
sing;
she
listened
to
my
voice
and
pronounced
it
good.
I
couldn’t
dance;
she
taught
me
the
basic
dancing
steps.
She
took
me
to
the
theatre
not
just
children’s
theatre
but
adult
comedies
and
dramas—and
her
faith
that
I
could
appreciate
adult
plays
was
not
disappointed.
My
aunt
also
took
down
books
from
her
extensive
library
and
shared
them
with
me.
I
had
books
at
home,
but
they
were
all
serious
classics.
Even
as
a
child
I
had
a
strong
liking
for
humor,
and
I’ll
never
forget
the
joy
of
discovering
Don
Marquis’s
Archy
&
Mehitabel
through
her.
Most
important,
perhaps,
Aunt
Myrtle
provided
my
first
opportunity
to
write
for
publication.
A
writer
herself
for
one
of
the
black
newspapers,
she
suggested
my
name
to
the
editor
as
a
“youth
columnist”.
My
column,
begun
when
I
was
fourteen,
was
supposed
to
cover
teenage
social
activities—and
it
did—but
it
also
gave
me
the
freedom
to
write
on
many
other
subjects
as
well
as
the
habit
of
gathering
material,
the
discipline
of
meeting
deadlines,
and,
after
graduation
from
college
six
years
later,
a
solid
collection
of
published
material
that
carried
my
name
and
was
my
passport
to
a
series
of
writing
jobs.
Today
Aunt
Myrtle
is
still
an
enthusiastic
supporter
of
her
“favourite
niece”.
Like
a
diamond,
she
has
reflected
a
bright,
multifaceted
(多面的)
image
of
possibilities
to
every
pupil
who
has
crossed
her
path.
66.
Which
of
the
following
did
Aunt
Myrtle
do
to
the
author
during
her
childhood
and
youth?
A.
She
lent
her
some
serious
classics.
B.
She
cultivated
her
taste
for
music.
C.
She
discovered
her
talent
for
dancing.
D.
She
introduced
her
to
adult
plays.
67.
What
does
Archy
and
Mehitabel
in
Paragraph
3
probably
refer
to?
A.
A
book
of
great
fun.
B.
A
writer
of
high
fame.
C.
A
serious
masterpiece.
D.
A
heartbreaking
play.
68.
Aunt
Myrtle
recommended
the
author
to
a
newspaper
editor
mainly
to
______.[
A.
develop
her
capabilities
for
writing
B.
give
her
a
chance
to
collect
material
C.
involve
her
in
teenage
social
activities
D.
offer
her
a
series
of
writing
jobs
69.
We
can
conclude
from
the
passage
that
Aunt
Myrtle
was
a
teacher
who
______.
A.
trained
pupils
to
be
diligent
and
well-disciplined
B.
gave
pupils
confidence
in
exploiting
their
potential
C.
emphasized
what
was
practical
or
possible
for
pupils.
D.
helped
pupils
overcome
difficulties
in
learning
B
Humpback
whales
Humpback
whales
are
sometimes
called
performers
of
the
ocean.
This
is
because
they
can
make
impressive
movements
when
they
dive.
The
name
“humpback”,
which
is
the
common
name
for
this
whale,
refers
to
the
typical
curve
shape
the
whale’s
back
forms
as
it
dives.
Sometimes
the
humpback
will
dive
with
a
fantastic
movement,
known
as
a
breach.
During
breaching
the
whale
uses
its
powerful
tail
flukes
to
lift
nearly
two-thirds
of
its
body
out
of
the
water
in
a
giant
leap.
A
breach
might
also
include
a
sideways
twist
with
fins
stretched
out
like
wings,
as
the
whale
reaches
the
height
of
the
breach.
A
humpback
whale
breathes
air
at
the
surface
of
the
water
through
two
blowholes
which
are
located
near
the
top
of
the
head.
It
blows
a
double
stream
of
water
that
can
rise
up
to
4
meters
above
the
water.
The
humpback
has
a
small
dorsal
fin
located
towards
the
tail
flukes
about
two-thirds
of
the
way
down
its
back.
Other
distinguishing
features
include
large
pectoral
fins,
which
may
be
up
to
a
third
of
the
body
length,
and
unique
black
and
white
spots
on
the
underside
of
the
tail
flukes.
These
markings
are
like
fingerprints:
no
two
are
the
same.
Humpback
whales
live
in
large
groups.
They
communicate
with
each
other
through
complex
“songs”.
Quick
Facts[
Size:
14m~18m
in
length30~50
tons
in
weight
Living
Open
ocean
and
shallow
coastline
waters
Environment:
From
warm
tropical
(热带的)
waters,
where
they
breed,
to
cold
polar
waters,
where
they
eat.
Diet:
Shellfish,
plants
and
fish
of
small
size
Hunting:
Sometimes
in
groups,
in
which
several
whales
form
a
circle
under
the
water,
blowing
bubbles
that
form
a
“net”
around
a
school
of
fish.
The
fish
are
then
forced
up
to
the
surface
in
a
concentrated
mass.
Current
state:
endangered;it
is
estimated
that
there
are
about
5000~7000
humpback
whales
worldwide.
70.
According
to
Quick
Facts,
a
humpback
whale
______.
A.
cannot
survive
in
waters
near
the
shore
B.
doesn’t
live
in
the
same
waters
all
the
time
C.
lives
mainly
on
underwater
plants
D.
prefers
to
work
alone
when
hunting
food
71.
To
make
a
breach,
a
humpback
whale
must
______.
A.
use
its
tail
flukes
to
leap
out
of
the
water
B.
twist
its
body
sideways
to
jump
high.
C.
blow
two
streams
of
water
D.
communicate
with
a
group
of
humpbacks.
72.
From
the
passage
we
can
learn
that
a
humpback
whale
______.
A.
has
its
unique
markings
on
it
tail
flukes
B.
has
black
and
white
fingerprints
C.
gets
its
name
from
the
way
it
hunts
D.
is
a
great
performer
due
to
its
songs
C
Human
remains
of
ancient
settlements
will
be
reburied
and
lost
to
science
under
a
law
that
threatens
research
into
the
history
of
humans
in
Britain,
a
group
of
leading
archeologists
(考古学家)
says.
In
a
letter
addressed
to
the
justice
secretary,
Ken
Clarke,
40
archaeologists
write
of
their
“deep
and
widespread
concern”
about
the
issue.
It
centers
on
the
law
introduced
by
the
Ministry
of
Justice
in
2008
which
requires
all
human
remains
unearthed
in
England
and
Wales
to
be
reburied
within
two
years,
regardless
of
their
age.
The
decision
means
scientists
have
too
little
time
to
study
bones
and
other
human
remains
of
national
and
cultural
significance.
“Your
current
requirement
that
all
archaeologically
unearthed
human
remains
should
be
reburied,
whether
after
a
standard
period
of
two
years
or
a
further
special
extension,
is
contrary
to
basic
principles
of
archaeological
and
scientific
research
and
of
museum
practice,”
they
write.
The
law
applies
to
any
pieces
of
bone
uncovered
at
around
400
dig
sites,
including
the
remains
of
60
or
so
bodies
found
at
Stonehenge
in
2008
that
date
back
to
3,000
BC.
Archaeologists
have
been
granted
a
temporary
extension
to
give
them
more
time,
but
eventuallly
the
bones
will
have
to
be
returned
to
the
ground.
The
arrangements
may
result
in
the
waste
of
future
discoveries
at
sites
such
as
Happisburgh
in
Norfolk,
where
digging
is
continuing
after
the
discovery
of
stone
tools
made
by
early
humans
950,000
years
ago.
If
human
remains
were
found
at
Happisburgh,
they
would
be
the
oldest
in
northern
Europe
and
the
first
indication
of
what
this
species
was.
Under
the
current
practice
of
the
law
those
remains
would
have
to
be
reburied
and
effectively
destroyed.
Before
2008,
guidelines
allowed
for
the
proper
preservation
and
study
of
bones
of
sufficient
age
and
historical
interest,
while
the
Burial
Act
1857
applied
to
more
recent
remains.
The
Ministry
of
Justice
assured
archaeologists
two
years
ago
that
the
law
was
temporary,
but
has
so
far
failed
to
revise
it.
Mike
Parker
Pearson,
an
archaeologist
at
Sheffield
University,
said:
“Archaeologists
have
been
extremely
patient
because
we
were
led
to
believe
the
ministry
was
sorting
out
this
problem,
but
we
feel
that
we
cannot
wait
any
longer.”
The
ministry
has
no
guidelines
on
where
or
how
remains
should
be
reburied,
or
on
what
records
should
be
kept.
73.
According
to
the
passage,
scientists
are
unhappy
with
the
law
mainly
because
______.
A.
it
is
only
a
temporary
measure
on
the
human
remains
B.
it
is
unreasonable
and
thus
destructive
to
scientific
research
C.
it
was
introduced
by
the
government
without
their
knowledge
D.
it
is
vague
about
where
and
how
to
rebury
human
remains
74.
Which
of
the
following
statements
is
true
according
to
the
passage?
A.
Temporary
extension
of
two
years
will
guarantee
scientists
enough
time.
B.
Human
remains
of
the
oldest
species
were
dug
out
at
Happisburgh.
C.
Human
remains
will
have
to
be
reburied
despite
the
extension
of
time.
D.
Scientists
have
been
warned
that
the
law
can
hardly
be
changed.
75.
What
can
be
inferred
about
the
British
law
governing
human
remains?
A.
The
Ministry
of
Justice
did
not
intend
it
to
protect
human
remains.
B.
The
Burial
Act
1857
only
applied
to
remains
uncovered
before
1857.
C.
The
law
on
human
remains
hasn’t
changed
in
recent
decades.
D.
The
Ministry
of
Justice
has
not
done
enough
about
the
law.
76.
Which
of
the
following
might
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
New
discoveries
should
be
reburied,
the
government
demands.
B.
Research
time
should
be
extended,
scientists
require.
C.
Law
on
human
remains
needs
thorough
discussion,
authorities
say.
D.
Law
could
bury
ancient
secrets
for
ever,
archeologists
warn.
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