人教版新课标必修五 unit1 Great scientists Grammar 课件34张PPT

B5 UNIT1
Great scientists
Grammar and writing

过去分词作定语和表语
过去分词概述
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时的意义。
不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。
(1)只表示完成不表示被动。
fallen leaves　 落叶
the risen sun 升起的太阳
a retired teacher
一位退休教师
(2)表示被动。
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
a guided trip 一次有导游的旅行
(3)表示被动和完成。
the broken glass 碎了的杯子
the question discussed yesterday
昨天讨论的问题
a divided country 一个分裂的国家
2．过去分词作定语时的位置。
(1)前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.
那个打碎的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
受伤的工人现在正在医院受到良好的照料。
(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
The suggestion (which had been) sent to the committee was adopted.
呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written
(＝ that has ever been written)．
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
考题印证
①(重庆高考改编)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras _________ (return) to our shop for quality problems.
②(湖南高考改编)You cannot accept an opinion ________ (offer) to you unless it is based on facts.
[点津]　①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)、given(所给的)、concerned(有关的)等。
returned
offered
?There is little time left. Let's hurry up.
剩余的时间不多了，我们赶快吧。
②过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后。
He is one of those invited.
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
③有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同。试比较：
This is a used car which is worth only 5,000 yuan.
这是一辆仅值五千元的旧车。
The method used is very efficient.
所用的这个方法很有效。
5
④过去分词可作非限制性定语，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，前面常用逗号与被修饰的成分隔开。
A girl, dressed like a student, came in and sat beside me.
一个学生打扮的女孩走进来，坐在我的旁边。
3．现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别。
(1)过去分词与所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作。现在分词与所修饰的名词之间存在主谓关系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。
This is a letter written in black ink.
这是一封用黑墨水写的信。
There are so many people showing interest in surfing the Internet.
有那么多人对上网感兴趣。
①(陕西高考改编)The witnesses ________ (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
②(大纲卷改编)Today there are more airplanes ________ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies.
(2)过去分词作定语表示被修饰的人或相关的人的自身感受，现在分词作
定语表示被修饰的人或物对别人造成的感受。
Have you noticed the surprised expression on his face?
你注意到他脸上惊讶的表情了吗？(他很惊讶)
What came to us was surprising news.
我们得到的是令人吃惊的消息。(消息令人吃惊)
questioned
carrying
(全国卷Ⅰ)While there are __________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
amazing
二、过去分词作表语
1．过去分词可放在系动词be、get、feel、remain、seem、look、 become、stay等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态。
He seemed quite delighted at the news.
听到这个消息他似乎很高兴。
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
2．过去分词作表语多表示人自身的感觉、感受或事物自身的状态；
现在分词作表语则多表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人……的”。
He became discouraged. 他泄气了。
①(全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint)．
②(广东高考)For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt __________(please), because there were many empty seats in the room.
[点津]　英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。
disappointed
pleased
常用的这类词有：




The story they heard over the radio was very moving.
他们从收音机里听到的这个故事很感人。
She was moved by his moving speech.
她被他动人的演说感动了。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.
他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
The chairman announced the exciting news in an excited voice.
主席用一种兴奋的声音宣布了这个令人激动的消息。
Alice read the letter with a puzzled expression on her face.艾丽丝脸上带着一种迷惑的表情读了这封信。
3．过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别。
“be ＋过去分词”表示状态时，是系表结构，此时分词通常已形容词化；表示动作时，是被动语态，且绝大多数被动结构中的动作执行者由介词by引出。
The book is well written.(系表结构，强调主语所处的状态)
这本书写得很好。
The book was written by a soldier.(被动语态，强调主语所承受的动作)
这本书是一位战士写的。
①(安徽高考改编)While waiting for the opportunity to get _________ (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.
②(广东高考)We got a little ________ (sunburn),
but the day had been so relaxing that we didn't mind.
③(福建高考改编)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying __________ (connect)．
promoted
sunburnt/sunburned
connected
专题训练
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．I was too _______ (tire) to walk any further.
2．This is the statue of a brave soldier ________ (seat) on a horse, with a gun on his back.
3．In the evening he is ________ (bury) in his books.
4．Professor Jordan gave us a more _______ (confuse) lecture this afternoon and most of us were __________ (confuse)．
5．Both he and I are __________ (satisfy) with the result.
tired
seated
buried
confusing
confused
satisfied
6．He is enthusiastically talking with a man _______(call) Mike.
7．He was _________ (discourage) from making another attempt.
8．Tom was more __________ (surprise) than ____________ (disappoint) at this news.
called
discouraged
surprised
disappointed
Writing
佳作观摩
假如你是高二学生李华，你的一个在外地读书的同学张力给你写信，向你诉说他最近因为身体不好而影响学习的情况，并且坦言自己平时学习忙，很少锻炼。请你根据这一情况给张力写一封回信，劝说并鼓励他积极锻炼身体，从而为更好地学习打下基础。
Dear Zhang Li，
I am sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and I hope you have got better now. You have studied so hard that you have had no time for exercise. ①But it is really harmful to your health.②I feel it would be more beneficial to your health if you could take more exercise in future.
③You may think that time spent in exercise is wasted. ④In fact, exercise can improve your physical condition and refresh your mind.
⑤After one or two hours of exercise you can study better. ⑥Only when you have a strong body can you keep on studying without feeling bad or ill.⑦Otherwise your study will be interrupted from time to time by sickness.⑧I am not advising you to devote all your time to exercise. ⑨What I want to say is that exercise is as useful and important as your study. ⑩So I recommend that you take at least one hour's exercise every day from now on. ?I would be more than happy to see you have a stronger body.
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
结构分析
第一段一开始作者就表达了对同学的关心，并提出自己的观点，为下文做铺垫。
第二段详细说明锻炼身体的重要性。
最后一段提出自己的建议，希望同学抽出时间进行锻炼。
亮点一：文章中使用了一些高级词汇，如①句中的be harmful to，②句中的be beneficial to，⑧句中的advise sb. to do，?句中的more than等。这些词汇的应用，增强了文章的可读性。
亮点二：文章中使用了一些高级句式，如②句中的it作形式主语及虚拟语气，⑥句中的only引起的倒装句，⑨句中的what引导的主语从句和that引导的表语从句，⑩句中的recommend后的宾语从句等。高级句式的使用，使得整篇文章流畅、地道。
技法指导
劝说性书信的写作目的是向某个组织或个人提出劝说性建议的一种应用文体。先提出建议，随后给出充足的理由劝说对方接受你的建议，提出的理由要合情合理，用词要恰当，既要委婉礼貌，又要有说服力。
写作时注意以下几点：
1．形式要简洁，通常主要由称呼(Salutation)、正文(Body)、结束语(Closing)和签名(Signature)组成。
2．开门见山，直入主题。在书信正文的开头找准话题的切入点，自然而然地引出自己想要谈的主题。写信时要充分了解情况，有的放矢，以提高书信的针对性。
3．给出希望对方采取或者终止某种行为的理由。在陈述理由的过程中要换位思考，尽量为对方考虑。要用事实说话，以增强说服力。
4．语气要和缓，让对方考虑你的想法或者建议，以理服人是关键，不能把自己的想法强加于人。
5．给出合理建议，通过提建议让对方明确行动的方向，从而达到写信的最终目的。
黄金表达
1．I am writing to express my views about ...
2．I am writing to persuade you to ...
3．First of all, I think it would be better if ...
4．Here I’d like to give my advice on .../I’d like to suggest that ...
5．If I were you, I would ...
6．I strongly hope that you can ...
7．What/How about doing ...?
8．I think it would be more beneficial if you could ...
9．In my opinion, you should ...
10．In my experience, it seems that ...
11．Please take my advice into consideration and make a final decision.
12．I will be more than happy to see improvements in this regard.
专题练习
假设你是李萍，你的笔友王强最近沉迷于电脑游戏而不能自拔，严重影响了学习和身心健康。请你给他写一封书信，劝说他改掉这一不良习惯，并对他的学习生活给出自己的建议。
注意：
1．词数：100个左右。
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
专题练习
参考范文：
Dear Wang Qiang，
I felt very worried when I heard that you were addicted to computer games. Although it's generally believed that computer games are interesting and can inspire our imagination, yet if you abuse them, they will be harmful to you in many ways. To begin with, they will waste too much valuable time which should be spent on your study or other beneficial things. In addition, playing games for a long time will do harm to your health, especially to your eyes.
专题练习
Worse still, some games are full of violence, which will be harmful to your mental health.
Therefore, I strongly hope that you can break away from them. The earlier, the better. In order to live a meaningful life, you can read more good books, take more exercise to build yourself up or participate in some social activities to expand your horizons.
Looking forward to your good news.
Yours，
Li Ping
Thanks for watching!
See you next time!