岳 麓 书 社 版
第9课 战国时期的社会大变革
汉川市麻河镇中学 张国标
教学目标：
1.知识与能力：
⑴铁农具和牛耕得到推广及意义；商鞅变法的原因、内容、意义
⑵①通过对春秋战国时期铁农具、牛耕得到推广这一历史现象的分析，培养学生发现问题、思考问题的能力。
②通过对商鞅变法的有关故事比赛及原因、后果的分析研究，培养学生收集处理历史信息的能力，历史想象能力和语言表达能力，以及运用历史唯物主义基本观点去分析历史问题的能力。
③结合商鞅变法与我们今天的改革开放事业进行思考，培养学生的知识迁移能力和创新能力。
2.过程与方法
通过对铁农具、牛耕产生发展情况的讨论研究过程，以及对商鞅变法的了解、研究过程，帮助学生感知人类生产进步与社会变革的艰辛历程和伟大成就，树立正确的历史观、价值观；初步掌握归纳、比较、置疑等基本的学习方法及具有初步判断、推理的能力；养成自主探究的个性与习惯，逐步掌握与他人合作交流的方式。
3.情感态度与价值观
⑴通过商鞅变法的教学，培养学生积极进取的人生态度和正确的价值取向。
⑵通过战国时期生产工具的进步及由此产生的社会大变革等历史现象的分析研究，使学生坚定地树立起凡符合历史发展规律的改革必定胜利的信念，将来积极支持和投身到社会主义改革事业中去。
教学重难点：
教学重点：1.铁农具、牛耕的推广及意义；2.商鞅变法
教学难点：生产力的进步推动社会大变革。
教学方法：
问题讨论教学法 故事讲述法 学生自主探究式教学法
教学准备：
1.全班学生分四组分别搜集“秦孝公求贤”、“徙木立信”、“舌战守旧派”、“作法自毙”四个故事，并准备派代表在课堂上进行讲故事比赛。
2.自制多媒体课件。
故事导入
多媒体轻声播放《民族乐曲》背景音乐。教师讲《干将莫邪》的故事（材料见课件），多媒体演示问题⑴这个故事反映了什么时候的事情？⑵干将是用什么办法攻克什么难关的？
讲授新课
一、铁农具和牛耕的推广
当时我国冶铁还用来干什么呢？
多媒体演示文献：美金以铸剑戟，试诸狗马；恶金以铸锄、夷、斤、试诸壤土。
多媒体演示出土文物《战国时期的铁农具》和《战国铁器主要出土地点分布图》及问题：这两幅图给我们什么信息？说明了什么问题？
组织学生讨论并归纳。板书“铁农具推广”。
多媒体演示战国时期的文物《铁犁铧》及问题：这是什么东西，是干什么用的？进一步演示复原图增强理解。
多媒体演示：“请想象一下:在铁犁铧出现之前人们是怎样耕作的？出现之后人们是怎样耕作的？”
学生想象后用多媒体演示：“用石器和木器挖田”假想图，进一步演示文献“宗庙之牲为畎亩之勤”及牛耕画面。
板书“牛耕推广”
学生讨论：铁农具和牛耕推广的重大意义。教师利用多媒体的交互功能演示：铁农具和牛耕推广的重大意义。
板书“生产力发展”。
西周以来，推行的是土地国有制，周王将土地分封给奴隶主享用，但所有权仍归周王，这种土地称为公田。随着铁器、牛耕的出现，生产效率大大提高，奴隶主开始驱使奴隶开荒，增加新的土地并归自己所有，这种土地称为私田。
随着私田越来越多，为了便于管理和提高劳动者的生产积极性，奴隶主不再驱使奴隶集体耕作，而将土地割成小块交给耕作者（即原来的奴隶）自由耕种。耕种者收获了农产品后，按定额向私田主人交够地租，其余归自己所有。这样私田主人就变成了地主，奴隶就变成了农民，新的阶级形成。新的封建经济产生并逐渐壮大起来。
（教师边讲解边板书）“私田增多”、“封建经济发展”、“地主阶级壮大”
新兴的地主阶级经济实力日益壮大，他们要求改变各种现存的社会政治经济制度以便更好地维护自己的利益。这就成为各国变法的根本原因。多媒体演示：商鞅变法的根本原因。再加上在春秋战国纷争的年代，各国争霸的现实压力。因此，他们倡导和推行了一次又一次变法运动。多媒体演示：商鞅变法的直接原因。其中最有成效最彻底的就是商鞅变法。
板书“商鞅变法”。
开始组织故事比赛，各学生代表讲故事时，多媒体演示相关图片，教师在此过程中及时引导学生培养积极进取的人生态度和正确的价值取向。
多媒体演示《开阡陌》。
多媒体演示商鞅变法的内容，学生分组讨论商鞅变法中每一项变法的内容各有什么作用，教师利用多媒体的交互功能随机演示。
最后引导学生归纳变法的作用。同时用多媒体演示予以强化。
课堂小结：
在前面讲解本课主要逻辑的基础上，指出铁农具和牛耕推广标志着生产力发展，生产力发展使私田增多，地主阶级壮大，这说明生产力发展带来了生产关系的发展，最终导致商鞅等变法，确立了封建制度。
思考与练习
多媒体播放背景音乐《春天的故事》，展出思考题：
邓小平同志在推动国企改革之初，有人持怀疑或否定态度，但现在都尊他为改革开放的总设计师，并热情地讴歌他。
综合历史上的商鞅变法，说明我们应该怎样看待我国的改革开放事业。
铁农具推广
牛耕推广
私田增多
地主阶级壮大
生产力的进步
生产关系变革
（经济基础）
商鞅等变法
封建制度确立
社会制度变革
（上层建筑）FileIO Xtra for Macromedia Authorware 7.0
Copyright 2003 Macromedia, Inc.
FileIO provides a set of functions allowing users of Macromedia Authorware to programmatically access files using scripting.
Using FileIO
============
As an Xtra the FileIO Xtra must be in your application's Xtras folder.
Each instance of FileIO can reference a single open file. If multiple files are to be opened simultaneously, a new instance of FileIO is required for each opened file. A single instance can be used to open multiple files, as long as the file is closed before a new file is opened. To create a new instance use NewObject, defined below. To dispose of an instance, set the instance variable to 0. All functions that read from or write to the file must be called after the file has been opened using openFile. If a new file is to be opened using the same instance, the old file must first be closed using closeFile. Files can be opened in three different modes: Read, Write and Read/Write. When writing to a file, the contents of the file after the current position are overwritten.
Example Script:
-- Create an instance of FileIO
myFile := NewObject("fileio")
-- Display an "open" dialog and return the file name to Authorware
myFileName := CallObject(myFile, "displayOpen")
-- Open the file
CallObject(myFile, "openFile", myFileName, 1)
-- Read the file and return a string to Authorware
theFile := CallObject(myFile, "readFile")
-- Close the file
CallObject(myFile, "closeFile")
-- Dispose of the instance
myFile := 0
In this example, a new instance was created and stored in the variable myFile. Next, a call to displayOpen is used to display an open dialog to allow a file to be selected. The file name is returned as a fully qualified path string to Authorware. The file is then opened in read-only mode, the contents of the file are read, and the file is closed. Lastly, the instance is disposed.
There is also an Authorware Show Me (xtraio.a7p) which demonstrates how to use the Xtra. It can be found in the Show Mes installed with Authorware.
Known Problems
==============
The FileIO Xtra cannot use a net-based file when supplied with a URL for the file name. It is limited to accessing files available via file systems mounted on the local system.
Function Reference
==================
closeFile
CallObject(object, "closeFile")
Closes a file that has been previously opened using openFile.
createFile
CallObject(object, "createFile", "fileName")
Creates a file. The fileName must be either a fileName to be created in the current directory, or a fully qualified path and fileName. Relative paths are not supported. After creating the new file, the file must be opened before it can be written to.
delete
CallObject(object, "delete")
Deletes the currently opened file. The file must be open to use this function.
displayOpen
CallObject(object, "displayOpen")
Displays a platform specific "open" dialog allowing a user to select a file. Returns a fully qualified path and fileName to Authorware. The setFilterMask function can be used to control what file types are displayed in the dialog.
displaySave
CallObject(object, "displaySave", "title", "defaultFileName")
Displays a platform specific "save" dialog allowing a user to specify a file. Returns a fully qualified path and fileName to Authorware. The setFilterMask function can be used to control what file types are displayed in the dialog. The title and defaultFileName parameters allow you to specify a default filename to be displayed, as well as title text for the save dialog.
error
CallObject(object, "error", status)
Returns a readable error string. A numeric error code is passed in as the third argument. (Also refer to the 'status' function.) The errors returned can be any of the following:
"OK"
"Memory allocation failure"
"File directory full"
"Volume full"
"Volume not found"
"I/O Error"
"Bad file name"
"File not open"
"Too many files open"
"File not found"
"No such drive"
"No disk in drive"
"Directory not found"
"Instance has an open file"
"File already exists"
"File is opened read-only"
"File is opened write-only"
"Unknown error"
fileName
CallObject(object, "fileName")
Returns the file name string of the current open file. The file must be open use this function.
getFinderInfo
CallObject(object, "getFinderInfo")
Returns the Type and Creator of the current file as a string. This function does nothing when used under Windows. The file must be open to use this function.
getLength
CallObject(object, "getLength")
Gets the length of the currently opened file. Returned as an integer. The file must be open to use this function. The value returned is the length of the file in bytes.
getOSDirectory
getOSDirectory()
A function that returns the full path to either the Windows directory, or the System Folder depending on which OS is currently being used. Does not require a child instance to call.
getPosition
CallObject(object, "getPosition")
Gets the file position of the current open file. Returned as an integer. The file must be open to use this function.
NewObject
NewObject("fileio")
This is called to create a new instance of FileIO. It returns an instance variable used to reference the instance.
openFile
CallObject(object, "openFile", "fileName", mode)
Opens the named file. This call must be used before any read/write operations can take place. The filename can be either a fully qualified path and filename, or a relative filename. The openMode parameter specifies whether to open the file in Read, Write or Read Write mode. Valid Flags are: 0 Read/Write, 1 Read, 2 Write.
readChar
CallObject(object, "readChar")
Reads the character (either single or double-byte) at the current position and then increments the position. The character is returned to Authorware as a string. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
readFile
CallObject(object, "readFile")
Reads from the current position to the end of the file and returns the file to Authorware as a string. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
readLine
CallObject(object, "readLine")
Reads from the current position up to and including the next Return, increments the position, and returns the string to Authorware. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
readToken
CallObject(object, "readToken", "skip", "break")
Reads the next 'token' starting at the current position. Characters matching the 'skip' parameter are "skipped" and the file is read until 'break' is encountered. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function. This function will read double-byte tokens as long as the skip and break are single-byte characters. It will not detect double-byte skip or break characters.
readWord
CallObject(object, "readWord")
Reads the next word starting at the current position. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
setFilterMask
Sets the filter mask used by calls to displayOpen and displaySave. The filter mask determines what files to show when displaying an "open" or "save" dialog. The third parameter is a string representing the filter mask to set.
On Windows, this is a comma-separated string of file types and associated extensions (e.g. "All Files,*.*,Text Files,*.TXT"), and a string of types on the Macintosh (e.g. "TEXTPICT"). On Windows, the filter mask string is limited to 256 characters.
If a file type has more than one associated extension, separate the extensions with a semi-colon, rather than a comma (e.g. "All Available Sound,*.WAV;*.MP3;*.SWA;*.VOX").
On the Macintosh, you are limited to four four-character types.
When a new instance of FileIO is created, the filter masks defaults to all files. To reset the filter mask to display all files after it has been set, just pass in an empty string, e.g. CallObject(object, "setFilterMask", "").
setFinderInfo
CallObject(object, "setFinderInfo", "attributes")
Sets the Type and Creator of the current file. The string takes the form of a space-separated set of TYPE and CREATOR codes (e.g. "TEXT TTXT"). This function does nothing when used under Windows. The file must be open to use this function.
setPosition
CallObject(object, "setPosition", position)
Sets the file position of the current open file. The file must be open to use this function.
status
CallObject(object, "status")
Returns the error code returned by the last function called. The value is returned as an integer. (Also refer to the 'error' function.)
version
CallParentObject("fileio", "version")
Returns FileIO version and build information. Useful when filing bug reports, or determining installed version while authoring. No practical use beyond this.
writeChar
CallObject(object, "writeChar", "theChar")
Writes a single character to the file at the current position. The file must be open in write or read/write mode to use this function.
writeString
CallObject(object, "writeString", "theString")
Writes a string to the file at the current position. The file must be open in write or read/write mode to use this function.
===directtransition3d破解版
毛毛的自由乐园
http://ntmaoyf.
2002.6XtrAgent Trial Version 2.0
--------------------------
Developed by Tomer Berda, DirectXtras Inc.
Copyright 1998-99.
Last updated: 10 May 1999.
This is a trial version of XtrAgent. You can use it to see if it
provides you with the features you are looking for.
The trial version does not operate under projectors, packages
and Shockwave. In addition, the 'File' member/icon property
and the ability to create new XtrAgent members/icons on the fly
are not available in this trial version.
You have to license the Xtra to obtain the disabled features,
run-time capability, and the license to use and freely distribute
XtrAgent along with your applications.
Product Information
-------------------
XtrAgent is an Asset Xtra which enables the use of Microsoft's revolutionary
"Agent" technology in Director, Authorware and Shockwave applications, that
provides a foundation for more natural ways for people to communicate with
their computers.
XtrAgent adds a new type of member to your cast - Agent.
Agent is an interactive animated character that can be drawn on top
of all other sprites and windows and even outside of the stage area.
It can speak, via a text-to-speech engine or recorded audio, and accept
spoken voice commands.
Agents can be used as guides, coaches, entertainers, or other types of
assistants or specialists.
Using XtrAgent, developers can utilize Text-To-Speech & Speech Recognition
engines and freely distribute them with their applications!
In addition, XtrAgent provides powerful animation capability and interactivity,
with support for high-quality lip-synching at an incredible ease of development.
It comes with ready-to-use characters and also support custom characters that
developers can create using the Microsoft Agent character editor.
XtrAgent is available for Windows 9X & NT. It is possible to use it along with
the MacOS version of Xpress Xtra to have a cross-platform Text-To-Speech solution.
System requirements
-------------------
- Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0 (x86) or later
- Internet Explorer version 3.02 or later
- Personal computer with a Pentium 100 MHz or higher processor
- At least 16 MB of memory
- Microsoft Agent core components 2.0 or later
- Hard-disk space for core components: 1 MB
- Text-To-Speech and Speech recognition engines (recommended)
- Windows compatible sound card (recommended)
- Compatible speakers and microphone (recommended)
- Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device (recommended)
- Hard-disk space for optional components:
Lernout & Hauspie TruVoice Text-to-Speech engine for speech output: 1.6 MB
Microsoft Speech Recognition Engine for speech input: 22 MB
Characters installed locally: 2-4 MB per character
Explanation of licensing-availability:
--------------------------------------
XtrAgent is a commercial product.
You can license it from http://www. for
$399 per developer, one-time licensing fee.
Along with the Xtra, you will receive full documentation, sample
codes and direct support by e-mail.
The licensed product includes a runtime version of the Xtra
that can be freely distributed along with your applications.
Auto-downloadable Shockwave safe version can be licensed seperately.
History
-------
May 10, 1999;
Version 2.0 released.
- The Xtra is now compatible with Authorware and Shockwave.
- Auto-downloadable Director Shockwave safe version is available.
- New Sprite functions: Think, Listen, Activate, ShowPopupMenu, GestureAt, Interrupt
- New Member/Icon properties: PopupMenu, TTSModeID, SRModeID, SRStatus
- New Member/Icon functions: ShowDefaultCharacterProperties
- New Events: VisibleState, ActivateInputState, Move, ActiveClientChange,
DefaultCharacterChange, ListeningState
- The new version requires Microsoft Agent core components 2.0 or later.
- Creating a new Member/Icon without specifying a filename loads the default
character (if available). If XtrAgent cannot find a linked character file using
Director/Authorware standard filename resolution algorithm, it searches the
Agent's characters directory for it.
See the File Member/Icon property for more info and changes.
- StopAll() can now stop only Show requests.
- SREngine Member/Icon property was removed. Use SRModeID instead.
- 'Suspended' Member/Icon property was removed. Microsoft Agent 2.0 or later
cannot be in a suspended mode anymore.
- Restart and ShutDown events were removed, Microsoft Agent 2.0 or later
cannot be shutdown or restarted anymore.
- Multiple cast Members/Icons for the same character are supported for Authoring
convenience purposes, though you still can't display the same character more
than once on the screen.
April 18, 1999;
Version 1.0.1 released.
- VisibleState event was added.
- Fixed crash that sometimes occured with Microsoft Agent 2.0 under Director 7,
when you quit the application with visible Agent character(s) that has some
uncompleted requests.
- Fixed some other minor issues related to Microsoft Agent 2.0 and Director 7.
June 1, 1998;
Version 1.0 released.
- XtrAgent built-in error messages replaced with error codes that can be handled
from lingo. See the sample movie for code that checks whether the character files
were loaded properly, if there is a compatible speech recognition engine
installed, and whether Microsoft Agent is installed and working properly.
- Speech output tags and animations for Genie, Robby and Merlin are now documented.
- New XtrAgent Member/Icon Properties: SREngine, SRHotKey
- New XtrAgent Sprite Event: Bookmark
- New XtrAgent Sprite Function : Stop
Bugs found & fixed:
- ExtraData property returned the Description property and was corrected.
May 18, 1998;
- Version 1.0 beta/preview released.
DirectXtras Inc.
P.O Box 423417 San Francisco, CA 94142-3417
Voice: +1-415-505-8249, Fax: +1-650-9384633
E-mail General information: info@
E-mail Technical Support: supp@
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please send comments, suggestions and bug reports to :
supp@
Further information on Microsoft Agent technology can be found at
http://msdn./workshop/imedia/agent/default.asp and in
the XtrAgent HomePage located at http://www./
Xtra is a trademark of Macromedia, Inc.Disclaimer
----------
WHEREAS, DirectXtras Inc. has designed and developed proprietary software
included in this folder and known henceforth as the Program;
DirectXtras Inc. owns all right, title and interest in and to the Program.
By installing the Program, you agree that;
THE PROGRAM AND DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED
TO USER IN AN "AS IS" CONDITION. IT IS UNDERSTOOD BY YOU THAT
THE PROGRAM HAS NOT BEEN TESTED OR DEBUGGED AND THAT
DIRECTXTRAS INC. MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING ITS
USE. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE INSTALLATION OF THE
PROGRAM'S SOFTWARE INTO YOUR COMPUTER OR DISK MAY CAUSE VARIOUS
MALFUNCTIONS IN ITS SYSTEM. YOU HEREBY RELEASE DIRECTXTRAS INC. FROM ALL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGE CAUSED, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, BY
THE INSTALLATION OF SAID PROGRAM INTO YOUR, OR ANY OTHER COMPUTER.
DIRECTXTRAS INC. MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE
USE OF THE PROGRAM OR ANY INFORMATION RELATING THERE TO
OR CONTAINED THERE IN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHT OF ANY THIRD PERSON.
IN NO EVENT SHALL DIRECTXTRAS INC. BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM USE OF THIS PROGRAM.
YOU SHALL HAVE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ADEQUATE
PROTECTION AND BACK-UP OF YOUR DATA USED IN CONNECTION WITH THE
PROGRAM AND YOU SHALL NOT HAVE ANY CLAIM AGAINST
DIRECTXTRAS INC. FOR LOST DATA, RE-RUN TIME, INACCURATE INPUT, WORK
DELAYS OR LOST PROFITS RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THE
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(C) DirectXtras Inc. 1999
www.
