中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力,它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力,还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例,而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。
(一)、高考翻译评分标准:
1.每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分;
2.语法错误(包括时态错误)每处扣一分;
3.译文没用所给的单词扣一分。
据说新的微博用户注册时必须用实名的原因是保护网民的利益和提高网络的可信度。(register)
It
is
said
that
the
reason
why
new
users
of
micro-blog
must
use
real
names
when
they
are
0.5
1.5
1
Registering
is
to
protect
web
users’
interests
and
improve
credibility
of
Internet.
1
1
(二)、高考翻译技巧
1.词义选择
所谓词义选择,是指词本来就有这个意思,但是要求我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节,如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好,如果不能兼顾,则取意义,舍形式。越是普通的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时,要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词的褒贬和感彩。
例如:
剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。
Paper
cutting
are
used
to
decorate
doors,
windows
and
rooms
in
order
to
enhance
the
joyous
atmosphere.
“增加”此处实际是“加强”的意思,而非我们平常所指的“数量增多”的含义,因此不宜翻成increase,翻译为
add或enhance更恰当。
2.词类转换
词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点,在语言运用上多用动词。英语则具有动态性和抽象性的特点,在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向,在汉译英过程中,适当转换词性,可以使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。
(1)动词→名词
汉语中动词使用比较频繁,而且汉语动词没有时态变化的约束,也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分,动词甚至可以充当句子的任何成分。然而,英语动词的使用则受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词,大量原本应该由动词表达的概念,常常需要借助于名词,因为名词比较不受形态变化的束缚。使用起来相当灵活、方便。
例如:
吃头两个主菜时,你也是赞不绝口。
You
will
be
full
of
praise
while
eating
the
first
two
main
courses.
英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义。如:advice,
agreement,
inheritance,
knowledge,
praise,
use等。汉译英时,借助抽象名词表达特定的行文动作,译文也会显得更为地道。
(2)动词-→介词
介词与名词密切相关,英语名词的广泛使用使得介词频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的,具有动词的特征。因此,汉译英时,有些动词可以用介词短语来表达。
例如:人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
People
often
beautify
their
homes
with
paper
cuttings.
(3)动词-→形容词
汉语一些动词也常可用英语形容词来表达,这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词(如dreadful,
doubtful,
sympathetic等),这样的译文有时比直接用动词显得更地道,更标准。
例如:这件艺术品在明朝和清朝时期(the
Ming
and
Qing
Dynasties)特别流行。
This
piece
of
art
was
widespread
particularly
during
the
Ming
and
Qing
dynasties.
(4)形容词或副词-→名词
由于语法结构和修辞的需要,汉语的形容词和副词也可以译为英语的名词。
例如:
这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏时刻。
These
living
things
enjoy
this
moment
of
dust
with
full
ease
and
freedom.
(5)名词-→动词
有些情况下,汉语的名词可以用英语的动词来表达,此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。
例如:大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。
People,
poor
or
rich,
are
equally
favored
by
nature.
3.词的增补
(1)语法需要
由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要补充汉语原文为了语言简洁而省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词(英语多特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词或介词等。
例如:农业社会的人们比工业社会的人享受少得多,因此欲望也小很多。
People
in
the
agriculture
society
enjoyed
far
less
than
people
in
the
industry
society,
thus
their
desires
are
far
less
either.
英语中用得很多的介词有at,
by,
for,
from,
in,
of,
on,
to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带,在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时,要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。
例如:只有相关各方更多地关注青少年,他们才能形成正确的价值观。(Only)
Only
if
parties
concered
pay
more
attention
to
the
younger
generation
will
teenagers
form
proper
values.
(2)意思表达需要
例如:这是黄河滩上的一幕。
This
is
a
scene
taking
place
on
the
shore
of
the
Yellow
River.
在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时,增译taking
place短语,使译文表达更为生动贴切。
(3)文化背景解释的需要
中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易被译文读者所理解的词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法,把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。
例如:三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。
The
wit
of
three
cobblers
combined
surpasses
that
of
Zhuge
Liang,
the
master
mind.
4.词的减省
所谓词的减省,就是翻译时,把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等,在译成英语时需适当删减,以保持句子的通顺。
例如:于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备,转首肯为摇头。
Then
happiness
turns
to
anger,
praise
to
scolding
and
nit-picking,
and
head-nodding
to
head-shaking.
(删减重复的谓语动词)
5.词的替代
重复时汉语常使用的一种语篇衔接手段,虽然英语中也用重复,但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润色。汉语以重复见长,英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时,可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。
(三)、高考翻译需注意的问题
1.词的特殊用法:accessible,
available,
arrange,
convenient等
1:他忘了带阅读证,进不了图书馆。(accessible)
He
forgot
to
bring
the
reading
card,
so
the
library
was
not
accessible
to
him.
2:我已安排好一辆车去车站接他们。(arrange)
I
have
arranged
for
a
car
to
pick
them
up
at
the
railway
station.
3:如果你方便的话,请帮我去邮局寄一些包裹。(convenient)
If
it
is
convenient
to
you,
please
go
to
the
post
office
to
send
these
parcels
for
me.
动词语态问题:谓语动词及非谓语动词都应注意语态问题
4:这里的菜烧得很好,还有免费蛋糕供应。(provide)
The
dishes
are
well
cooked
here
and
free
cakes
are
provided.
5:应该更加强调培养学生的实际运用能力。
Great
emphasis
should
be
put
on
cultivating
students’
practical
ability.
6:我们必须对这里正在讨论的一些事情保密。(discuss)
We
must
keep
a
secret
of
the
things
being
discussed
here.
7:应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage)
The
young
people/
youngsters
should
be
encouraged
to
choose
their
careers
according
to/
based
on
their
own
strong
points/
strengths.
选择正确的词语搭配,主要是介词的选择问题和be+p.p.
+
prep.结构
8:我不需要买新车,我的那辆旧车还很好。(condition)
I
don’t
need
to/needn’t
buy
a
new
car
as
my
old
one
is
still
in
good
condition.
9:我忘了提醒他面试的时间。(remind)
I
forgot
to
remind
him
of
the
time
for
the
interview.
10:我对学生所谈论的电子产品一无所知,我发现自己落伍了。(ignorant)
Being
ignorant
of
the
electronic
products
the
students
are
talking
about,I
find
myself
left
behind/
outdated/
out
of
date.
Be+p.p.+
prep.结构:be
involved
in,
be
qualified
for,
be
equipped
with,
be
concerned
about,
be
based
on,
be
addicted
to,
be
amazed
at,
be
regarded
as,
be
engaged
in等
11:市长非常关心市民不遵受交通规则的问题。(concern)
The
mayor
is
much
concerned
about
the
problem
of
the
citizens’
disobeying
the
traffic
regulations.
特殊句式:
it做形式主语和宾语,强调句型,倒装句,the
reason
why…
is
that
…,
it
(never)
occurs
to
me
that…,
it’s
said
that…,
not…but
…等
12:我迟到的原因是他们没通知我开会的时间。(inform)
The
reason
why
I
was
late
was
that
they
had
not
informed
me
of
the
time
of
the
meeting.
13:重要的不是你说了什么,而是你做了什么。(matter)
It’s
not
what
you
said
but
what
you
did
that
matters.
14:据报道,这种野生植物含有丰富的维生素。(It…)
It
is
reported
that
this
wild
plant
is
rich
in/contains/has
a
lot
of
vitamins.
15:我从未想到这种事竟然会发生在他的身上。(occur)
It
never
occurred
to
me
that
such
a
thing
should
happen
to
him.
16:汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱,这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广泛的应用,这简直令人难以置信。(It…)
It
is
hard
to
believe
that
automobiles,
radios,
motion
pictures,
frozen
foods
and
electric
refrigerator
have
come
into
common
use
within
thirty
years.
17:学校定了一条规则,开始上课时学生要起立。(it)
The
school
made
it
a
rule
that
the
students
should
stand
up
when
class
begins.
句子的逻辑关系:汉语里两个句子可能存在潜在的修饰,结果,目的,因果,并列,转转等逻辑关系,翻译时,要注意结构逻辑关系,使句子更连贯。
18:我为这些话所深深感动,后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺卡上。(impress)
I
was
so
impressed
by
these
words
that
I
used
them
later
for
a
Christmas
card.
19:上海是座美丽城市,他决定再呆两天。(decide)
?Shanghai
was
a
beautiful
city,
so
he
decided
to
stay
for
another
two
days.
20:这款手机式样新颖、携带方便,深受年轻人的欢迎。(popular)
The
mobile
phone
is
fashionable/modern
in
style
and
convenient
to
carry
,
so
it
is
very
popular
with
young
people.
/
我不需要买新车,我的那辆旧车还很好。(condition)
I
don’t
need
to/needn’t
buy
a
new
car
as
my
old
one
is
still
in
good
condition.
6.长句的翻译:高考翻译最后一句属于长句翻译,翻译时,要“先主干,再细节”。理清句子的成分,先确定框架,再添砖加瓦。
21:绝大多数的医疗专家持有相同的看法,即防止该疾病传播最有效的方法是用肥皂和水洗手。(prevent)
Most
medical
experts
share
the
same
opinion
that
the
most
effective
way
to
prevent
the
spread
of
the
disease
/prevent
the
disease
from
spreading
is
(for
people)
to
wash
(their)
hands
with
soap
and
water.
22:为追求时尚而付出高昂代价的人应该尽早改变这种生活方式。(those)
Those
who
follow
fashion
at
the
great
cost
should
change
their
lifestyle
as
soon
as
possible.
23:出国学习会使学生受益匪浅,但是他们也有可能会面临一系列前所未有的挑战。(likely)
Studying
abroad/
Going
abroad
for
further
studies
benefits/
(will/
may)
benefit
students
a
lot,
but
they
are
likely
to
face/be
faced
with
a
series
of
challenges
which
are
greater
than
ever
(before).
24:一项新披露的调查表明网络最吸引人之处在于它能让网民及时了解世界大事。(inform)
A
newly-released/
newly-reveled
survey
shows/
suggests/
indicates
that
the
biggest
attraction
of
the
Internet
is
that
it
keeps/
makes
netizens
who
surf
the
Internet
informed
of
the
world
events.
(四)、检查核对,避免小错误
1.
检查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。
完成翻译后,首先要检查句子中的动词前后时态是否一致,语态为主动还是被动是否符合中文翻译的要求,以及动词的单复数是否与主语相符。这是翻译中得分的重点。
2.
检查非谓语动词。
现在的翻译中经常会出现使用非谓语的情况,句子中一旦出现了非谓语,学生就要特别注意是否正确使用了-ing,-ed和to
do的结构,以及可能出现的独立主格等非谓语中的重点方面。
3.
检查动词的搭配。
检查句子中的动词是及物还是不及物动词,如果是不及物动词,则要注意是否搭配了相应的介词。
4.
检查名词的单复数。
注意名词在中英文中的不同理解,特别是一些集合名词,理解它们用单数来表达复数的特征。
5.
检查句型的使用。
检查常用句型的使用,特别是一些连接词、强调句、倒装句等等。
6.
检查句子的完整性。
翻译后,尤其要检查译句中的主干以外的修饰语是否完整,比如说定语,时间状语和地点状语等等。
7.
检查中英文的一致。
检查英语译句是否正确地表达了中文的意思,是否错误地把主观的想法加诸在翻译中。
8.
检查单词的拼写和大小写。
英语单词拼写复杂,翻译时,搞错一个字母,就会导致单词拼写失误,学生需要加强记忆。句子首字母大写,学生基本不会忘记,但也要注意翻译中出现的一些专有名词或特别称谓的首字母大写。
9.
检查标点符号。英语的标点符号,与汉语的有同有异。但有些学生平时在作业时,非常粗心,使用混乱,这就导致了在最后的考试里被扣分。特别是平日里,比较多练习的翻译都是陈述句,一旦遇到疑问句,多数学生会忘记写上问号。尽管一个标点符号只有半分,但我想,在高考中,任何由疏忽所造成的扣分都是该避免。
综上所述,要想做好中译英试题,考生了解、掌握一定的方法和技巧及注意事项是必不可少的。实际上,只要能在平时的英语学习中注重对英语基础知识的积累,并且做个有心人(随时留意英语与汉语的异同点,作好储备工作),再进行一定量的训练,就一定能在“中译英”方面取得优异成绩。
翻译中的常考句型总结练习
1、时态语态(每个翻译句子都要注意时态语态)
当时,那位出租车司机别无选择,只能求助于游客。(choice)
At
that
time
the
taxi
driver
had
no
choice
but
to
turn
to
the
tourist
/
traveler
(for
help).
应该鼓励孩子们根据自己的兴趣爱好去选择书籍。(in
terms
of)
Children
should
be
encouraged
to
choose
books
in
terms
of
their
own
interests.
2、定语从句
让没有受过专业培训的人操纵机器是不负责任的行为。(who)
It
is
irresponsible
to
allow
someone
who
hasn’t
received
professional
training
to
operate
the
machine.
这本书备受推崇的原因是它给人以希望和启迪。(…why…)
The
reason
why
the
book
is
highly
recommended
is
that
it
provides
us
with
hope
and
inspiration.
选举结果出乎意料,这令大多数人颇为失望。(which)
The
outcome/result
of
the
election
was
out
of
expectation,
which
made
most
people
feel
disappointed.
4)昨天我把那台不能用的空调退还给了出售它的商店并得到了退款。(where)
Yesterday
I
returned
the
useless
air-conditioner
to
the
shop
where
it
was
sold
/I
bought
it
and
got
a/the
refund.
3、名词性从句
宾语从句
我以为你会和我一起乘高铁去北京。(think)
I
thought
you
would
go
to
Beijing
with
me
by
high-speed
rail.
为确保行程如期开始,要求游客出发前一个月申请签证。(guarantee)
To
guarantee
that
trips
can
begin
on
schedule,
visitors
are
required
to
apply
for
the
visa
one
month
before
departure.
主语从句和表语从句
据报道,上海所有的学校操场都将寒暑假期间免费向市民开放。(access)
It
is
reported
the
citizens
will
have
free
access
to
all
the
playgrounds
in
Shanghai
during
the
winter
and
summer
vacation.
似乎年轻父母更注重孩子的语言学习。(seem)
It
seems
that
young
parents
pay
more
attention
to
a
kid's
language
learning.
对学生而言真正重要的是在获取知识的过程中养成良好的习惯。(matter)
What
matters
to
students
most
is
that
they
should
develop
good
habits
in
the
process
of
acquiring
knowledge.
这位专家的建议是学校应该努力提高学生们的健康意识。(suggestion)
The
expert’s
suggestion
is
that
schools
should
raise
students’
awareness
of
health.
同位语从句
消费者对冷冻食品失去信心的事实令生产厂家一筹莫展。(loss)
The
fact
that
consumers
have
lost
confidence
in
frozen
food
makes
the
manufacturers
at
a
loss.
没有同事的帮助,他一个人是不可能在这么短时间内完成这个项目的。(possibility)
Without
his
colleague’s
help,
there
is
no
possibility
that
he
can
finish
the
project
in
such
a
short
time.
4、状语从句
每一次他要做演讲,他总会做一些笔记,提醒他自己想要说的要点。(remind)
Every
time
he
is
to
give
a
speech,
he
makes
a
few
notes
to
remind
himself
of
what
he
wants
to
say.
我们非常关心食品质量,因为它与每一个人的健康都息息相关。(concern)
We
are
all
concerned
about
the
food
quality
because
it
is
closely
related
to
everyone’s
health.
家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测。(for
fear)
Parents
ask
their
kids
not
to
play
by
the
river
for
fear
that
something
terrible
might
happen.
他有着如此坚强的意志,定会不遗余力,力争提前完成任务。(such…
that)
He
has
such
a
strong
will
that
he
is
he
is
sure
to
spare
no
effort
and
try
to
finish
the
task
in
advance.
除非你听从李教授昨天给你的忠告,否则你将一事无成。(unless)
You
will
achieve
nothing
unless
you
follow
the
advice
(that/which)
Professor
Li
gave
you
yesterday.
经过多年的建设,这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as)
After
years
of
construction,
this
town
is
as
lively
now
as
it
used
to
be
before
the
earthquake.
尽管我们无法预测将来会发生什么事,但我们可以未雨绸缪。(plan)
While
we
can’t
predict
what
will
happen
in
the
future,
we
can
plan
ahead.
不管学生提出什么问题,这位老师总是耐心回答。(patience)
Whatever
questions
the
students
may
ask
,
the
teacher
would
answer
them
with
patience.
5、非谓语
阅读英文报能使完美接触大量的词汇。(expose)
Reading
English
newspapers
can
expose
us
to
a
large
vocabulary.
这个明年将竣工的游乐园可为当地创造5万个新职位。(entertainment)
The
entertainment
park
to
be
completed
next
year
can
create
50,000
new
jobs
for
the
local
area.
接完电话,他既没关门也没关灯就匆匆忙忙离开了办公室。(with)
Having
answered
the
phone,
he
left
the
office
in
a
hurry
with
the
door
open
and
the
light(s
)
on.
获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。(gain)
The
experience?gained?will
give
you
more
confidence
to
help
your
customers.
近年高考试题链接
2017年6月
李雷宁愿受罚也不说谎。(would
rather)
在投资项目的过程中出现了一些问题。(arise)
在过去的三年中,他一直致力于研究信息的传播速度和人们生活节奏的关系。(commit)
有人声称减肥丸效果显著,立竿见影,且对身体无害。但事实远非如此。(It)
参考答案:
Li
Lei
would
rather
be
published
than
tell
a
lie.
There
were
some
problems
arising
in
the
process
of
investing
the
project.
He
has
always
been
committed
to
studying
the
relationship
between
the
spreading
speed
of
information
and
people’s
pace
of
life
in
the
last
3
years.
It
is
claimed
that
the
slimming
pills
have
distinct
and
immediate
effect
as
well
as
harmless,
which
is
far
away
from
the
truth.
2016年
我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。(hope)
二十世纪末中国经济迅速发展。(witness)
为买一双运动鞋而通宵排队有意义吗?(point)
虽然当时我年幼,不理解这部电影的含义,但我记得我的家人都感动得落泪了。(too…to…)
我阿姨苦读四年之后获得了文凭,那一刻她欣喜万分。(The
moment…)
参考答案:
I
really
hope
that
my
article
will
be
published
in
a
newspaper
someday.
The
late
twentieth
century
witnessed
the
rapid
development
of
China’s
economy.
Is
there
any
point
in
lining
up
for
the
whole
night
just
to
buy
a
pair
of
sports
shoes?
Although
I
was
then
too
young
to
understand
the
meaning
of
the
film,
I
remember
my
family
were
moved
to
tears.
The
moment
my
aunt
gained
her
diploma
after
four
years
of
hard
work,
she
was
filled
with
joy.
2015年
美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。?(visit)
街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。?(bring)
在你生命中,如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起,那么就去向他道歉吧。?(apology)
这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。?(what)
申请材料需要精心准备,这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面,准确地了解。?(in
order
that)
参考答案:
Delicious
food
is
one
of
the
pleasures
for
people
to
visit
Shanghai.
Street
artists
have
brought
brilliant
colors
to
old
neighborhoods
with
their
creativity.
If
there
is
someone
in
your
life
to
whom
you
need
to
say
sorry,
go
ahead
and
make
an
apology.
What
makes
the
game
unique
is
that
it
helps
children
learn
how
to
cope
up
with
problems
in
real
life.
The
applications
should
be
carefully
prepared
in
order
that
the
school
you
like
can
have
an
overall
and
accurate
knowledge
of
your
abilities.
2014年
1.
我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed)
2.
将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be
up
to)
3.
没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than)
4.
家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测。(for
fear)
5.
虽然现代社会物资丰富,给予消费者更多的选择,但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn)
参考答案:
I'm
accustomed
to
listening
to
some
light
music
before
sleep.
It's
up
to
you
what
kind
of
life
you
will
lead
in
the
future.
There
is
nothing
more
exciting
than
being
allowed
to
take
part
in
the
space
travel
program.
Parents
ask
their
kids
not
to
play
by
the
river
for
fear
that
something
terrible
might
happen.
While
modern
society,
rich
in
material
resources,
has
given
consumers
more
choices,
it
also
turns
many
of
them
into
crazy
shoppers.
2013年
1.
今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy)
2.
舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片,祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate)
3.
经过多年的建设,这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as)
4.
演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar)
5.
她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目,就立志加入野生动物保护组织。(No
sooner)
参考答案:
We
enjoyed
ourselves
this
New
Year’s
Day
this
year.
My
uncle
sent
me
a
card
to
congratulate
me
on
my
eighteenth
birthday
yesterday.
After
years
of
construction,
this
town
is
as
lively
now
as
it
used
to
be
before
the
earthquake.
The
show
started
with
a
piece
of
music
familiar
to
people
in
their
fifties.
No
sooner
had
she
finished
watching
that
programme
about
those
extinct
species,
than
she
decided
to
join
the
Wildlife
Conservation
Organization.
2012年
她五年前开始拉小提琴。(play)
由于天气恶劣,航班延误了好几个小时。(owing)
每位设计师都希望自己的作品能经受时间的考验。(stand)
能否抵御网络游戏的诱惑是摆在中学生面前的一道难题。(It)
在展览会上,公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate)
参考答案:
She
began
to
play
the
violin
five
years
ago.
Owing
to
bad
weather,
the
flight
was
delayed
for
a
couple
of
hours.
Every
designer
hopes
that
his
work
can
stand
the
test
of
time.
It
is
a
difficult
problem
for
high
school
students
whether
they
can
resist
the
temptation
of
online
games.
At
the
exhibition,
the
company’s
sales
manager
demonstrated
the
new
type
of
electronic
toys
(which/that)
children
were
looking
forward
to.
2011年
你为什么不在网上订票?
(Why)
我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟,因为他们长得太像了。(mistake)
对父母而言,没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。
(compare)
自从出国留学后,她就不再和我们保持联系了。
(No
longer)
如果能找到任何适合你的学习方法,你的学习效率就可能明显提高。(whatever)
参考答案:
Why
not
/
Why
don’t
you
book
tickets
online
/
reserve
the
ticket(s)
on
the
Internet?
I
often
mistake
Wang
Hai
for
his
twin
brother
because
they
look
so
similar
/
very
much
alike.
As
for
parents,
nothing
can
be
compared
with
their
children’s
physical
and
mental
health.
No
longer
has
she
kept
in
touch
with
us
since
she
went
abroad
for
further
study
/
education.
If
you
can
find
whatever
learning
method
(that)
suits
you,
your
study
/
learning
efficiency
is
likely
to
improve
remarkably.
2010年
这本杂志花了我20多元。(cost)
雨天我总是比平时起得晚。(than)
看到奶奶有些睡意,他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。(turn)
乍一看,这块手表没有什么特别之处,但实际上它是一部手机。(there
be)
我们一致同意一旦得出调查结论,就尽早让公众知晓。(once)
参考答案:
This
magazine
cost/costs
me
more
than
20
yuan.
I
always
get
up
later
than
usual
on
rainy
days.
Seeing
Grandma
a
little
sleepy,
he
drew
the
curtains
and
turned
the
TV
down.
At
first
sight,
there
is
nothing
special
about
the
watch,
but
in
fact
it
is
a
mobile
phone.
We
all
agree
that
once
the
conclusion
of
the
investigation
is
drawn,
it
will
be
made
known
to
the
public
as
soon
as
possible.
中译英翻译技巧讲解
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力,它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力,还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例,而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。
(一)、高考翻译评分标准:
1.每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分;
2.语法错误(包括时态错误)每处扣一分;
3.译文没用所给的单词扣一分。
据说新的微博用户注册时必须用实名的原因是保护网民的利益和提高网络的可信度。(register)
It
is
said
that
the
reason
why
new
users
of
micro-blog
must
use
real
names
when
they
are
0.5
1.5
1
Registering
is
to
protect
web
users’
interests
and
improve
credibility
of
Internet.
1
1
(二)、高考翻译技巧
1.词义选择
所谓词义选择,是指词本来就有这个意思,但是要求我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节,如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好,如果不能兼顾,则取意义,舍形式。越是普通的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时,要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词的褒贬和感彩。
例如:
剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。
Paper
cutting
are
used
to
decorate
doors,
windows
and
rooms
in
order
to
enhance
the
joyous
atmosphere.
“增加”此处实际是“加强”的意思,而非我们平常所指的“数量增多”的含义,因此不宜翻成increase,翻译为
add或enhance更恰当。
2.词类转换
词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点,在语言运用上多用动词。英语则具有动态性和抽象性的特点,在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向,在汉译英过程中,适当转换词性,可以使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。
(1)动词→名词
汉语中动词使用比较频繁,而且汉语动词没有时态变化的约束,也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分,动词甚至可以充当句子的任何成分。然而,英语动词的使用则受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词,大量原本应该由动词表达的概念,常常需要借助于名词,因为名词比较不受形态变化的束缚。使用起来相当灵活、方便。
例如:
吃头两个主菜时,你也是赞不绝口。
You
will
be
full
of
praise
while
eating
the
first
two
main
courses.
英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义。如:advice,
agreement,
inheritance,
knowledge,
praise,
use等。汉译英时,借助抽象名词表达特定的行文动作,译文也会显得更为地道。
(2)动词-→介词
介词与名词密切相关,英语名词的广泛使用使得介词频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的,具有动词的特征。因此,汉译英时,有些动词可以用介词短语来表达。
例如:人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
People
often
beautify
their
homes
with
paper
cuttings.
(3)动词-→形容词
汉语一些动词也常可用英语形容词来表达,这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词(如dreadful,
doubtful,
sympathetic等),这样的译文有时比直接用动词显得更地道,更标准。
例如:这件艺术品在明朝和清朝时期(the
Ming
and
Qing
Dynasties)特别流行。
This
piece
of
art
was
widespread
particularly
during
the
Ming
and
Qing
dynasties.
(4)形容词或副词-→名词
由于语法结构和修辞的需要,汉语的形容词和副词也可以译为英语的名词。
例如:
这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏时刻。
These
living
things
enjoy
this
moment
of
dust
with
full
ease
and
freedom.
(5)名词-→动词
有些情况下,汉语的名词可以用英语的动词来表达,此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。
例如:大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。
People,
poor
or
rich,
are
equally
favored
by
nature.
3.词的增补
(1)语法需要
由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要补充汉语原文为了语言简洁而省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词(英语多特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词或介词等。
例如:农业社会的人们比工业社会的人享受少得多,因此欲望也小很多。
People
in
the
agriculture
society
enjoyed
far
less
than
people
in
the
industry
society,
thus
their
desires
are
far
less
either.
英语中用得很多的介词有at,
by,
for,
from,
in,
of,
on,
to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带,在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时,要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。
例如:只有相关各方更多地关注青少年,他们才能形成正确的价值观。(Only)
Only
if
parties
concered
pay
more
attention
to
the
younger
generation
will
teenagers
form
proper
values.
(2)意思表达需要
例如:这是黄河滩上的一幕。
This
is
a
scene
taking
place
on
the
shore
of
the
Yellow
River.
在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时,增译taking
place短语,使译文表达更为生动贴切。
(3)文化背景解释的需要
中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易被译文读者所理解的词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法,把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。
例如:三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。
The
wit
of
three
cobblers
combined
surpasses
that
of
Zhuge
Liang,
the
master
mind.
4.词的减省
所谓词的减省,就是翻译时,把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等,在译成英语时需适当删减,以保持句子的通顺。
例如:于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备,转首肯为摇头。
Then
happiness
turns
to
anger,
praise
to
scolding
and
nit-picking,
and
head-nodding
to
head-shaking.
(删减重复的谓语动词)
5.词的替代
重复时汉语常使用的一种语篇衔接手段,虽然英语中也用重复,但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润色。汉语以重复见长,英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时,可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。
(三)、高考翻译需注意的问题
1.词的特殊用法:accessible,
available,
arrange,
convenient等
1:他忘了带阅读证,进不了图书馆。(accessible)
He
forgot
to
bring
the
reading
card,
so
the
library
was
not
accessible
to
him.
2:我已安排好一辆车去车站接他们。(arrange)
I
have
arranged
for
a
car
to
pick
them
up
at
the
railway
station.
3:如果你方便的话,请帮我去邮局寄一些包裹。(convenient)
If
it
is
convenient
to
you,
please
go
to
the
post
office
to
send
these
parcels
for
me.
动词语态问题:谓语动词及非谓语动词都应注意语态问题
4:这里的菜烧得很好,还有免费蛋糕供应。(provide)
The
dishes
are
well
cooked
here
and
free
cakes
are
provided.
5:应该更加强调培养学生的实际运用能力。
Great
emphasis
should
be
put
on
cultivating
students’
practical
ability.
6:我们必须对这里正在讨论的一些事情保密。(discuss)
We
must
keep
a
secret
of
the
things
being
discussed
here.
7:应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage)
The
young
people/
youngsters
should
be
encouraged
to
choose
their
careers
according
to/
based
on
their
own
strong
points/
strengths.
选择正确的词语搭配,主要是介词的选择问题和be+p.p.
+
prep.结构
8:我不需要买新车,我的那辆旧车还很好。(condition)
I
don’t
need
to/needn’t
buy
a
new
car
as
my
old
one
is
still
in
good
condition.
9:我忘了提醒他面试的时间。(remind)
I
forgot
to
remind
him
of
the
time
for
the
interview.
10:我对学生所谈论的电子产品一无所知,我发现自己落伍了。(ignorant)
Being
ignorant
of
the
electronic
products
the
students
are
talking
about,I
find
myself
left
behind/
outdated/
out
of
date.
Be+p.p.+
prep.结构:be
involved
in,
be
qualified
for,
be
equipped
with,
be
concerned
about,
be
based
on,
be
addicted
to,
be
amazed
at,
be
regarded
as,
be
engaged
in等
11:市长非常关心市民不遵受交通规则的问题。(concern)
The
mayor
is
much
concerned
about
the
problem
of
the
citizens’
disobeying
the
traffic
regulations.
特殊句式:
it做形式主语和宾语,强调句型,倒装句,the
reason
why…
is
that
…,
it
(never)
occurs
to
me
that…,
it’s
said
that…,
not…but
…等
12:我迟到的原因是他们没通知我开会的时间。(inform)
The
reason
why
I
was
late
was
that
they
had
not
informed
me
of
the
time
of
the
meeting.
13:重要的不是你说了什么,而是你做了什么。(matter)
It’s
not
what
you
said
but
what
you
did
that
matters.
14:据报道,这种野生植物含有丰富的维生素。(It…)
It
is
reported
that
this
wild
plant
is
rich
in/contains/has
a
lot
of
vitamins.
15:我从未想到这种事竟然会发生在他的身上。(occur)
It
never
occurred
to
me
that
such
a
thing
should
happen
to
him.
16:汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱,这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广泛的应用,这简直令人难以置信。(It…)
It
is
hard
to
believe
that
automobiles,
radios,
motion
pictures,
frozen
foods
and
electric
refrigerator
have
come
into
common
use
within
thirty
years.
17:学校定了一条规则,开始上课时学生要起立。(it)
The
school
made
it
a
rule
that
the
students
should
stand
up
when
class
begins.
句子的逻辑关系:汉语里两个句子可能存在潜在的修饰,结果,目的,因果,并列,转转等逻辑关系,翻译时,要注意结构逻辑关系,使句子更连贯。
18:我为这些话所深深感动,后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺卡上。(impress)
I
was
so
impressed
by
these
words
that
I
used
them
later
for
a
Christmas
card.
19:上海是座美丽城市,他决定再呆两天。(decide)
?Shanghai
was
a
beautiful
city,
so
he
decided
to
stay
for
another
two
days.
20:这款手机式样新颖、携带方便,深受年轻人的欢迎。(popular)
The
mobile
phone
is
fashionable/modern
in
style
and
convenient
to
carry
,
so
it
is
very
popular
with
young
people.
/
我不需要买新车,我的那辆旧车还很好。(condition)
I
don’t
need
to/needn’t
buy
a
new
car
as
my
old
one
is
still
in
good
condition.
6.长句的翻译:高考翻译最后一句属于长句翻译,翻译时,要“先主干,再细节”。理清句子的成分,先确定框架,再添砖加瓦。
21:绝大多数的医疗专家持有相同的看法,即防止该疾病传播最有效的方法是用肥皂和水洗手。(prevent)
Most
medical
experts
share
the
same
opinion
that
the
most
effective
way
to
prevent
the
spread
of
the
disease
/prevent
the
disease
from
spreading
is
(for
people)
to
wash
(their)
hands
with
soap
and
water.
22:为追求时尚而付出高昂代价的人应该尽早改变这种生活方式。(those)
Those
who
follow
fashion
at
the
great
cost
should
change
their
lifestyle
as
soon
as
possible.
23:出国学习会使学生受益匪浅,但是他们也有可能会面临一系列前所未有的挑战。(likely)
Studying
abroad/
Going
abroad
for
further
studies
benefits/
(will/
may)
benefit
students
a
lot,
but
they
are
likely
to
face/be
faced
with
a
series
of
challenges
which
are
greater
than
ever
(before).
24:一项新披露的调查表明网络最吸引人之处在于它能让网民及时了解世界大事。(inform)
A
newly-released/
newly-reveled
survey
shows/
suggests/
indicates
that
the
biggest
attraction
of
the
Internet
is
that
it
keeps/
makes
netizens
who
surf
the
Internet
informed
of
the
world
events.
(四)、检查核对,避免小错误
1.
检查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。
2.
检查非谓语动词。
3.
检查动词的搭配。
4.
检查名词的单复数。
5.
检查句型的使用。
6.
检查句子的完整性。
7.
检查中英文的一致。
8.
检查单词的拼写和大小写。
9.
检查标点符号。
综上所述,要想做好中译英试题,考生了解、掌握一定的方法和技巧及注意事项是必不可少的。实际上,只要能在平时的英语学习中注重对英语基础知识的积累,并且做个有心人(随时留意英语与汉语的异同点,作好储备工作),再进行一定量的训练,就一定能在“中译英”方面取得优异成绩。
翻译中的常考句型总结练习
1、时态语态(每个翻译句子都要注意时态语态)
当时,那位出租车司机别无选择,只能求助于游客。(choice)
应该鼓励孩子们根据自己的兴趣爱好去选择书籍。(in
terms
of)
2、定语从句
让没有受过专业培训的人操纵机器是不负责任的行为。(who)
这本书备受推崇的原因是它给人以希望和启迪。(…why…)
选举结果出乎意料,这令大多数人颇为失望。(which)
4)昨天我把那台不能用的空调退还给了出售它的商店并得到了退款。(where)
3、名词性从句
宾语从句
我以为你会和我一起乘高铁去北京。(think)
为确保行程如期开始,要求游客出发前一个月申请签证。(guarantee)
主语从句和表语从句
据报道,上海所有的学校操场都将寒暑假期间免费向市民开放。(access)
似乎年轻父母更注重孩子的语言学习。(seem)
对学生而言真正重要的是在获取知识的过程中养成良好的习惯。(matter)
这位专家的建议是学校应该努力提高学生们的健康意识。(suggestion)
同位语从句
消费者对冷冻食品失去信心的事实令生产厂家一筹莫展。(loss)
没有同事的帮助,他一个人是不可能在这么短时间内完成这个项目的。(possibility)
4、状语从句
每一次他要做演讲,他总会做一些笔记,提醒他自己想要说的要点。(remind)
我们非常关心食品质量,因为它与每一个人的健康都息息相关。(concern)
家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测。(for
fear)
他有着如此坚强的意志,定会不遗余力,力争提前完成任务。(such…
that)
除非你听从李教授昨天给你的忠告,否则你将一事无成。(unless)
经过多年的建设,这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as)
尽管我们无法预测将来会发生什么事,但我们可以未雨绸缪。(plan)
不管学生提出什么问题,这位老师总是耐心回答。(patience)
5、非谓语
阅读英文报能使完美接触大量的词汇。(expose)
这个明年将竣工的游乐园可为当地创造5万个新职位。(entertainment)
接完电话,他既没关门也没关灯就匆匆忙忙离开了办公室。(with)
获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。(gain)
近年高考试题链接
2017年6月
李雷宁愿受罚也不说谎。(would
rather)
在投资项目的过程中出现了一些问题。(arise)
在过去的三年中,他一直致力于研究信息的传播速度和人们生活节奏的关系。(commit)
有人声称减肥丸效果显著,立竿见影,且对身体无害。但事实远非如此。(It)
2016年
我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。(hope)
二十世纪末中国经济迅速发展。(witness)
为买一双运动鞋而通宵排队有意义吗?(point)
虽然当时我年幼,不理解这部电影的含义,但我记得我的家人都感动得落泪了。(too…to…)
我阿姨苦读四年之后获得了文凭,那一刻她欣喜万分。(The
moment…)
2015年
美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。?(visit)
街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。?(bring)
在你生命中,如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起,那么就去向他道歉吧。?(apology)
这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。?(what)
申请材料需要精心准备,这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面,准确地了解。?(in
order
that)
2014年
1.
我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed)
2.
将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be
up
to)
3.
没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than)
4.
家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测。(for
fear)
5.
虽然现代社会物资丰富,给予消费者更多的选择,但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn)
2013年
1.
今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy)
2.
舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片,祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate)
3.
经过多年的建设,这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as)
4.
演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar)
5.
她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目,就立志加入野生动物保护组织。(No
sooner)
2012年
她五年前开始拉小提琴。(play)
由于天气恶劣,航班延误了好几个小时。(owing)
每位设计师都希望自己的作品能经受时间的考验。(stand)
能否抵御网络游戏的诱惑是摆在中学生面前的一道难题。(It)
在展览会上,公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate)
2011年
你为什么不在网上订票?
(Why)
我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟,因为他们长得太像了。(mistake)
对父母而言,没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。
(compare)
自从出国留学后,她就不再和我们保持联系了。
(No
longer)
如果能找到任何适合你的学习方法,你的学习效率就可能明显提高。(whatever)
2010年
这本杂志花了我20多元。(cost)
雨天我总是比平时起得晚。(than)
看到奶奶有些睡意,他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。(turn)
乍一看,这块手表没有什么特别之处,但实际上它是一部手机。(there
be)
我们一致同意一旦得出调查结论,就尽早让公众知晓。(once)
中译英翻译技巧讲解
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