UNIT
1 PEOPLE
OF
ACHIEVEMENT
Stephen
Hawking
was
born
on
the
300th
anniversary
of
Galileo's
death.He
has
come
to
be
thought
of
as
the
greatest
mind
in
physics
since
Albert
Einstein.
Hawking
grew
up
outside
London.His
father
was
a
doctor；his
mother
was
active
in
politics.He
was
not
a
smart
schoolboy，but
knew
from
early
on
that
he
would
study
science.He
became
good
at
mathematics
and
in
1958
he
and
some
friends
built
a
simple
computer
that
actually
worked.In
1959
he
won
a
scholarship
to
Oxford
University.In
1962
he
got
his
degree
with
honors
and
went
to
Cambridge
University
to
get
a
PhD
in
cosmology.There
he
became
interested
in
black
holes.After
receiving
his
PhD,
he
stayed
at
Cambridge，becoming
known
even
in
his
middle
20s
for
his
pioneering
ideas.
In
1968
he
studied
in
the
Institute
of
Astronomy
in
Cambridge.He
published
the
very
technical
book，The
Large
Scale
Structure
of
Space?Time
and
afterwards
made
a
great
discovery.It
had
always
been
thought
that
nothing
could
escape
a
black
hole.He
continued
working
on
the
theory
of
the
origin
of
the
universe.
At
the
age
of
32,
he
was
named
a
fellow
of
the
Royal
Society;
at
the
same
year
he
received
the
Albert
Einstein
Award.Five
years
later,
in
1979,
he
was
appointed
Top
Professor
of
Mathematics
at
Cambridge,
which
was
held
by
Sir
Isaac
Newton
300
years
earlier.
In
1988
Hawking
wrote
A
Brief
History
of
Time,
which
became
a
best?seller.He
wrote
other
popular
articles
and
appeared
in
movies
and
television.He
remains
extremely
busy,
and
his
work
hardly
slowed
by
the
disease
that
affects
muscle
control,
for
which
he
uses
a
wheelchair
and
speaks
through
a
speech
computer.He
said，“My
goal
is
simple.It
is
complete
understanding
of
the
universe，why
it
is
as
it
is
and
why
it
exists
at
all.”
开启快乐学习之旅
斯蒂芬·霍金生于伽利略去世的300周年纪念日。他是自阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以来物理学界最伟大的人物。
霍金是在伦敦郊区长大的。他的父亲曾是一位医生，而母亲是政治活动者。霍金在学校时并不很聪明，但他很早就立志要学习自然科学。他渐渐在数学方面展露特长，1958年他和一些朋友一起组装了一台简单的能够进行实际运算的计算机。1959年，他获得了牛津大学的奖学金。1962年，他以优异成绩获得了学位，并前往剑桥大学攻读宇宙学博士。在那里，他开始对黑洞感兴趣。在获得博士学位后，他继续留在剑桥，在他二十几岁的时候就由于他的开拓性的想法而闻名。
1968年，他在剑桥大学的天文研究所做研究。他出版了一本非常专业的书《时空的大尺度结构》，之后又做出了一项重大发现。科学家们过去一直认为没有任何物质能逃离黑洞的捕捉。他继续研究宇宙起源的理论。
32岁的时候，他进入了皇家科学院；同年，他又获得了阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦奖。五年后，也就是1979年，他被任命为剑桥大学数学系的首席教授，这个职位是萨克·牛顿爵士在300年前所担任过的。
1988年，霍金写了《时间简史》一书，这本书成了一本畅销书。他又写了其他一些受欢迎的文章，并在电影和电视上露面。他一直都相当忙碌，他的工作很少因为疾病而受到耽误，这是一种会影响到肌肉控制的疾病，也因为如此，他需要坐在轮椅上，并且通过一台语音电脑讲话。他说：“我的目标很简单。就是完全了解宇宙，为什么它是现在这样和为什么它存在。”
模块核心素养导航
主题语境：人与社会
主题群：历史、社会与文化
语篇类型：记叙文
文化知识
语言知识
(1)词汇知识：crucial；vital；commit；evaluate；distinct；boil；obtain；acknowledge；defeat；analyse；insist；conclusion；flee等。(2)语法知识：学习非限制性定语从句。(3)语用知识：描写你钦佩的人。
介绍对社会有突出贡献的人物的生平、事迹、成就、影响、成功的因素、面对荣誉的态度等，培养学生向著名人物学习的意识，并立志自己也要成为对社会有突出贡献的人。
Section
Ⅰ Reading
and
Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．physiology
n．生理学；生理机能
2．crucial
adj.至关重要的；关键性的
3．vital
adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的
4．commit
vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等) vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)→committed
adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的→commitment
n．投入，奉献；承诺，许诺，保证
5．academy
n．(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校→academic
adj.学业的；学术的
6．objective
n．目标；目的 adj.客观的→subjective
adj.主观的
7．botanical
adj.植物学的
8．evaluate
vt.评价；评估→evaluation
n．评价；评估
9．property
n．性质；特征；财产
10．distinct
adj.清晰的；清楚的；有区别的→distinction
n．区别，差别；特点，特性
11．extract
n．提取物；摘录 vt.提取；提炼；摘录；(用力)拔出
12．boil
vt.&
vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开 n．沸腾；沸点→boiling
adj.达到沸点的；沸腾的
13．liquid
n．液体 adj.液体的；液态的→solid
n．固体 adj.牢固的，可靠的
14．obtain
vt.(尤指经努力)获得；赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行
15．acknowledge
vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢→acknowledgement
n．承认，确认；鸣谢
16．defeat
n．失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜
17．analyse
vt.分析→analysis
n．分析→analyses
n．[pl.]分析
18．apparently
adv.显而易见；看来；显然→apparent
adj.显然的；表面上的
19．substance
n．物质；物品；事实根据
20．insist
vi.&.vt坚持；坚决要求
21．scientific
adj.科学(上)的；关于科学的→scientist
n．科学家
→science
n．科学
22．mostly
adv.主要地；一般地
23．conclusion
n．结论；推论→conclude
vt.推断出，断定；终止，结束
24．flee
vi.&
vt.(fled，fled)迅速离开；逃跑
25．circumstance
n．[usually
pl.]
条件；环境；状况
26．novelist
n．小说家→novel
n．(长篇)小说
27．flow
n．流；流动；流畅；供应 vi.流；流动
28．chart
n．图表 vt.记录；制订计划
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．commit
oneself
to
do承诺；保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)
2．insist
on坚决要求
3．wear
and
tear(正常使用造成的)磨损；损耗
4．pay
attention
to
注意
5．lead
to导致
6．die
from死于……病
7．graduate
from毕业于
8．with
the
objective
of以……为目的
9．acknowledge
defeat承认失败
10．get
stuck卡住，陷入
11．by
chance偶然
12．draw
out抽出；拖延，拉长
13．other
than
除……之外
14．relate
to
与……有联系
15．be
distinct
from与……不同
16．change
one's
mind
改变主意
17．care
about关心，在意
18．beyond
one's
control某人无法控制
19．under
construction正在建设中
20．flow
chart流程图
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Artemisinin
has
become
a
vital
part
of
the
treatment
for
malaria,
and
is_thought_to_save
100,000
lives
a
year
in
Africa
alone.
青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的关键，人们认为青蒿素每年仅在非洲就能救十万人。
2．In
1967,
the
Chinese
government
formed
a
team
of
scientists
with_the_objective_of
discovering
a
new
treatment
for
malaria,
and
Tu
Youyou
was
among
the
first
researchers
chosen.
1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
3．Upon_hearing
that
she
had
been
awarded
the
Nobel
Prize，she
said...
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说……
4．It_struck_him_that
the
other
Chinese
men
in
the
photo
apparently
did
not
care
about
what_was_happening
to
their
fellow
countrymen.
令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国人显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。
5．From
this,
he
concluded
that
the
crucial
problem
in
China
was
not
physical
illness,
but
the
spiritual
illness
of
people
at
that
time.
由此，他得出结论，那时中国的关键问题不是身体疾病，而是人们的精神疾病。
6．One
medical
text
from
the
fourth
century
suggested_using
the
extract
from
sweet
wormwood
to_treat
a
fever.
一本四世纪的医学文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。
7．They
then
tried_boiling
fresh
wormwood,
and
using
the
liquid
obtained
from
this
to
treat
malaria,
but
this
did_not_work
either.
然后，他们尝试煮沸青蒿，使用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但是也没管用。
1
[典型例句]
He
wasn't
there
at
the
crucial
moment(when
he
was
needed
most)．
紧要关头他却不在那里。
Parents
play
a
crucial
role
in
preparing
their
child
for
school.
父母对孩子做好上学的准备起着至关重要的作用。
[思维拓展]
crucial
factor/
issue/decision关键性的因素/问题/决定
be
crucial
to/for
sth.对……至关重要
be
crucial
that...
……是极其重要的
[即时训练]
Winning
this
contract
is
crucial
to
the
success
of
the
company.
2
[典型例句]
If
the
injuries
are
second
or
third
degree
burns,
it
is
vital
to
get
the
victim
to
the
doctor
or
hospital
at
once.
如果是二度或者三度烧伤，至关重要的是把伤者立刻送去看医生或送往医院。
This
matter
is
of
vital
importance
to
us.
这件事对我们来说至关重要。
[思维拓展]
be
vital
to/for
sth. 对……极为重要的
It
is
vital
to
do
sth.
做……很重要
It
is
vital
that...
……是十分重要的
It's
vital
that
we
(should)
carry
out
the
operation
immediately.
我们应立即开始手术，因为这是生死攸关的。
[误区警示]
It
is
vital＋that...句型中从句要用should＋do虚拟结构，should可省略。
[即时训练]
It
is
vital
to_keep(keep)
an
accurate
record
of
every
transaction.
commit
vt.承诺；保证?某个人、机构等? vi.忠于；全心全意投入?工作、活动等?
[典型例句]
Borrowers
should
think
carefully
before
committing
themselves
to
taking
out
a
loan.
借款人应当慎重考虑之后再行借贷。
[思维拓展]
commit
v．犯(罪或错等)；承诺；保证
commit
sb./sth.to
sth.将某人/事交给某处保留
commit
sb./oneself
to
sth./doing
sth./to
do
sth.承诺(做)某事
commitment
n.
承诺；交托；信奉
committed
adj.尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的
committee
n．委员会
[即时训练]
①Giving
up
my
job
to
go
back
to
full－time
education
was
a
big
commitment
(commit)，but
now
I
know
it
was
the
best
decision
I
had
ever
made.
②Most
crimes
are_committed(commit)
by
young
men.
4
[典型例句]
I
cannot
evaluate
his
ability
without
seeing
his
work.
没见过他的工作，我无法评估他的能力。
Learn
to
evaluate
all
situations
you
find.
学着去评估你发现的所有情况。
[即时训练]
①Our
research
attempts
to
evaluate(evaluation)
the
effectiveness
of
the
different
drugs.
②One's
contributions
and
mistakes
will
be_evaluated(evaluate)
by
later
generations.
5
[典型例句]
His
voice
was
quiet
but
every
word
was
distinct.
他说话声音不大，但字字清晰。
[思维拓展]
distinction
n．差别；区分；卓著
We
should
learn
to
make
a
distinction
between
right
and
wrong.
我们应该学会分清是非。
She
had
the
distinction
of
being
the
first
woman
to
fly
the
Atlantic.
她不同凡响，是第一个飞越大西洋的女子。
[即时训练]
The
new
law
makes
no
distinction(distinct)
between
adults
and
children.
6
[典型例句]
(1)vt.&
vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开
The
water
is
beginning
to
boil.
水开始沸腾。
Boil
the
egg
for
three
minutes.
把鸡蛋煮三分钟。
(2)n.沸腾；沸点
Bring
the
soup
to
the
boil,
then
allow
it
to
simmer
for
five
minutes.
把汤煮开，然后文火煮五分钟。
[思维拓展]
boiling
water
沸水(即处于100℃的开水)
boiled
water
白开水(烧开过的水)
[即时训练]
Boiling(boil)
water
cracked
a
cup
across
the
bottom.
[典型例句]
I
finally
managed
to
obtain
a
copy
of
the
report.
我终于设法弄到了这份报告的一个副本。
These
conditions
no
longer
obtain.
这些条件不再适用。
[思维拓展]
obtain
advice/information/promise得到忠告/信息/应许
obtainable
adj.可获得的；可得到的
[即时训练]
The
perfect
body
has
always
been
difficult
to_obtain(obtain)．
[典型例句]
Do
you
acknowledge
that
you've
been
wrong?
你承不承认你错了？
We
wish
to
acknowledge
the
support
of
the
university.
我们希望对这所大学所提供的支持表示感谢。
[思维拓展]
acknowledge
doing
sth.承认做了某事
It
is
universally
acknowledged
that...……是大家公认的
acknowledge
oneself
beaten承认失败
acknowledge
sb.向某人打招呼，问候
acknowledge
sb.'s
letter向某人表示信已收到
acknowledge
sb./sth.to
be...承认某人/某物是……；认为……是
acknowledge
that承认……
acknowledge
sb.as...＝accept
sb.as认为/接受某人是/成为……
acknowledge
sb.with
sth.以……感谢某人
acknowledgement
n．承认；感谢
[即时训练]
Professor
Edward
is
widely
acknowledged(acknowledge)
as
the
best
tutor
in
teaching
the
students
how
to
revise
essays.
9
[典型例句]
JOHN
SNOW
DEFEATS
“KING
CHOLERA”
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
(1)vt.打败；战胜；使受挫
Li
Na
defeated
her
opponent
and
won
the
first
in
the
final
of
the
French
Open
in
2011.
在2011年法国网球公开赛决赛中，李娜击败对手获得了冠军。
The
proposal
was
defeated
by
16
votes
to
6.
因16票反对，6票赞成，该提议未能通过。
(2)n.[C，U]失败
The
Brazil
national
football
team
suffered
a
defeat
in
the
World
Cup.
巴西国家足球队在世界杯上被击败了。
[易混辨析]
defeat,
beat,
win
defeat
击败，强调过程和结果
宾语是对手
beat
打败；(连续)击打
宾语是对手
win
赢得；获胜
宾语是game或prize等
[即时训练]
The
navy
played
a
limited
but
significant
role
in
defeating(defeat)
the
rebellion.
10
[典型例句]
We
should
analyse
what
they
said
and
not
just
agree
with
everything.
我们应该对他们的意见加以分析，不要随声附和。
[思维拓展]
analysis
n．分析，它的复数形式是analyses。
analysable
adj.可分析的；可分解的
His
analysis
was
always
convincing.
他的分析总是令人信服的。
I
want
a
detailed
report
of
all
the
analyses.
我想要一份所有分析的详细报告。
Many
compounds
are
analysable.
许多化合物是可分解的。
[即时训练]
They
collect
blood
samples
for
analysis(analyse)
at
a
national
laboratory.
11
[典型例句]
Apparently,
they
are
getting
married
soon.
很显然，他们要结婚了。
I
thought
he
had
found
a
new
job,
but
apparently
he
hasn't.
我原以为他找到了新工作，但显然还没有。
[思维拓展]
apparent
adj.显而易见的；明白易懂的；显然的；表面上的
It
was
apparent
from
her
face
that
she
was
really
excited.
从她脸上一眼就可以看出她的确很兴奋。
It
soon
became
apparent
to
all
that
he
couldn't
solve
the
problem.
很快大家就明白了他无法解决这个问题。
[即时训练]
Apparently(apparent)
they
are
getting
divorced
soon.
12
[典型例句]
They
always
insist
on
high
quality.
他们一贯坚持高质量。
Her
parents
insisted
on
speaking
to
the
headmaster.
她父母坚持要和校长谈话。
She
insisted
on
him
wearing
a
suit.
她坚持要他穿西装。
He
insisted
that
he
had
seen
a
ghost.
他坚持说自己见到鬼了。
[思维拓展]
insist
on
sth.坚决要求某事；坚持说某事
insist
on/upon
doing
sth.坚持要做某事
insist
on/upon
one's
doing
sth.坚持要求某人做某事
[特别提示]
insist的词义不同，其后的宾语从句形式也不同：
词意
宾语从句
坚持要求
宾语从句使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语是“(should＋)do”结构。
坚持认为；坚持说
宾语从句使用陈述语气。
Insisting
that
Tom
had
stolen
his
car,
Smith
insisted
that
Tom
(should)
be
put
in
prison.
由于坚持认为汤姆偷了他的车，史密斯坚持要求把汤姆送进监狱。
[即时训练]
①If
you
insist
on/upon
leaving
now,
please
go
ahead.
②He
insists
that
she
come(come)．
13
[典型例句]
We
can
safely
draw
some
conclusions
from
our
discussion.
从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。
[思维拓展]
make
a
conclusion下结论
come
to/draw/arrive
at/reach
a/the
conclusion得出结论
in
conclusion(＝to
conclude)最后，总之(常作插入语)
jump/leap
to
conclusions/the
conclusion
that...匆忙下结论，贸然断定
conclude
vt.&
vi.结束；推断出
conclude
(sth.)以……结束(……)
conclude(从……)推断出/断定……
conclude...(to
be)．..断定……(是)……
Let
us
conclude
our
meeting
with
a
song.
请让我们用一首歌来结束我们的会议。
What
do
you
conclude
from
the
facts?
从这些事实中你得出了什么结论？
[即时训练]
I've
come
to
the
conclusion(conclude)
that
he's
not
the
right
person
for
the
job.
14
[典型例句]
He
spent
six
months
in
prison
before
fleeing
the
country.
他在逃离那个国家之前坐了六个月的牢。
Many
German
artists
fled
to
America
at
the
beginning
of
World
War
Ⅱ.
二战开始时，很多德国艺术家逃到了美国。
[易混辨析]
flee与escape
flee只说明动作，不强调结果；escape逃离，结果是成功的。
The
enemy
fled
in
disorder
but
only
a
few
of
them
narrowly
escaped
death.
敌人纷纷逃跑，但只有少数侥幸逃生。
[即时训练]
①All
the
teachers
and
students
managed
to_flee(flee)
the
burning
teaching
building.
②He
applied
for
asylum(政治庇护)
in
1987
after
fleeing(flee)
the
police
back
home.
15
[典型例句]
In/Under
the
circumstances
he
felt
unable
to
accept
the
job.
在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这项工作。
I
know
I
can
trust
the
woman
in
any
circumstances.
我知道我在任何情况下都能信任那个女人。
[思维拓展]
in/under
the
circumstances
在这种情况下，既然如此
in/under
no
circumstances
决不，无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装)
[即时训练]
①—Can
I
use
the
telephone
on
the
table，sir?
—Under
no
circumstances
is
(be)
anyone
allowed
to
use
the
telephone
in
the
office
for
personal
affairs.
②The
company
reserves
the
right
to
cancel
this
agreement
in
certain
circumstances(circumstance)．
考点集训一
1．They
insisted
upon
being_given(give)
every
detail
of
the
case.
2．The
conclusion(conclude)
of
the
book
was
disappointing.
3．The
President
is
committed
to
reforming(reform)
health
care.
4．It
was
vital
to_show(show)
that
he
was
not
afraid.
5．Here's
some
boiled(boil)
water.Have
a
drink
whenever
you're
thirsty.
1
to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词，而且
attention
可被形容词
close,
much,
little
等修饰。pay
attention
to
中的
attention
常前置用作“被动句的主语”或者用作“定语从句的先行词”等。如：
[典型例句]
Pay
close
attention
to
what
you
are
doing.
密切注意你现在所做的。
[思维拓展]
give/pay
attention
to(doing)．..注意……
catch/attract
one's
attention
引起某人的注意
bring
sth.to
one's
attention
使某人注意某事(物)
draw/call
one's
attention
to
sth.使某人注意某事(物)
fix
one's
attention
on
sth.把某人的注意力集中在某事(物)上
[即时训练]
You
must
pay
attention
to
protecting(protect)the
environment.
2
[典型例句]
Eating
too
much
sugar
can
lead
to
health
problems.
食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。
[思维拓展]
导致/造成某人做某事
[即时训练]
This
storm
led
to
a
heavy
loss.
3
[典型例句]
We
all
live
with
the
objective
of
being
happy.
我们活着是为了幸福。
[思维拓展]
the
main/primary/principle
objective主要/首要/重要目标
meet/achieve
your
objective实现你的目标
set
objectives设立目标
with
the
hope
of怀有……的希望
with
the
purpose
of怀有……的目的
with
the
aim
of怀有……的目的
with
the
intention
of有……的意向
[即时训练]
Many
people
went
to
California
with
the
objective
of
getting
rich.
4
[典型例句]
This
drawer
keeps
getting
stuck.
这个抽屉动不动就卡住。
[思维拓展]
get
lost
迷路 get
punished
受惩罚
get
divorced
离婚
get
washed
洗脸
get
separated
被分开
get
paid
得到报酬
get
dressed
穿衣服
get
married
结婚
get
engaged
订婚
get
drunk
喝醉
[即时训练]
Her
car
got
stuck(stick)
in
the
mud
and
couldn't
move.
5
[典型例句]
I
met
an
old
friend
at
the
airport
by
chance
yesterday.
昨天我在机场偶然遇见了一位老朋友。
[思维拓展]
take
a
chance
冒险
take
one's
chances
碰运气
We
took
a
chance
on
the
weather
to
have
the
party
outside.
我们冒着天气变化的危险到户外聚会。
He
took
his
chances
to
find
a
job
in
a
big
city.
他到一座大城市去碰运气找工作。
[即时训练]
An
artist
who
was
recently
traveling
on
a
ferry
to
the
southern
island
discovered
by
chance
a
long
lost
antique
Greek
vase.
6
[典型例句]
He
has
visited
every
country
in
Asia
other
than
Japan.
除了日本之外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。
There's
nobody
here
other
than
me.
除了我这里没别人。
I
have
not
studied
foreign
languages
other
than
English.
除了英语外，我没学过其他外语。
[思维拓展]
rather
than意为“而不是，而没有”，侧重客观上的差别，还可以表示“与其……，倒不如……”，前后两端所连的词性是一致的，侧重句子主语或说话人主观上的选择。句中rather
than前后一般应为名词、代词、动名词、形容词、谓语动词、动词不定式、介词短语，甚至分句等，有时可用介词短语instead
of替代。
He
was
engaged
in
writing
a
letter
rather
than(＝instead
of)
reading
the
newspaper.
他那时是在写信而不是看报纸。
John
ought
to
go
rather
than(＝instead
of)
Jean.
应该去的是约翰，而不是珍。
These
shoes
are
comfortable
rather
than
pretty.
这些鞋子谈不上漂亮，但穿起来倒很舒服。
Evans
is
a
historian
rather
than
a
writer.
与其说埃文斯是个作家，不如说他是个史学家。
[即时训练]
①He
hasn't
anything
left
other
than
the
book.
②The
person
who
should
be
praised
is
you
rather
than
me.
7
[典型例句]
I've
changed
my
mind.I
don't
want
to
go
out.
我改变主意了，我不想出去了。
See
if
you
can
change
his
mind
about
going
with
us.
看看你能否让他改变主意，不要和我们一起去。
[思维拓展]
make
up
one's
mind下决心
lose
one's
mind发疯
keep
sth.in
mind记住某事
to
my
mind在我看来
bring/call
sth.to
mind回想起某事
never
mind没关系
[即时训练]
We
are
planning
to
climb
the
mountain,
but
he
changed
his
mind
and
went
to
another
place.
8
[典型例句]
The
young
should
care
about
the
old.
年轻人应该关心老人。
I
don't
care
about
whether
he
leaves
or
not.
我不在乎他离不离开。
[思维拓展]
care
for＝take
care
of
照顾
care
to
do
sth.愿意做某事；想要做某事
take
care
注意；当心
with
care
当心；仔细地
[即时训练]
Don't
you
care
about
our
country's
future?
考点集训二
1．She
insisted
on
coming
with
us.
2．I
have
to
pay
attention
to
doing(do)my
homework.
3．Is
this
the
road
leading(lead)
to
your
village?
4．You
can't
get
there
other
than
by
boat.
5．We
got
stuck(stick)
in
a
terrible
traffic
jam
in
Taipei.
6．Those
two
ideas
are
quite
distinct
from
each
other.
7．For
starters,
commit
yourself
to
making
five
phone
calls
a
day.
Artemisinin
has
become
a
vital
part
of
the
treatment
for
malaria,
and
is_thought_to_save
100,000
lives
a
year
in
Africa
alone.
青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的关键，人们认为青蒿素每年仅在非洲就能救十万人。
[句式分析]
be
thought
to
do
sth.被认为……，该句型可以转化为It
is/was
thought
that...。本句可以转化为：Artemisinin
has
become
a
vital
part
of
the
treatment
for
malaria,
and
it
is
thought
that
Artemisinin
saves
100,000
lives
a
year
in
Africa
alone.。
At
school
he
was
thought
to
have
an
attitude
problem.(＝It
was
thought
that
he
had
an
attitude
problem
at
school.)
上学时他被认为态度有问题。
Land
animals
are
thought
to
have
developed
from
sea
animals.(＝It
was
thought
that
land
animals
have
developed
from
sea
animals.)
陆地动物被认为是从海洋动物进化而来的。
[即时训练]
He's
thought
to_be(be)one
of
the
richest
men
in
Europe.
In
1967，
the
Chinese
government
formed
a
team
of
scientists
with
the
objective
of
discovering
a
new
treatment
for
malaria，
and
Tu
Youyou
was
among
the
first
researchers
chosen.
1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
[句式分析]
(1)这是一个由and连接而成的并列复合句。介词短语with
the
objective...作第一个分句的状语，表示目的。短语中的objective也可用aim、purpose、goal等替换。
(2)第二个分句中chosen是过去分词用作定语，修饰the
first
researchers。
[思维拓展]
过去分词(短语)作定语的用法：
A
balanced
diet
provides
nutrition
for
your
body.
均衡的饮食为你的身体提供营养。
Have
you
read
the
novels
written
by
Dickens(＝which
were
written
by
Dickens)?
你读过狄更斯写的小说吗？
[即时训练]
①You
cannot
accept
an
opinion
offered(offer)
to
you
unless
it
is
based
on
facts.
②The
garden
surrounded
(surround)
by
a
long
fence
belongs
to
my
aunt.
Upon_hearing
that
she
had
been
awarded
the
Nobel
Prize,
she
said...
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说……
[句式分析]
在本句中，“介词upon＋动词?ing形式”构成介词短语，用作时间状语。upon还可换为介词on，表示一件事紧接着另一件事而发生。这种用法常见于正式的文体，依据语境，可译作“在……的时候；当……时；一……就……”。
Upon
graduating,
he
joined
a
small
law
firm.
一毕业他就加入了一个小型律师事务所。
Upon
finishing
it,
I
was
struck
by
the
feeling
that
it
was
the
best
composition
I
had
ever
written.
我写完这篇作文时，就感到这是我写过的最好的作文。
[即时训练]
Upon/On
their
return
to
the
country,
the
women's
volleyball
team
received
praise
and
flowers.
It
struck
him
that
the
other
Chinese
men
in
the
photo
apparently
did
not
care
about
what
was
happening
to
their
fellow
countrymen.
令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国人显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。
[句式分析]
(1)在本句中，It
是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。it作形式主语的常见句型：
①It
is＋名词(a
fact，a
good
idea,
a
pity,
a
shame,
no
wonder)＋主语从句
②It
is＋形容词(necessary,
clear,
strange,
important,
wonderful)
＋主语从句
③It＋不及物动词(happens，doesn't
matter，occurs
to
sb.)＋主语从句
④It
is＋过去分词(reported，hoped，thought，said，expected，believed)＋主语从句
It
is
important
that
he
should
know
about
this.
重要的是他应该知道此事。
It
is
said
that
he
has
gone
to
Shanghai.
据说他已经去了上海。
(2)
本句中“It
struck
him
that”表示“他突然感到(觉得)……”。struck可用hit
/occured
to替换。如：
It
hit/struck/occurred
to
me
that
I
had
met
him
somewhere.
我突然想到以前在什么地方见过他。
It
struck
me
that
she
had
come
to
borrow
money.
我忽然想到她是来借钱的。
(3)句中what
was
happening
to
their
fellow
countrymen是what引导的名词性从句，作介词about的宾语。what引导的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等，在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
What
caused
the
accident
remains
unknown.
是什么引发了这起事故还不知道。(引导主语从句，在从句中作主语)
This
book
will
show
you
what
should
be
known
by
good
teachers.
这本书会告诉你优秀的教师应该了解什么。(引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语)
Our
city
isn't
what
it
used
to
be.
我们的城市不再是原来的样子了。(引导表语从句，在从句中作表语)
[思维拓展]
what
和that引导名词性从句的异同：
that引导名词性从句时不可省略(宾语从句除外)、不作成分、没有词义；what引导名词性从句时不可省略、作成分、有词义。
[即时训练]
①It
is
a
pity
that
he
failed
to
attend
my
party.
②It
struck
me
that
nobody
was
in
favour
of
the
change.
③
I
lived
in
what
you
call
ancient
Greece.
From
this，
he
concluded
that
the
crucial
problem
in
China
was
not
physical
illness，
but
the
spiritual
illness
of
people
at
that
time.
由此，他得出结论，那时中国的关键问题不是身体疾病，而是人们的精神疾病。
[句式分析]
not...but...意为“不是……而是……”，可用于连接并列的名词、代词、形容词、副词、介宾短语或分句等。
Not
he
but
his
brother
is
to
blame.
该受责备的是他弟弟而不是他。
He
failed
not
because
he
isn't
clever
but
because
he
didn't
work
hard.
他失败不是因为他不聪明，而是因为他工作不努力。
[思维拓展]
not...but...连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词要遵循“就近原则”，即谓语与
but
后的成分在人称和数上保持一致。用法类似的结构还有
either...or...,
neither...nor...,
not
only...but
(also)．..,
there
be
句型等。
Not
the
workers
but
the
manager
is
responsible
for
that.对那件事负责的是经理而不是工人们。
Not
only
the
students
but
(also)
their
teacher
is
enjoying
the
movie.不仅学生们在津津有味地看着这部电影，他们的老师也是如此。
[即时训练]
Either
the
team
leader
or
the
guides
have_searched
(search)
for
the
lost
students
in
the
past
3
days.
考点集训三
1．Diamonds
were
once
thought
to_have(have)magical
powers.
2．This
will
be
the
best
novel
of
its
kind
ever
written
(write)．
3．Who
were
the
so?called
guests
invited
(invite)
to
your
party
last
night?
4．Upon/On
hearing
the
bad
news,
she
burst
into
tears.
5．It
struck
me
that
we
ought
to
make
a
new
plan.
6．I
think
it
was
not
the
teacher
but
the
two
students
that
were
(be)
to
blame.
7．I
am
writing
the
letter，hoping
(hope)
you
can
give
me
some
advice
on
how
to
learn
English
well.
8．I
suggested
going
(go)
in
my
car.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I
insisted(坚持认为)
that
we
should
have
a
look
at
every
car.
2．He
concluded(结束)
by
wishing
everyone
a
safe
trip
home.
3．She
burst
into
tears
and
fled(逃跑)．
4．He
defeated(战胜)
the
champion
in
three
sets.
5．He
analysed(分析)
the
situation
very
closely.
6．She
was
apparently(显然)
a
very
nervous
woman,
and
that
affected
her
career.
7．It
was
malicious
gossip,
completely
without
substance(事实根据)．
8．Under
no
circumstances(状况)
should
you
lend
Paul
any
money.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．We
need
to
draw
a
distinction(distinct)
between
the
two
events.
2．To_obtain(obtain)
the
overall
score,
add
up
the
totals
in
each
column.
3．The
company's
commitment(commit)
to
providing
quality
at
a
reasonable
price
has
been
vital
to
its
success.
4．The
guests
watched
as
she
fled(flee)
from
the
room.
5．The
world
champion
has
only
had
two
defeats(defeat)
in
20
fights.
PAGEUnit
1
People
of
Achievement
Section
Ⅱ Learning
About
Language
非限制性定语从句
?考点一 非限制性定语从句的引导词
1．关系代词的选择
(1)非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词
that
引导。指人时，如果引导词在从句中作主语，要用
who，作宾语要用
whom/who；指物时要用
which/as。在句中，即使引导词作的是宾语也不能省略。
Mr
Zhang,
who
came
to
see
me
yesterday,
is
an
old
friend
of
my
father's.
张先生昨天来看我，他是我父亲的一位老朋友。(作主语)
Peter,
whom
you
met
in
London,
is
now
back
in
Paris.
彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。(作宾语，不能省略)
(2)as
和
which
的选择
1)as
引导的非限制性定语从句
①位置灵活，可置于句首、句中和句末
②先行词不可是一个词，通常是整个主句
③as
有“正如，就像”的意思，表示依据、评论、态度、看法等
④常用于以下动词的主、被动语态：know，
say，
expect，
suggest，
report
等
She
has
been
late
again,
as
was
expected.
她又迟到了，这是预料之中的事。(位于句末)
As
we
had
expected,
Tom
passed
the
driving
test.
正如我们预料的那样，汤姆通过了驾照考试。(位于句首)
Global
warming,
as
we
all
know,
has
caused
a
lot
of
natural
disasters.众所周知，温室效应已经引发了很多自然灾害。(位于句中)
2)which
引导的非限制性定语从句
These
apple
trees,
which
I
planted
three
years
ago,
have
not
produced
any
fruits.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。(which
指代
these
apple
trees)
Tom
passed
the
driving
test,
which
made
his
parents
very
happy.汤姆通过了驾照考试，这使他的父母很高兴。(which
指代整个主句)
He
said
that
he
had
never
seen
her
before,
which
was
not
true.他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。(which
指代主句中的宾语从句)
2．关系副词的选择
在非限制性定语从句中，关系副词(when,
where,
why)的选择方法和在限制性定语从句中的一样，即引导词在从句中作时间状语时用
when，作地点状语时用
where，作原因状语时用
why。
The
story
in
the
book
happened
in
Canada,
where
Doctor
Bethune
was
born.书中的故事发生在加拿大，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。
I
left
on
Sunday,
when
everyone
was
at
home.
我星期日离开的，那天所有人都在家。
?考点二 限制性/非限制性定语从句的区别
区别
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
形式上
不用逗号与主句隔开。如：Do
you
remember
the
man
who
taught
us
English？你还记得教我们英语的那个人吗？
用逗号与主句隔开。如：I've
been
to
London,
which
is
a
beautiful
city.我去过伦敦，那是一座美丽的城市。
意义上
是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删去，句子意思将不完整。如：This
is
the
book
(which/that)
he
lost
yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
只是对先行词的补充说明，如删去，句子意思仍然完整、明确。如：The
book,
which
he
lost
yesterday,
has
been
found.这本书已经找到了，他昨天弄丢了它。
译法上
译成先行词的定语。如：He
is
the
man
who
lives
next
to
me.他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。
通常译成与主句并列的分句。如：He
is
a
generous
man,
who
lives
next
to
me.他很慷慨，他住在我隔壁。
关系词的使用上
1.作宾语时可省略
1.不可省略
2.可用
that
2.不可用
that
?考点三 “介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
1．关系代词的选取
在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词通常用
whom，不可用
who
和
that；先行词指物时关系代词通常用
which，不能用
that。注意：关系代词在从句中作定语时，要用
whose。
The
young
man
with
whom
I
travelled
could
speak
French.
同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说法语。
This
is
the
ring
on
which
she
spent
1,000
dollars.
这就是她花1
000美元买的戒指。
This
is
Mr
Smith,
in
whose
factory
we
work.
这就是史密斯先生，我们就在他的工厂里工作。
2．介词的选取
(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配确定介词。该动词与介词搭配构成动词短语。
Is
this
the
car
for
which
you
paid
a
high
price?
这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay
for
sth.)
She
is
the
person
with
whom
I
talked.
她就是我曾与之交谈的人。(talk
with
sb.)
(2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的搭配确定介词。该形容词与介词搭配构成形容词短语。
He
brought
the
result
with
which
the
boss
was
satisfied.
他带来了老板非常满意的结果。
(3)根据先行词与介词的搭配确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词之间有一定的联系。
Do
you
still
remember
the
day
on
which
we
met
for
the
first
time？你还记得我们第一次见面的日子吗？
Do
you
still
remember
the
days
during
which
we
worked
together?
你还记得我们在一起工作的那些日子吗？
(4)根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词与介词也不能构成固定的动词短语，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。
This
is
the
pilot
with
whom
my
brother
has
worked
for
ten
years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
This
is
the
pilot
by
whom
my
son
was
saved.
这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
3.“介词＋关系代词”的特殊用法
(1)含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开使用，即介词不能提前，常见的此类短语动词有
look
for,
listen
to,
look
after,
take
care
of
等。
这就是我正在寻找的手表。
【正】This
is
the
watch
(which/that)
I
am
looking
for.
【误】This
is
the
watch
for
which
I
am
looking.
(2)“介词＋关系代词”前可有
some,
any,
none,
both,
all,
neither,
most,
each,
few,
three,
several
等代词或数词(相当于“介词＋关系代词＋代词/数词”)，也可以有名词(相当于“whose＋名词”)。
I
bought
many
books
yesterday,
three/most
of
which
(＝of
which
three/most)
are
written
by
Lu
Xun.我昨天买了很多书，其中三本/大部分是鲁迅写的。
(3)介词
in,
on,
at,
for
等与关系代词
which
一起引导定语从句时，有时可用相应的关系副词
when,
where,
why
等替换。
The
reason
for
which
(＝why)
he
refused
the
invitation
is
not
clear.他拒绝邀请的理由还不清楚。
Great
changes
have
taken
place
in
the
city
in
which
(＝where)
I
was
born.我出生的城市发生了很大的变化。
(4)“the＋名词＋of
which/whom”一般可用“whose＋名词”替换，非正式文体中可以用“of
which/whom＋the＋名词”替换。
I
came
across
a
sentence
when
reading
the
newspaper,
the
meaning
of
which
I
didn't
understand.＝I
came
across
a
sentence
when
reading
the
newspaper,
whose
meaning
I
didn't
understand.我看报纸时碰到一个句子，我无法理解它的意思。
单句语法填空
1．We
have
launched
another
man?made
satellite,
which
is
announced
in
today's
newspaper.
2．Ellen
was
a
painter
of
birds
and
of
nature,
who,_for
some
reason,
had
withdrawn
from
all
human
society.
3．There
is
no
simple
answer,
as
is
often
the
case
in
science.
4．Mo
Yan
was
awarded
the
Nobel
Prize
for
Literature
in
2012,
which
made
one
of
the
Chinese
people's
long?held
dreams
come
true.
5．I
borrowed
the
book
Sherlock
Holmes
from
the
library
last
week,
which
my
classmates
recommended
to
me.
6．I
didn't
become
a
serious
climber
until
the
fifth
grade,
when
I
went
up
to
rescue
a
kite
that
was
stuck
in
the
branches
of
a
tree.
7．I
travel
to
the
Binhai
New
Area
by
light
railway
every
day,
as
many
businessmen
who
live
in
downtown
Tianjin
do.
8．Whenever
I
met
her,
which
was
fairly
often,
she
greeted
me
with
a
sweet
smile.
9．Just
as
a
famous
saying
goes,
every
coin
has
two
sides.
10．The
famous
footballer,
in
whose
honour
a
party
will
be
held,
is
to
arrive
this
afternoon.
11．As
is
reported
in
the
newspaper,
a
serious
accident
has
happened
recently.
12．The
owner
paid
the
worker
for
cleaning
the
whole
building,
most
of
which
hadn't
been
cleaned
for
at
least
one
month.
13．I
shall
never
forget
those
years
when
I
lived
in
the
country
with
the
farmers,
which
has
a
great
effect
on
my
life.
14．Her
father
works
in
a
factory,
where
he
makes
cars.
15．The
old
lady
has
two
daughters,
one
of
whom
is
working
abroad.
16．This
is
one
of
the
reasons
why
you
have
to
give
it
up.
PAGEUnit
1
People
of
Achievement
Section
Ⅲ Using
Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．found
vt.创建；建立；把……建立在→founder
n．创建者，创立者→foundation
n．地基；基础；
基本原理；根据
2．infer
vt.推断；推定
3．politician
n．从政者；政治家；政客→politics
n．政治→political
adj.政治的
4．numerous
adj.众多的；许多的
5．theory
n．理论；学说
6．relativity
n．相对论；相对性
7．genius
n．天才；天资
8．gentle
adj.温柔的；文静的→gently
adv.温柔地；文静地
9．patent
n．专利；专利证书；获得专利 adj.有专利的；受专利保护的
10．passion
n．酷爱；激情
11．doctorate
n．博士学位
12．extraordinary
adj.不一般的；非凡的；意想不到的
13．gradually
adv.逐渐地；逐步地→gradual
adj.逐渐的；逐步的
14．photoelectric
adj.光电的
15．institution
n．社会公共机构；制度；习俗→
institute
n．(教育、专业等)机构；机构建筑
16．consequence
n．结果；后果→consequent
adj.作为结果的→consequently
adv.所以；因此
17．moustache
n．上唇的胡子；髭
18．peculiarity
n．个性；特点；怪异的性质
19．encounter
vt.偶然碰到；遇到 n．邂逅；遭遇
20．professor
n．教授→profession
n．职业
21．mourn
vt.&
vi.哀悼；忧伤
22．remarkable
adj.非凡的；显著的→remark
vt.评论
23．device
n．方法；技巧；装置；仪器
24．sum
vi.总结；概括 n．金额；款项；总数；总和
25．draft
n．草稿；草案 vt.起草；草拟
26．Switzerland
n．瑞士(国家名)→Swiss
adj.瑞士的→Swiss
n．瑞士人→Swiss
n．(pl.)瑞士人
27．Jewish
adj.犹太人的；犹太教的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．on
the
tip
of
one's
tongue话在嘴边，差一点儿就说出口
2．get
it懂了，明白了
3．serve
as充当，担任
4．make
great
contributions
to对……做出巨大贡献
5．manage
to_do设法做成
6．patent
office专利局
7．come
to
power(开始)掌权；上台
8．as
a
consequence因此，作为结果
9．take
up
a
position担任；任职
10．as
though/if好像
11．knock
on敲门
12．be
mistaken
for被误认为
13．pass
away去世
14．sum
up总结；概括
15．apart
from除……之外
16．Nobel
Prize诺贝尔奖
17．to
one's
surprise令人吃惊的
18．put
forward提出
19．in
particular尤其，特别
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Why
does
Dr
Wang
say
“money_isn't_everything”？
为什么王博士说“金钱不是万能的”？
2．He
made
numerous
contributions
to
the
world,
the_most_well?known_being
the
general
theory
of
relativity
and
the
famous
formula
E＝mc2.
他对世界做出了很多贡献，最出名的贡献是相对论理论和著名的公式E＝mc2。
3．While_working_there，out
of
a
strong
passion
for
knowledge,
he
continued
to
study,
earning_a_doctorate_in
physics
in
1905.
在那里工作时，出于对知识的强烈热情，他继续学习，1905年获得物理学博士学位。
4．Einstein,
who
was
Jewish,
found
the
doors
of
academic
institutions
closed
to
him.
爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。
5．On
18
April
1955,
it_was_reported_that
Einstein
had
passed
away,
and
the
whole
world
mourned
the
great
loss
of
a
brilliant
scientist.
1955年4月18日，据报道爱因斯坦去世了，全世界都为一位杰出的科学家的逝世而哀悼。
1
[典型例句]
The
town
was
founded
by
English
settlers
in
1790.
这座城镇是英格兰移民于1790年建的。
His
theory
is
founded
on
facts.
他的理论是建立在事实基础之上的。
[易混辨析]
found，find
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
释义
变化规律
found
founded
founded
建立
规则动词
find
found
found
发现
不规则动词
[思维拓展]
be
founded
on/upon
sth.(＝be
based
on)建立在某基础之上；建在某物之上
founder
n.
[C]
创立者；奠基者
foundation
n.
[C，U]基础；建立
[即时训练]
Their
marriage
was_founded
(found)
on
love
and
mutual
respect.
2
[典型例句]
One
theory
about
the
moon
is
that
it
is
a
piece
broken
off
from
the
earth.
有一种关于月球的学说认为它是地球分离出的一部分。
This
theory
should
be
proved
before
it
is
used.
在运用这个理论前要对它进行证明。
[思维拓展]
in
theory
([反]
in
practice)
理论上
Your
plan
is
good
in
theory,
but
does
it
work
in
practice?
你的计划在理论上不错，但实施起来行吗？
[即时训练]
We
should
combine
theory
(理论)
with
practice.
3
[典型例句]
I
like
her
gentle
voice.
我喜欢她温和的声音。
He
eats
in
a
gentle
way.
他吃饭的样子很文雅。
[易混辨析]
gentle,
soft
gentle
侧重指人或其他方面“体贴的；温和的”，含有安慰、爱抚等意思。
soft
侧重指人说话声音低或说话怕被人听见，意思是“轻声的”，指物时，表示“柔软的”。
Arthur
was
a
very
gentle,
caring
person.
亚瑟是一个非常温柔体贴的人。
The
soft
music
sounds
very
pleasing
to
the
ear.
那轻柔的音乐听起来十分悦耳。
[即时训练]
She
smiled
gently(gentle)
at
him.
她温柔地朝他微笑。
4
[典型例句]
Gradually，the
children
began
to
understand
it.
孩子们渐渐开始明白这件事了。
They
gradually
improved
their
work.
他们逐渐地改善了工作。
[思维拓展]
gradual
adj.逐渐的；逐步的
Recovery
from
the
disease
is
very
gradual.
这种病的康复过程很缓慢。
[即时训练]
Electricity
lines
to
30,000
homes
were
gradually(gradual)
being
restored
yesterday.
5
[典型例句]
I'm
quite
willing
to
take
the
consequences
of
my
actions.
我很愿意承担自己行动的后果。
He
studied
hard，and
in
consequence
he
passed
the
exam.
他努力学习，因此通过了考试。
[思维拓展]
因此，结果(＝as
a
result)
as
a/in
consequence
of＝as
a
result
of由于……
take
the
consequences
of...承担……的后果
be
of
no/great
consequence
无关紧要/非常重要
consequent
adj.作为结果的；随之发生的
consequently
adv.结果；因此
[即时训练]
He
slipped
and
had
his
leg
broken.As
a
consequence，he
will
have
to
be
away
from
school
for
two
or
three
months.
6
[典型例句]
That
is
indeed
a
remarkable
thing.
那真是了不起的事情。
[思维拓展]
a
remarkable
achievement/career/talent非凡的成就/事业/才能
remark
n．谈论；言论；评述vt.&
vi.谈论；评论；说起
make
a
remark/
remarks
on/
about就……发表意见；对……评头品足
make
no
remark什么也不说；不加评论
remark
that...评论
remark
on/upon谈论/评论……
remarkably
adv.非常；极为；格外；出乎意料地
He
made
a
number
of
rude
remarks
about
the
food
here.
关于这里的食物他做了许多无礼的评论。
A
local
newspaper
remarked
that
car
accidents
were
on
the
decrease
due
to
the
forceful
law.
一家地方报纸评论说由于强有力的法律措施，车祸在减少。
[即时训练]
①Since
then,
we
have
made
remarkable(remark)
progress.
②She
is
a
remarkably
(remarkable)
determined
politician.
③We
passed
a
few
remarks(remark)
about
the
weather.
考点集训一
1．The
business,
founded(found)
by
Mike,
suffered
financial
setbacks.
2．After
a
while,
the
sickness
gradually(gradual)
passed
and
she
struggled
to
the
mirror.
3.He
is
ready
to
take
the
consequences(consequence)
of
his
behaviour.
4．China
has
made
remarkable(remark)progress
in
the
past
30
years.
5．He
patted
me
gently(gentle)
on
the
shoulder.
1
[典型例句]
The
general
had
served
as
a
soldier
in
the
earlier
war.
在早期的战争中，这位将军曾当过士兵。
The
sofa
will
serve
as
a
bed
for
a
night
or
two.
沙发可以当床凑合一两夜。
[即时训练]
Let
these
words
of
mine
serve
as
a
warning
to
you.
2
[典型例句]
Do
you
believe
you
can
manage
to
finish
the
work
in
an
hour?
你认为你能在一小时内完成这项工作吗？
Though
we
left
home
very
late,
we
managed
to
catch
the
last
bus.
尽管我们出门很晚，但我们赶上了末班车。
[思维拓展]
manage
it
表示“完成；能对付得了；能应付”，常用在交际用语中。
—Can
I
help
you,
Madame?
——女士，需要帮忙吗？
—Oh,
thanks,
but
I
can
manage
it
myself.
——噢，谢谢。我自己能行。
[易混辨析]
manage
to
do
sth.,
try
to
do
sth.
(1)manage
to
do
sth.表示“成功地做了某事”，重在结果，相当于
succeed
in
doing
sth.。
We
managed
to
get
there
on
time.
我们设法按时到达了那里。(结果是按时到达了)
(2)try
to
do
sth.表示“尽力做某事，设法做某事”，重在动作，但并不一定成功，相当于
attempt
to
do
sth.。
We
tried
to
get
there
on
time.
我们尽力按时赶到那里。(不知是否成功)
[即时训练]
Despite
all
the
troubles,
she
managed
to_get(get)
the
chicken
into
the
stove.
3
[典型例句]
When
he
came
to
power,
he
broke
his
promise
of
reducing
tax.
他当权后就不再遵守减少税收的诺言了。
[思维拓展]
be
in
power
当权；执政
[易混辨析]
come
to
power,
be
in
power
come
to
power为非延续性动词短语，不与时间段连用；be
in
power为延续性动词短语，可与时间段连用。
De
Gaulle
came
to
power
in
1958.
戴高乐于1958年开始执政。
The
young
king
had
been
in
power
for
seven
years.
那位年轻的国王已经掌权七年了。
[即时训练]
When
the
government
had
come
to
power,
he
had
been
named
minister
of
culture.
4
[典型例句]
When
did
he
take
up
football?
他是什么时候开始踢足球的？
The
work
took
up
all
his
time.
那工作花费了他所有的时间。
[思维拓展]
take
back收回；取回
take
down写下，记下；拆散
take
in吸收；领会；欺骗
take
off脱下；起飞
take
on雇用；呈现；承担
take
over接管，接任
[即时训练]
After
graduating
from
a
university,
Li
Yan
took
up
her
job
as
a
teacher
in
the
countryside.
5
[典型例句]
But
tolerance
can
be
mistaken
for
kindness.
但容忍会被错认为仁慈。
[思维拓展]
mistaken
adj.(见解或判断上)错误的；不正确的
be
mistaken
about对……持错误的见解
mistake
sb./sth.误解/误会某人/某事
mistake
n．错误
make
a
mistake犯错误
by
mistake错误地
If
I'm
not
mistaken,
that's
the
man
we
saw
on
the
bus.
要是我没认错人的话，我们在公共汽车上看见的就是那个男子。
He
is
mistaken
about
happiness.
他对幸福持有错误的见解。
This
time
we
find
that
the
bees
mistake
red
for
dark
gray
or
black.
这次我们发现，蜜蜂错把红色当成深灰色或黑色。
I
hope
you
will
forgive
me
for
opening
your
letter
by
mistake.
我误拆了您的信，期望您原谅。
[即时训练]
My
voice
has
got
so
low
now
that
I
was
mistaken
for
a
man
the
other
day
on
the
phone.
6
[典型例句]
To
sum
up,
there
are
three
main
ways
of
dealing
with
the
problem.
概括起来说，这一问题主要有三种解决办法。
Can
I
just
sum
up
what
we've
agreed
so
far?
我能否就我们目前已经达成的共识作个概括？
She
quickly
summed
up
the
situation
and
took
control.
她很快就看出是怎么回事，并控制住了局面。
[思维拓展]
sum
n．金额；总和；全部
in
sum总而言之
summary
n．总结；概要
summarize
vt.总结；概括；概述
[即时训练]
Let
me
sum
up
the
last
lesson.After
that
we'll
take
up
a
new
lesson.
7
[典型例句]
Apart
from
their
house
in
London,
they
also
have
a
villa
in
Spain.
他们在伦敦有一座房子，此外，在西班牙还有一座别墅。
I
have
finished
all
apart
from
the
last
question.
除了最后一道题，我都做完了。
[易混辨析]
apart
from,
besides/in
addition
to,
except,
except
for,
except
that
apart
from相当于besides
和
in
addition
to。它还可表示“除了……以外”，用于所言不包括的人或事物前，相当于except。
◆besides/in
addition
to
除了……以外(还有)。除去的部分包含在整体之内
◆except
除了……以外。除去的部分不在整体之内
◆except
for
除了……以外。从细节方面对整体进行修正，除去的部分与整体一般不是同一类事物
◆except
that
除了……以外(都)。that
引导从句，有时可省略
[即时训练]
Apart
from
that,
I
also
have
a
passion
for
theatre
and
the
arts.
8
[典型例句]
To
my
surprise,
he
came
on
time.
使我惊讶的是，他按时来了。
Much
to
my
surprise,
they
offered
me
the
job.
使我非常惊奇的是，他们把那份工作给了我。
[思维拓展]
much
to
one's
surprise令某人十分惊讶
to
one's
delight/joy 使某人高兴的是
to
one's
disappointment
使某人失望的是
to
one's
astonishment
使某人惊讶的是
[即时训练]
To
my
surprise,
this
plan
succeeded!
9
[典型例句]
Who
put
forward
a
theory
about
black
holes?
谁提出了黑洞理论？
[思维拓展]
put
up
with 忍受，容忍
put
aside
搁置；不理睬；储蓄
put
away
把……收起来；储蓄
put
off
推迟，延期
put
through
使经受；接通(电话)
put
out
熄灭；出版；生产
put
back
将……放回原处；推迟
put
together
放在一起
put
up
举起；张贴；建造；为……
提供住宿；推荐；提出
[即时训练]
It
was
I
who
put
forward
the
theory
first.
10
[典型例句]
I
noticed
his
eyes
in
particular，because
they
were
very
big.
我特别注意到他的眼睛，因为那双眼睛很大。
It
was
a
good
concert.I
enjoyed
the
last
song
in
particular.
这是一场不错的音乐会。我尤其喜欢最后那首歌。
[思维拓展]
particular
adj.特别的，特殊的；讲究的，挑剔的
be
particular
about/over对……挑剔/讲究
She
is
very
particular
about
her
clothes.
她对衣着特别挑剔。
[即时训练]
The
whole
meal
was
good
but
the
wine
in
particular
was
excellent.
考点集训二
1．In
recent
years,
Chinese
leaders
have
put
forward
the
theory
of
peaceful
development.
2．The
name
of
the
book
was
right
on
the
tip
of
my
tongue,
but
I
just
couldn't
remember
it.
3．When
Xiao
Wu
was
praised,
he
was
embarrassed,
much
to
our
surprise.
4．—Don't
forget
to
turn
off
the
TV.
—OK.
I
got
it!
5．You
are
completely
mistaken
about
Jane.
6．Will
you
please
sum
up
the
main
ideas
of
this
article?
7．I
am
often
mistaken
for
my
sister.
8．In
addition,
apart
from
sending
language
teachers,
the
Confucius
Institute
should
also
look
for
creative
intellectuals
in
other
fields
with
a
sense
of
mission
about
Chinese
culture.
9．They
had
come
to
power
ten
years
earlier.
[句式分析]
not
everything是一个部分否定句。表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如all,
both,
every,
everything,
everyone,
everywhere,
always等与否定词not连用构成部分否定。
All
answers
are
not
correct.(＝Not
all
the
answers
are
correct.)
不是所有的答案都正确。
Both
of
them
don't
smoke.(＝Not
both
of
them
smoke.)
不是他们俩都抽烟。
Every
man
is
not
honest.(＝Not
every
man
is
honest.)
并不是每个人都诚实。
[思维拓展]
表示完全否定意义的词与肯定形式的谓语动词连用时，表示完全否定。该类词有none,
neither,
nothing,
nobody,
no等。
Neither
of
them
likes
sports.
他们俩都不喜欢运动。
None
of
these
things
are
mine.
这些东西都不是我的。
Nothing
is
ready.
一切都没准备好。
[即时训练]
①All
that
glitters(闪光)
is
not
gold.
发光的未必都是金子。
②Not
all
graduates
can
find
a
proper
job
after
graduation.
并非所有的大学毕业生都能在毕业后找到一份合适的工作。
③并非每个人都喜欢骑自行车上班。
Not_everyone_is_fond_of_cycling_to_work./Everyone_isn't_fond_of_cycling_to_work.
④Not
everything
goes
well.(改为全部否定)
Nothing_goes_well.
He
made
numerous
contributions
to
the
world，
the
most
well?known
being
the
general
theory
of
relativity
and
the
famous
formula
E＝mc2.
他对世界做出了很多贡献，最出名的贡献是相对论理论和著名的公式E＝mc2。
[句式分析]
the
most
well?known
being属于“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等。
[思维拓展]
独立主格结构形式归纳：
①名词/代词
＋
现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)
②名词/代词
＋
过去分词(表示被动或已完成)
③名词/代词
＋
不定式(表示将要发生的动作)
④名词/代词
＋
形容词/副词/介词短语(常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态)
Winter
coming,
it
gets
colder
and
colder.
冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
More
time
given,
we
should
have
done
it
much
better.
若给更多时间，我们会做得更好。
The
huntsman
entered
the
forest,
gun
in
hand.
那位猎人手拿着枪进了树林。(不可以说
a
gun
in
hand
或
gun
in
his
hand)
[即时训练]
It
is
so
wet
there
that
the
trees
are
extremely
tall,
some
measuring(measure)
over
90
metres.
While
working
there，out
of
a
strong
passion
for
knowledge，
he
continued
to
study，
earning
a
doctorate
in
physics
in
1905.
在那里工作时，出于对知识的强烈热情，他继续学习，1905年获得物理学博士学位。
[句式分析]
句中时间状语从句While
working
there用了省略形式，补充完整为While
he
was
working
there。状语从句的省略有两种情况：
He
fell
asleep
while
(he
was)
doing
his
homework.
他在做功课时睡着了。
Work
hard
when
(you
are)
young,
or
you'll
regret.
年轻时你要努力工作，否则你会后悔的。
Fill
in
a
proper
preposition
where
(it
is)
necessary.
在需要的地方填入一个适当的介词。
He
opened
the
desk,
as
if
(he
was)
in
search
of
something
important.
他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。
[巧学妙记]
状语从句省略口诀：
时、条、让、方、地，
主语同，谓语be，二者省去不可惜；
从句主语是it，省去it's也可以。
[即时训练]
①If
asked
(ask)
to
look
after
luggage
for
someone
else,
inform
the
police
at
once.
②There
are
some
health
problems
that,
when
not
treated(treat)
in
time
can
become
bigger
ones
later
on.
③While
walking(walk)the
dog,
you
were
careless
and
it
got
loose
and
was
hit
by
a
car.
Einstein，
who
was
Jewish，
found
the
doors
of
academic
institutions
closed
to
him.
爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。
[句式分析]
本句是复合句。who
was
Jewish是非限制性定语从句。
主句中found接复合宾语，宾语是doors，宾语补足语是closed。宾语补足语和宾语之间构成被动关系，故此处使用过去分词。
[思维拓展]
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构的具体形式：
We
found
our
mother
waiting
for
us
to
have
dinner.
我们发现妈妈正在等我们吃晚饭。
[即时训练]
①I
found
myself
surrounded(surround)
by
a
group
of
children.
②She
woke
up
and
found
herself
lying(lie)
in
hospital.
On
18
April
1955，
it
was
reported
that
Einstein
had
passed
away，
and
the
whole
world
mourned
the
great
loss
of
a
brilliant
scientist.
1955年4月18日，据报道爱因斯坦去世了，全世界都为一位杰出的科学家的逝世而哀悼。
[句式分析]
“It
is/was
said/reported/believed/known/thought...＋that?clause”句型意为“据说/据报道/大家认为/众所周知/人们认为……”，此句型中it是形式主语，后面的that从句是真正的主语。以上这种句型可以转换成下面的两种句型：
据说她能妙手回春。
→It
is
said
that
she
is
as
effective
as
God，bringing
the
dying
back
to
life.
→People
say
that
she
is
as
effective
as
God，bringing
the
dying
back
to
life.
→She
is
said
to
be
as
effective
as
God，bringing
the
dying
back
to
life.
[即时训练]
①Tom
is
said
to_have_bought(buy)
a
new
flat
in
the
town
already.
②It
is
said
that
he
has
won
the
match.
考点集训三
1．A
cook
will
be
immediately
fired
if
he
is
found
smoking(smoke)
in
the
kitchen.
2．It
is
reported
that
another
man?made
satellite
has
been
sent
up
in
China.
3．When
buying(buy)
fish,
you
should
first
smell
it.
4．Leaves
falling(fall)
here
and
there,
I
suddenly
notice
autumn
is
drawing
upon.
5．There
being(be)
no
bus,
we
had
to
walk
home
after
the
party
was
over.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．As
we
all
know,
China
was
founded(建立)in
1949.
2．Much
of
the
meaning
must
be
inferred(推断)from
the
context.
3．They
have
arrested
a
number
of
leading
opposition
politicians(政治家)．
4．That
sounds
fine
in
theory(理论),
but
have
you
really
thought
it
through?
5.I'll
draft(起草)a
letter
for
you.
6．The
device
was
protected
by
patent(专利)
.
7．She's
studying
for
her
doctorate(博士学位)．
8．He's
a
genius(天才)at
organizing
people.
9．The
whole
nation
had
mourned(哀悼)the
death
of
their
great
leader.
10．The
device(设备)is
not
designed
to
transmit
to
satellites.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．His
passion
for
her
made
him
blind
to
everything
else.
2．The
car
is
in
remarkably(remark)good
condition
for
its
age.
3.To
their
surprise,
hundreds
replied
to
the
advertisement.
4．The
boat
began
to
drift
gently(gentle)
acroos
the
water.
5．Time
permitting(permit),
you
can
pay
a
visit
to
some
places
of
interest
in
Hangzhou.
6.I
opened
the
window
only
to
find
the
world
outside
completely
changed(change)．
7．It
is
said(say)that
this
boy,
who
had
a
great
gift
for
languages
and
persuasion,
is
the
father
of
the
Manchu
people.
8.Mike
summed
his
weekend
up
in
one
word
“Disastrous.”
9．She
led
me
into
the
front
room,
which
served
as
her
office.
10.Somehow,
he'd
managed
to_persuade(persuade)
Kay
to
buy
one
for
him.
PAGEUnit
1
People
of
Achievement
Section
Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．crucial
adj.至关重要的；关键性的
crucial
factor/
issue/decision关键性的因素/问题/决定
be
crucial
to/for
sth.对……至关重要
be
crucial
that...
……是极其重要的
2．vital
adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的
be
vital
to/for
sth.对……极为重要的
It
is
vital
to
do
sth.做……很重要
It
is
vital
that...……是十分重要的
3．commit
vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等) vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
commit
v．犯(罪或错等)；承诺，保证
commit
sb./sth.to
sth.将某人/事交给某处保留
commit
sb./oneself
to
sth./doing
sth./to
do
sth.承诺(做)某事
commitment
n.
承诺；交托；信奉
committed
adj.尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的
committee
n．委员会
4．evaluate
vt.评价；评估
5．distinct
adj.清晰的；清楚的；有区别的
distinction
n．差别；区分；卓著
6．boil
vt.&
vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开 n．沸腾；沸点
boiling
water
沸水(即处于100℃的开水)
boiled
water
白开水(烧开过的水)
7．obtain
vt.(尤指经努力)获得；赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行
obtain
advice/information/promise得到忠告/信息/应许
obtainable
adj.可获得的；可得到的
8．acknowledge
vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢
acknowledge
doing
sth.承认做了某事
It
is
universally
acknowledged
that...……是大家公认的
acknowledge
oneself
beaten承认失败
acknowledge
sb.向某人打招呼，问候
acknowledge
sb.'s
letter向某人表示信已收到
acknowledge
sb./sth.to
be...承认某人/某物是……；认为……是
acknowledge
that承认……
acknowledge
sb.as...＝accept
sb.as认为/接受某人是/成为……
acknowledge
sb.with
sth.以……感谢某人
acknowledgement
n．承认；感谢
9．defeat
n．失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜
10．analyse
vt.分析
anslysis
n．分析。它的复数形式是analyses。
analysable
adj.可分析的；可分解的
11．apparently
adv.显而易见；看来；显然
apparent
adj.显而易见的；明白易懂的；显然的；表面上的
12．insist
vi.&
vt.坚持；坚决要求
insist
on
sth.坚决要求某事；坚持说某事
insist
on/upon
doing
sth.坚持要做某事
insist
on/upon
one's
doing
sth.坚持要求某人做某事
13．conclusion
n．结论；推论
make
a
conclusion下结论
come
to/draw/arrive
at/reach
a/the
conclusion
得出结论
in
conclusion(＝to
conclude)最后，总之(常作
插入语)
jump/leap
to
conclusions/the
conclusion
that...
匆忙下结论，贸然断定
conclude
vt.&
vi.结束；推断出
conclude
(sth.)以……结束(……)
conclude(从……)推断出/断定……
conclude...(to
be)．..断定……(是)……
14．flee
vi.&
vt.(fled，fled)迅速离开；逃跑
15．circumstance
n．[usually
pl.]条件；环境；状况
in/under
the
circumstances
在这种情况下，既然如此
in/under
no
circumstances
决不，无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装)
16．found
vt.创建；建立；把……建立在
be
founded
on/upon
sth.(＝be
based
on)建立在某基础之上；建在某物之上
founder
n.
[C]
创立者；奠基者
foundation
n.
[C，U]基础；建立
17．theory
n．理论；学说
in
theory
([反]
in
practice)
理论上
18．gentle
adj.温柔的；文静的
19．gradually
adv.逐渐地；逐步地
gradual
adj.逐渐的；逐步的
20．consequence
n．结果；后果
因此，结果(＝as
a
result)
as
a/in
consequence
of＝as
a
result
of由于……
take
the
consequences
of...承担……的后果
be
of
no/great
consequence
无关紧要/非常重要
consequent
adj.作为结果的；随之发生的
consequently
adv.结果；因此
21．remarkable
adj.非凡的；显著的
a
remarkable
achievement/career/talent非凡的成就/事业/才能
remark
n．谈论；言论；评述vt.&
vi.谈论；评论；说起
make
a
remark/
remarks
on/
about就……发表意见；对……评头品足
make
no
remark什么也不说；不加评论
remark
that...评论
remark
on/upon谈论/评论……
remarkably
adv.非常；极为；格外；出乎意料地
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．pay
attention
to注意
give/pay
attention
to
doing...注意……
catch/attract
one's
attention
引起某人的注意
bring
sth.to
one's
attention
使某人注意某事(物)
draw/call
one's
attention
to
sth.使某人注意某事(物)
fix
one's
attention
on
sth.把某人的注意力集中在某事(物)上
2．lead
to导致；造成(后果)
导致/造成某人做某事
3．with
the
objective
of以……为目的
the
main/primary/principle
objective主要/首要/重要目标
meet/achieve
your
objective实现你的目标
set
objectives设立目标
with
the
hope
of怀有……的希望
with
the
purpose
of怀有……的目的
with
the
aim
of怀有……的目的
with
the
intention
of有……的意向
4．get
stuck卡住；陷入；被难住
get
lost
迷路
get
punished
受惩罚
get
divorced
离婚
get
washed
洗脸
get
separated
被分开
get
paid
得到报酬
get
dressed
穿衣服
get
married
结婚
get
engaged
订婚
get
drunk
喝醉
5．by
chance
碰巧；凑巧
take
a
chance
冒险
take
one's
chances
碰运气
6．other
than除……以外
rather
than意为“而不是，而没有”，侧重客观上的差别，还可以表示“与其……，倒不如……”，前后两端所连的词性是一致的，侧重句子主语或说话人主观上的选择。句中rather
than前后一般应为名词、代词、动名词、形容词、谓语动词、动词不定式、介词短语，甚至分句等，有时可用介词短语instead
of替代。
7．change
one's
mind
改变主意
make
up
one's
mind下决心
lose
one's
mind发疯
keep
sth.in
mind记住某事
to
my
mind在我看来
bring/call
sth.to
mind回想起某事
never
mind没关系
8．care
about
关心；忧虑；惦念；在意
care
for＝take
care
of
照顾
care
to
do
sth.愿意做某事；想要做某事
take
care
注意；当心
with
care
当心；仔细地
9．serve
as充当，担任
10．manage
to
do设法做成
manage
it表示“完成；能对付得了；能应付”，常用在交际用语中。
11．come
to
power
当权；上台
be
in
power
当权；执政
12．take
up开始从事；占用；花去
take
back收回；取回
take
down写下，记下；拆散
take
in吸收；领会；欺骗
take
off脱下；起飞
take
on雇用；呈现；承担
take
over接管，接任
13．be
mistaken
for被错认为……
mistaken
adj.(见解或判断上)错误的；不正确的
be
mistaken
about...对……持错误的见解
mistake
sb./sth.误解/误会某人/某事
mistake
n．错误
make
a
mistake犯错误
by
mistake错误地
14．sum
up总结；概括；判断；估量
sum
n．金额；总和；全部
in
sum总而言之
summary
n．总结；概要
summarize
vt.总结；概括；概述
15．apart
from
除……之外(还有)
16．to
one's
surprise
使某人惊讶的是
much
to
one's
surprise令某人十分惊讶
to
one's
delight/joy使某人高兴的是
to
one's
disappointment使某人失望的是
to
one's
astonishment使某人惊讶的是
17．put
forward提出；拨快；将……提前；推荐
put
up
with忍受，容忍
put
aside搁置；不理睬；储蓄
put
away把……收起来；储蓄
put
off推迟，延期
put
through使经受；接通(电话)
put
out熄灭；出版；生产
put
back将……放回原处；推迟
put
together放在一起
put
up举起；张贴；建造；为……提供住宿；推荐；提出
18．in
particular
尤其，特别
particular
adj.特别的，特殊的；讲究的，挑剔的
be
particular
about/over对……挑剔/讲究
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Artemisinin
has
become
a
vital
part
of
the
treatment
for
malaria,
and
is_thought_to_save
100,000
lives
a
year
in
Africa
alone.
青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的关键，人们认为青蒿素每年仅在非洲就能救十万人。
be
thought
to
do
sth.被认为……，该句型可以转化为It
is/was
thought
that...。本句可以转化为：Artemisinin
has
become
a
vital
part
of
the
treatment
for
malaria,
and
it
is
thought
that
Artemisinin
saves
100,000
lives
a
year
in
Africa
alone.。
2．In
1967,
the
Chinese
government
formed
a
team
of
scientists
with_the_objective
of
discovering
a
new
treatment
for
malaria,
and
Tu
Youyou
was
among
the
first
researchers
chosen.
1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
(1)这是一个由and连接而成的并列复合句。介词短语with
the
objective...作第一个分句的状语，表示目的。短语中的objective也可用aim、purpose、goal等替换。
(2)第二个分句中chosen是过去分词用作定语，修饰the
first
researchers。
过去分词(短语)作定语的用法：
3．Upon_hearing
that
she
had
been
awarded
the
Nobel
Prize,
she
said...
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说……
在本句中，“介词upon＋动词?ing形式”构成介词短语，用作时间状语。upon还可换为介词on，表示一件事紧接着另一件事而发生。这种用法常见于正式的文体，依据语境，可译作“在……的时候；当……时；一……就……”。
4．It_struck_him_that
the
other
Chinese
men
in
the
photo
apparently
did
not
care
about
what_was_happening
to
their
fellow
countrymen.
令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国人显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。
(1)在本句中，It
是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。it作形式主语的常见句型：
①It
is＋名词(a
fact，a
good
idea,
a
pity,
a
shame,
no
wonder)＋主语从句
②It
is＋形容词(necessary,
clear,
strange,
important,
wonderful)
＋主语从句
③It＋不及物动词(happens，doesn't
matter，occurs
to
sb.)＋主语从句
④It
is＋过去分词(reported，hoped，thought，said，expected，believed)＋主语从句
(2)
本句中“It
struck
him
that”表示“他突然感到(觉得)……”。struck可用hit
/occured
to替换。
(3)句中what
was
happening
to
their
fellow
countrymen是what引导的名词性从句，作介词about的宾语。what引导的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等，在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
5．From
this,
he
concluded
that
the
crucial
problem
in
China
was
not
physical
illness,
but
the
spiritual
illness
of
people
at
that
time.
由此，他得出结论，那时中国的关键问题不是身体疾病，而是人们的精神疾病。
not...but...意为“不是……而是……”，可用于连接并列的名词、代词、形容词、副词、介宾短语或分句等。
not...but...连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词要遵循“就近原则”，即谓语与
but
后的成分在人称和数上保持一致。用法类似的结构还有
either...or...,
neither...nor...,
not
only...but
(also)．..,
there
be
句型等。
6．Why
dose
Dr
Wang
say
“money_isn't_everything”？
为什么王博士说“金钱不是万能的”？
not
everything是一个部分否定句。表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如all,
both,
every,
everything,
everyone,
everywhere,
always等与否定词not连用构成部分否定。
表示完全否定意义的词与肯定形式的谓语动词连用时，表示完全否定。该类词有none,
neither,
nothing,
nobody,
no等。
7．He
made
numerous
contributions
to
the
world,
the_most_well?known_being
the
general
theory
of
relativity
and
the
famous
formula
E＝mc2.
他对世界做出了很多贡献，最出名的贡献是相对论理论和著名的公式E＝mc2。
the
most
well?known
being属于“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等。
独立主格结构形式归纳：
①名词/代词
＋
现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)
②名词/代词
＋
过去分词(表示被动或已完成)
③名词/代词
＋
不定式(表示将要发生的动作)
④名词/代词
＋
形容词/副词/介词短语(常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态)
8．While_working_there，out
of
a
strong
passion
for
knowledge,
he
continued
to
study,
earning
a
doctorate
in
physics
in
1905.
在那里工作时，出于对知识的强烈热情，他继续学习，1905年获得物理学博士学位。
句中时间状语从句While
working
there用了省略形式，补充完整为While
he
was
working
there。状语从句的省略有两种情况：
9．Einstein,
who
was
Jewish,
found_the_doors
of
academic
institutions
closed
to
him.
爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。
本句是复合句。who
was
Jewish是非限制性定语从句。
主句中found接复合宾语，宾语是doors，宾语补足语是closed。宾语补足语和宾语之间构成被动关系，故此处使用过去分词。
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构的具体形式：
10．On
18
April
1955,
it_was_reported_that
Einstein
had
passed
away,
and
the
whole
world
mourned
the
great
loss
of
a
brilliant
scientist.
1955年4月18日，据报道爱因斯坦去世了，全世界都为一位杰出的科学家的逝世而哀悼。
“It
is/was
said/reported/believed/known/thought...＋that?clause”句型意为“据说/据报道/大家认为/众所周知/人们认为……”，此句型中it是形式主语，后面的that从句是真正的主语。以上这种句型可以转换成下面的两种句型：
写作技巧点拨
描述一位你钦佩的人
请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于著名科学家钱学森的简介。
钱学森，1911年生于上海，1935年赴美留学，成绩优异，受到当时的著名科学家冯·卡门(Von
Karman)的赞誉；1938年在美国获航空、数学博士学位；1950年获悉新中国成立的消息，克服了美国政府的百般阻挠，于1955年回到祖国；从1958年起长期担任航空航天研究工作，为新中国的航天事业做出了巨大的贡献，被誉为“新中国航天之父”；2009年于北京去世。
参考词汇：航空航天科学技术aerospace
science
and
technology
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一、构思谋篇
1．时态：过去时为主。
2．人称：第三人称。
3．结构：首先介绍其基本信息；其次介绍其主要事迹；最后作出评价。
二、关键词语
1．be
regarded
as被认为是……
2．be
born
in生于……
3．go
to
America
for
further
study赴美留学
4．be
highly
thought
of受到赞誉
5．be
devoted
to全身心地投入到……
6．contribute
a
lot
to做出巨大贡献
7．because
of/as
a
result
of由于
8．receive
the
respect
and
admiration
from受到……热爱和尊敬
三、连词成句
1．钱学森被认为是中国航天之父。
Qian
Xusen
is
regarded
as
the
father
of
China's
space
program.
2．钱学森于1911年出生于上海。
Qian
Xusen
was
born
in
1911
in
Shanghai.
3．1935年赴美留学，成绩优异，受到当时的著名科学家冯·卡门(Von
Karman)的赞誉。
In
1935,
Qian
went
to
America
for
further
study
and
was
highly
thought
of
by
Von
Karman
because
of
his
great
achievements.
4．1950年获悉新中国成立的消息，并于1955年成功回到祖国。
In
1950,
he
heard
New
China
had
been
founded
and
succeeded
in
returning
to
his
homeland
in
1955.
5．由于他对祖国的热爱以及所做出的巨大贡献，钱学森受到了人们的热爱和尊敬。
Because
of
the
love
for
his
country
and
the
great
achievements,
he
has
received
the
respect
and
admiration
from
people.
6．用过去分词作状语合并句1和句2。
Qian
Xuesen,
regarded
as
the
father
of
China's
space
program,
was
born
in
1911
in
Shanghai.
四、连句成篇
Qian
Xuesen,
regarded
as
the
father
of
China's
space
program,
was
born
in
1911
in
Shanghai.In
1935,
Qian
went
to
America
for
further
study
and
was
highly
thought
of
by
Von
Karman
because
of
his
great
achievements.In
1938,
he
obtained
his
doctor's
degree
in
aerospace
science
and
mathematics
in
the
US.In
1950,
he
heard
New
China
had
been
founded
and
succeeded
in
returning
to
our
homeland
in
1955
though
the
American
government
tried
to
stop
him.Since
1958
he
had
been
devoted
to
the
research
into
aerospace
science
and
technology
and
contributed
a
lot
to
the
cause
of
China's
aerospace.In
2009,
he
passed
away
in
Beijing.Because
of
the
love
for
his
country
and
the
great
achievements,
he
has
received
the
respect
and
admiration
from
people.
高考写作中的人物写作侧重人物的介绍，可以用第一人称(如写求职信)，也可以用第三人称。时态常常用一般现在时和一般过去时，具体的人称和时态要依据写作的要求来确定。写作过程中要注意以下几个方面的问题：
1．人物写作通常需要介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等多个方面，但英语写作需要严格按照写作要求来写，要包括所给的全部信息点，既不能遗漏，也不能随意添加。
2．对题目所给的信息要进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。重点信息通常是写作的目的所在，比如求职信要重点突出学历、经历，新闻报道要重点突出事迹，介绍自己的老师、朋友要突出他们的特点等。
3．正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。
4．注意运用正确的时态。描写人物的外貌、性格、兴趣等常用一般现在时，而描写人物的出生、教育背景、经历、事迹等常用一般过去时。
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