UNIT
5 WORKING
THE
LAND
Honor
the
“Father
of
Hybrid
Rice”
Yuan
Longping
As
the
old
Chinese
saying
goes,
“Humanity's
most
fundamental
relationship
is
with
what
we
eat.”Although
food
has
played
an
important
part
in
Chinese
culture
for
years,
hunger
had
been
a
huge
problem
in
the
country
until
the
1970s.However,
the
Chinese
scientist
Yuan
Longping
helped
to
fix
this
problem.
On
Sept
8,2018
Yuan,
together
with
two
other
scientists,
won
China's
2018
Future
Science
Prize,
for
his
continuous
research
on
rice.Even
on
his
88th
birthday
on
Sept
7,
he
took
part
in
the
International
Development
Forum
of
Rice
Production
in
Hunan
province.Although
he
was
recovering
from
an
illness
at
the
time,
he
was
happy
to
talk
to
reporters
about
his
latest
work
with
seawater
rice.
Yuan
has
been
conducting
research
on
rice
since
he
was
at
college.In
1964,
he
discovered
a
natural
hybrid
rice
plant.Since
then,
he
has
focused
on
developing
high?yield,
hybrid
rice
varieties.These
varieties
now
account
for
about
two
thirds
of
China's
rice
crop,
according
to
China
News.So,
it's
no
wonder
that
he's
known
as
the
“Father
of
Hybrid
Rice”．
And
thanks
to
China's
Belt
and
Road
Initiative,
Yuan's
hybrid
rice
is
helping
to
solve
food
problems
around
the
world.Indeed,
according
to
Xinhua
News
Agency,
hybrid
rice
plants
in
Kenya
produce
four
to
five
times
more
rice
than
the
country's
regular
rice
plants.
With
a
rising
reputation
around
the
world,
Yuan
delivered
a
speech
in
English
at
the
9th
Shandong
High?Level
Talents
Forum
in
Qingdao
in
2017.
The
humble
Yuan
was
simply
being
modest
during
his
speech.According
to
a
1999
article
by
CNN,
the
scientist
speaks
both
English
and
Russian
fluently.“I
never
need
an
interpreter
when
I
go
overseas，”
he
told
the
US
news
network.
But
in
spite
of
his
great
knowledge,
Yuan
understands
that
even
the
wisest
people
should
still
be
open
to
learning
new
things.“The
farmers
of
our
country
possess
rich
experience
in
planting
rice，”
he
told
Xinhua.“We
should
learn
from
them.”
开启快乐学习之旅
致敬“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平
中国古语有云：“民以食为天。”尽管美食向来都是中国文化的重要组成部分，但在20世纪70年代以前，饥荒曾一直是我国的一大问题。而中国科学家袁隆平则致力于解决这一问题。
2018年9月8日，袁隆平与另外两名科学家获得我国2018未来科学奖，以表彰其对水稻从未止步的研究。而在9月7日袁隆平88岁的生日当天，他还参加了在湖南省举行的国际稻作发展论坛。尽管当时他大病初愈，但他很乐于与记者们谈论自己关于“海水稻”的最新成果。
袁隆平在大学时代便展开了水稻研究。1964年，他找到了一株“天然杂交水稻”。从那时起，他便专注于培育高产的杂交水稻品种。据中国新闻网报道，这些品种如今占我国水稻作物的2/3。所以，袁隆平被称为“杂交水稻之父”也就不足为奇了。
得益于我国“一带一路”倡议，袁隆平的杂交水稻能帮助全球解决粮食问题。的确，据新华社报道，在肯尼亚种植的杂交水稻优良品种，平均产量是当地常规品种的4至5倍。
2017年，国际名望不断提高的袁隆平在青岛举行的第九届山东高层次人才论坛上做了一次英文演讲。
袁隆平为人谦逊，在演讲中表现得很谦虚。据CNN1999年的一篇文章报道，这位科学家能说一口流利的英语和俄语。“我出国时从来不需要翻译，”他在接受这家美国新闻媒体网站采访时表示。
尽管袁隆平学识渊博，但他深知，就算是最聪明的人也应该对学习新事物抱有一种开放的心态。“我国农民的种稻经验相当丰富，”他在接受新华社采访时表示。“我们应当向他们学习。”
模块核心素养导航
Section
Ⅰ Reading
and
Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．hybrid
n．杂交植(动)物；合成物；混合动力车
2．devote
vt.把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于→devotion
n．献身，奉献；忠诚；信仰，祈祷；热爱→devoted
adj.献身的；忠诚的
3．shortage
n．不足；缺少；短缺→short
adj.不足的；缺少的；短缺的
4．tackle
vt.解決(难题)；应付(局面)；处理
5．crisis
n．危机；危急关头→crises(pl.)
6．boost
vt.使增长；使兴旺 n．增长；提高；激励
7．yield
n．产量；产出 vt.出产(作物)；产生(收益、效益等) vi.屈服；让步
8．convince
vt.使相信；使确信；说服→convincing
adj.令人相信的；有说服力的；令人心悦诚服的
9．characteristic
n．特征；特点；品质 adj.典型的；独特的→character
vt.使具有特征 n．性格；特点；字母；角色
10．attain
vt.(通常经过努力)获得；得到
11．conventional
adj.传统的；习惯的
12．pollinate
vt.授粉；传粉→pollination
n．授粉；传粉
13．assumption
n．假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权利的)获得→assume
v．假定；设定
14．intense
adj.热切的；十分强烈的；激烈的
15．overcome
vt.(overcame，overcome)克服；解决；战胜
16．expand
vt.&
vi.扩大；增加
vt.扩展；发展(业务)
→expansion
n．扩展；发展；扩大
17．output
n．产量；输出；输出量 vt.(output，output)输出
18．estimate
vt.估计；估价；估算 n．估计；估算
19．domestic
adj.本国的；国内的；家用的
20．consumption
n．消耗；消耗量；消费→consume
vt.消耗；消费→consumer
n．消费者
21．comprise
vt.包括；包含；由……组成
22．generate
vt.产生；引起
23．strain
n．(动、植物的)系；品种；拉伤；压力
24．leisure
n．闲暇；休闲；空闲
25．soil
n．泥土；土壤；国土；领土
26．celebrity
n．名望；名誉；名人；名流
27．envision
vt.展望；想象→vision
n．想象；视力；视野；影像
28．grain
n．谷物；谷粒；颗粒
29．reality
n．现实；实际情况；事实→real
adj.真的；真实的→really
adv.真正地
30．salty
adj.含盐的；咸的→salt
n．盐
31．urban
adj.城市的；都市的；城镇的
32．bomb
n．炸弹
vt.轰炸；对……投炸弹
33．tunnel
n．地下通道；地道；隧道
34．extension
n．扩建部分；扩大；电话分机→extend
vt.延伸；扩大；推广 vi.延伸；扩大；伸展
35．chemical
adj.与化学有关的；化学的 n．化学制品；化学品
36．wheat
n．小麦；小麦籽
37．flavour
n．味道；特点；特色
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．fulfill/realize
one's
dreams实现某人的梦想
2．care
for
照顾；关心；喜欢
3．be
known
as作为……而出名
4．devote...to把……用于；献身；致力；专心
5．be
comprised
of包括；包含；由……组成(或构成)
6．both...and...两者都
7．far
from远非；绝不
8．deep
down在内心深处；本质上；实际上
9．at
heart内心里；
本质上；十分关心(某人的利益或福祉)
10．at
home
and
abroad国内外
11．open
up将(瓶、盒等)开封；拆开(包裹、信封等)；开放(被封的道路、边界等)；(使)(地方、经济、兴趣领域等)开放；敞开心扉
12．take
on承担，接受(尤指艰巨工作或重大责任)；呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点)
13．turn
into变成
14．up
to多达；胜任
15．make
use
of利用
16．meet
one's
demands满足某人的需要
17．adapt
to适应
18．now
that既然
19．make
up
one's
mind下定决心
20．complain
about抱怨
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Yet,
he
considers_himself_a_farmer
because
he
continually
works
the
land
in
his
research.
然而，他认为自己是个农民，因为他在不断地研究耕种土地。
2.Today,
it_is_estimated_that
about
60
percent
of
domestic
rice
consumption
in
China
is
comprised
of
crops
generated
from
Yuan's
hybrid
strains...
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻……
3．Yuan's
innovation
has
helped
feed
not_just
China,
but
many
other
countries
that
depend
on
rice
as
well.
袁隆平的创新不仅帮助了中国，也帮助了许多其他依赖大米的国家。
4．Given
that
Yuan's
hybrids
have
made
him
quite
wealthy,
one
might
think
he
would
retire
to
a
life
of
leisure.
考虑到袁的杂交水稻让他变得相当富有，人们可能会认为他会退休享受悠闲的生活。
1
[典型例句]
He
devoted
himself
to
writing.
他专心写作。
He
has
devoted
his
whole
life
to
benefiting
mankind.
他把一生都致力于造福人类。
[思维拓展]
(1)devote
time/effort/money...to...
为……付出时间/努力/金钱
devote
oneself
to...献身于……；专心致力于……
devoted
adj.
忠实的；深爱的
devotion
n．挚爱；关爱；关照；奉献
(2)表示“专心于，全神贯注于”的短语还有：be
absorbed
in,
be
lost
in,
be
buried
in,
be
occupied
in,
focus
on,
concentrate
on,
fix
one's
attention
on
He
is
devoted
to
his
career
and
his
devotion
to
protecting
environment
has
won
our
respect.
他对事业很忠诚并且他对保护环境的献身赢得了我们的尊敬。
[即时训练]
Devoted(devote)
to
caring
for
his
father,
he
didn't
go
for
a
picnic
with
us.
2
[典型例句]
There
is
no
shortage
of
(＝There
are
plenty
of)
things
to
do
in
the
town.
城里不愁找不到活儿干。
[思维拓展]
food/housing/water
shortages
食物
/
住房
/
用水短缺
a
shortage
of
funds
资金不足
short
adj.不足的；缺少的；短缺的
fall
short
of
sth.未达到；不符合
be
short
of缺乏，短缺
in
short总之；简言之
[即时训练]
A
shortage
(short)of
funds
is
preventing
the
UN
from
monitoring
relief.
3
[典型例句]
(1)vt.出产(作物)；产生(收益、效益等)
The
research
has
yielded
useful
information.
这项研究提供了有用的资料。
(2)vi.屈服；让步
After
a
long
siege,
the
town
was
forced
to
yield.
经过长时间的包围，这座孤城被迫投降。
(3)vi.放弃；缴出
He
refused
to
yield
up
his
gun.
他拒绝缴枪。
(4)n.[C，U]
产量；产出；利润
This
will
give
a
yield
of
10%
on
your
investment.
这会给你的投资带来10%的利润。
[思维拓展]
yield
(to
sth./sb.)
屈服；让步
yield
sth./sb.
(up)
(to
sb.)
放弃；缴出
yield
to
sth.被……替代；为……所取代
a
high
crop
yield
作物丰收
a
reduction
in
milk
yield
牛奶产量的降低
[即时训练]
He
reluctantly
yielded
to
their
demands.
4
[典型例句]
It
took
many
hours
to
convince
the
court
of
his
guilt.
花费了许多个小时法庭才相信他有罪。
We
convinced
Anny
to
go
by
train
rather
than
by
plane.
我们说服了安妮放弃乘飞机而坐火车走。
[思维拓展]
convince
sb.of
sth.使某人相信某事
convince
sb.to
do
sth.说服某人做某事
be
convinced
of
sth.相信某事
be
convinced
that相信某事
convincing
adj.令人信服的
助记：con?(＝thoroughly，完全地)＋vinc(＝conquer，征服)＋e→完全征服对方→使信服
[易混辨析]
convince/persuade
convince
使(某人)信服，明白。指用事实或道理排除他人对某事的怀疑，使其深信某事是正确的。常接从句或用于convince
sb.of
sth.。另外，后面接不定式时意思与persuade相当，意为“说服某人做某事”。
persuade
劝说，说服。常接“into
doing
sth.或to
do
sth.和out
of
doing
sth.”的结构，表示拿出明显的理由去说服某人做某事。接out
of
doing
sth.意思是说服某人不做某事。
They
persuaded
us
into/out
of
going(＝to
go/not
to
go)to
the
party.
他们说服我们去/不去参加那次聚会。
We
couldn't
convince
him
of
his
mistake.
我们无法使他明白他的错。
[即时训练]
I'm
convinced
of
his
honesty.
5
attain
vt.(经过努力)获得；得到；达到(年龄、水平、状况等)
[典型例句]
He
attained
success
through
hard
work.
他通过努力取得了成功。
The
cheetah
can
attain
speeds
of
up
to
97
kph.
猎豹的奔跑速度可达97千米/时。
[思维拓展]
attainable
adj.可获得的；可达到的
attainment
n．达到；成就
[即时训练]
Even
a
talent
can't
attain(attainment)
great
achievements
unless
he
concentrates
on
what
he
is
doing.
6
[典型例句]
Internet
connections
through
conventional
phone
lines
are
fairly
slow.
通过传统的电话线连接的因特网速度有点儿慢。
[即时训练]
A
microwave
cooks
food
much
faster
than
a
conventional(convention)
oven.
7
[典型例句]
His
assumption
proved
to
be
correct.
他的假设被证明是对的。
[思维拓展]
make
an
assumption
假设；认为
on
the
assumption
that...在假定……的情况下
assume
vt.假定；设想；承担
assume
that...假设……
assume
office
就职
assume
responsibility
承担责任
assume
an
air/expression
of...装出……的样子/表情
assuming
that...假定……(作连词用，相当于
if)
We
are
working
on
the
assumption
that
the
rate
of
inflation
will
not
increase
next
year.
我们在假定明年通货膨胀率不增加的情况下工作。
Assuming
that
it
rains,
what
should
we
do?
假定下雨了，我们该怎么办？
[即时训练]
The
assumption(assume)
that
the
price
of
the
meat
would
go
down
before
the
festival
was
wrong
in
fact.
8
[典型例句]
He
struggled
to
overcome
his
shyness.
他努力克服自己的羞怯。
[思维拓展]
be
overcome
with被(感情)所控制，受到情绪的极大影响
Bill
was
overcome
with
grief.
比尔悲痛欲绝。
[易混辨析]
overcome，beat，defeat，win
overcome
强调克服困难、障碍等。
beat
常指(在比赛或竞争中)赢(某人)。
beat，defeat后均跟表示人的名词，如比赛、战斗的对手；另外，二者常可互换，但defeat更正式。
defeat
侧重指在战场上打败敌人。
win
后跟表示物的名词，比如比赛、战斗、奖金、奖品、金钱等。
He
beat
me
at
chess.
他下棋赢了我。
He
defeated
the
champion
in
three
sets.
他三盘击败了冠军。
France
won
by
six
goals
to
two
against
Denmark.
法国队以六比二战胜丹麦队。
[即时训练]
He
overcame(overcome)
a
lot
of
difficulties
and
succeeded.
9
[典型例句]
He
is
thinking
of
expanding
his
business.
他正考虑扩张他的生意。
Metals
expand
when
they
are
heated.
金属受热会膨胀。
We
have
plans
to
expand
the
business
into
the
USA
market.
我们计划把业务扩展到美国市场。
[思维拓展]
expand
(...)
into(把……)扩展到
expand
on/upon详述；充分叙述
[图解助记]图解expand，extend
[即时训练]
His
business
was
expanding(expand)．
10
[典型例句]
(1)vt.包括；包含；由……组成(不用于进行时)
The
collection
comprises
327
paintings.
这部画册收有327幅画。
The
committee
is
comprised
of
representatives
from
both
the
public
and
private
sectors.
委员会由政府和私人部门的双方代表组成。
(2)vt.是(某事物的)组成部分；组成；构成
Older
people
comprise
a
large
proportion
of
those
living
in
poverty.
在那些生活贫困的人中，老年人占有很大的比例。
[思维拓展]
be
comprised
of
＝consist
of
由……组成
comprise＝
make
sth.
up
[即时训练]
The
fountain
was
comprised
of
three
stone
basins.
11
[典型例句]
We
need
someone
to
generate
new
ideas.
我们需要有人出新主意。
[思维拓展]
generate
electricity/heat/power
发电/产生热
/
动力
generate
income/profit
产生收益
/
利润
generation
[U]
(尤指电、热等的)产生
[C＋sing./pl.v.]
(统称)一代人，同代人，同辈人；代，一代，一辈
the
generation
of
electricity
发电
methods
of
income
generation
产生收益的方法
stories
passed
down
from
generation
to
generation
世代相传的故事
generator
n.
发电机
[即时训练]
Japan
has
announced
plans
for
a
sharp
rise
in
its
nuclear
power
generation(generate)．
12
[典型例句]
We
live
in
urban
areas
with
our
children.
我们和孩子们一起住在市区。
We
must
stop
the
damage
to
both
urban
and
country
environments.
我们必须制止对城乡环境的破坏。
[思维拓展]
urbanization
n．都市化，城市化
[图解助记]图解
urban,
rural
[即时训练]
Urbanization(urban)will
become
increasingly
important
in
the
future.
考点集训一
1．If
you
see
failure,
you'll
create
it,
so
why
not
envision(vision)
success,
instead?
2．The
universe
is
slowly
yielding
up
its
secrets.
3．It
is
estimated
(that)
the
project
will
last
four
years.
4．A
crowd
comprised
(comprise)
of
the
wives
and
children
of
scientists
staged
a
demonstration.
5．We
overcame(overcome)many
unforeseen
difficulties.
6．We
are
working
on
the
assumption(assume)that
everyone
invited
will
turn
up.
7．She
has
devoted
herself
unreservedly
to
the
great
cause.
8．She
sounded
very
convincing(convince)to
me
(＝
I
believed
what
she
said)
.
9．This
standard
is
easily
attainable(attain)by
most
students.
10．She
is
not
short
of
excuses
when
things
go
wrong.
1
[典型例句]
They
hired
a
nurse
to
care
for
her.
他们雇了个护士来照顾她。
He
cared
for
her
more
than
she
realized.
她不知道他是多么在乎她。
[词语辨析]
care
about，care
for和care
with都有“关心”“担心”的意思，但是在表示“介意”“计较”意思时，要用care
about。在表示“关怀”“照顾”“想要”的意思时，要用care
for。
He
doesn't
care
about
his
clothes.
他不讲究衣着。
We
must
care
for
the
younger
generation.
我们必须关怀年轻的一代。
[即时训练]
①I
had
my
children
to
care
for,_and
I
had
to
make
a
decision.
②I
don't
care
for
green.I
like
red.
2
[典型例句]
It
was
obvious
that
much
of
what
they
recorded
was
far
from
the
truth.
显然，他们所记录的很多根本不是事实。
[思维拓展]
far
from后常接名词、动名词或形容词。
far
from
the
truth/case远非事实
far
from
satisfactory远不令人满意
[即时训练]
Far
from
being_relaxed(relax),
we
both
felt
so
uncomfortable
that
we
hardly
spoke.
3
[典型例句]
(1)承担，接受(尤指艰巨工作或重大责任)
No
other
organisation
was
able
or
willing
to
take
on
the
job.
没有任何别的组织有能力或愿意承担此项工作。
(2)呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点)
Believing
he
had
only
a
year
to
live,
his
writing
took
on
a
feverish
intensity.
由于以为自己只剩一年的活头，他的文字开始变得激情澎湃。
(3)
(公共汽车、船舶等)上(客)，装(货)，补充(燃料)
This
is
a
brief
stop
to
take
on
passengers
and
water.
这是一次短暂停靠，上上客，加加水。
(4)雇用；录用
He's
spoken
to
a
publishing
firm.They're
going
to
take
him
on.
他和一家出版公司谈过了，他们打算雇用他。
[即时训练]
Don't
take
on
more
responsibilities
than
you
can
handle.
4
[典型例句]
We
should
make
full
use
of
the
Internet.
我们应充分利用网络。
We
should
make
use
of
every
chance
to
practise
speaking
English.
我们应该利用每一次机会来练习说英语。
How
did
you
make
use
of
your
spare
time?
你是怎么利用你的业余时间的？
[思维拓展]
make
good/full
use
of
好好/充分利用
make
the
best
of
充分利用(有利条件)
make
the
most
of
充分/尽量利用(有利条件)
make
little
use
of
几乎不利用；不充分利用
[即时训练]
Every
minute
must
be
made
use
of
to
improve
our
spoken
English.
必须利用每一分钟来提高我们的英语口语。
5
[典型例句]
Now
that
the
kids
have
left
home
we've
got
a
lot
of
extra
space.
孩子们都离开家了，我们住着就更宽敞了。
Now
that
you
have
finished
your
work,
you'd
better
have
a
rest.
既然你的工作已经做完了，最好休息一下吧。
[易混辨析]
now
that,
because,
since,
as,
for
now
that
固定短语，意为“既然；由于”，引导原因状语从句，that
可以省略。
because
表示直接的或为人所不知的原因，语气最强。回答用
why
提问的问句。
since
意为“既然”，表示已知或共知的原因，但并非直接原因。可与
now
that互换。
as
意为“由于”，表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。语气比
because
弱。
for
意为“因为”，并列连词，表示补充说明的理由。引导分句，不能置于句首。
[思维拓展]
类似
although/though
不能与
but
连用，because
不能与
so
连用，当
since,
now
that
引导原因状语从句时，主句前不能加
so
等连词。
[译]既然你已经准备好了，我们现在可以走了。
[误]Now
that
you
are
ready,
so
we
can
go
now.
[正]Now
that
you
are
ready,
we
can
go
now.
[即时训练]
Now
that
I
am
free,
I
can
enjoy
music
for
a
while.
6
[典型例句]
I
can't
make
up
my
mind
whether
to
go
or
not.
我无法决定去还是不去。
We
have
made
up
our
minds
to
finish
the
work
before
dark.
我们决心在天黑前完成工作。
[思维拓展]
change
one's
mind
改变主意
keep/have
sth.in
mind
记住某事
lose
one's
mind
失去理智
[即时训练]
The
man
who
has
made
up
his
mind
to
win
will
never
say
impossible.
考点集训二
1．You
needn't
care
about
his
safety.
2．Would
you
care
for
a
walk
after
supper?
3．It
took
me
several
minutes
to
adapt
to
the
darkness.
4．Now
that
the
children
have
cleaned
up,
you
can
let
them
go.
5．Waste
materials
can
still
be
made
use
of.
6．Once
I
have
made
up
my
mind,
nothing
can
make
me
change
it.
1
Yet，
he
considers
himself
a
farmer
because
he
continually
works
the
land
in
his
research.然而，他认为自己是个农民，因为他在不断地研究耕种土地。
[句式分析]
consider在此表示“认为”。
[思维拓展]
consider
vt.考虑；认为
consider
sth.考虑某事
consider
doing
sth.考虑做某事
consider＋wh?
to
do/wh?clause考虑……
consider
that...认为……
consider
sb./sth.(as)．..认为某人/某物是……
consider
sb./sth.(to
be)＋adj./n.认为某人/某物……
consider
it＋adj./n.＋to
do认为做某事是……
be
considered
to
do/have
done被认为做某事/做了某事
We
consider
that
the
song
is
worth
listening
to.
我们认为这首歌值得听。
He
considers
himself
an
expert.
他认为自己是专家。
Do
you
consider
it
wise
to
go
there
by
yourself?
你认为你自己去那里明智吗？
[巧学妙记]
—Have
you
considered
changing
your
job?
——你考虑过换工作吗？
—No.I
like
my
job
because
a
teacher
is
generally
considered
to
be
a
gardener.
——没有，我喜欢我的工作，因为人们广泛认为老师是园丁。
[即时训练]
I
have
been
considering
buying(buy)
a
new
car，which
is
considered
to_be(be)
a
symbol
of
identity.
2
Today,
it_is_estimated_that
about
60
percent
of
domestic
rice
consumption
in
China
is
comprised
of
crops
generated
from
Yuan's
hybrid
strains...
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻……
[句式分析]
本句属于“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构，句中
that
引导主语从句，主语从句本身又是一个主从复合句，从句中(so...)that
引导结果状语从句。
[思维拓展]
“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构：
it
是形式主语，that
引导的从句是真正的主语，that
仅起连接作用，不作成分。
常用动词：say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，know
等。
该句型可转换为“Sb./Sth.＋be＋过去分词＋不定式”(hope
和
suggest
除外)。
It's
suggested
that
she
should
finish
her
homework
this
afternoon.
建议她今天下午就应该完成她的家庭作业。
It
was
reported
that
the
UFO
was
flying
from
the
west
to
the
east
when
people
saw
it.
＝The
UFO
was
reported
to
be
flying
from
the
west
to
the
east
when
people
saw
it.
据报道，人们看见那个不明飞行物时，它正从西向东飞。
[即时训练]
It
is
believed
that
he
is
fit
for
the
job.
3
Given
that
Yuan's
hybrids
have
made
him
quite
wealthy，
one
might
think
he
would
retire
to
a
life
of
leisure.
考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。
[句式分析]
Given用作介词，表示“只要是；考虑到；假定；已知”等意思。“given＋that从句”意思是“考虑到……”，相当于considering。如：
Given
his
age，he
is
very
strong
and
healthy.
考虑到他的年龄，他可以说是非常健康强壮了。
Given
that
the
students
need
more
exercise,
the
head
teacher
has
decided
to
add
more
PE
classes.
考虑到学生们需要更多的锻炼，校长已决定增加更多体育课。
[即时训练]
Given(give)his
age,
he's
remarkably
active.
考点集训三
1．Bell
is
generally
considered
to_have_invented
(invent)
the
telephone.
2．We
know
that
China
has
such
tremendous
potential,
not
just
economically
but
militarily.
3．The
old
tower
is
still
in
a
good
state
considering(consider)it
was
built
over
600
years
ago.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．They
didn't
envision(想象)
any
problems
with
the
new
building.
2．The
proposal
has
generated(引起)
a
lot
of
interest.
3．The
water
shortage(短缺)in
this
country
is
potentially
catastrophic.
4．The
government
is
determined
to
tackle(解决)
inflation.
5．The
business
is
still
in
crisis(危机)
but
it
has
survived
the
worst
of
the
recession.
6．The
movie
helped
boost(使兴旺)
her
screen
career.
7．Higher?rate
deposit
accounts
yield(产生)
good
returns.
8．We
estimated
(估计)
it
would
cost
about
￡5,000.
9．It
is
stronger
in
flavour(味道)
than
other
Dutch
cheeses.
10．The
state
allotted
them
large
quantities
of
chemical(化学的)
fertilizer.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．There
were
many
comrades
devoted(devote)to
the
cause
of
revolution
in
our
country.
2．Scientists
say
there
is
no
convincing(convince)evidence
that
power
lines
have
anything
to
do
with
cancer.
3．It
was
surprising
that
the
government
was
re?elected,
given
that
they
had
raised
taxes
so
much.
4．Given(give)her
interest
in
children,
teaching
seems
the
right
job
for
her.
5．Her
last
throw
was
only
three
centimetres
short
of
the
world
record.
6．Both
fish
and
tadpoles
have
gills.
7.She
is
known
as
a
great
beauty.
8.He
is
only
a
boy
deep
down.
9．He
always
has
the
well?being
of
the
masses
at
heart.
10．Lorna
found
that
people
were
willing
to
open
up
to
her.
PAGEUnit
5
Working
the
Land
Section
Ⅱ Learning
About
Language
主语从句
?考点一 主语从句的定义和连接词
1．定义：在复合句中充当主语的句子叫主语从句。
How
he
was
successful
is
still
a
puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
2．连接词的选用
(1)that
和
what
的选用：that
和
what
都可引导主语从句。what
除了起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，如主语、宾语或表语。而
that
在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接作用。
What
he
wants
is
a
storybook.
他想要的是一本故事书。
That
light
travels
in
straight
lines
is
known
to
all.
众所周知，光沿直线运动。
(2)if
和
whether
的选用：whether
和
if
尽管不充当句子成分，但含有“是否”的意思。whether
和
if
也有不同的用法：if
可以引导主语从句，但从句不能用于句首，而应该放在句尾，并用
it
作形式主语。whether还可以与or
not连用，语意不变。
Whether
we
will
hold
a
party
in
the
open
air
tomorrow
depends
on
the
weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要视天气而定。
(3)其他连接词的选用：根据主语从句的具体意义，还可选择
who,
which,
when,
where,
why,
how
等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当成分。
When
we
shall
hold
our
sports
meet
is
not
decided.
我们何时举行运动会还没有决定下来。
Who
broke
the
glass
yesterday
is
not
clear.
昨天是谁打破的玻璃还不清楚。
Which
car
you
will
choose
to
buy
makes
no
difference.
你选择买哪辆车不会有任何区别。
(4)whatever
和
whoever
的选用：whatever
和
whoever
在主语从句中不含疑问意义，不仅起连接作用，还在从句中作成分。whatever
相当于
anything
that;
whoever
相当于
anyone
who。要注意
whatever,
whoever
引导的主语从句和让步状语从句的区别。试比较：
无论谁破坏法律，都应受到惩罚。
Whoever
breaks
the
law
should
be
punished.(＝Anyone
who
breaks
the
law
should
be
punished.)
(whoever
引导的是主语从句)
Whoever
breaks
the
law,
he
should
be
punished.(＝No
matter
who
breaks
the
law,
he
should
be
punished.)
(whoever
引导的是让步状语从句)
?考点二 由
it
作形式主语的主语从句
1．由
that
引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用
it
作形式主语。
It
is
well?known
that
the
earth
moves
around
the
sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
提示：
需要注意的是，it
作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和
as
引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：
据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击。
It
was
reported
that
the
US
was
under
the
terrorist
attack.(it
代替主语从句，句中有
that，无逗号)
As
was
reported,
the
US
was
under
the
terrorist
attack.(as
引导定语从句，句中无
that，有逗号)
2．用
it
作形式主语的常见句型
(1)It＋be＋形容词＋that
从句
这类形容词有
necessary,
essential,
clear,
true,
strange,
important,
possible,
likely等。需要注意的是，当形容词是
necessary,
strange,
important,
essential
等时，主语从句的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”，即从句要用虚拟语气。
It
is
necessary
that
you
(should)
master
the
computer.
你有必要精通电脑。
It
is
important
that
a
student
learn
English
well.
学生学好英语很重要。
It's
clear
that
they
badly
need
help.
很明显，他们急需援助。
(2)It＋be＋名词(词组)＋that
从句
这类名词(词组)有
a
fact,
a
good
idea,
a
pity,
a
shame,
no
wonder等。
It's
a
pity
that
you
missed
the
film.
你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
It's
no
wonder
that
you're
so
tired.
难怪你这么累。
(3)It＋be＋过去分词＋that
从句
这类过去分词有
reported,
well?known,
hoped,
thought,
expected,
said,
believed,
suggested,
ordered等。当过去分词是
suggested,
advised,
ordered,
requested,
insisted,
required
等时，主语从句的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”，即从句要用虚拟语气。
It
is
suggested
that
the
meeting
be
put
off.
有人建议会议延期召开。
It's
said
that
Mr
Green
has
arrived
in
London.
据说格林先生已到达伦敦。
(4)It＋不及物动词(短语)＋that
从句
这类不及物动词(短语)有
seem,
happen,
occur,
matter,
make
a/no
difference等。
It
seems
that
they
will
win
the
game.
看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。
It
happened
that
I
had
no
money
with
me
that
day.
碰巧那天我身上没带钱。
?考点三 主语从句需注意的问题
1．that
引导的主语从句置于句首时，that
不能省略；如果用
it
作形式主语，主语从句的引导词
that
通常也不可省略。
That
he
was
ill
yesterday
is
known
now.
大家都知道他昨天生病了。
That
you
don't
like
him
is
none
of
my
business.
你不喜欢他不关我的事。
2．if
引导主语从句时只能用
it
作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末。
It
is
uncertain
if
he
will
leave
for
Beijing
tomorrow.
明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。
3．从句的语序：在任何情况下，主语从句都用陈述语序。
Who
did
this
is
still
unknown.
这件事是谁做的还不知道。
What
surprised
me
most
was
that
the
little
girl
could
play
the
violin
so
well.
使我感到惊讶的是，这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
4．单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。但
what
和
who
引导主语从句时，谓语动词的形式应与作表语的名词保持一致。
What
we
need
are
more
personal
computers.
我们需要的是更多的个人电脑。
What
we
need
is
more
time.
我们需要的是更多的时间。
单句语法填空
1．What
struck
me
most
in
the
movie
was
the
father's
deep
love
for
his
son.
2．What
you
said
at
the
meeting
describes
a
bright
future
for
the
company.
3．What
makes
the
book
so
extraordinary
is
the
creative
imagination
of
the
writer.
4．It
is
by
no
means
clear
what
the
president
can
do
to
end
the
strike.
5．It
doesn't
matter
whether
you
pay
by
cash
or
credit
card
in
this
store.
6．It
suddenly
occurred
to
him
that
he
had
left
his
keys
in
the
office.
7．The
limits
of
a
person's
intelligence,
generally
speaking,
are
fixed
at
birth,
but
whether
he
reaches
these
limits
will
depend
on
his
environment.
8．Everyone
in
the
village
is
very
friendly.It
doesn't
matter
whether
you
have
lived
there
for
a
short
or
a
long
time.
9．How
medicine
works
in
a
human
body
is
a
question
that
not
everyone
can
understand
fully.
10．Why
the
dinosaurs
disappeared
still
remains
a
mystery.
11．His
father
got
him
a
job
in
a
bank
but
soon
it
became
clear
that
he
was
not
fit
for
that
kind
of
work.
12．Grandma
pointed
to
the
hospital
and
said,
“That's
where
I
was
born.”
13．Whether
we'll
go
camping
tomorrow
depends
on
the
weather.
14．When
the
delayed
flight
will
take
off
depends
much
on
the
weather.
15．That
he
lost
his
balance
made
him
slip
on
the
ice.
PAGEUnit
5
Working
the
Land
Section
Ⅲ Using
Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．fertiliser
n．肥料
2．nutritional
adj.营养(物)的→nutritious
adj.有营养的；营养丰富的→nutrition
n．营养；滋养
3．alleviate
vt.减轻；缓解
4．poverty
n．贫穷；贫困
5．organic
adj.有机的；不使用化肥的；有机物的
6．pesticide
n．杀虫剂；除害药物
7．widespread
adj.分布广的；普遍的；广泛的
8．bacterium
n．细菌→bacteria
(pl.)
9．digest
vt.&
vi.消化 vt.领会；领悟→digestion
n．消化；领悟
10．essential
adj.完全必要的；极其重要的
11．mineral
n．矿物；矿物质
12．alternative
n．可供选择的事物 adj.可供替代的；非传统的
13．grocery
n．食品杂货店→groceries[pl.]食品杂货
14．instance
n．例子；实例；事例
15．depth
n．向下(或向里)的距离；深(度)→deep
adj.深的
16．root
n．根；根茎；根部；根源
17．entirely
adv.全部地；完整地；完全地→entire
adj.全部的；整个的；完全的
18．aspect
n．方面；层面
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．in
use在使用
2．in
turn相应地；转而；依次；轮流
3．as
for关于；至于
4．switch
to转到；转换到
5．turn
to求助于；求教于；改用
6．focus
on集中(注意力、精力等)于
7．keeps...free
from/of使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)
8．for
instance例如；比如
9．meet
that
need满足那样的需求
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．As
for
chemical
fertilisers,
crops
grown
with
them
usually
grow
too_fast_to_be
rich
in
nutrition.
至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，无法提供丰富的营养。
2．What
keeps
them
from
doing
so
is
the
fact
that
chemical
farming
serves
the
high
demand
for
food
around
the
world.
阻止他们这样做的原因是化学农业满足了世界各地对粮食的巨大需求。
1
[典型例句]
Nowadays,
a
great
deal
can
be
done
to
alleviate
back
pain.
如今，减轻背部疼痛可以有许多方法。
A
number
of
measures
were
taken
to
alleviate
the
problem.
采取了一系列措施缓解这个问题。
[思维拓展]
alleviation
n．减轻；缓解；缓和；镇痛物
[即时训练]
He
said
he
and
his
organization
have
worked
for
36
years
for
the
alleviation(alleviate)
of
poverty.
2
digest
vt.
消化?食物?；领悟，融会贯通 vi.
消化 n.
摘要；文摘
[典型例句]
I
have
digested
most
of
the
important
points
in
the
book.
我领悟了书中大部分要点。
Protein
digests
slowly.
蛋白质消化得慢。
This
is
a
digest
of
the
week's
news.
这是这周的新闻摘要。
[思维拓展]
digestion
n．消化
digestive
adj.消化的；易消化的
[即时训练]
This
book
is
of
great
value.Nothing
can
be
enjoyed
if
you
can't
digest(digest)
it.
3
alternative
n．可能的选择 adj.供选择的；非传统的
[典型例句]
Either
alternative
is
correct.
(两种选择中)不论哪一个选择都是正确的。
All
the
alternative
routes
are
given
to
car
drivers
by
computers.
所有可供选择的路线都由计算机显示给汽车司机。
[思维拓展]
alternative
energy
可替代能源
an
alternative
to...……的替代品
have
the
alternative
of
doing
sth.有做某事的选择；可以做某事
have
no
alternative
but
to
do
sth.别无选择只好做某事
You
have
the
alternative
of
speaking
or
keeping
quiet.
你要么发言，要么保持沉默。
I
had
no
alternative
but
to
accept
the
offer.
我除了接受该项提议之外，别无选择。
[易混辨析]
alternative，choice，selection
alternative
一般强调在只有两种可能性或者行为方式之间进行的选择。
choice
泛指从一组人或物中进行的自由选择，指“选择，挑选，抉择”。
selection
指从许多可供选择的人或物中择优选拔的意思。
The
way
was
blocked,
so
we
went
by
an
alternative
road.
这条路被挡住了，因此我们走了另一条路。
The
store
offers
a
wide
choice
of
fruit
and
vegetables.
商店提供许多可供选择的水果和蔬菜。
Parents
should
be
careful
in
their
selection
of
the
movies
their
young
children
see.
家长们在为孩子们挑选电影时应小心谨慎。
[即时训练]
We
had
no
alternative
but
to_fire(fire)Mary.
4
[典型例句]
The
oil
well
extended
several
hundreds
of
feet
in
depth.
油井向下延伸了数百英尺。
His
ideas
lack
depth.
他的想法缺乏深度。
[思维拓展]
the
depth
of
a
cut/wound/crack刀口/伤口/裂口深度
the
depths
of
the
ocean
海洋深处
live
in
the
depths
of
the
country
(＝
a
long
way
from
a
town)住在偏远地区
in
the
depths
of
winter
(＝
when
it
is
coldest)在隆冬季节
in
depth全面地；深入地；详细地
be
out
of
your
depth在水深没顶(或够不着底)的地方；非某人所能理解；为某人力所不及
deep
adj.深的；厚的；纵深的；有……深的
[即时训练]
I
haven't
looked
at
the
report
in
depth
yet.
5
[典型例句]
(1)n.根；根茎；根部；根源
I
pulled
the
plant
up
by
(＝
including)
the
roots.
我把这棵植物连根拔起。
Money,
or
love
of
money,
is
said
to
be
the
root
of
all
evil.
有人说钱或爱钱是万恶之源。
(2)v.(使)生根；翻寻
Try
to
root
this
plant
in
the
garden.
想办法使这个植物在园子里生根。
“It
must
be
here
somewhere，”
she
said,
rooting
through
the
suitcase.
“它一定就在这里的什么地方，”她一边说一边翻着衣箱。
[思维拓展]
deep
spreading
roots扎得很深的根
root
crops/vegetables根茎作物/蔬菜
pigs
rooting
for
food拱土觅食的猪
[即时训练]
①Flamenco
has
its
roots(root)
in
Arabic
music.
②Who's
been
rooting(root)around
in
my
desk?
考点集训一
1．Cooking
vegetables
reduces
their
nutritional(nutrition)value.
2．Image
retouching
is
a
technique
widespreadly
(widespread)
used
in
image
tampering.
3．There
are
three
essentially(essential)
different
ways
of
tackling
the
problem.
4．Warm
milk
is
the
ideal
breeding
ground
for
bacteria(bacterium)．
5．I
am
convinced
digestion(digest)
is
the
great
secret
of
life.
6．You
can
be
paid
in
cash
weekly
or
by
cheque
monthly;
those
are
the
two
alternatives(alternative)．
7．Their
price
depended
almost
entirely(entire)
on
their
scarcity.
8．Many
dolphins
can
dive
to
depths(depth)of
200
metres.
9．They
were
deeply(deep)disturbed
by
the
accident.
10．We
should
see
both
aspects(aspect)of
the
problem.
1
[典型例句]
By
better
understanding
your
dreams,
in
turn
you
will
be
able
to
better
understand
yourself.
通过更好地理解你的梦境，相应地你也可以更好地了解你自己。
These
rules
proclaim
our
respect
for
others
and
in
turn
give
us
the
gift
of
self?respect
and
heightened
self?esteem.
这些规范既体现了我们对他人的尊重，也转而赋予我们自重的能力以及更强的自尊心。
There
were
cheers
for
each
of
the
women
as
they
spoke
in
turn.
当这些女人们逐一发言时，她们每个人都赢得了喝彩声。
[思维拓展]
by
turns
轮流；交替
take
one's
turn轮流做
It's
one's
turn
to
do轮到某人做某事
[即时训练]
They
answered
the
teacher's
questions
in
turn.
2
[典型例句]
She
has
nobody
she
can
turn
to.
她求助无门。
When
they
meet
with
new
words，they'll
turn
to
the
dictionary.
当遇到生词时，他们就查阅字典。
[思维拓展]
turn
against反对
turn
away回绝
turn
up调大；出现
turn
off关掉
turn
back往回走
turn
down关小；调低
turn
in上交
turn
on接通；打开
[即时训练]
He
turned
to
his
father
for
advice.
3
keep...free
of/from使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)
[典型例句]
We
should
keep
this
village
free
of
pollution.
我们要避免这个村庄受到污染。
Keep
the
children
free
from
harm.
别让孩子们受到伤害。
[思维拓展]
keep
sb.from
doing
sth.阻止某人做某事
keep
sth.from
sb.不将某事告诉某人
keep
sb.doing
sth.使某人不停地做某事
keep
in
touch
with与……保持联系
keep
sb./sth.out
of
sth.不让某人/某物入内
keep
an
eye
on
sth.注意；看守
keep
on
doing
sth.继续做某事
[即时训练]
He
wants
to
keep
his
son
free
from
worry.
4
[典型例句]
There
are
a
number
of
improvements;
for
instance,
both
mouse
buttons
can
now
be
used.
在许多地方有了改进，例如，鼠标的左右键都可以使用了。
[思维拓展]
常见的表示列举的短语：
(1)such
as意为“例如，诸如……之类的”，用来列举同类的人或事物中的几个。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
A
lot
of
things
can
be
recycled,
such
as
waste
paper,
waste
plastic
bags,
and
old
batteries.
很多东西都可以回收，比如废纸、废塑料袋和旧电池。
(2)that
is或namely意为“即，也就是”，用于把同类的人或事物全部列举出来。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
I
have
three
friends,
namely,
Tom,
Jack
and
Mike.
我有三个朋友，即汤姆、杰克和迈克。
(3)for
example意为“例如，比如”，用于列举同类的人或事物中的一个或几个，作插入语，且常用逗号将它与句子其他部分隔开，可位于句首、句中和句末。
Most
boys
in
the
class
like
physics.Tom,
for
example,
shows
a
special
interest
in
it.
班上的大部分男孩儿都喜欢物理。比如汤姆就对物理特别感兴趣。
[即时训练]
There
are
jobs
more
dangerous
than
truck
driving;
for
instance,
training
lions.
考点集训二
1．There's
not
a
single
free
vehicle.
All
the
vehicles
are
in
use.
2．They
did
the
work
by
turns.
3．As
for
Laura
and
me,
the
colour
of
our
skin
has
never
mattered.
4．Then
her
thoughts
would
switch
to
the
present.
5．We
can
turn
to
him
for
help.
6．The
talks
will
focus
on
economic
development
of
the
region.
7．You
cannot
rely
on
her,
for
instance,
she
arrived
an
hour
late
for
an
important
meeting
yesterday.
8．She's
having
a
lot
of
trouble
with
the
new
computer，but
she
doesn't
know
whom
to
turn
to.
9．This
meeting
focused
the
world's
attention
on
the
poverty
of
some
African
countries.
10．—Kitty，take
your
umbrella.It
can
keep
your
skin
free
from/of
being
burnt.
—Thank
you，mom.
1
As
for
chemical
fertilisers，
crops
grown
with
them
usually
grow
too
fast
to
be
rich
in
nutrition.
至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，无法提供丰富的营养。
[句式分析]
too
fast
to
be...是too...to...结构，该结构意为“太……以致不……，太……而不能……”。其中too是副词，用来修饰形容词/副词，to是动词不定式符号。
The
boy
is
too
young
to
understand
the
story.
这个男孩太小，理解不了这个故事。
[思维拓展]
使用too...to...结构时应注意：
(1)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是及物动词时，不定式中的动词后不能跟宾语。
Tom
spoke
too
quickly
for
us
to
understand.
汤姆说话太快了，我们听不懂。
(2)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是不及物动词时，要在动词后加上适当的介词。
The
house
is
too
small
for
the
family
to
live
in.
房子太小，那家人住不下。
(3)too...to...结构并非总是表示否定意义，在以下几种情况中，too...to...结构表示肯定意义：
①not置于动词不定式前，构成too...not
to...结构时，原来表示否定意义的不定式再次受到否定，转而表示肯定意义，该结构意为“太……不会不……”或“非常……必定能……”。
He
is
too
careful
not
to
have
noticed
that.
他非常小心，肯定注意到了那一点。
②too...to...结构前有not，never，no
longer，but，only等词时，这一结构也表示肯定意义。
It
is
never
too
old
to
learn.
活到老，学到老。
③too...to...结构中，too后为anxious，eager，glad，happy，pleased，excited，ready，satisfied，kind，willing等表示态度、心情、倾向等的形容词时，too相当于very
much(极其，十分，非常)，此时该结构表示肯定意义。
He
is
too
ready
to
help
others.
他十分乐意帮助别人。
He
is
too
pleased
to
receive
the
pretty
gift.
收到这份漂亮的礼物，他非常高兴。
[即时训练]
He
was
too
angry
to_say(say)
a
word.
2
What
keeps
them
from
doing
so
is
the
fact
that
chemical
farming
serves
the
high
demand
for
food
around
the
world.
阻止他们这样做的原因是化学农业满足了世界各地对粮食的巨大需求。
[句式分析]
这是一个复合句。What
keeps
them
from
doing
so是主语从句；that
chemical
farming
serves
the
high
demand
for
food
around
the
world是同位语从句。其中keep...from
doing
so是keep...from
doing
sth.“阻止……做某事”结构。同义表达还有：stop/prevent
sb.(from)
doing
sth.阻止某人做某事
[方法规律]
这三个结构的主动语态中只有keep...from...中from不能省略；在被动语态中，三个from均不可省略。
[即时训练]
The
rain
kept
us
from
going
out.
考点集训三
1．Before
an
earthquake，the
pigs
and
chickens
are
usually
too
nervous
to_eat(eat)．
2．They
are
too
young
to_understand(understand)what
is
going
on.
3．The
heavy
rain
kept
the
soldiers
from
crossing(cross)
the
river.
4．They
were
kept
from
entering
the
building.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The
drug
will
alleviate
(减轻)her
suffering.
2．There
are
alternative
sources
of
nutrition(营养)
to
animal
meat.
3．Many
elderly
people
live
in
poverty(贫穷)．
4．Organic(有机的)food
is
unadulterated
food
produced
without
artificial
chemicals
or
pesticides.
5．They
found
a
bacterium(细菌)
visible
to
the
human
eye.
6．Humans
cannot
digest(消化)
plants
such
as
grass.
7．Get
some
more
fertiliser(化肥)
for
this
flower.
8．The
plan
received
widespread(广泛的)support
throughout
the
country.
9．Money
is
not
essential(完全必要的)
to
happiness.
10．He
stooped
to
pick
up
the
carrier
bag
of
groceries(食品杂货)．
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．You
could,
alternatively(alternative),
hang
onto
it
in
the
hope
that
it
will
be
worth
millions
in
10
years.
2．The
report
highlights
a
number
of
instances(instance)
of
injustice.
3．What's
the
depth(deep)
of
the
water
here?
4．The
audience
was
almost
entirely(entire)female.
5．All
this
played
an
important
role
in
improving
the
ecological
environment
and
speeding
up
poverty
alleviation(alleviate)in
poor
areas.
6．It
is
always
important
to
choose
enjoyable,
nutritious(nutrition)
foods.
7．It
is
essential
to_keep(keep)the
two
groups
separate.
8．The
computer
has
been
in
use
for
many
years,
far
beyond
its
guaranteed
life
span.
9．I'm
thinking
about
making
a
switch
to
a
smaller
company.
10．No
one
can
prevent
this
plan
being_carried(carry)out.
PAGEUnit
5
Working
the
Land
Section
Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．devote
v．献身；致力；专心
(1)devote
time/effort/money...to...
为……付出时间/努力/金钱
devote
oneself
to...献身于……；专心致力于……
devoted
adj.
忠实的；深爱的
devotion
n．挚爱；关爱；关照；奉献
(2)表示“专心于，全神贯注于”的短语还有：be
absorbed
in，be
lost
in，be
buried
in，be
occupied
in，focus
on，concentrate
on，fix
one's
attention
on
2．shortage
n．不足；缺少；短缺
food/housing/water
shortages
食物/住房/用水短缺
a
shortage
of
funds
资金不足
short
adj.不足的；缺少的；短缺的
fall
short
of
sth.未达到；不符合
be
short
of缺乏，短缺
in
short总之；简言之
3．yield
n．产量；产出；利润 vt.出产(作物)；产生(收益、效益等) vi.屈服；让步 vi.放弃；缴出
yield
(to
sth./sb.)
屈服；让步
yield
sth./sb.
(up)
(to
sb.)
放弃；缴出
yield
to
sth.被……替代；为……所取代
a
high
crop
yield
作物丰收
a
reduction
in
milk
yield
牛奶产量的降低
4．convince
vt.
使确信，使相信
convince
sb.of
sth.使某人相信某事
convince
sb.to
do
sth.说服某人做某事
be
convinced
of
sth.相信某事
be
convinced
that相信某事
convincing
adj.令人信服的
5．attain
vt.(经过努力)获得；得到；达到(年龄、水平、状况等)
attainable
adj.可获得的；可达到的
attainment
n．达到；成就
6．conventional
adj.常规的；传统的；保守的
7．assumption
n．假定；设想；承担；担任
make
an
assumption假设；认为
on
the
assumption
that...在假定……的情况下assume
vt.假定；设想；承担
assume
that...假设……
assume
office
就职
assume
responsibility
承担责任
assume
an
air/expression
of...装出……的样子/表情
assuming
that...假定……(作连词用，相当于
if)
8．overcome
vt.&
vi.战胜；克服；控制(感情)
be
overcome
with被(感情)所控制，受到情绪的极大影响
9．expand
vt.&
vi.使变大；伸展
expand
(...)
into(把……)扩展到
expand
on/upon详述；充分叙述
10．comprise
vt.包括；包含；由……组成(不用于进行时) vt.是(某事物的)组成部分；组成；构成
be
comprised
of
＝consist
of
由……组成
comprise＝
make
sth.
up
11．generate
vt.产生；引起
generate
electricity/heat/power
发电/产生热
/
动力
generate
income/profit
产生收益
/
利润
generation
[U]
(尤指电、热等的)产生
[C＋sing./pl.v.]
(统称)一代人，同代人，同辈人；代，一代，一辈
the
generation
of
electricity
发电
methods
of
income
generation
产生收益的方法
stories
passed
down
from
generation
to
generation
世代相传的故事
generator
n.
发电机
12．urban
adj.
城市的；市镇的
urbanization
n．都市化；城市化
13．alleviate
vt.减轻；缓解
alleviation
n．减轻；缓解；缓和；镇痛物
14．digest
vt.
消化(食物)；领悟，融会贯通 vi.
消化 n.
摘要；文摘
digestion
n.
消化
digestive
adj.
消化的；易消化的
15．alternative
n．可能的选择 adj.供选择的；非传统的
alternative
energy可替代能源
an
alternative
to...……的替代品
have
the
alternative
of
doing
sth.有做某事的选择；可以做某事
have
no
alternative
but
to
do
sth.别无选择只好做某事
16．depth
n．向下(或向里)的距离；深(度)
the
depth
of
a
cut/wound/crack刀口/伤口/裂口深度
the
depths
of
the
ocean
海洋深处
live
in
the
depths
of
the
country
(＝
a
long
way
from
a
town)住在偏远地区
in
the
depths
of
winter
(＝
when
it
is
coldest)在隆冬季节
in
depth全面地；深入地；详细地
be
out
of
your
depth在水深没顶(或够不着底)的地方；非某人所能理解；为某人力所不及
deep
adj.深的；厚的；纵深的；有……深的
17．root
n．根；根茎；根部；根源 v．(使)生根；翻寻
deep
spreading
roots扎得很深的根
root
crops/vegetables根茎作物/蔬菜
pigs
rooting
for
food拱土觅食的猪
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．care
for照顾；关心；喜欢
care
about，care
for和care
with都有“关心”“担心”的意思，但是在表示“介意”“计较”意思时，要用care
about。
在表示“关怀”“照顾”“想要”的意思时，要用care
for。
2．far
from远非；绝不
far
from后常接名词、动名词或形容词。
far
from
the
truth/case远非事实
far
from
satisfactory远不令人满意
3．take
on
(1)承担，接受(尤指艰巨工作或重大责任)
(2)呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点)
(3)
(公共汽车、船舶等)上(客)，装(货)，补充(燃料)
(4)雇用；录用
4．make
use
of
利用；使用
make
good/full
use
of
好好/充分利用
make
the
best
of
充分利用(有利条件)
make
the
most
of
充分/尽量利用(有利条件)
make
little
use
of
几乎不利用；不充分利用
5．now
that
既然
类似
although/though
不能与
but
连用，because
不能与
so
连用，当
since,
now
that
引导原因状语从句时，主句前不能加
so
等连词。
6．make
up
one's
mind
下决心；决定
change
one's
mind
改变主意
keep/have
sth.in
mind
记住某事
lose
one's
mind
失去理智
7．in
turn相应地；转而；依次；轮流
by
turns
轮流；交替
take
one's
turn轮流做
It's
one's
turn
to
do轮到某人做某事
8．turn
to求助于；求教于
turn
against反对 turn
away回绝
turn
up调大；出现
turn
off关掉
turn
back往回走
turn
down关小；调低
turn
in上交
turn
on接通；打开
9．keep...free
of/from使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)
keep
sb.from
doing
sth.阻止某人做某事
keep
sth.from
sb.不将某事告诉某人
keep
sb.doing
sth.使某人不停地做某事
keep
in
touch
with与……保持联系
keep
sb./sth.out
of
sth.不让某人/某物入内
keep
an
eye
on
sth.注意；看守
keep
on
doing
sth.继续做某事
10．for
instance(＝for
example)例如；比如
常见的表示列举的短语：
(1)such
as意为“例如，诸如……之类的”，用来列举同类的人或事物中的几个。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
(2)that
is或namely意为“即，也就是”，用于把同类的人或事物全部列举出来。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
(3)for
example意为“例如，比如”，用于列举同类的人或事物中的一个或几个，作插入语，且常用逗号将它与句子其他部分隔开，可位于句首、句中和句末。
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Yet,
he
considers_himself_a_farmer
because
he
continually
works
the
land
in
his
research.然而，他认为自己是个农民，因为他在不断地研究耕种土地。
consider在此表示“认为”。
consider
vt.考虑；认为
consider
sth.考虑某事
consider
doing
sth.考虑做某事
consider＋wh?
to
do/wh?clause考虑……
consider
that...认为……
consider
sb./sth.(as)．..认为某人/某物是……
consider
sb./sth.(to
be)＋adj./n.认为某人/某物……
consider
it＋adj./n.＋to
do认为做某事是……
be
considered
to
do/have
done被认为做某事/做了某事
2．Today,
it_is_estimated_that
about
60
percent
of
domestic
rice
consumption
in
China
is
comprised
of
crops
generated
from
Yuan's
hybrid
strains...
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻……
本句属于“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构，句中
that
引导主语从句，主语从句本身又是一个主从复合句，从句中(so...)that
引导结果状语从句。
“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构：
it
是形式主语，that
引导的从句是真正的主语，that
仅起连接作用，不作成分。
常用动词：say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，know
等。
该句型可转换为“Sb./Sth.＋be＋过去分词＋不定式”(hope
和
suggest
除外)。
3．Given
that
Yuan's
hybrids
have
made
him
quite
wealthy,
one
might
think
he
would
retire
to
a
life
of
leisure.
考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。
Given用作介词，表示“只要是；考虑到；假定；已知”等意思。“given＋that从句”意思是“考虑到……”，相当于considering。
4．As
for
chemical
fertilisers,
crops
grown
with
them
usually
grow
too_fast_to_be
rich
in
nutrition.
至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，无法提供丰富的营养。
too
fast
to
be...是too...to...结构，该结构意为“太……以致不……，太……而不能……”。其中too是副词，用来修饰形容词/副词，to是动词不定式符号。
使用too...to...结构时应注意：
(1)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是及物动词时，不定式中的动词后不能跟宾语。
(2)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是不及物动词时，要在动词后加上适当的介词。
(3)too...to...结构并非总是表示否定意义，在以下几种情况中，too...to...结构表示肯定意义：
①not置于动词不定式前，构成too...not
to...结构时，原来表示否定意义的不定式再次受到否定，转而表示肯定意义，该结构意为“太……不会不……”或“非常……必定能……”。
②too...to...结构前有not，never，no
longer，but，only等词时，这一结构也表示肯定意义。
③too...to...结构中，too后为anxious，eager，glad，happy，pleased，excited，ready，satisfied，kind，willing等表示态度、心情、倾向等的形容词时，too相当于very
much(极其，十分，非常)，此时该结构表示肯定意义。
5．What
keeps
them
from
doing
so
is
the
fact
that
chemical
farming
serves
the
high
demand
for
food
around
the
world.
阻止他们这样做的原因是化学农业满足了世界各地对粮食的巨大需求。
这是一个复合句。What
keeps
them
from
doing
so是主语从句；that
chemical
farming
serves
the
high
demand
for
food
around
the
world是同位语从句。其中keep...from
doing
so是keep
...
from
doing
sth.“阻止……做某事”结构。同义表达还有：stop/prevent
sb.(from)
doing
sth.阻止某人做某事。
这三个结构的主动语态中只有keep
...from...中from不能省略；在被动语态中，三个from均不可省略。
写作技巧点拨
辩论作文
假设你是李华，最近你们班就“本市要不要修地铁”这一话题展开了一场激烈的讨论。请根据以下提示，给某英文报社的编辑写一封信，客观介绍这次讨论的情况。
70%的学生赞成
30%的学生反对
1.快速，安全2.节能，无污染3.有助于缓解地面交通拥挤状况
1.花费太大2.可能破坏某些地下历史文物
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：交通拥挤traffic
jam；历史文物historical
relics
Dear
editor，
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
一、构思谋篇
二、关键词语
一场激烈的讨论
a
heated
discussion
多达
up
to
赞成计划
agree
to
a
plan
交通方式
means
of
transport
持相反的观点
hold
the
opposite
opinion
三、连词成句
1．最近，我们班就“本市要不要修地铁”展开了一场激烈的讨论。
Recently
our
class
had
a
heated
discussion
about
whether
a
subway
should
be
built
in
our
city.
2．多达70%的学生赞成这一计划。
Up
to
70
percent
of
the
students
agree
to
this
plan.
3．他们认为，在城市里地铁要比其他交通方式更快捷、更安全。
They
think
that
a
subway
train
is
faster
and
safer
than
other
means
of
transport
in
a
city.
4．其他学生持相反的观点。
The
rest
of
the
students
hold
the
opposite
opinion.
四、连句成篇
Dear_editor，
Recently
our
class
had
a
heated
discussion
about
whether
a
subway
should
be
built
in
our
city.Now
I
am
writing
to
tell
you
the
result.
Up
to
70
percent
of
the
students
agree
to
this
plan.They
think
that
a
subway
train
is
faster
and
safer
than
other
means
of
transport
in
a
city.
Besides,
it
is
energy?saving
and
doesn't
cause
pollution.
What's
more,
it
can
help
reduce
the
traffic
jams
above
ground.
The
rest
of
the
students
hold
the
opposite
opinion.They
think
that
it
costs
too
much
money
to
build
a
subway
and
our
city
can't
afford
it.
What's
worse,
it
may
destroy
some
underground
historical
relics
when
a
subway
is
being
built.
Yours，
Li_Hua
本单元的写作任务是写辩论报告，这类文章要求用一定的理由说明自己对事物或问题的见解、看法，属于议论文的范畴。
1．篇章特点
议论文是一种以议论为主要表达方式的文体，就是摆事实、讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通，说透。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式；论据的基本要求是真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是推理必须符合逻辑。
2．注意事项
写作时应注意：
第一，要提出正确鲜明的论点。一般来说，要把论点写在篇首或段首，这样能起到纲举目张的效果，让读者读起来更容易把握文章思路。
第二，要重视论据这一关的阐述。论据就是用来证明论点的事实和道理。要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例来证明论点。
第三，论证是议论文中必不可少的部分。一段完整的议论，只有通过论证证明论据和论点之间的内在逻辑关系，才能将论据和论点融为一体，也才能构成一篇完整的、有说服力的文章。
3．写作形式
此类作文一般有两种写法。
(1)文章分三部分进行论述：
第一部分：提出论点
第二部分：给出论据
第三部分：得出结论
(2)文章分四部分进行论述：
第一部分：说明辩论的主题、参与者等
第二部分：列举正方的观点及其理由
第三部分：列举反方的观点及其理由
第四部分：阐明自己的观点
4.常见的写作用语
(1)总结
There
are
different
opinions
among
people
as
to...
We
had
a
heated
discussion
about...
Different
people
hold
different
opinions.
Opinions
are
divided.
People
have
taken/adopted
different
attitudes
towards...
People
have
different
opinions
on
this
problem.
People
take
different
views
on
this
question.
(2)表达不同观点
...of
them
hold
the
opinion
that....
...of
them
are
in
favour
of
the
idea
that...
People
who
are
for/against
the
idea
think...Some
people
believe
that...
Others
argue
that...
(3)不同观点之间的衔接用语
However，...of
them
hold
a
different
view./...of
them
hold
the
opposite
opinion.
People
who
are
against
it
don't
think
so.
However，each
coin
has
two
sides.
Different
from
those....，...people
think....
On
the
other
hand，...people
object
that....
and，as
well
as，also...
besides,
in
addition,
moreover,
what's
more...
unlike，on
the
contrary,
on
the
other
hand...
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