Unit
4
History
and
traditions
Section
Ⅱ Discovering
Useful
Structures
——过去分词作定语和宾语补足语——
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时的意义
不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。
(1)只表示完成不表示被动
fallen
leaves 落叶
the
risen
sun
升起的太阳
a
retired
teacher
一位退休的教师
(2)表示被动
an
honored
guest
一位受尊敬的客人
a
guided
trip
一次有导游的旅行
(3)表示被动和完成
the
broken
glass
碎了的杯子
the
question
discussed
yesterday
昨天讨论的问题
a
divided
country
一个分裂的国家
2．过去分词作定语时的位置
(1)前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
The
broken
vase
has
been
thrown
outside.
那个打烂的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The
injured
workers
are
now
being
taken
good
care
of
in
the
hospital.
受伤的工人现在正在医院受到良好的照料。
(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
The
advice
(which
had
been)
sent
to
the
committee
was
adopted.
呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。
This
will
be
the
best
novel
of
its
kind
ever
written(＝that
has
ever
been
written)．
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
注意：①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
There
is
little
time
left.
Let's
hurry
up.
剩余的时间不多了，我们赶快吧。
②过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后。
He
is
one
of
those
invited.
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
③有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同。试比较：
This
is
a
used
car
which
is
worth
only
5,000
yuan.
这是一辆仅值五千元的旧车。
The
method
used
is
very
efficient.
所用的这个方法很有效。
④过去分词可作非限制性定语，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，前面常用逗号与被修饰的成分隔开。
A
girl,
dressed
like
a
student,
came
in
and
sat
beside
me.
一位学生打扮的女孩走进来，坐在我的旁边。
3．现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)过去分词与所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作。现在分词与所修饰的名词之间存在主谓关系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。
This
is
a
letter
written
in
black
ink.
这是一封用黑墨水写的信。
There
are
so
many
people
showing
interest
in
surfing
the
Internet.
那么多人对上网感兴趣。
(2)过去分词作定语表示被修饰的人或相关的人的自身感受，现在分词作定语表示被修饰的人或物对别人造成的感受。
Have
you
noticed
the
surprised
expression
on
his
face?
你注意到他脸上惊讶的表情了吗？(他很惊讶)
What
came
to
us
was
surprising
news.
我们得到的是令人吃惊的消息。(消息令人吃惊)
二、过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词(此时的过去分词一般是及物动词)作宾补时，表示被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。作宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的承受者。
1．常见的过去分词作宾补的情况
(1)使役动词have，get，make,
leave,
keep等后可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
She
raised
her
voice
to
make
herself
heard
by
all
the
people
in
the
hall.
她提高了嗓音让大厅里的人都能听见她说的话。
(2)感官动词see,
hear,
notice,
observe,
watch,
feel,
find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。
I
saw
an
old
man
knocked
down
by
a
car
just
now.
刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。
When
I
came
in,
I
found
a
strange
girl
seated
in
the
corner.
我进去时发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。
(3)表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like,
want,
wish,
order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语，相当于过去分词前省略了to
be。
The
father
wants
his
daughter
taught
the
piano.
这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。
They
are
talking
about
the
plan
they
wish
carried
out
next
year.
他们正在谈论着希望明年能实施的这个计划。
(4)在“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语，过去分词与宾语之间为动宾关系。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。
She
usually
works
in
her
study
with
the
door
locked.
她通常锁着门在书房工作。
The
murderer
was
brought
in,
with
his
hands
tied
behind
back.
凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。
2．过去分词作宾补与其他非谓语动词作宾补的区别
(1)及物动词的过去分词作宾补时，表示被动，说明宾语是过去分词动作的承受者；不及物动词的过去分词作宾补时，表示动作的完成，说明分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
We
have
our
classroom
cleaned
after
school
every
day.
每天放学后我们把教室打扫干净。(classroom与clean之间为逻辑上的被动关系)
When
I
got
home,
I
found
my
wallet
gone.
当我回到家时，我发现我的钱包丢了。(“丢”这一动作已经完成)
(2)用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行且与宾语构成主谓关系。
When
I
came
here,
I
saw
Li
Lei
reading
an
English
book.
当我来到这儿，我看到李蕾正在读一本英语书。(“读书”这一动作正在进行)
(3)不定式作宾补时，一般表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之后发生，但动词feel,
see,
hear,
watch,
notice,
observe后的不定式作宾补时(不定式的to须省略)，表示不定式动作的全过程。
The
teacher
will
have
Li
Lei
clean
the
classroom
today.
今天老师将让李蕾打扫教室。(Li
Lei与clean之间为逻辑上的主动关系，clean这一动作发生在have之后)
I
heard
Wei
Fang
sing
this
song.
我听到魏芳唱了这首歌。(“我”听见了“唱”的整个过程)
1．This
is
the
statue
of
a
brave
soldier
seated
(seat)
on
a
horse,
with
a
gun
on
his
back.
2．Professor
Jordan
gave
us
a
more
confusing
(confuse)
lecture
this
afternoon
and
most
of
us
were
confused
(confuse)．
3．He
is
enthusiastically
talking
with
a
man
called
(call)
Mike.
4．The
meeting
held
(hold)
yesterday
was
of
great
importance.
5．The
boy
absorbed
(absorb)
in
his
homework
was
my
deskmate.
6．Do
you
know
the
tower
located
(locate)
in
the
heart
of
the
city?
7．There
is
a
determined
(determine)
look
on
her
face.
8．The
people
linked
(link)
to
the
robbery
were
put
into
prison.
9．The
girl
lost
(lose)
in
thought
is
second
to
none
in
maths.
10．There
is
a
polluted
(pollute)
river
near
my
house,
giving
a
bad
smell.
11．When
he
came
back
ten
years
later，he
found
his
hometown
greatly
changed
(change)．
12．I
want
him
to_finish
(finish)
the
homework
in
time.
13．My
father
had
had
the
house
painted
(paint)
before
we
moved
in.
14．The
end
of
the
story
left
me
puzzled
(puzzle)．
15．I
turned
around
because
I
heard
someone
speaking
(speak)
my
hometown
dialect.
16．The
speaker
raised
her
voice
to
make
herself
heard
(hear)．
17．I
saw
them
playing
(play)
football
when
I
passed
by.
18．They
kept
the
door
locked
(lock)
for
a
long
time.
19．We
can
hear
the
windows
being_beaten
(beat)
by
the
rain
drops.
20．We
must
get
the
work
finished
(finish)
by
10
o'clock.
PAGEUnit
4
History
and
traditions
Section
Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．chief
adj.最重要的；最高级别的
n．(公司或机构的)首领；酋长
chiefly
adv.主要地；首要地
2．puzzle
n．谜；智力游戏；疑问
vt.迷惑；使困惑
puzzle
over
sth.
对某事(物)苦苦思索，仔细琢磨
puzzle
out
仔细考虑解决(难题等)
puzzled
adj.
感到困惑的
puzzling
adj.
令人困惑的
be
puzzled
by
被……迷惑
3．nearby
adj.附近的；邻近的
adv.在附近
4．defence
n．防御；保卫
in
defence
(of)保卫；保护
defend
vt.保护；保卫
defend
against抵御
defend...from/against...保护……免遭……
defend
sb.
by...通过……为某人辩护
defend
oneself自卫；为自己辩解
5．surround
vt.围绕；包围
be
surrounded
by
sb./sth.被某人/事包围
surrounding
adj.周围的
surroundings
n．(pl.)环境
in
a
surrounding
area
在周围地区
be
situated/located
in
very
pleasant
surroundings位于优美的环境中
6．evidence
n．证据；证明
(be)
in
evidence
明显的；显而易见
evidence＋
evident
adj.明显的
be
evident
to
sb.that...某人清楚……
It
is
evident
that...显然……
7．battle
n．战役；搏斗vi.&vt.搏斗；奋斗
battle
against/with...与……斗争
battle
for为……而斗争
battle
to
do
sth.奋力去做某事
fight
a
battle打仗；作战
win
a
battle打赢一场战争
lose
a
battle输掉一场战争
be
half
the
battle成功了一半
8．charge
n．收费；指控；主管
vt.收费；控告；充电
charge
sb.
with
sth.
指控某人有……罪
charge
sb.
some
money
for
因……向某人要价
in
charge
of
负责；主管；照料
take
charge
of
管理；负责
in
the
charge
of
由……管理/负责
free
of
charge＝for
free免费
9．announce
vt.宣布；通知；声称
announce
sth.to
sb.向某人宣布……
announcement
n．声明；宣告
announcer
n．广播员，告知者
10．amount
n．金额；数量
the
amount
of＋不可数名词……的数量
a
large/good/great
amount
of＋不可数名词
大量的……(作主语时谓语用单数)
large/good/great
amounts
of＋不可数名词
大量的……(作主语时谓语用复数)
amount
v．总计，共计；相当于，等于
amount
to
sth.
共计……；相当于……
11．approach
n．方法；途径；接近
vt.接近；接洽；着手处理
vi.靠近
an
approach
to(doing)
sth.(做)某事的方法/途径
the
approach
of
sth.在……快到的时候
12．generous
adj.慷慨的；大方的；丰富的
be
generous
generously
adv.慷慨地；大方地
13．eager
adj.热切的；渴望的
be
eager
for...渴望……
be
eager
to
do
sth.渴望做某事
be
eager
for
sb.
to
do
sth.渴望某人做某事
be
eager
that...热切希望……
eagerly
adv.热切地
eagerness
n．渴望
“渴望……”相关表达聚焦：
be
dying
to
do
sth./for
sth.
be
anxious
to
do
sth./for
sth.
be
keen
on
sth.
be
eager
to
do
sth./for
sth.
be
thirsty
for
sth.
long
to
do
sth./for
sth.
14．greet
vt.问候；迎接
greet
sb.
with
sth.以……迎接某人
greet
sb./sth.
with/as
sth.(以某种方式)对……做出反应
greeting
n．[C，U]问候；[pl.]祝贺；贺词
15．custom
n．风俗；习俗；习惯
follow/keep
up
a
custom
沿袭/保留风俗
the
custom
of
doing
sth.
做某事的习惯
It
is
the
custom
(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.
做……(对某人来说)是一种风俗
customers
n．顾客；客户
16．crowd
n．人群；一群人；民众
vt.挤满；使……拥挤
a
crowd
of＝(crowds
of)一群(成群)……
the
crowd群众；百姓
crowd
around聚集在……周围；聚拢
crowd
into
sth.涌上心头
crowd
sb./sth.
out把某人/物排挤在外
be
crowded
with充满；挤满
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．lead
to导致；造成
导致/造成某人做某事
2．be
similar
to与……相似
be
similar
with在某方面类似
stick
to坚持
object
to反对
agree
to同意(建议、看法)
see
to料理，照看
devote...to致力于，献身于
be
accustomed/used
to习惯于
pay
attention
to注意
3．according
to按照；根据……所说
4．break
away
(from
sb./sth.)脱离；背叛；逃脱
break
down破坏，粉碎；发生故障；感情崩溃；分类；划分；分解
break
in闯入；插话
break
out爆发；突然发生
break
through冲破，突破
break
up分裂；分开
break
off中止；折断；打断
5．result
in导致，造成，引起
其近义词(组)有cause/bring
about/lead
to
as
a
result因此，结果
without
result徒劳，毫无结果
result
from因……产生；起因于……
as
a
result
of由于……，作为……的结果
6．refer
to涉及，谈到，提到，引证；查阅，参考
refer...to...问询，归类，提交
refer
to...as把……称作，把……当作
7．belong
to属于
belong
vi.“适合待在某处，放在某处”，没有含被动意味的过去分词用法。
belongings
n．财产，所有物，相关事物
8．be
known
as作为……而出名；被称作……
be
known
for＝be
famous
for
因……而出名
be
known
to
sb.为某人所知
be
known
by
根据……了解
9．as
well
as同(一样也)；和；还
10．date
back
to追溯到……，始于
keep
up
to
date
跟上时代
up
to
date
最近的；跟上时代的
out
of
date
过时的；废弃的
11．make
up编造；形成；构成；补上；弥补
make
it
获得成功，成功到达
make
off
匆忙离开
make
out
明白，弄懂；看清，辨认清楚
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．So
what
is
the
difference
between
them；if
any?
如果有的话，那么它们之间有什么区别呢？
这是一个主从复合句。主句是what
is
the
difference
between
them，if
any是从句。
2．Getting
to
know
a
little
bit
about
British
history
will
help
you
solve
this
puzzle.
了解一点英国历史将有助于你解决这个难题。
这是一个简单句。句子的主语是Getting
to
know
a
little
bit
about
British
history，属于动名词作主语。
3．Finally，in
the
20th
century，the
southern
part
of
Ireland
broke
away
from
the
UK，which
resulted
in
the
full
name
we
have
today：the
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Northern
Ireland.
最后，在20世纪，爱尔兰南部脱离英国，形成了今天的全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这是一个主从复合句。主句是the
southern
part
of
Ireland
broke
away
from
the
UK，后面是which引导的非限制性定语从句，其中又包含了定语从句we
have
today，修饰先行词the
full
name，因先行词the
full
name在后面的定语从句中作have的宾语，所以省略了关系代词that/which。
4．They
use
the
same
flay，known
as
the
Union
Jack，as
well
as
share
the
same
currency
and
military
defence.
他们使用同样的旗帜，被称为“英国国旗”，也有相同的货币和军事防御。
这是一个简单句。known
as
the
Union
Jack是过去分词短语作后置定语。
5．They
introduced
the
beginnings
of
the
English
language，and
changed
the
way
people
built
houses.
他们介绍了英语的起源，改变了人们建造房屋的方式。
这是一个主从复合句。people
built
houses是定语从句，修饰先行词the
way。
6．They
had
castles
built
all
around
England，and
made
changes
to
the
legal
system.
他们在英国各地建造了城堡，并对法律制度进行了修改。
这是一个简单句。句中的had
castles
built...是“have＋宾语＋宾补(done)”结构。
7．There
is
so
much
more
to
learn
about
the
interesting
history
and
culture
of
the
United
Kingdom.
关于英国有趣的历史和文化还有很多需要了解。
这是一个简单句。There
is/are...意为“有……”。
8．Studying
the
history
of
the
country
will
make
your
visit
much
more
enjoyable.
学习这个国家的历史将使你的游览更加愉快。
这是一个简单句。主语是Studying
the
history
of
the
country，make
your
visit
much
more
enjoyable是make的复合宾语结构：“make＋宾语＋宾补”。
9．The
capital
city
London
is
a
great
place
to
start，as
it
is
an
ancient
port
city
that
has
a
history
dating
all
the
way
back
to
Roman
times.
首都伦敦是一个很好的起点，因为它是一个古老的港口城市，它的历史可以追溯到罗马时代。
这是一个主从复合句。主句是The
capital
city
London
is
a
great
place
to
start；后面是as引导的原因状语从句，其中又包含了that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词city；dating
all
the
way
back
to
Roman
times是现在分词短语作后置定语。
10．If
you
keep
your
eyes
open，you
will
be
surprised
to
find
that
you
can
see
both
its
past
and
its
present.
如果你留心观察，你会惊奇地发现你能看到它的过去和现在。
这是一个主从复合句。If
you
keep
your
eyes
open是if引导的条件状语从句；that
you
can
see
both
its
past
and
its
present是that引导的宾语从句作动词find的宾语。
11．Its
beautiful
countryside
excites
and
inspires
all，offering
something
for
each
of
the
senses.
美丽的乡村让所有人兴奋和鼓舞，为每一种感官提供某种东西。
这是一个简单句。offering
something
for
each
of
the
senses是现在分词短语在句中作伴随状语。
12．The
peaceful
landscape
of
the
“Emerald
Isle”
and
its
many
green
counties
is
a
true
feast
for
the
eyes，with
its
rolling
green
hills
dotted
with
sheep
and
cattle.
“绿宝石(爱尔兰)岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
这是一个简单句。使用了“主系表”句型结构。后面with
its
rolling
green
hills
dotted
with
sheep
and
cattle是with的复合结构。
13．With
all
this
beauty，it
is
not
surprising
that
Ireland
has
developed
strong
traditions
that
include
music，dancing，and
dining.
有了这一切，爱尔兰发展出包括音乐，舞蹈和餐饮在内的强大传统也就不足为奇了。
这是一个主从复合句。it是形式主语，后面是that引导的主语从句，其中又包含了that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词traditions。
14．To
have
a
chance
of
experiencing
this，stop
by
a
village
pub
and
relax
with
a
glass
of
wine
or
a
local
beer.
想要拥有体验的机会，去乡村酒吧吧，喝杯当地的葡萄酒或啤酒放松一下。
这是一个简单句。To
have
a
chance
of
experiencing
this是不定式短语作目的状语，后面是一个祈使句。
15．And
if
you
introduce
yourself
to
a
friendly
face，you
are
more
than
likely
to
experience
local
culture
and
customs
first?hand.
如果你把自己介绍给一个友好的人，你更有可能直接体验当地的文化和习俗。
这是一个主从复合句。if
you
introduce
yourself
to
a
friendly
face是if引导的条件状语从句，后面是主句。
写作技巧点拨
描述性写作：景点介绍
【题目要求】
假设你是李华，你的美国笔友
Linda
今年暑假要来你所在的城市杭州旅游。请根据以下提示，给她写一封电子邮件，介绍一下杭州的基本情况。
1．杭州位于中国的东南部，面临东海，因美丽且历史悠久的西湖闻名于世；
2．无论你什么时候来这座现代化的城市，都会看到很多公园和名胜古迹环绕着西湖；
3．节假日或周末人们喜欢在西湖上划船，在树林里漫步，或者坐在草坪上野餐；
4．近些年来，杭州发生了很大变化。许多高楼大厦拔地而起，使杭州呈现出了新面貌。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．电子邮件的开头和结尾已写好，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：草坪lawn
Dear
Linda，
I
am
very
glad
to
know
that
you
will
come
to
my
city—Hangzhou
this
summer
vacation.
Now
I'm
writing
to
tell
you
something
about
it.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
一、构思谋篇
二、关键词语
位于中国东南部
lie
in
the
southeast
of
China
因……而出名
be
famous
for...
发生
take
place
呈现新面貌
take
on
a
new
look
来自国内外
from
home
and
abroad
期盼
look
forward
to
三、连词成句
1．杭州位于中国的东南部，面临东海。
Hangzhou
lies
in
the
southeast
of
China
and
faces
the
East
China
Sea.
2．它以美丽且历史悠久的西湖闻名。
It
is
famous
for
the
beautiful
West
Lake
which
has
a
long
history.
3．在过去的几年里，杭州发生了很大变化。
Great
changes
have
taken
place
in
Hangzhou
during
the
past
few
years.
4．杭州呈现出了新面貌，每年都有大量来自国内外的游客到此旅游。
Hangzhou
has
taken
on
a
new
look
and
lots
of
tourists
from
home
and
abroad
come
to
visit
it
every
year.
四、连句成篇
Dear_Linda，
I_am_very_glad_to_know_that_you_will_come_to_my_city—Hangzhou_this_summer_vacation._Now_I'm_writing_to_tell_you_something_about_it.
Hangzhou
①lies
in
the
southeast
of
China
and
faces
the
East
China
Sea.
It
②is
famous
for
the
beautiful
West
Lake
③which
has
a
long
history.
④Whenever
you
come
to
this
modern
city,
you
will
see
many
parks
and
places
of
interest
around
the
West
Lake.
During
holidays
or
on
weekends,
people
like
going
boating
on
the
lake,
walking
in
the
woods
or
sitting
on
the
lawn
to
have
a
picnic.
Great
changes
have
⑤taken
place
in
Hangzhou
during
the
past
few
years,
⑥with
plenty
of
tall
buildings
built.
Hangzhou
has
⑦taken
on
a
new
look
and
lots
of
tourists
⑧from
home
and
abroad
come
to
visit
it
every
year.
I'm
looking
forward
to
seeing
you
soon.
Yours，
Li_Hua
亮点点评
亮点一：本文是一封向笔友介绍旅游景点的电子邮件。首先交代写电子邮件的目的，然后从不同方面介绍杭州，最后表达希望，内容完整，层次清晰。
亮点二：文中运用了很多高级的句式结构，③是
which引导的定语从句；④是
Whenever
引导的让步状语从句；⑥是
with
的复合结构。这些复杂句式的运用体现了作者有很强的写作功底。
亮点三：文中还运用了一些高级词汇，如①lie
in；②be
famous
for；⑤take
place；⑦take
on
a
new
look；⑧from
home
and
abroad等，体现了作者对词汇有很好的运用能力。
PAGEUnit
4
History
and
traditions
Section
Ⅲ Listening
and
Talking，Reading
for
Writing
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．charge
n．收费；指控；主管
vt.收费；控告；充电
2．announce
vt.宣布；通知；声称→announcement
n．声明；宣告→announcer
n．广播员，告知者
3．amount
n．金额；数量
4．gallery
n．(艺术作品的)展览馆；画廊
5．approaching
n．方法；途径；接近
vt.接近；接洽；着手处理
vi.靠近
6．ensure
vt.保证；确保；担保
7．landscape
n．(陆上，尤指乡村的)风景
8．generous
adj.慷慨的；大方的；丰富的→generously
adv.慷慨地；宽大地；丰盛地
9．butter
n．黄油；奶油
vt.涂黄油于
10．honey
n．蜂蜜
11．ancestor
n．祖宗；祖先
12．position
n．位置；姿态；职位
13．snack
n．点心；小吃
14．eager
adj.热切的；渴望的→eagerness
n．热切；渴望→eagerly
adv.热心地；热切地
15．poet
n．诗人→poem
n．诗；韵文→poetry
n．诗歌
16．county
n．(英国、爱尔兰的)郡；(美国的)县
17．roll
vi.&vt.(使)翻滚；(使)滚动
n．卷(轴)；翻滚
18．cattle
n．牛→bull
n．公牛→cow
n．奶牛
19．ocean
n．大海；海洋→Oceania
n．大洋洲
20．greet
vt.问候；迎接→greeting
n．迎接；问候；招呼
21．pub
n．酒吧；酒馆
22．wine
n．葡萄酒；果酒
23．beer
n．(一杯)啤酒
24．custom
n．风俗；习俗；习惯→customer
n．顾客→customs
n．海关；关税
25．striking
adj.引人注目的；显著的→strike
vt.打，撞击；敲响；突然想到
vi.罢工
n．罢工→striker
n．罢工者；前锋
26．crowd
n．人群；一群人；民众
vt.挤满；使……拥挤→crowded
adj.拥挤的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．at
the
entrance
of在……的入口
2．attend
to处理；照料
3．watch
over照看，照料
4．have
an
influence
on对……有影响
5．be
dotted
with点缀着
6．make
up编造；形成；构成；弥补
7．breathe
in吸入
8．introduce
oneself
to
sb.向某人做自我介绍
9．be
likely
to很可能
10．on
fire着火
11．in
ruins严重受损，破败不堪
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Its
beautiful
countryside
excites
and
inspires
all，offering
something
for
each
of
the
senses.
美丽的乡村让所有人兴奋和鼓舞，为每一种感官提供某种东西。
2．The
peaceful
landscape
of
the
“Emerald
Isle”
and
its
many
green
counties
is
a
true
feast
for
the
eyes，with
its
rolling
green
hills
dotted
with
sheep
and
cattle.
“绿宝石(爱尔兰)岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
3．With
all
this
beauty，it
is
not
surprising
that
Ireland
has
developed
strong
traditions
that
include
music，dancing，and
dining.
有了这一切，爱尔兰发展出包括音乐，舞蹈和餐饮在内的强大传统也就不足为奇了。
4．To
have
a
chance
of
experiencing
this，stop
by
a
village
pub
and
relax
with
a
glass
of
wine
or
a
local
beer.
想要拥有体验的机会，去乡村酒吧吧，喝杯当地的葡萄酒或啤酒放松一下。
5．And
if
you
introduce
yourself
to
a
friendly
face，you
are
more
than
likely
to
experience
local
culture
and
customs
first?hand.
如果你把自己介绍给一个友好的人，你更有可能直接体验当地的文化和习俗。
1
[典型例句]
They
do
not
charge
at
all
for
their
services.
他们的服务概不收费。
He
was
charged
with
murder.
他被控谋杀罪。
The
charge
for
admission
is
five
dollars.
入场费是5美元。
[思维拓展]
charge
sb.
with
sth.
指控某人有……罪
charge
sb.
some
money
for
因……向某人要价
in
charge
of
负责；主管；照料
take
charge
of
管理；负责
in
the
charge
of
由……管理/负责
This
operation
is
in
the
charge
of
Doctor
Jackson.
这次手术由杰克逊大夫负责。
He
took
charge
of
the
farm
after
his
father's
death.
他在父亲去世后掌管了农场。
free
of
charge＝for
free免费
[即学即练]
一句多译
下周厂长不在时，我将负责整个工厂。
I'll
take_charge_of
the
whole
factory
next
week
when
the
director
is
away.
I'll
be
in_charge_of
the
whole
factory
next
week
when
the
director
is
away.
The
whole
factory
will
be_in_the_charge_of_me
next
week
when
the
director
is
away.
2
[典型例句]
They
haven't
formally
announced
their
engagement
yet.
他们还没有正式宣布订婚。
The
government
yesterday
announced
to
the
media
plans
to
create
a
million
new
jobs.
政府在昨天向媒体宣布了创造一百万个新工作的计划。
They
announced
that
the
flight
would
be
delayed.
广播通知，该航班将晚点。
She
announced
that
she'd
given
up
smoking.
她宣称她已戒烟。
[思维拓展]
announce
sth.to
sb.向某人宣布……
announcement
n．声明；宣告
announcer
n．广播员，告知者
[易混辨析]
declare/announce
(1)declare
指正式和明确地向公众“宣布”“宣告”“声明”，侧重“当众”发表，多用于宣战、议和、宣判某人有罪、宣布国家独立等，declare
后可跟复合宾语。
(2)announce
指含有预告意味的“宣布”“宣告”或“发表”，指公开地或官方性质的“宣布”，侧重“预告”人们所关心或感兴趣的事情，尤指新闻之类的消息，后如需接间接宾语时，要在间接宾语前加
to。
[即学即练]
(1)It
was
announced
that
there
would
be
a
celebration
on
Sunday.
据宣布，星期日要举行庆祝(活动)。
(2)This
powerful
country
declared
war
on
that
small
country.
这个强国向那个小国宣战。
(3)The
court
declared
the
young
man
guilty.
法庭宣布这位年轻人有罪。
(4)The
little
girl
announced
that
she
would
do
an
experiment
on
Friday.
这个小女孩向大家宣布她要在星期五做个实验。
3
[典型例句]
A
large
amount
of
damage
was
done
in
a
short
time.
短时间内造成了大量损害。
Large
amounts
of
time
were
wasted.
大量的时间被浪费了。
[思维拓展]
the
amount
of＋不可数名词……的数量
a
large/good/great
amount
of＋不可数名词
大量的……(作主语时谓语用单数)
large/good/great
amounts
of＋不可数名词
大量的……(作主语时谓语用复数)
amount
v．总计，共计；相当于，等于
amount
to
sth.
共计……；相当于……
“许多，大量”表达荟萃：
Many
a
true
word
is
spoken
in
jest.
(谚)笑谈之中有真话。
I
saw
numbers
of
foreigners
in
the
street.
我在街上看到很多外国人。
We
learned
a
great
deal
of
experience
from
him.
我们向他学了很多经验。
She
has
quantities
of
good
clothes.
她有很多好看的衣服。
There's
plenty
of
room
in
my
bag.
我的包里有大量的空间。
[即学即练]
Large
amounts
of
water
are_needed
(need)
for
cooling
purpose.
[典型例句]
As
I
approached
the
house，I
noticed
a
light
on
upstairs.
我走近那幢房子的时候注意到楼上有灯光。
The
approach
of
winter
brings
cold
weather.
冬天临近，天气转冷。
We
have
found
a
new
approach
to
the
study
of
English.
我们发现了一种学英语的新方法。
[思维拓展]
an
approach
to(doing)
sth.(做)某事的方法/途径
the
approach
of
sth.在……快到的时候
[易混辨析]
approach，manner，method，means，way
approach
指接近某人、某物，也可指对待或处理事物的方式、方法。
manner
通常用来指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
method
指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
means
指为了达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
way
比较普通的词，可以指一般的方法，也可以指个人的方法或方式或者是特殊的方式或方法。
The
school
has
decided
to
adopt
a
different
approach
to
discipline.
学校决定采取另外一种方式解决纪律问题。
It
seemed
rather
an
odd
manner
of
deciding
things.
这样决定事情好像很奇怪。
I
think
we
should
try
again
using
a
different
method.
我想我们应该用不同的方法再试一次。
The
load
was
lifted
by
means
of
a
crane.
重物是用起重机吊起来的。
I'm
not
happy
with
this
way
of
working.
我不喜欢这种工作方法。
注意：表达“用……方法/方式”，用approach，manner，method，means和way表示时，其所用介词有所不同。学习过程中注意对比归纳记忆。approach常与介词to连用，the
approach
to“……的方法”；in
a/an...manner“用……的方式”；in
this
way“用这种方法”，而by
this
way意为“通过……的方式”；by
means
of“用……的方式”；with
this
method“用这种方法”。
[即学即练]
(1)We
are
discussing
several
approaches
to
building
(build)
the
bridge.
(2)Approaching
(approach)
the
cottage,
they
saw
a
dog
running
towards
them.
5
[典型例句]
He
is
very
generous
with
his
money.
他用钱很大方。
I'd
like
to
thank
Simon,
who's
been
very
generous
with
his
time.
我要感谢西蒙，他非常慷慨地投入了许多时间。
My
uncle
is
very
generous
to
everybody.
我叔叔对每个人都很宽容。
[思维拓展]
be
generous
generously
adv.慷慨地；大方地
注意：generous与修饰人的形容词clever,
stupid,
smart,
foolish,
kind等用法一样，常与of一起构成不定式复合结构；而difficult,
necessary,
important,
possible等表示事物特征的形容词则与for一起构成不定式复合结构。
It
is
generous
of
you
to
lend
me
the
book.
(＝You
are
generous
to
lend
me
the
book.)
你把这本书借给了我，真是慷慨。
It's
difficult
for
you
to
do
so.
(不能说You
are
difficult
to
do
so.)
这样做对你来说很难。
[即学即练]
Thank
you
again
for
the
books
you
generously
(generous)
donated.
6
[典型例句]
We
are
all
eager
for
knowledge.
我们都求知心切。
He's
eager
to
go
with
her.
他渴望同她一起去。
Tom
was
eager
for
you
to
come
to
the
party.
汤姆期盼你来参加聚会。
注意：eager后接that引导的从句时，从句的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
[思维拓展]
be
eager
for...渴望……
be
eager
to
do
sth.渴望做某事
be
eager
for
sb.
to
do
sth.渴望某人做某事
be
eager
that...热切希望……
eagerly
adv.热切地
eagerness
n．渴望
“渴望……”相关表达聚焦：
be
dying
to
do
sth./for
sth.
be
anxious
to
do
sth./for
sth.
be
keen
on
sth.
be
eager
to
do
sth./for
sth.
be
thirsty
for
sth.
long
to
do
sth./for
sth.
[即学即练]
I
wasn't
able
to
hide
my
eagerness
(eager)
when
I
asked，“What
do
you
wish
me
to
do
now？”
7
[典型例句]
He
greeted
all
the
guests
warmly
as
they
arrived.
客人到达时他都热情迎接。
[思维拓展]
greet
sb.
with
sth.以……迎接某人
greet
sb./sth.
with/as
sth.(以某种方式)对……做出反应
The
movie
star
was
greeted
with
cheers
from
his
fans.
这位电影明星迎来了粉丝们的欢呼。
The
team's
win
was
greeted
as
a
major
triumph.
这个队获胜被看成是一个重大的胜利。
greeting
n．[C，U]问候；[pl.]祝贺；贺词
[即学即练]
He
greeted
us
with
a
smile.
8
[典型例句]
It
is
difficult
to
get
used
to
another
country's
customs.
要适应另一国家的风俗习惯是困难的。
It
is
the
custom
in
that
country
for
women
to
marry
young.
女子早婚是那个国家的风俗。
[思维拓展]
follow/keep
up
a
custom
沿袭/保留风俗
the
custom
of
doing
sth.
做某事的习惯
It
is
the
custom
(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.
做……(对某人来说)是一种风俗
customers
n．顾客；客户
[即学即练]
When
you
go
abroad
for
further
study,
you
should
learn
to
adapt
to
the
customs
(custom)
of
the
destination
country.
9
[典型例句]
She
shut
her
mind
against
the
fears
that
crowded
in
on
her.
她克制自己不去想那些涌上心头的恐惧感。
This
car
accident
drew
a
large
crowd
around
the
site.
这场车祸招来一大群人围在现场。
[思维拓展]
a
crowd
of＝(crowds
of)一群(成群)……
the
crowd群众；百姓
crowd
around聚集在……周围；聚拢
crowd
into
sth.涌上心头
crowd
sb./sth.
out把某人/物排挤在外
be
crowded
with充满；挤满
[即学即练]
After
meeting
the
beautiful
girl,
Peter
lay
on
his
bed
with
wonderful
ideas
crowding
(crowd)
in.
考点集训一
单句语法填空
1．What
attracts
us
most
is
that
they
offer
some
training
to
fans
of
table
tennis
free
of
charge.
2．I
will
go
on
a
business
trip
tomorrow.Mark
will
be
in
charge
of
the
company
during
my
absence.
3．I
read
the
announcement
(announce)
of
the
summer
camp
that
you
have
posted
on
the
Internet
and
I
am
very
interested
in
it.
4．He
intended
to
give
away
a
large
amount
of
money
to
the
Project
Hope.
5．The
musician
told
me
that
facing
up
to
your
problems
rather
than
running
away
from
them
is
the
best
approach
to
working
things
out.
6．However,
they
still
approached
(approach)
the
wolf
bravely.
7．I'd
like
to
thank
Simon，who's
been
very
generous
with
his
time.
8．He
is
eagerly
(eager)
looking
forward
to
winning
the
Nobel
Prize
in
Literature.
9．She
is
eager
to_get
(get)
more
knowledge
of
child
development
and
to
better
understand
how
young
children
look
at
the
world.
10．She
often
greets
(greet)
me
in
a
friendly
manner,
so
I
think
she
is
a
person
with
good
manners.
11．I
would
rather
cycle
to
work
than
take
a
bus
because
it
is
usually
very
crowded
(crowd)
on
the
bus.
[典型例句]
He
made
up
some
excuses
about
his
daughter
being
sick.
他编造了一些借口，说他的女儿病了。
I
told
the
kids
a
story,
making
it
up
as
I
went
along.
我给孩子们讲了个故事，是现编的。
Girls
make
up
56%
of
the
student
numbers.
女生占学生人数的56%。
We
need
one
more
person
to
make
up
a
team.
我们还需要一个人才能组成一个队。
Can
I
leave
early
this
afternoon
and
make
up
the
time
tomorrow?
我今天下午早点儿走，明天补上这段时间，可以吗？
[思维拓展]
make
it
获得成功，成功到达
make
off
匆忙离开
make
out
明白，弄懂；看清，辨认清楚
[即学即练]
To
my
delight,
my
son
began
to
make
up
the
lessons
he
missed.
考点集训二
单句语法填空
Eleven
players
make
up
a
football
team.
Its
beautiful
countryside
excites
and
inspires
all，offering
something
for
each
of
the
senses.
美丽的乡村让所有人兴奋和鼓舞，为每一种感官提供某种东西。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。offering
something
for
each
of
the
senses是现在分词短语在句中作伴随状语。
(2)现在分词作伴随状语时表示分词动作伴随谓语动作发生。
现在分词作状语的用法透视：
①现在分词可作时间、伴随、条件、方式、原因、结果等状语，其中作时间、条件、原因、结果状语时可转化成相应的状语从句，而作伴随和方式状语时只能转化成并列分句。如：
He
is
lying
on
the
grass
listening
to
music.
＝He
is
lying
on
the
grass
and
he
is
listening
to
music.
他正躺在草地上，听着音乐。(伴随状语)
Walking
in
the
street
(＝When/While
I
was
walking
in
the
street),
I
saw
him.
我走在街上时看到了他。(时间状语)
Being
spring
(＝As/Since
it
is
spring),
the
flowers
are
in
full
bloom.
春天到了，百花盛开。(原因状语)
②现在分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致，且
doing
表示
do
与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系；being
done
表示
do
与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系；若分词动作发生在谓语动作之前，则用完成式
having
done；若表示被动和完成，则用
having
been
done。如：
Being
surrounded,
the
enemy
was
forced
to
surrender.
敌人被包围了，被迫投降。
Having
failed
many
times,
he
didn't
lose
heart.
尽管失败了很多次，但他没有灰心。
[即学即练]
(1)The
sun
began
to
rise
in
the
sky，bathing
(bathe)
the
mountain
in
golden
light.
(2)When
I
was
little，my
mother
used
to
sit
by
my
bed，telling
(tell)
me
stories
till
I
fell
asleep.
The
peaceful
landscape
of
the
“Emerald
Isle”
and
its
many
green
counties
is
a
true
feast
for
the
eyes，with
its
rolling
green
hills
dotted
with
sheep
and
cattle.
“绿宝石?爱尔兰?岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。使用了“主系表”句型结构。后面with
its
rolling
green
hills
dotted
with
sheep
and
cattle是with的复合结构。
(2)with复合结构可作定语和状语，其具体形式如下：
with＋名词/代词＋
With
so
many
books
to
read，I
have
no
time
to
chat
with
you.
有这么多的书要读，我没时间跟你闲聊。(books与read之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，但不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)
Don't
stand
with
your
hands
in
your
pockets.站着的时候不要把手插在口袋里。
With
time
going
by，they
became
close
friends.
随着时间的流逝，他们成了好朋友。
With
the
floor
wet，I
had
to
stay
outside.
由于地板潮湿，我只得待在屋外。
With
her
sister
out，she
had
to
stay
at
home
alone.
因为她的姐姐出去了，她只得独自待在家里。
They
bought
a
house
with
many
trees
and
flowers
planted
around
last
month.
上个月他们买了一座四周植满了树与鲜花的房子。
[巧学妙记]
with复合结构用法口诀
with结构并不难，with后面宾语连，
动宾关系用过分，主谓关系用现分，
将来要把不定跟，还有三种形副介。
[即学即练]
(1)Our
government
will
try
to
beautify
the
city
and
with
trees
and
flowers
to_plant
(plant)
everywhere，our
city
will
take
on
a
new
look.
(2)The
living
room
is
clean
and
tidy，with
a
dining
table
already
laid
(lay)
for
a
meal
to
be
cooked.
With
all
this
beauty，it
is
not
surprising
that
Ireland
has
developed
strong
traditions
that
include
music，dancing，and
dining.有了这一切，爱尔兰发展出包括音乐，舞蹈和餐饮在内的强大传统也就不足为奇了。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。it是形式主语，后面是that引导的主语从句，其中又包含了that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词traditions。
(2)“It＋be＋adj.＋that/wh?引导的从句”句型，其中
it
为形式主语，真正的主语是
that/wh?引导的从句。
It
is
certain
that
William
will
do
very
well
in
his
exam.
威廉肯定会考得很好。
it
作形式主语的其他常见句型：
It
always
seems
that
we
lack
money.
我们似乎总是缺钱。
It
is
a
pity
that
you
missed
the
football
match.
你错过了这场足球赛，太遗憾了！
It's
useless
taking
this
kind
of
medicine.
吃这种药没有用。
It
is
reported
that
16
people
were
saved
from
the
sea.
据报道有16个人被从海上救起。
It's
necessary
for
the
young
to
master
two
foreign
languages.
对年轻人来说，掌握两门外语很有必要。
[即学即练]
It
happened
that
he
was
spending
his
holiday
on
the
beach.
To
have
a
chance
of
experiencing
this，stop
by
a
village
pub
and
relax
with
a
glass
of
wine
or
a
local
beer.
想要拥有体验的机会，去乡村酒吧吧，喝杯当地的葡萄酒或啤酒放松一下。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。To
have
a
chance
of
experiencing
this是不定式短语作目的状语，后面是一个祈使句。
(2)不定式作目的状语的用法归纳：
①不定式所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动作之后，且不定式通常用一般式
②不定式的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致
③句子主语与构成不定式的动词为主谓关系时，不定式用主动形式，反之则用被动形式
④为表示强调可在不定式前加in
order/so
as，需要注意的是so
as
to不能位于句首
⑤不定式的否定形式：(in
order/so
as)
not
to
do
→In
order
to/To
win
the
scholarship，she
studies
hard.
→She
studies
hard
(so
as/in
order)
to
win
the
scholarship.
为了拿到奖学金，她刻苦学习。
He
tried
to
be
a
good
child
to
be
liked
by
his
parents.
为了让父母喜欢，他努力做一个好孩子。
[即学即练]
(1)They
trained
hard
to_win
(win)
the
coming
match.
(2)You
don't
have
to
run
fast
or
for
long
to_see
(see)
the
benefit.
(3)The
government
encourages
farmers
to
grow
corn
instead
of
rice
to_improve
(improve)
water
quality.
(4)During
the
Mid?Autumn
Festival，family
members
often
gather
together
to_share
(share)
a
meal，admire
the
moon
and
enjoy
moon
cakes.
And
if
you
introduce
yourself
to
a
friendly
face，you
are
more
than
likely
to
experience
local
culture
and
customs
first?hand.
如果你把自己介绍给一个友好的人，你更有可能直接体验当地的文化和习俗。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。if
you
introduce
yourself
to
a
friendly
face是if引导的条件状语从句，后面是主句。
(2)sb.be
likely
to
do
sth.意为“某人很可能做某事”，相当于It
is
likely
that...，其中likely为形容词。
She
is
likely
to
ring
me
tonight.＝It
is
likely
that
she
will
ring
me
tonight.
她今天晚上可能会给我打电话。
[一句多译]
他在2016年有可能会创造一项世界纪录。
①It
is
possible
for
him
to
set
a
world
record
in
2016.
②It
is
probable
that
he
will
set
a
world
record
in
2016.
③He
is
likely
to
set
a
world
record
in
2016.
④It
is
likely
that
he
will
set
a
world
record
in
2016.
[即学即练]
Tom
is
likely
to_attend
(attend)
this
meeting.
考点集训三
单句语法填空
1．The
sun
was
shining
brightly，making
(make)
everything
there
look
more
beautiful.
2．With
time
going
(go)
by，the
examination
is
drawing
near.
3．With
a
lot
of
homework
to_do
(do)，the
boy
had
no
time
to
go
out
to
play.
4．It
is
necessary
that
children
(should)
have
enough
sleep.
5．It
is
suggested
that
the
English
party
should
be
held
on
Saturday.
6．When
asked
why
he
went
there，he
said
he
was
sent
there
to_be_trained
(train)
for
a
space
flight.
7．He
travels
around
the
world
to_gather
(gather)
the
information
about
the
disease.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I
was
appointed
to
take
charge
(主管)
of
arranging
all
the
activities
on
that
day.
2．In
the
end,
when
our
headmaster
announced
(宣布)
the
winners,
the
whole
place
burst
out
with
clapping
and
cheering.
3．Besides,
all
sorts
of
chemicals
and
huge
amounts
(数量)
of
energy
are
used
to
keep
its
courses
(球场)
in
good
condition.
4．The
foreigners
may
be
unsure
as
to
when
to
shake
hands,
when
to
start
conversations,
or
how
to
approach
(接近)
a
stranger.
5．It
seems
that
parents
should
create
room
for
children's
growth
and
study,
in
order
to
ensure
(确保)
their
overall
development.
6．The
trees
and
the
mountains
made
the
landscape
(风景)
very
beautiful.
7．Ms
Alice
is
considered
a
generous
(慷慨的)
lady
by
us,
for
she
often
helps
the
poor
people.
8．I
have
paid
for
the
bread
and
cheese,
but
not
the
butter
(黄油)．
9．Add
more
honey
(蜂蜜)
if
you
have
a
sweet
tooth.
10．He
was
not
ashamed
to
have
a
monkey
for
his
ancestor
(祖先)．
11．Their
readers
were
not
only
people
of
high
social
position
(职位)
but
also
common
people.
12．It
is
a
custom
to
offer
a
drink
or
a
snack
(点心)
to
guests.
13．She
loves
teaching
so
much
and
is
eager
(渴望的)
to
devote
her
life
to
education.
14．Our
bar
is
open
all
day,
and
serves
cocktails,
coffee,
beer,
and
white
wine
(酒)．
15．It's
easy
to
pick
him
out
in
a
crowd
(人群)
because
he
is
very
tall.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The
police
charged
the
thief
with
stealing
the
jewels.
2．How
much
did
he
charge
you
for
repairing
this
pair
of
shoes?
3．Only
in
this
way
can
we
human
beings
be
in
charge
of
our
own
life.
4．On
Monday,
a
poster
which
announced
(announce)
the
competition
attracted
my
attention.
5．The
word
advertising
refers
to
any
kind
of
public
announcement
(announce)
that
brings
products
and
services
to
the
attention
of
people.
6．A
good
amount
of
sleep
every
night
is
(be)
important
for
your
health.
7．At
the
approach
of
the
rain
and
the
wind,
the
swallows
are
busy.
8．The
job
market
has
changed
and
our
approaches
to
finding
(find)
work
must
change
as
well.
9．Multi?billionaire
Mr
King
donates
generously
(generous)
to
charity
several
times
a
year.
10．Each
week
I
eagerly
(eager)
counted
my
growing
savings
increased
by
extra
work
here
and
there.
11.In
some
countries,
a
visitor
will
be
greeted
(greet)
with
a
kiss
on
the
cheek.
12．They
have
plenty
of
satisfied
customers
(custom)
who
are
satisfied
with
their
service.
13．The
bus
was
so
crowded
(crowd)
that
I
had
to
stand
all
the
way
to
the
school.
14．He
began
to
make
up
for
the
missing
lessons.
15．The
book
with
its
covers
torn
(tear)
off
is
a
book
dating
back
to
300
years
ago.
PAGEUNIT
4 HISTORY
AND
TRADITIONS
英国伦敦
LONDON,
England.A
capital
city
full
of
art
and
history.An
important
political
centre.A
huge
financial
market
place.
Whatever
you
think
about
London,
visiting
as
a
tourist
is
very
different
from
living
there.Each
part
of
London
has
its
own
character.Some
parts
are
richer
than
others,
or
more
industrial,
or
have
better
housing.
Let's
start
with
the
centre,
the
“Square
Mile”．This
is
the
oldest
part
of
London.In
the
past,
this
is
where
all
financial
business
was
done.Not
many
people
live
here,
but
300,000
people
work
here
every
day.
Moving
west,
we
come
to
the
West
End.This
busy
shopping
and
entertainment
district
is
bursting
with
things
to
do.Take
a
walk
down
Oxford
Street,
past
big
department
stores
like
Selfridges
and
Harrods.Rents
here
are
very
high,
a
one?bedroom
apartment
may
cost
around
1,000
pounds
(14,845
yuan)
a
week.
The
East
End
contains
the
Port
of
London,
which
historically
is
where
many
immigrants
first
arrived.Since
London
won
the
bid
to
hold
the
Olympics
in
2012,
many
Londoners
hope
that
housing,
education
and
employment
for
many
people
in
this
area
will
improve.
It
is
difficult
to
be
general
about
London.The
city
is
made
up
of
a
“collection
of
villages”，
each
area
with
its
own
character
and
community.Put
them
all
together,
and
you
have
London,
a
cosmopolitan
capital.
开启快乐学习之旅
英国伦敦，一座艺术气息和历史氛围浓郁的都城，一个重要的政治中心，一个巨大的金融市场。
不管你眼中的伦敦是什么样子，以游客的身份去参观旅游和居住在此有很大的不同。伦敦每个地方都各有千秋。有的地方富裕，有的地方偏工业化，有的地方则更适合居住。
我们先从金融广场启程吧。这里是伦敦最古老的地方。以前，所有的金融交易都在这里进行。居住在这里的人不是很多，但是，每天却有30万人工作在此。
继续西行，我们就来到了伦敦西区。这里是日益繁忙的购物和娱乐区。沿牛津大街步行，会经过大的百货商店，其中就有塞弗吉商店和哈罗德商店。这里的房子租金特别贵，一居室的公寓可能每周的租金大约有1
000英镑(折合人民币14
845元)左右。
伦敦东区有伦敦港，在历史上，它曾经是移民最先到达的地方。由于伦敦成功申请到了2012年奥运会的举办权，很多伦敦人希望这个区的住房、教育和工作机会能够得到改善。
要全面描述伦敦是很困难的。这个城市是一个“乡村集散地”，每个地方都有自己的特色和自己的社区。所有这一切，组成了伦敦，一个国际化大都市。
模块核心素养导航
Section
Ⅰ Listening
and
Speaking，Reading
and
Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．philosophy
n．哲学
2．individual
adj.单独的；个别的
n．个人→individually
adv.分别地；
单独地；个别地
3．heel
n．足跟；(脚、袜子、鞋等的)后跟
4．kingdom
n．王国；领域
5．chief
adj.最重要的；最高级别的
n．(公司或机构的)首领；酋长→chiefly
adv.主要地；
首要地
6．puzzle
n．谜；智力游戏；疑问
vt.迷惑；使困惑→puzzled
adj.迷惑的→puzzling
adj.令人迷惑的
7．nearby
adj.附近的；邻近的
adv.在附近
8．belong
vi.应在(某处)；适应→belongings
n．财产，所有物；行李
9．military
adj.军事的；军用的
10．defence
n．防御；保卫→defend
vt.防护；防卫
11．legal
adj.法律的；合法的→legally
adv.合法地→illegally
adv.违法地；非法地→illegal
adj.非法的
12．surround
vt.围绕；包围→surrounding
adj.周围的→surroundings
n．环境
13．evidence
n．证据；证明→evident
adj.明显的
14．achievement
n．成就；成绩；达到→achieve
vt.完成；达到
15．location
n．地方；地点；位置→located
adj.位于→locate
vt.使坐落于vi.定位；定居
16．battle
n．战役；搏斗vi.&vt.搏斗；奋斗
17．port
n．港口(城市)
18．fascinating
adj.极有吸引力的；迷人的→fascinate
vt.使着迷→fascination
n．魅力
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．join...to...把……和……连接或联结起来
2．break
away
(from
sb./sth.)
脱离；背叛；逃脱
3．belong
to属于
4．as
well
as同(一样也)；和；还
5．keep
your
eyes
open
(for)留心；留意
6．lead
to导致；造成
7．be
similar
to与……相似
8．according
to按照；根据……所说
9．if
any如果有的话
10．add
to增加；增添
11．result
in导致；造成；引起
12．refer
to涉及，谈到，提到，引证；查阅；参考
13．take
over接收；接管
14．leave
behind把……丢在后面；留下；忘带
15．date
back
to追溯到……
16．be
known
as作为……而生活；被称作……
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．So
what
is
the
difference
between
them，if
any?
如果有，那么它们之间有什么区别呢？
2．Getting
to
know
a
little
bit
about
British
history
will
help
you
solve
this
puzzle.
了解一点英国历史将有助于你解决这个难题。
3．Finally，in
the
20th
century，the
southern
part
of
Ireland
broke
away
from
the
UK，which
resulted
in
the
full
name
we
have
today：the
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Northern
Ireland.
最后，在20世纪，爱尔兰南部脱离英国，形成了今天的全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
4．They
use
the
same
flag，known
as
the
Union
Jack，as
well
as
share
the
same
currency
and
military
defence.
他们使用同样的旗帜，被称为“英国国旗”，也有相同的货币和军事防御。
5．They
introduced
the
beginnings
of
the
English
language，and
changed
the
way
people
built
houses.
他们介绍了英语的起源，改变了人们建造房屋的方式。
6．They
had
castles
built
all
around
England，and
made
changes
to
the
legal
system.
他们在英国各地建造了城堡，并对法律制度进行了修改。
7．There
is
so
much
more
to
learn
about
the
interesting
history
and
culture
of
the
United
Kingdom.
关于英国有趣的历史和文化还有很多需要了解。
8．Studying
the
history
of
the
country
will
make
your
visit
much
more
enjoyable.
学习这个国家的历史将使你的游览更加愉快。
9．The
capital
city
London
is
a
great
place
to
start，as
it
is
an
ancient
port
city
that
has
a
history
dating
all
the
way
back
to
Roman
times.
首都伦敦是一个很好的起点，因为它是一个古老的港口城市，它的历史可以追溯到罗马时代。
10．If
you
keep
your
eyes
open，you
will
be
surprised
to
find
that
you
can
see
both
its
past
and
its
present.
如果你留心观察，你会惊奇地发现你能看到它的过去和现在。
chief
adj.最重要的；最高级别的
n．(公司或机构的)首领；酋长
[典型例句]
Most
health
chiefs
believe
the
reforms
have
gone
too
far.
大多数卫生部领导人都觉得改革搞得过火了。
This
may
be
the
chief
reason
for
his
being
absent.
这可能是他缺席的主要原因。
He
was
employed
as
the
chief
financial
officer
of
the
company.
他被聘为公司的首席财务官。
注意：chief的复数形式是在其后直接加?s构成。同样的以f结尾但词尾直接加?s构成复数形式的名词还有：belief,
roof,
proof和gulf。
There
are
too
many
chiefs
and
not
enough
Indians.
将多兵少。
[思维拓展]
chiefly
adv. 主要地；首要地
[即学即练]
The
team
lost
the
game
chiefly
(chief)
because
the
team
leader
had
a
quarrel
with
the
coach.
2
[典型例句]
The
meaning
of
the
poem
has
always
been
a
puzzle.
那首诗的含义始终是个谜。
She
is
puzzled
over
his
letter
of
last
week.
她对他上周的那封信感到迷惑不解。
[思维拓展]
puzzle
over
sth.
对某事(物)苦苦思索，仔细琢磨
puzzle
out
仔细考虑解决(难题等)
puzzled
adj.
感到困惑的
puzzling
adj.
令人困惑的
be
puzzled
by
被……迷惑
[即学即练]
(1)It's
quite
a_puzzle_to
us
why
he
did
that.
他为何做那样的事，我们完全搞不懂。
(2)This
sentence
puzzles
me.
这个句子令我困惑。
(3)I
was_puzzled
how
to
solve
the
problem.
我不知道怎样解决这个问题。
(4)The
question
is
puzzling
to
me.
这个问题令我困惑。
3
[典型例句]
The
girl
you
want
to
see
lives
nearby.
你想见的那个姑娘就住在附近。
Dan
found
work
on
one
of
the
farms
nearby.
丹在附近的一个农场找到了工作。
[即学即练]
The
elephant
seized
a
nearby
branch
and
put
it
into
her
mouth.
4
[典型例句]
Attack
is
the
best
form
of
defence.
进攻是最佳的防御。
[思维拓展]
in
defence
(of)保卫；保护
defend
vt.保护；保卫
defend
against抵御
defend...from/against...保护……免遭……
defend
sb.
by...通过……为某人辩护
defend
oneself自卫；为自己辩解
Troops
have
been
sent
to
defend
the
borders.
部队被派去守卫边疆。
Their
duty
is
to
defend
the
country
against
the
enemy.
他们的职责是保卫国家不受敌人侵犯。
[巧学妙记]
de?(＝from，脱离)＋fend(＝strike，打；击)→使某物不受打击→保护；保卫
[易混辨析]
defend，protect，guard
defend
指抵御或击退外来威胁或攻击。
protect
指采取保护措施，使不受伤害或损伤，常用于指防御风雨、寒冷、烈日、疾病或保护经济、法律权益等。
guard
指小心谨慎地对可能出现或存在的危险进行防御，以维护安全，含“警戒”之意。
[即学即练]
The
soldiers
defend
our
country
from/against
invasion.
5
[典型例句]
He
glared
at
the
people
who
surrounded
the
tent.
他怒视着围住帐篷的那些人。
The
lake
is
surrounded
by
trees.
湖边树木环绕。
[思维拓展]
be
surrounded
by
sb./sth.被某人/事包围
surrounding
adj.周围的
surroundings
n．(pl.)环境
in
a
surrounding
area
在周围地区
be
situated/located
in
very
pleasant
surroundings
位于优美的环境中
[即学即练]
(1)The
Los
Angeles
Basin
is_surrounded_on
three
sides
by
high
mountains.
洛杉矶盆地三面都是高山。
(2)The
peasants
are
allowed
to
cultivate
the_surrounding_land.
允许农民耕种周围的土地。
(3)Animals
in
a
zoo
are
not
living
in
their
natural
surroundings.
动物园里的动物们不是生活在自然环境之中。
6
[典型例句]
We
found
further
scientific
evidence
for
this
theory.
我们找到了进一步证实这种理论的科学根据。
There's
some
evidence
that
a
small
amount
of
alcohol
is
good
for
you.
有证据显示，少量饮酒有益健康。
[思维拓展]
(be)
in
evidence
明显的；显而易见
evidence＋
evident
adj.明显的
be
evident
to
sb.that...某人清楚……
It
is
evident
that...显然……
[即学即练]
(1)Obviously
in
competitive
society
there
are
both
losers
and
winners.
→It_is_evident_that
in
competitive
society
there
are
both
losers
and
winners.
(2)Now
we
have
the
most
direct
evidence
(evident)
yet
that
he
is
right.
7
[典型例句]
Know
the
enemy
and
know
yourself，and
you
can
fight
a
hundred
battles
with
no
danger
of
defeat.
知己知彼，百战不殆。
Both
teams
battled
hard.
两队拼得很厉害。
[思维拓展]
battle
against/with...与……斗争
battle
for为……而斗争
battle
to
do
sth.奋力去做某事
fight
a
battle打仗；作战
win
a
battle打赢一场战争
lose
a
battle输掉一场战争
be
half
the
battle成功了一半
[即学即练]
They
won
the
battle
against
the
disease.
考点集训一
单句语法填空
1．In
the
cartoon
(卡通),
the
wolf
can
live
in
harmony
with
the
sheep,
which
makes
the
children
puzzled
(puzzle)．
2．To
explain
the
puzzling
(puzzle)
findings,
he
offers
two
theories.
3．They
help
the
body
defend
itself
against/from
some
kinds
of
infections.
4．Some
people
may
defend
themselves
by
saying
that
snake
meat
is
nutritious.
5．A
good
book
could
absorb
our
attention
so
completely
that
for
the
time
being
we
forget
our
surroundings
(surround)．
6．But
now
an
American
scientist
had
produced
the
evidence
to_prove
(prove)
that
we're
not
all
going
mad.
7．It
has
now
become
evident
(evidence)
to
us
that
a
mistake
has
been
made.
1
[典型例句]
Eating
too
much
sugar
can
lead
to
health
problems.
食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。
[思维拓展]
导致/造成某人做某事
[即学即练]
This
storm
led
to
a
heavy
loss.
2
[典型例句]
Jack
is
similar
to
his
father
in
many
ways.
杰克在很多方面与他爸爸相似。
[思维拓展]
be
similar
with在某方面类似
stick
to坚持
object
to反对
agree
to同意(建议、看法)
see
to料理，照看
devote...to致力于，献身于
be
accustomed/used
to习惯于
pay
attention
to注意
注意：以上短语后均跟名词或v.?ing形式作宾语。
[即学即练]
Neighbors
devoted
their
spare
time
to_helping
(help)
others
rebuild
homes.
3
[典型例句]
According
to
experts'
opinions,
they
gave
up
the
experiment
immediately.
根据专家们的意见，他们马上放弃了这项试验。
注意：according
to
用来引用出自他人或他处的消息，不能与me
和
my
opinion
等连用。
[译]依我之见，……
[误]According
to
me/my
opinion，...
[正]In
my
opinion，...
[即学即练]
According
to
George，she
is
a
great
player.
4
[典型例句]
The
girl
decided
to
break
away
from
her
family
if
her
parents
didn't
agree
to
her
marrying
the
young
man.
如果父母不同意她和那个男青年的婚姻，这位姑娘就决定离家出走。
[思维拓展]
break
down破坏，粉碎；发生故障；感情崩溃；分类；划分；分解
break
in闯入；插话
break
out爆发；突然发生
break
through冲破，突破
break
up分裂；分开
break
off中止；折断；打断
[即学即练]
(1)It
was
wrong
for
him
to
break_away_from
all
his
good
friends.
他和他所有的好朋友决裂是错误的。
(2)The
students
were
encouraged
to
break_away_from
the
bad
habits.
学生们被鼓励改掉坏习惯。
(3)The
elevators
in
the
building
are
always
breaking_down.
这幢楼里的电梯总出故障。
(4)Peace
talks
have
broken_down
over
the
question
of
reparations.
和谈因战后赔款问题而中止。
(5)Bacteria
break_down
the
animal
waste
to
form
methane.
细菌使动物粪便分解成沼气。
(6)If
Tim
carries
on
working
like
this,
he'll
break_down
sooner
or
later.
如果蒂姆继续这样工作，身体迟早会垮掉。
5
[典型例句]
Acting
before
thinking
always
results
in
failure.
做事不先考虑常会导致失败。
The
accident
resulted
in
the
death
of
two
people.
这场意外事故造成两人死亡。
[思维拓展]
其近义词(组)有cause/bring
about/lead
to
as
a
result因此，结果
without
result徒劳，毫无结果
result
from因……产生；起因于……
as
a
result
of由于……，作为……的结果
[即学即练]
These
policies
resulted
in
many
elderly
people
suffering
hardship.
6
refer
to涉及，谈到，提到，引证；查阅，参考
[典型例句]
He
never
referred
to
his
sisters
in
his
letters.
他在信里从未提到过他的姐妹们。
If
you
don't
know
the
spelling
of
a
word,
you
should
refer
to
a
dictionary.
如果你不会拼写一个词，你应当查一下词典。
[思维拓展]
refer...to...问询，归类，提交
refer
to...as把……称作，把……当作
English
is
referred
to
as
a
universal
language.
英语被称为世界语言。
[即学即练]
At
the
routine
office
meeting,
the
headmaster
insisted
that
the
problems
referred
to
be
paid
(pay)
special
attention
to.
7
[典型例句]
This
car
belongs
to
me.
这辆车属于我。
That
house
belongs
to
Mr
Brown.
那座房子是布朗先生的。
注意：belong
to无被动语态和进行时态，作定语时用belonging
to形式。不能说This
car
is
belonging
to
me.和This
car
is
belonged
to
me.。
[思维拓展]
belong
vi.“适合待在某处，放在某处”，没有含被动意味的过去分词用法。
belongings
n．财产，所有物，相关事物
[即学即练]
(1)That
dictionary
belongs_to
the
library.
那本词典是图书馆的。
(2)Do
you
belong_to
the
trade
union?
你是商会会员吗？
(3)Where
do
these
plates
belong?
这些盘子该放在哪儿？
8
be
known
as作为……而出名；被称作……
[典型例句]
Einstein
is
known
as
a
great
scientist.
爱因斯坦作为一名伟大的科学家而出名。
Shanghai
is
known
as
the
largest
city
of
China.
上海作为中国最大的城市而为人们所知。
[思维拓展]
be
known
for＝be
famous
for
因……而出名
be
known
to
sb.为某人所知
be
known
by
根据……了解
[即学即练]
He
is
known
as
a
writer
for
his
novels.
9
[典型例句]
They
will
travel
by
night
as
well
as
by
day.
他们除了白天旅行外，晚上也得赶路。
She
sings
as
well
as
plays
the
piano.
除了弹钢琴外，她还唱歌。
[思维拓展]
(1)as
well
as用作连词，连接两个相当的成分，如名词、形容词、介词、动词等，通常不位于句首。此时
as
well
as强调的重点在前面，不在后面。连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数与前一个主语保持一致。
和as
well
as的用法一样，连接主语时，谓语动词和前面的主语保持一致的词或短语还有：with,
along
with,
together
with,
but,
besides,
rather
than等。如：
Mr
Brown
together
with
his
wife
and
three
children
has
been
in
China
for
three
years.
布朗先生跟他的妻子和三个孩子已经来中国三年了。
not
only...but
also...可连接各种结构，包括句子，但强调的重点在后面，连接主语时，谓语动词的数与后面的主语一致。如：
Not
only
he
but
also
we
are
fond
of
the
song.
不仅是他，我们也喜欢这首歌。
(2)as
well
as作介词，相当于
besides,
in
addition
to，意为“除……之外”，后接名词、代词、动名词。
(3)as
well
as表示比较，意为“和……一样好”。
(4)as
well
相当于too和
also，用于肯定句中，表示“也，又，而且”，用于句尾。
(5)may/might
as
well
表示委婉的建议，一般是针对当时的情况提出另外的提议。意思是“我们不妨……，我们还是……吧”。
[即学即练]
(1)I'm
going
to
London
and
my
sister's
going
as_well.
我要去伦敦，我的妹妹也要去。
(2)If
you're
going
to
the
library,
I
might_as_well
go
with
you;
I
have
to
return
this
book.
如果你去图书馆，我不妨和你一起去，我得去还这本书。
(3)He
was
kind
as_well_as
sensible.
他厚道又明白事理。
(4)He
as_well_as
his
wife
was
invited
to
the
party.
他和他妻子都被邀请参加那个聚会了。
(5)As_well_as
breaking
his
leg,
he
hurt
his
arm.
他除了摔断腿之外，还伤到了胳膊。
(6)The
daughter
cooks
as_well_as
her
mother
does.
女儿烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。
10
[典型例句]
My
family
has
a
vase,
which
is
said
to
date
back
to
the
Ming
Dynasty.
我家有个花瓶，据说是从明代传下来的。
Tomb
Sweeping
Day
dates
back
to
the
Spring
and
Autumn
Period.
清明节可以追溯到春秋时代。
注意：date
back
to
和
date
from
常用一般现在时，而且无被动语态。
[思维拓展]
keep
up
to
date
跟上时代
up
to
date
最近的；跟上时代的
out
of
date
过时的；废弃的
Just
like
your
anti?virus,
you
have
to
keep
your
firewall
up
to
date.
就像你的反病毒程序，你要保持你的防火墙是最新的。
All
our
information
is
kept
right
up
to
date
on
the
computer.
我们储存在计算机里的所有信息都跟得上时代的发展。
The
timetable
is
out
of
date.
这张时间表过期了。
[即学即练]
My
interest
in
English
dates
(date)
from
the
time
when
I
met
a
good
English
teacher
in
junior
middle
school.
考点集训二
单句语法填空
1．We
are
paid
according
to
how
much
work
we
do.
2．He
lost
his
job
and
his
marriage
broke
up.
3．Her
health
broke
down
under
the
pressure
of
work.
4．Should
another
world
war
break
out,_what
would
become
of
human
beings?
5．He
gave
the
speech
without
referring
to
his
notes.
6．As
is
known
to
us
all,
America
is
a
developed
country
belonging
(belong)
to
the
First
World.
7．How
I
wish
everyone
can
enjoy
a
healthy
habit
as
well
as
a
healthy
body.
8．My
opinions
on
the
matter
are
similar
to
Kay's.
9．Most
of
the
Great
Wall
dates
back
to
the
Ming
Dynasty.
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是what
is
the
difference
between
them；if
any是从句。
(2)if
any意为“如果有的话”，是if
there
is
any的省略形式，属于if型省略结构。
I
don't
think
there
will
be
more
than
a
dozen
left，if
any.
我认为即使还有的话也不会超过十几个。
[思维拓展]
常见的if型省略结构：
(1)if＋形容词：if
necessary(如果有必要的话)
if
possible(如果有可能的话)
(2)if＋过去分词：即在if与分词之间省略了主语和be
(3)if＋not：if
not可视为一个否定的条件状语从句的省略
(4)if＋so：如果这/那样的话
(5)if＋代词：if
anyone，if
any，if
anything等
(6)if＋ever：表示“若有过的话”
[即学即练]
(1)Some
of
you
may
have
finished
Unit
One.If
you
have
done
so，you
can
go
on
to
Unit
Two.
→Some
of
you
may
have
finished
Unit
One.If_so，you
can
go
on
to
Unit
Two.
(2)Wash
it
in
water
and
pick
out
the
small
particles，if
there
are
any.
→Wash
it
in
water
and
pick
out
the
small
particles，if_any.
Getting
to
know
a
little
bit
about
British
history
will
help
you
solve
this
puzzle.
了解一点英国历史将有助于你解决这个难题。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。句子的主语是Getting
to
know
a
little
bit
about
British
history，属于动名词作主语。
(2)v.?ing(短语)作主语的用法
Having
a
balanced
diet
is
very
important.
拥有均衡的饮食非常重要。
Reading
aloud
is
very
important
for
us
to
learn
a
foreign
language.
大声朗读对我们学习外语是非常重要的。
It
is
no
use
crying
over
spilt
milk.
覆水难收。
[思维拓展]
v．?ing(短语)作主语时用it作形式主语的常见句型：
It
is
a
waste
of
time
arguing
with
him.
和他争辩是浪费时间。
I
think
it
is
no
good
reading
in
bed.
我认为在床上看书没有好处。
It
is
worth
seeing
the
movie
for
another
time.
这部影片值得再看一次。
[即学即练]
(1)Understanding
(understand)
your
own
needs
and
styles
of
communication
is
as
important
as
learning
to
convey
your
affection
and
emotions.
(2)Ignoring
(ignore)
the
difference
between
the
two
research
findings
will
be
one
of
the
worst
mistakes
you
make.
(3)It
is
no
good
completely
banning
(ban)
students
from
surfing
the
Internet.
Finally，in
the
20th
century，the
southern
part
of
Ireland
broke
away
from
the
UK，which
resulted
in
the
full
name
we
have
today：the
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Northern
Ireland.
最后，在20世纪，爱尔兰南部脱离英国，形成了今天的全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是the
southern
part
of
Ireland
broke
away
from
the
UK，后面是which引导的非限制性定语从句，其中又包含了定语从句we
have
today，修饰先行词the
full
name，因先行词the
full
name在后面的定语从句中作have的宾语，所以省略了关系代词that/which。
(2)该句中，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的整个句子。which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别在于：
①as引导非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句尾，位置灵活，而which引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句尾、句中，但不能位于句首。
As
we
all
know，Taiwan
belongs
to
China.
我们都知道，台湾属于中国。
(as在定语从句中作宾语，该定语从句也可以放到主句之后)
The
sports
meeting
was
put
off，which
astonished
us.
运动会被延期了，这令我们很震惊。
(which在定语从句中作主语，该定语从句不能置于句首)
(2)as常用于be
known(expected)，announced，reported，shown等结构中表示“正如”的意思；而which引导的定语从句通常对主句内容起消极作用，或用于否定意义的从句，或者表示从句是主句所产生的结果。
As
is
known
to
all，he
is
often
late.
我们都知道，他经常迟到。
They
didn't
come
to
school
on
time，which
made
their
teacher
very
angry.
他们没有按时到校，这让他们的老师很生气。
He
was
late
this
morning，which
had
not
been
expected
by
any
of
us.
今早他迟到了，此事我们谁都没料到。
He
won
the
championship，which
excited
everyone
present.
他获得了冠军，在场的所有人都很激动。
[即学即练]
As
has
always
been
expected，he
has
finally
achieved
his
dream，which
makes
his
parents
so
proud.
They
use
the
same
flag，known
as
the
Union
Jack，as
well
as
share
the
same
currency
and
military
defence.
他们使用同样的旗帜，被称为“英国国旗”，也有相同的货币和军事防御。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。known
as
the
Union
Jack是过去分词短语作后置定语。
(2)过去分词(短语)作定语的用法：
A
balanced
diet
provides
nutrition
for
your
body.
均衡的饮食为你的身体提供营养。
Have
you
read
the
novels
written
by
Dickens(＝which
were
written
by
Dickens)?
你读过狄更斯写的小说吗？
[即学即练]
You
cannot
accept
an
opinion
offered
(offer)
to
you
unless
it
is
based
on
facts.
They
introduced
the
beginnings
of
the
English
language，and
changed
the
way
people
built
houses.
他们介绍了英语的起源，改变了人们建造房屋的方式。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。people
built
houses是定语从句，修饰先行词the
way。
(2)way(方式，方法)后定语的常见形式：
There
are
many
ways
of
learning
a
language.
学习语言的方法有很多种。
This
way
to
get
the
task
done
is
not
practical.
完成该任务的这一方法不实用。
The
way
(which/that)
you
told
me
last
Sunday
worked
well.
上周日你告诉我的那个方法很管用。
The
way
(that/in
which)
you
treat
your
children
is
not
wise.
你对待孩子的方法不明智。
[即学即练]
I
watched
the
way
that
her
arms
and
legs
moved
and
the
funny
movements
made
me
laugh
my
head
off.
They
had
castles
built
all
around
England，and
made
changes
to
the
legal
system.
他们在英国各地建造了城堡，并对法律制度进行了修改。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。句中的had
castles
built...是“have＋宾语＋宾补(done)”结构。
(2)“have＋宾语＋宾补(done)”结构
①表示“请/让别人做某事”。
I'll
have
my
bike
repaired
tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
②表示“经历或遭遇(一些不好的事)”。
She
had
her
computer
stolen
the
other
day.
前几天她的电脑被偷了。
③表示“完成/解决某事”，此时主语也可能是过去分词所表示的动作的执行者。
When
will
you
have
your
homework
handed
in?
你什么时候交家庭作业？
[易混辨析]
have
sth.
done,
have
sb.
do,
have
sb.
doing
have
sth.
done
让/叫/使/请别人做某事。宾语sth.后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，sth.与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。
have
sb.
do
让某人做某事。do与sb.是主动关系。
have
sb.
doing
让/叫/使某人一直做某事。doing与sb.是主动关系。
[即学即练]
He
will
have
the
computer
repaired
(repair)
tomorrow.
There
is
so
much
more
to
learn
about
the
interesting
history
and
culture
of
the
United
Kingdom.?
关于英国有趣的历史和文化还有很多需要了解。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。There
is/are...意为“有……”。
(2)在英文写作中，要表达汉语意思“(在某处)有某人做某事”，常使用句型there＋be...结构。可是由于英汉语言差异，此句型使用时常容易出错。现归纳：there
be＋主语＋doing...
例如：每天放学后，有很多同学在操场打篮球。
There
are
many
students
playing
basketball
on
the
playground
after
school
every
day.
＝There
are
many
students
who
play
basketball
on
the
playground
after
school
every
day.
[思维拓展]
(1)常考的“there
be”句型的其他形式变化有：there
seems
to
be/happens
to
be/appears
to
be/used
to
be/be
likely
to
be。例如：
There
seems
to
be
something
wrong
with
it.
它好像有什么问题。
There
happened
to
be
a
villager
whom
we
could
ask
the
way.
碰巧有一个村民，我们可以向他问路。
(2)“there
be”中的be动词可以替换成其他的词。如：live，remain，come，stand，lie，occur，exist，follow等。
There
occurred/existed
human
beings
about
4－10
million
years
ago.
大约400万－1
000万年前就出现了人类。
[即学即练]
(1)There_seems_to_be
much
hope
of
our
team
winning
the
match.
我们队似乎很有希望赢得比赛。
(2)There_lives
a
big
family
in
the
village.
村里住着一个大户人家。
Studying
the
history
of
the
country
will
make
your
visit
much
more
enjoyable.?
学习这个国家的历史将使你的游览更加愉快。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。主语是Studying
the
history
of
the
country，make
your
visit
much
more
enjoyable是make的复合宾语结构：“make＋宾语＋宾补”。
(2)“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构的几种常见形式：
①make＋名词/代词＋不带
to
的不定式。当该结构用于被动语态时，不定式符号
to
要还原。如：
Every
day
my
parents
make
me
have
an
egg.
＝Every
day
I
am
made
to
have
an
egg
by
my
parents.
我爸妈每天要我吃一个鸡蛋。
②make＋名词/代词＋过去分词。过去分词与宾语(名词/代词)之间是被动关系，且分词动作已完成。值得注意的是，不能用现在分词作宾补。如：
His
actions
made
him
universally
respected.
他的行为使他广受尊敬。
③make＋名词/代词＋形容词。表示“使某人或某物变得……”。如：
We
must
make
the
room
clean.
我们必须把房间打扫干净。
④make＋名词/代词＋名词。表示“使某人或某物成为……”，如果宾补是表示独一无二的职位或头衔的名词，则其前不用冠词。如：
Make
your
enemy
your
friend.
化敌为友。
We
made
Tom
captain.
我们让汤姆当船长。
⑤当宾语是不定式或从句时，多用
it
作形式宾语，把真正的宾语后置，即：make
it＋宾补＋真正的宾语。如：
The
heavy
rain
made
it
impossible
for
us
to
go
out.
大雨使得我们无法出去。
[即学即练]
(1)The
teacher
raised
his
voice
so
that
he
could
make
himself
heard
(hear)．
(2)People
in
the
west
make
it
a
rule
to_buy
(buy)
Christmas
presents
for
their
relatives
and
friends.
The
capital
city
London
is
a
great
place
to
start，as
it
is
an
ancient
port
city
that
has
a
history
dating
all
the
way
back
to
Roman
times.?
首都伦敦是一个很好的起点，因为它是一个古老的港口城市，它的历史可以追溯到罗马时代。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是The
capital
city
London
is
a
great
place
to
start；后面是as引导的原因状语从句，其中又包含了that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词city；dating
all
the
way
back
to
Roman
times是现在分词短语作后置定语。
(2)as引导原因状语从句
as引导原因状语从句时意为“因为，由于”，此时as相当于since，常用来表示已为人们所知或显而易见的原因或理由。
As
he
was
tired，he
went
to
bed
at
once.
因为累了，所以他立即就去睡了。
Everyone
likes
you
as
you
are
both
kind
and
honest.
人人都喜欢你，因为你既善良又诚实。
[思维拓展]
as还可以引导以下几种状语从句：
When
in
Rome
do
as
the
Romans
do.
入乡随俗。(方式状语从句)
As
I
began
my
own
personal
weight
programme，I
was
filled
with
the
fear
that
I
would
run
into
the
same
difficulties
that
beat
me
before.
当我开始实施自己的减肥计划时，我很担心会再次遇到之前导致我减肥失败的困难。(时间状语从句)
Happy
as
they
were，there
was
something
missing.
尽管他们很快乐，但缺少点儿什么。(让步状语从句)
Child
as
he
is，he
knows
a
lot.
尽管他是个孩子，但是他知道很多东西。(让步状语从句，注意：Child前不用冠词)
John
came
as
early
as
Mary
(did)．
约翰和玛丽来得一样早。(比较状语从句)
The
task
is
not
as
hard
as
I
thought.
这项任务没有我想象的那么困难。(比较状语从句)
(3)现在分词作定语用法点拨：
The
sleeping
baby
is
my
nephew.
正在睡觉的婴儿是我的外甥。
They
are
building
a
road
leading
into
the
mountains.
他们正在修一条通往山里的路。
[即学即练]
(1)We
had
better
hurry，as_the_train_is_leaving.
我们最好快一点，因为火车就要开走了。
(2)Tired_as_she_was，she
still
continued
doing
her
work.
尽管她已经很累了，但她仍继续做她的工作。
(3)Detailed
surveys
have
indicated
that
as
many
as
50
percent
of
patients
do
not
take
medicine
as_(they_are)_directed.
详细的调查显示，多达50%的病人没有遵照指示服药。
(4)As_time_goes_by，my
mother's
hair
has
turned
grey.
随着时间的流逝，我母亲的头发变灰白了。
(5)He
speaks
English
as_fluently_as_you_(do)．
他英语说得和你说得一样流利。
If
you
keep
your
eyes
open，you
will
be
surprised
to
find
that
you
can
see
both
its
past
and
its
present.?
如果你留心观察，你会惊奇地发现你能看到它的过去和现在。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。If
you
keep
your
eyes
open是if引导的条件状语从句；that
you
can
see
both
its
past
and
its
present是that引导的宾语从句作动词find的宾语。
(2)句中不定式短语to
find...作原因状语。不定式短语作原因状语用法浅析：
①形容词多是表示情感、感觉或心理活动的happy,
pleased,
surprised
等。
②不定式的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，若不是，则在不定式前加上其自身的主语；如果强调不定式动作先于谓语动作或谓语所表示的状态，则不定式用完成式。
We
are
very
happy
to
cooperate
with
you
in
this
project.
在此项目中与你们合作，我们非常高兴。
He
is
very
glad
for
his
son
to
have
made
such
great
progress.
儿子取得了非常大的进步，他高兴极了。
Anxious
to
know
the
exam
result,
I
went
to
school
early.
由于急于知道考试结果，我早早就去了学校。
[即学即练]
The
old
man
sat
in
front
of
the
television
every
evening，happy
to_watch
(watch)
anything
that
happened
to
be
on.
考点集训三
单句语法填空
1．It
sounds
like
something
is
wrong
with
the
car's
engine.If
so，we'd
better
take
it
to
the
garage
immediately.
2．It
is
useless
telephoning
(telephone)
him.He
is
not
willing
to
come.
3．As
is
known
to
all，the
earth
moves
around
the
sun.
4．The
garden
surrounded
(surround)
by
a
long
fence
belongs
to
my
aunt.
5．I
found
it
hard
to
understand
the
English
spoken
(speak)
by
the
native
villagers.
6．We
are
worried
about
the
way
that/which
he
suggested
to
you
for
a
slim
figure
and
you
shouldn't
be
ashamed
of
the
way
that
you
look.
7．She
had
the
snow
cleared
(clear)，after
it
cleared
up.
8．It
isn't
cold
enough
for
there
to_be
(be)
a
frost
tonight，so
I
can
leave
Jim's
car
out
quite
safely.
9．You
need
to
approach
that
animal
with
great
care
as
it
may
bite.
10．I'm
more
than
glad
to_hear
(hear)
that
you
have
been
admitted
to
a
key
university.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．A
dozen
ideas
were
considered
before
the
chief
(首要的)
architect
decided
on
the
design
of
the
building.
2．From
his
youth,
Nobel
had
taken
a
serious
interest
in
literature
and
philosophy
(哲学)．
3．It's
an
amazing
accomplishment
and
one
we
cannot
achieve
without
generous
support
from
individuals
(个人),
corporations,
and
other
social
organizations.
4．No
one
has
yet
succeeded
in
explaining
the
puzzle
(谜)
of
how
life
began.
5．That
weekend,
we
went
to
a
nearby
(附近的)
neighborhood
and
gave
some
gifts
away
to
the
people
there.
6．Are
you
sure
these
documents
(文件)
belong
(应在)together?
7．In
time
of
war,
lots
of
money
will
be
spent
on
defence
(防御)
and
many
measures
will
be
taken
to
defend
a
country
from
being
attacked.
8．As
citizens
of
our
country,
it
is
our
duty
and
responsibility
to
stand
up
for
the
legal
(合法的)
rights
of
our
own
in
the
election.
9．China
is
located
in
the
eastern
part
of
Asia
and
is
surrounded
(包围)
by
the
Pacific
Ocean.
10．Modern
science
has
given
clear
evidence
(证据)
that
smoking
can
lead
to
many
diseases.
11．As
your
friend,
I
know
how
hard
you
have
been
studying
Chinese
and
I
am
proud
of
your
achievement
(成就)．
12．It's
important
to
remember
that
sharing
your
location
(位置)
with
people
you've
never
met
in
real
life
is
risky.
13．But
today
the
government
seems
to
be
winning
the
battle
(战役)．
14．It
was
a
fascinating
(极有吸引力的)
painting,
with
clever
use
of
color
and
light.
15．They
made
a
surprise
attack
and
seized
the
port
(港口)．
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．We
are
chiefly
(chief)
concerned
about
improving
educational
standards.
2．The
patient's
illness
puzzled
(puzzle)
the
doctor;
and
he
couldn't
find
the
cause.
3．Mr
Green
stood
up
in
defence
(defend)
of
the
16?year?old
boy,
saying
that
he
was
not
the
one
to
blame.
4．As
a
famous
pop
star,
he
loves
being_surrounded
(surround)
by
so
many
fans
coming
to
visit
him
from
the
nearby
cities.
5．And
he
also
likes
beautiful
surroundings
(surround)
with
green
trees
and
flowers.
6．There
is
plenty
of
evidence
(evident)
that
drinking
is
closely
connected
with
violence.
7．Laziness
leads
to
failing
the
exam.
8．Her
friends
came
to
help
her
when
the
war
broke
out.
9．Scientists
say
they
are
beginning
to
break
through
in
the
fight
against
cancer.
10．Don't
refer
to
a
dictionary
while
having
an
examination.
11．The
house
had
belonged
to
her
family
for
three
or
four
generations.
12．E?mail,
as
well
as
telephones,
is
(be)
playing
an
important
part
in
daily
communication.
13．You
should
come
on
time.If
not，please
let
me
know.
14．Being_killed
(kill)
in
an
accident
is
something
terrible.
15．He
passed
the
driving
test
at
his
first
attempt，which
made
him
excited.
PAGE
