中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
（一）、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。非真实条件句的假设发生的可能性不大或者不可能发生，仅仅是对条件和结果的假设。
真实条件句：
If
it
doesn’t
rain
tomorrow,
I
will
go
for
a
picnic
Oil
floats
if
you
pour
it
on
water.
虚拟条件句的构成：
If
从句
主句
与现在事实相反
谓语动词用1.
did2.
be动词用
were
谓语动词用should/would/
could/
might
+
do
与过去事实相反
谓语动词用had
+
done
谓语动词用should/would/could/
might
+have
+
done
与将来事实相反
谓语动词用1.
did/were2.
should
do3.
were
to
do
谓语动词用should/would/
could/
might
+
do
If
everyone
knew
first
aid,
many
lives
would
be
saved.
(与现在事实相反)
If
the
earthquake
had
happened
in
the
desert,
there
would
have
been
fewer
deaths.
(与过去事实相反)
If
I
were
to
have
an
eight-day
holiday,
I
would
go
fishing.
(与将来事实相反)
If
I
were
you,
I
would
study
much
harder.
If
you
had
come
a
few
minutes
earlier,
you
would
have
met
her.
If
I
should
go
there
tomorrow,
I
would
do
it
in
my
way.
注意：
1.
当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if
I
were
you,
as
it
were中，只能用were。
If
I
were
you,
I
would
try
my
best
to
grasp
the
chance.
2.
有时，虚拟条件句中，主句和从句所指的时间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟语气或混合虚拟语气。主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。
If
I
had
worked
hard
at
school,
I
would
be
an
engineer,
too.
（条件为过去，结果为现在）
If
they
had
informed
us,
we
would
not
come
here
now.
If
he
were
free
today,
we
would
have
sent
him
to
Beijing.
（条件为现在，结果为过去）
If
he
knew
her,
he
would
have
greeted
her.
If
it
had
not
been
raining
too
much,
the
crops
would
be
growing
much
better.
（条件为过去，结果为将来）
3.
当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,
should,
had时，if可省略，而将were,
should,
had等词置于句首。如：
Should
he
agree
to
go
there,
we
would
send
him
there.
Were
she
here,
she
would
agree
with
us.
Had
he
learnt
about
computers,
we
would
have
hired
him
to
work
here.
4.
有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而隐含在某些介词短语中，如without,
but
for,
otherwise,
or,
but,
given,
supposing等，或上下文里，叫做含蓄虚拟结构。
I
would
have
come
to
see
you,
but
I
was
too
busy.
But
for
his
help,
we
would
be
working
now.
Without
your
instruction,
I
would
not
have
made
such
great
progress.
I
was
busy
yesterday,
otherwise/or
(=If
I
hadn’t
been
busy)
I
would
have
attended
Mr.
Wang’s
lecture.
陈述事实
+
otherwise
+
虚拟语气
虚拟语气
+
but
+陈述事实
（二）、虚拟语气在其它状语从句中的应用
1.
目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
在for
fear
that,
in
case引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should
/could/
might等
+
动词原形；lest引导的目的状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气，为“should
+
动词原形”或省略should。
She
examined
the
door
again
for
fear
that
a
thief
should
come
in.
He
started
out
earlier
lest
he
should
be
late.
Bring
some
money
in
case
you
should
use
it.
在so
that,
in
order
that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can
/
may
/
could
/
might
/
will
/
would
/
should
+
动词原形。
He
goes
closer
to
the
speaker
so
that
he
can
hear
him
clearer.
He
read
the
letter
carefully
in
order
that
he
should
not
miss
a
word.
让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
在even
if,
even
though
所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：
Even
if
he
were
here
himself,
he
should
not
know
what
to
do.
Nobody
could
save
him
even
though
Hua
Tuo
should
come
here.
方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
as
if,
as
though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。
表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时
The
teacher
treats
the
pupil
as
if
he
were
her
own
child.
（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时
I
felt
as
though
we
had
known
each
other
for
years.
（其实并没有认识多年）
表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could/should
+
动词原形
It
looks
as
if
it
might
rain.
（不大可能下雨）
（三）、主语从句中的虚拟语气
在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：?should
+
动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。
常用句型：
1.?It
be
+
adj.
+
that
…
(surprising
/
important
/
strange
/necessary
/
natural
…)
2.?It
be
+
n.
+
that
…
(a
pity
/
a
shame
/
no
wonder…)
3.
It
be
+
-ed
+
that
…
(suggested
/
requested
/
desired
/
proposed
…)
（四）、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.
advise,
ask,
demand,
desire,
decide,
insist(坚决要求)
,
order,
propose,
request,
suggest(建议)
表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)
+
原形动词。注意：当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。
2.
wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如:
与现在事实相反:
wish
+
(that)
+did
(were)
I
wish
I
were
as
healthy
as
you.
I
wish
that
I
had
a
plane.
与过去事实相反:
wish
+
(that)
+had
done
I
wish
I
had
been
to
the
concert
last
night.
I
wish
you
had
written
to
him.
与将来事实相反:
wish
+
would/could/might
+
do
I
wish
he
would
forgive
me.
3.
would
rather/
had
rather/
would
sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
与过去事实相反：had
+
过去分词；
与现在事实相反：过去时(be
用were
)
与将来事实相反：过去时(be
用were
)
I’d
rather
you
had
seen
the
film
yesterday.
I’d
rather
you
were
here
now.
We’d
rather
you
went
here
tomorrow.
（五）、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气
表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice,
desire,
decision,
idea,
instruction,
order,
plan,
proposal,
recommendation,
request,
requirement,
suggestion,
wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)??+
动词原形。
一“坚持”：insist
二“命令”：order,
command
四“建议”：advise,
suggest,
propose,
recommend
六“要求”：demand,
require,
request,
desire,
urge,
ask
We
followed
his
advice
that
we
should
ask
our
teacher
for
help.
His
suggestion
is
that
we
should
do
our
work
more
carefully.
（六）、定语从句中的虚拟语气
表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It
is
(high
/
about)
time
that
+
主语+
动词的过去式/
should
+
动词原形。
It
is
time
that
I
went
to
pick
up
my
daughter
at
school.
It
is
high
time
you
should
go
to
work.
（七）、只保留从句的虚拟语气
What
if
…
要是……怎么办？
What
if
I
should
fail?
(=
What
should
I
do
if
I
should
fail?)
If
only
…
要是……就好了。
If
only
I
were
20
years
younger.
(=
It
would
be
better
if
I
were
20
years
younger.)
If
you
would
…
如果你愿意……
If
you
would
open
your
book.
(=
Please
open
your
book.)
高考高频词汇精选背诵（G字母）
gain
gossip
gymnasium
gymnastics
gallery
grab
gamble
guard
garage
gradual
gifted
genetic
gender
grand
glorious
glide
generation
grant
giant
gross
generous
grasp
ghost
gaze
genius
grateful
gravity
garment
genuine
gratitude
grief
gloomy
gesture
guarantee
guidance
gang
glance
guilty
govern
geology
语法填空（虚拟语气）
1．Maybe
if
I
________(study)
science，and
not
literature
then，I
would
be
able
to
give
you
more
help.
2.
It's
natural
that
the
kid
________
(do)
something
wrong;
you
cannot
blame
him
excessively.
3．I
____________(come)
sooner
but
I
didn’t
know
that
they
were
waiting
for
me.
4．We
___________(arrive)
there
on
time
yesterday
but
for
the
traffic
jam.
5．I
___________(not
go)
through
that
bitter
period
without
your
generous
help.
6．If
I
___________(have)
time
next
week，I
would
go
to
the
party.
7．If
I
________(be)
you，I
should
go
and
see
the
dentist
at
once.
8．If
you
had
arrived
at
the
station
ten
minutes
earlier，you
__________(catch)
the
train.
9．If
he
were
you,
he
__________(miss)
the
concert
last
night.
10．It
is
requested
that
Class
Two
________(give)
a
performance
at
the
English
evening.
11.
Sam
is
going
to
talk
about
the
history
of
his
country,
but
I'd
rather
he
________
(focus)
more
on
its
culture.
12.
Jim
must
have
read
the
novel;
otherwise
he
________
(not
know)
all
the
answers
to
these
questions.
13.
I
missed
the
first
bus
this
morning.
I
wish
I________
(get
up)
earlier.
14.
Tom
was
familiar
with
every
street
in
the
town
as
if
he
________
(live)
there.
15.
It
is
the
high
time
that
we________?(place)
great
emphasis
on
the
improvement
of
food
safety.
16.
It
is
vital
that
these
application
forms
________
(send)
back
as
early
as
possible.
17.
If
the
hurricane
had
happened
during
the
daytime,
there__________
(be)
more
deaths.
18.
They
talked
as
if
they
_________
(be)
good
friends
for
years.
19.
Presently
he
made
the
suggestion
that
they
___________
(carry
on)
their
conversation
in
French.
20.
But
for
the
help
of
my
English
teacher,
I
______(not
win)
the
first
prize
in
the
English
Writing
Competition.
参考答案：
Ⅰ.1.had
studied 2.(should)
do 3.would
have
come
4．would
have
arrived
5.could/would/might/should
not
have
gone 6.had/should
have/were
to
have
7．were 8.could/should/would/might
have
caught
9．wouldn’t
have
missed 10.(should)
give
11.
focused
12.
couldn't
have
known
13.
had
got
up
14.
had
lived
15.
placed
16.
（should）be
sent
17.
would
have
been
18.
had
been
19.
(should)
carry
on
20.
wouldn’t
have
won
高考核心词汇检测
Peter
knew
that
he
was
_________
of
lying.
A.
horrible
B.
guilty
C.
glorious
D.
honest
Do
you
think
this
child
has
a
_________
for
music?
A.
government
B.
gift
C.
grave
D.
goal
The
little
boy
______
at
the
night
sky,
imagining
himself
traveling
in
space
by
spaceship.
A.
glanced
B.
gunned
C.
gazed
D.
granted
His
health
is
_________
improving
under
the
good
care
of
his
wife.
A.
globally
B.
gradually
C.
gently
D.
generally
It
is
generally
believed
that
the
watch
is
________
for
two
years.
guided
B.
guessed
C.
gained
D.
guaranteed
The
old
lady
can't
hope
to
_____
her
cold
in
a
few
days.
get
over
B.
get
off
C.
hold
on
D.
hold
up
He
is
very
________,
for
he
often
buys
things
for
other
people.
A.
grief
B.
graceful
C.
generous
D.
greedy
He
sets
aside
some
time
every
day
to
________
what
he
has
learned.
A.
get
over
B.
go
over
C.
give
out
D.
give
away
She
began
to
run
a
small
_________
store
after
her
graduation
from
university.
A.gymnasium
B.
grocery
C.
garbage
D.
geology
We
are
very
_________
to
our
teacher
for
providing
us
with
many
good
books.
A.
glorious
B.
gross
C.
gloomy
D.
grateful
If
we
____
our
feelings
and
let
them
take
over,
we
can
get
into
trouble.
A.
give
way
to
B.
get
though
C.
get
along/on
with
D.
go
in
for
With
the
experienced______leading
us,
we
had
a
good
time.
A.
gambles
B.
geniuses
C.
guides
D.
helicopters
13.
He
came
back
after
work,
parking
his
car
in
the
__________.
A.
ghosts
B.
gymnastics
C.garage
D.gallery
14.
He
was
delighted
that
the
bank
finally
__________
a
?500
loan
to
me.
granted
B.
giants
C.grabbed
D.glided
15.
There
has
been
much
__________
about
the
possible
reasons
for
his
absence.
gesture
B.
gain
C.gossip
D.gratitude
参考答案：
1~5
BBCBD
6~10
ACBBD
11~15
ACCAD
语言能力综合运用
Section
A
Ellie
is
a
psychologist,
and
an
excellent
one.
Smile
in
a
certain
way,
and
she
knows
precisely
what
your
smile
means.
Develop
a
tension
in
an
eye,
__31__
she
instantly
picks
up
on
it.
She
listens
to
what
you
say,
processes
every
word,
works
out
the
meaning
of
your
pitch,
your
tone,
your
posture
---
everything.
She
is
at
the
top
of
her
game
but,
according
to
a
new
study,
her
greatest
asset
is
that
she
is
not
human.
When
faced
with
tough
or
potentially
embarrassing
questions,
people
often
do
not
tell
doctors
__32__
they
need
to
hear.
Yet
the
researchers
behind
Ellie,
led
by
Jonathan
Gratch
at
the
Institute
for
Creative
Technologies,
in
Los
Angeles,
suspected
from
their
years
of
monitoring
human
interactions
with
computers
that
people
might
be
more
willing
to
talk
__33__
presented
with
an
avatar.
To
test
this
idea,
they
put
239
people
in
front
of
Ellie
to
have
a
chat
with
her
about
their
lives.
Half
were
told
they
would
be
interacting
with
an
artificially
intelligent
virtual
human;
(34)_____
_____
were
told
that
Ellie
was
a
bit
like
a
puppet,
and
was
having
her
strings
pulled
remotely
by
a
person.
__35__
(design)
to
search
for
psychological
problems,
Ellie
worked
with
each
participant
in
the
study
in
the
same
manner.
She
started
every
interview
with
rapport-building
questions,
such
as,
“Where
are
you
from?”
She
followed
these
with
more
clinical
ones,
like,
“How
easy
is
it
for
you
to
get
a
good
night’s
sleep?”
She
finished
with
questions
__36__
(intend)
to
boost
the
participant’s
mood,
for
instance,
“What
are
you
most
proud
of?”
Throughout
the
experience
she
asked
relevant
follow-up
questions
–
“Can
you
tell
me
more
about
that?”
for
example
–
while
providing
the
appropriate
nods
and
facial
expressions.
During
their
time
with
Ellie,
all
participants
had
their
faces
scanned
for
signs
of
sadness,
and
were
given
a
score
__37__
(range)
from
zero
to
one.
Also,
three
real,
human
psychologists
analyzed
transcripts
of
the
sessions,
to
rate
how
willingly
the
participants
disclosed
personal
information.
These
observers
were
asked
to
look
at
responses
to
sensitive
and
intimate
questions,
such
as,
“How
close
are
you
__38__
your
family?”
and
“Tell
me
about
the
last
time
you
felt
really
happy.”
They
rated
the
responses
to
these
on
a
seven-point
scale
from
-3
to
+3.
All
participants
were
also
asked
to
fill
out
questionnaires
to
probe
how
they
felt
about
the
interview.
Dr.
Gratch
and
his
colleagues
report
that
though
everyone
interacted
with
the
same
avatar,
their
experiences
differed
markedly
based
on
what
they
believed
they
were
dealing
with.
Those
who
thought
Ellie
was
under
the
control
of
a
human
operator
reported
greater
fear
of
disclosing
personal
information,
and
said
they
were
more
careful
in
responding
to
questions
during
the
session,
__39__
did
those
who
believed
they
were
simply
interacting
with
a
computer.
Crucially,
the
psychologists
observing
the
subjects
found
that
participants
who
thought
they
were
dealing
with
a
human
were
indeed
__40__
(forthcoming),
averaging
0.56
compared
with
the
other
group’s
average
score
of
1.11.
The
first
group
also
betrayed
fewer
signs
of
sadness,
averaging
0.08
compared
with
the
other
group’s
0.12
sadness
score.
31.
and
32.
what
33.
if/when
34.
the
others
35.
Designed
36.
intended
37.
ranging
38.
to
39.
than
40.
less
forthcoming
Section
B
A.
maintained
B.
serious
C.
indications
D.
figures
E.
anxiousF.
concern
G
crisis
H.
decided
I.
available
J.
reversed
k.
consultation
Filmgoers
should
be
told
how
many
calories
there
are
in
the
popcorn,
ice
cream
and
soft
drinks
that
they
buy
in
cinemas,
according
to
the
Food
Standard
Agency.
Smaller
popcorn
buckets
and
drink
cups
should
also
be
mad
41
,
the
nutrition
inspector
said.
Tim
Smith,
chief
executive
of
the
agency,
told
The
77mes
that
cinemas
should
help
to
deal
with
the
country's
overweight
42
.
"There
is
a
misbelief
that
popcorn
is
calorie-free,
but
that
is
not
the
case.
It
is
a
43
to
us,"
he
said.
"Portion
sizes
are
also
a
big
issue,
and
there
seems
to
be
increasingly
big
packs
on
sale."
He
spoke
as
a
number
of
food
chains
such
as
Pret
A
Manger,
Wimpey
and
The
Real
Greek
44
to
put
calorie
counts
on
all
their
menus.
A
trial
scheme（试行方案）with
21
food
companies
took
place
last
summer,
and
45
are
that
consumers
altered
their
buying
habits
when
they
realized
the
number
of
calories
in
a
product.
A
46
on
the
trial
ends
next
month
but
Mr
Smith
is
already
planning
the
second
drive
for
American-style
calorie
counts
and
is
47
to
win
support
from
cinemas
and
other
entertainment
places,
from
football
grounds
to
concert
halls.
Government
48
suggest
that
two
thirds
of
adults
and
a
third
of
children
are
overweight.
If
trends
are
not
49
,
this
could
rise
to
almost
nine
in
ten
adults
and
two
thirds
of
children
by
2050,
putting
them
at
50
risk
of
heart
disease,
cancer
and
other
diseases.
【参考答案】41—45.IGFHC
46—50.KEDJB
【思路解析】
I
首先分析句子成分，句子缺个补语，而且根据“sth.
be
made…
”可知横线处要选择一个形容词
或名词复数形式，再根据本段内容“营养调查专家称：更小的爆米花桶和饮料杯应该被提供”可以推断出答案选available。
42.
G
首先分析句子成分，句子缺宾语，而且根据the
country's
overweight…，缩小选择范围，本空可选择名词或者动名词，选项中只有C,D,
F
G,为名词，根据文章主旨，这里表示“国家的过度肥胖危机”，所以选crisis。
43.
F根据冠词a，本空应选择名词，选项中只有C,D,
F
G,为名词，但是42个空已经选了G,而且根据句意“这对我们来说，这个问题也是一种担心”，所以选concern。
44.
H
根据主语是Wimpey
and
The
Real
Greek，本空应该是填一个谓语动词，选项中一共有三个动词，分别是A,H,
J,根据句意“决定把所含的卡路里含量都标注在菜单上”，所以选decided。
45.
C首先分析句子成分，根据be动词are，得知本空缺少复数名词作主语，选项中只有C,D,
F
G,而且，G和H已经选出，再结合这里表示“试行方案开始后顾客改变了购买习惯”，所以这里指“迹象”，选indications。
46.
K.
空格前有冠词，故填名词；结合句意“对试行方案的（征询意见）下月才结束，但是史密斯先生已经在又计划美国式的卡路里限量”，所以选consultation。
47.
E
根据句子成分分析，可知本空缺个表语，根据句意“史密斯先生渴望得到电影院及其他娱乐场所的支持”，所以选anxious。
48.
D根据句子成分分析，Government…作句子主语，所以这里缺少中心名词，只能选figures，指“政府工作人员”。
49.
J
根据句子成分分析，可知本空缺个表语或者被动语态，本句应该表示“如果过度肥胖的趋势没有得到逆转”，选reversed。
50.
B
根据固定搭配可知，at
__49__
risk
of中缺少形容词，结合句意，所以选serious，句意是“过度肥胖会使人面临得心脏病、癌症及其他疾病的严重风险”。
Section
C
Directions:
Translate
the
following
sentences
into
English,
using
the
words
given
in
the
brackets.
昨晚我很累，没做完作业就睡了。(without)
由于突如其来的暴雨，室外音乐会不得不取消了。(owing)
慈善晚会上募集的款项将用来建一座社区老年活动中心。(collect)
无论风多大、雨多急，警察一直坚守在岗位上。（no
matter…）
参考答案：
1.
I
was
so
tired
last
night
that
I
went
to
bed
without
finishing
my
homework.
2.
Owing
to
the
sudden
heavy
rain,
the
outdoor
concert
had
to
be
canceled.
3.
The
funds
collected
at
the
charity
party
will
be
used
to
build
a
club
for
the
senior
citizens
of
this
community.
4.
No
matter
how
hard
the
rain
falls
and
the
wind
blows,
the
police
keep
to
their
posts.
Section
A
Even
before
the
dust
had
settled
on
the
wreckage
of
our
financial
institutions,
the
accusations
were
flying.
Who
was
really
to
__1__?
Was
it
the
greedy
investment
bankers
who
were
only
too
happy
to
take
huge
risks
with
loans
and
credit
as
long
as
they
were
gaining
enormous
profits?
Was
it
the
lenders,
who
were
__2__
to
lend
money
to
people
far
beyond
their
credit
worthiness?
Were
the
politicians
and
regulators
at
fault
for
allowing
debt
to
build
up
unchecked?
Or
were
the
homebuyers
responsible
for
taking
out
loans
they
could
never
expect
to
__3__?
And
let’s
not
forget
the
__4__,
who
were
happy
to
take
the
returns
on
offer
without
asking
why
the
interest
rates
were
so
high.
Of
course,
the
truth
is
that
all
of
the
above
__5__
the
collapse
and,
unless
we
stop
pointing
the
finger
at
each
other
and
focus
on
the
serious
business
of
recognizing
our
__6__
responsibility
for
our
difficulty,
we
will
find
ourselves
repeating
the
same
mistakes.
Let’s
face
it,
we
are
not
good
at
learning
lessons
from
past
__7__.
The
Great
Depression
of
the
1930s
was,
like
the
current
crisis,
preceded
by
a
housing
boom,
a
long
period
of
cheap
credit
and
a
stock
market
crash.
There
are
also
disturbing
__8__
between
recent
developments
and
the
events
in
Japan
in
the
1990s.
But
already
there
are
worrying
signs
of
our
being
__9__.
Investment
banks
are
falling
back
into
old
habits,
hiring
high-fliers
on
unbelievably
high
salaries
and
bonus
in
the
name
of
“We
need
good
people’.
Meanwhile,
governments
are
hesitating
in
their
commitment
to
__10__
the
tough
financial
regulations
that
they
were
banging
their
fists
about
only
months
ago.
It
is
as
though
we
can
only
__11__
for
so
long.
Then
we
shrug
our
shoulders
and
head
unwittingly
in
the
direction
of
the
next
__12__.
The
__13__
is
not
to
express
our
anger
to
each
other.
__14__,
we
all
need
to
pause
–bankers,
borrowers,
lenders,
savers,
legislators
and
acknowledge
our
failure.
Then
we
must
have
the
courage
to
take
the
necessary
steps,
whether
political,
corporate
or
__15__,
to
prevent
yet
another
cycle
of
boom
and
bust.
A.
blame
B.
expect
C.
remain
D.
represent
A.
gifted
B.
reluctant
C.
prepared
D.
humble
A.
repay
B.
obtain
C.
arrange
D.
secure
A.
regulators
B.
borrowers
C.
savers
D.
lawyers
A.
depended
on
B.
contributed
to
C.
resulted
from
D.
set
up
A.
temporary
B.
lifelong
C.
individual
D.
collective
A.
discoveries
B.
errors
C.
reforms
D.
markets
A.
barriers
B.
differences
C.
balances
D.
parallels
A.
powerless
B.
forgetful
C.
regretful
D.
careless
A.
impose
B.
cancel
C.
neglect
D.
explain
A.
go
ahead
B.
put
off
C.
look
backwards
D.
make
up
A.
crisis
B.
boom
C.
century
D.
promise
A.
process
B.
reason
C.
solution
D.
apology
A.
Besides
B.
Meanwhile
C.
Otherwise
D.
Instead
A.
professional
B.
personal
C.
formal
D.
educational
1
–
5
ACACB
6
–
10
DBDBA
11
–
15
CACDB
Section
B
Recently,
a
case
of
lifeboat
ethics
(伦理)
occurred.
On
Aug.
4,
Graham
and
Sheryl
Anley,
while
boating
off
the
coast
of
South
Africa,
hit
a
rock.
As
the
boat
threatened
to
sink,
the
husband
got
off,
but
his
wife
was
trapped
in
the
boat.
Instead
of
freeing
his
wife
and
getting
her
to
shore,
Graham
grabbed
Rosie,
their
pet
dog.
With
Rosie
safe
and
sound,
Graham
returned
for
Sheryl.
All
are
doing
fine.
It’s
a
great
story,
but
it
doesn’t
strike
me
as
especially
newsworthy.
News
is
supposed
to
be
about
something
fairly
unique,
and
recent
research
suggests
that,
in
the
right
circumstances,
lots
of
people
also
would
have
grabbed
their
Rosie
first.
We
have
strange
relationships
with
our
pets.
We
look
after
our
pets
with
great
love
and
better
health
care
than
billions
of
people
receive.
We
speak
to
pets
with
the
same
high-pitched
voices
that
we
use
for
babies.
As
an
extreme
example
of
our
feelings
about
pets,
the
Nazis
had
strict
laws
that
guaranteed
the
kind
treatment
of
the
pets
of
Jews
being
shipped
to
death
camps.
A
recent
paper
by
George
Regents
University
demonstrates
this
human
involvement
with
pets
to
an
astonishing
extent.
Participants
in
the
study
were
told
a
situation
in
which
a
bus
is
out
of
control,
bearing
down
on
a
dog
and
a
human.
Which
do
you
save?
With
responses
from
more
than
500
people,
the
answer
was
that
it
depended:
What
kind
of
human
and
what
kind
of
dog?
Everyone
would
save
a
brother,
grandparent
or
close
friend
rather
than
a
strange
dog.
But
when
people
considered
their
own
dog
VS
people
less
connected
with
them—a
distant
cousin
or
a
hometown
stranger—votes
in
favor
of
saving
the
dog
came
rolling
in.
And
an
astonishing
40%
of
respondents,
including
46%
of
women,
voted
to
save
their
dog
over
a
foreign
tourist.
What
does
a
finding
like
this
mean?
First,
that
your
odds
aren’t
so
good
if
you
find
yourself
in
another
country
with
a
bus
bearing
down
on
you
and
a
cute
dog.
But
it
also
points
to
something
deeper:
our
unprecedented
(史无前例的)
attitude
toward
animals,
which
got
its
start
with
the
birth
of
kind-hearted
societies
in
the
19th
century.
We
prison
people
who
abuse
animals,
put
ourselves
in
harm’s
way
in
boats
between
whales
and
whalers
and
show
sympathy
to
Bambi
and
his
mother.
We
can
extend
sympathy
to
an
animal
and
feel
its
pain
like
no
other
species.
But
let’s
not
be
too
proud
of
ourselves.
As
this
study
and
too
much
of
our
history
show,
we’re
pretty
selective
about
how
we
extend
our
kindness
to
other
human
beings.
74.
What
is
the
function
of
the
first
paragraph?
A.
To
create
a
relaxing
mood
for
readers.
B.
To
present
the
theme
of
this
essay
straightly.
C.
To
lead
in
the
main
topic
of
this
essay.
D.
To
raise
problems
that
will
be
solved
later.
75.
The
author
mentions
Nazi
laws
in
the
third
paragraph
_______________.
A.
to
show
how
cruel
the
Nazis
were
to
the
Jews
B.
as
an
example
to
persuade
people
not
to
love
pets
C.
to
illustrate
the
strange
relationship
between
human
and
pets
D.
as
an
example
to
display
the
kindness
of
the
Nazis
76.
Which
of
the
following
is
true
according
to
the
article?
A.
The
story
of
the
Anleys
and
their
dog
was
too
unique
to
be
newsworthy.
B.
Most
people
surveyed
choose
to
save
their
own
dog
rather
than
a
human.
C.
It
was
in
the
19th
century
that
human
beings
started
to
love
their
pets.
D.
Human
beings
are
more
and
more
concerned
with
animals
nowadays.
77.
What
does
the
author
mainly
argue
for?
A.
Pets
are
of
great
significance
to
us
human
beings.
B.
We
should
rethink
about
our
attitude
towards
animals
and
mankind.
C.
It
is
kind
of
human
beings
to
extend
kindness
to
animals.
D.
We
should
be
selective
when
showing
attitude
toward
other
human
beings.
74—77
CCDB
Section
C
Translation（注意使用虚拟语气）
1)
I
wish
_______________(我年轻的时候有你们这样的机会).
2)
If
only
______________(他知道这病是可以治好的)!
Then
he
would
not
have
killed
himself.
3)
——
Would
you
like
him
to
paint
your
door
with
yellow
stars?
——
I’d
rather
he
_______________(漆成蓝色的，而且不带任何装饰).
4)
It’s
high
time
that
_______________(采取措施解决交通堵塞的问题).
5)
Hugh
usually
talks
_______________(仿佛在大会上发表演说似的).
6)
We
insist
that
_______________(让杰克立刻进医院).
7)
It
was
advised
that
_______________(在居民区设立更多的流动商店).
8)
His
proposal
was
that
_______________(他们成立一个专门委员会来检查这个问题).
9)
We
are
going
to
discuss
his
suggestion
that
_______________(取消期中考试).
10)
It
is
essential
that
_______________(每个人都为紧急情况做好准备).
11)
_______________(如果他按照我告诉他的办法订票),
we
would
have
had
quite
a
comfortable
journey.
12)
I
was
to
have
made
a
speech
_______________(要不是有人把我的话打断了).
13)
It
didn’t
rain
last
night.
_______________(要是下了，地就会湿的).
14)
_______________(如果我一直住在纽约),
I
would
know
the
U.S.
well
now.
15)
If
the
doctor
had
not
come
in
time,
_______________(他现在就不在人间了).
16)
But
for
his
help,
_______________(我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了).
17)
I
used
my
calculator;
_______________(否则，我会花更长的时间才能算出这道题).
18)
Were
I
in
your
place,
_______________(我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会).
19)
Had
it
not
been
for
their
opposition,
_______________(这项法案早就通过了).
20)
Should
there
be
another
world
war,
_______________(人类的继续存在就会有危险).
参考答案：
1)
I
had
had
your
opportunities
when
I
was
young
(考点：I
wish后的that从句中用过去完成式表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望)
2)
he
had
known
this
disease
is
curable
(考点：If
only
引导的感叹句表示“但愿”或“要是……就好了”，用法与
I
wish…基本相同)
3)
painted
it
blue,
and
without
any
decorations
(考点：would
rather
后的that从句中用过去式表示不是事实)
4)
measures
were
taken
to
solve
the
problem
of
traffic
jams
(考点：It’s
(about/high)
time
后的that从句中用过去式，表示“该是……的时候了”)
5)
as
though
he
were
delivering
a
speech
at
an
assembly
(考点：as
if
/
as
though引导的从句中用过去式表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑)
6)
Jack
(should)
be
sent
to
hospital
right
now
(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词所接的宾语从句通常用“(that)
sb.
(should)
do”的虚拟形式)
7)
more
mobile
shops
(should)
be
set
up
in
the
residential
area
(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词所接的主语从句通常用“(that)
sb.
(should)
do”的虚拟形式)
8)
they
(should)
set
up
a
special
board/committee
to
examine
this
problem
(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的名词所接的表语从句通常用虚拟形式)
9)
the
mid-term
exams
(should)
be
canceled
(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的名词所接的同位语从句通常用虚拟形式)
[表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词及其名词常见的有：advise
(advice),
agree
(agreement),
decide
(decision),
decree,
demand,
determine
(determination),
grant,
indicate
(indication),
insist
(insistence),
order,
prefer
(preference),
propose
(proposal),
request,
require
(requirement),
resolve
(resolution),
stipulate
(stipulation),
suggest(suggestion),
urge,
vote;常见的这类动词还有：allow,
arrange,
ask,
beg,
concede,
demonstrate,
ensure,
intend,
move,
pledge,
pray等]
10)
everyone
(should)
be
prepared
for
emergency.
(考点：在It
is/was
+形容词后的that从句中常用“sb.
should
do”的形式表示建议惊奇等。这类形容词常见的有：advisable,
anxious,
appropriate,
compulsory,
crucial,
desirable,
eager,
essential,
fitting,
imperative,
important,
impossible,
improper,
natural,
necessary,
obligatory,
preferable,
proper,
urgent,
vital,
willing等)
11)
If
he
had
booked
tickets
in
the
way
I
told
him.
(考点：在非真实条件句中用过去完成式表示与过去的事实相反)
12)
if
I
had
not
been
interrupted.
13)
If
it
had
rained,
the
ground
would
be
wet.
(考点：在非真实条件句中，当主句与从句表示的动作不是同时发生时，就根据情况用适当的谓语动词形式)
14)
If
I
had
been
living
in
New
York.
15)
he
would
be
dead
now.
16)
we
could
not
have
rent
a
house
at
such
a
low
price
(考点：but
for经常作为非真实条件句中if的代用语)
17)
otherwise,
it
would
have
taken
me
more
time
to
work
out
this
question
(考点：otherwise也经常作为非真实条件句中if的代用语)
18)
I
would
seize
the
opportunity
without
hesitation
19)
this
act
would
have
been
passed
much
earlier
20)
the
continued
existence
of
the
human
race
would
be
in
danger.
虚拟语气用法梳理
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
（一）、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。非真实条件句的假设发生的可能性不大或者不可能发生，仅仅是对条件和结果的假设。
真实条件句：
If
it
doesn’t
rain
tomorrow,
I
will
go
for
a
picnic
Oil
floats
if
you
pour
it
on
water.
虚拟条件句的构成：
If
从句
主句
与现在事实相反
谓语动词用1.
did2.
be动词用
were
谓语动词用should/would/
could/
might
+
do
与过去事实相反
谓语动词用had
+
done
谓语动词用should/would/could/
might
+have
+
done
与将来事实相反
谓语动词用1.
did/were2.
should
do3.
were
to
do
谓语动词用should/would/
could/
might
+
do
If
everyone
knew
first
aid,
many
lives
would
be
saved.
(与现在事实相反)
If
the
earthquake
had
happened
in
the
desert,
there
would
have
been
fewer
deaths.
(与过去事实相反)
If
I
were
to
have
an
eight-day
holiday,
I
would
go
fishing.
(与将来事实相反)
If
I
were
you,
I
would
study
much
harder.
If
you
had
come
a
few
minutes
earlier,
you
would
have
met
her.
If
I
should
go
there
tomorrow,
I
would
do
it
in
my
way.
注意：
1.
当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if
I
were
you,
as
it
were中，只能用were。
If
I
were
you,
I
would
try
my
best
to
grasp
the
chance.
2.
有时，虚拟条件句中，主句和从句所指的时间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟语气或混合虚拟语气。主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。
If
I
had
worked
hard
at
school,
I
would
be
an
engineer,
too.
（条件为过去，结果为现在）
If
they
had
informed
us,
we
would
not
come
here
now.
If
he
were
free
today,
we
would
have
sent
him
to
Beijing.
（条件为现在，结果为过去）
If
he
knew
her,
he
would
have
greeted
her.
If
it
had
not
been
raining
too
much,
the
crops
would
be
growing
much
better.
（条件为过去，结果为将来）
3.
当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,
should,
had时，if可省略，而将were,
should,
had等词置于句首。如：
Should
he
agree
to
go
there,
we
would
send
him
there.
Were
she
here,
she
would
agree
with
us.
Had
he
learnt
about
computers,
we
would
have
hired
him
to
work
here.
4.
有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而隐含在某些介词短语中，如without,
but
for,
otherwise,
or,
but,
given,
supposing等，或上下文里，叫做含蓄虚拟结构。
I
would
have
come
to
see
you,
but
I
was
too
busy.
But
for
his
help,
we
would
be
working
now.
Without
your
instruction,
I
would
not
have
made
such
great
progress.
I
was
busy
yesterday,
otherwise/or
(=If
I
hadn’t
been
busy)
I
would
have
attended
Mr.
Wang’s
lecture.
陈述事实
+
otherwise
+
虚拟语气
虚拟语气
+
but
+陈述事实
（二）、虚拟语气在其它状语从句中的应用
1.
目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
在for
fear
that,
in
case引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should
/could/
might等
+
动词原形；lest引导的目的状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气，为“should
+
动词原形”或省略should。
She
examined
the
door
again
for
fear
that
a
thief
should
come
in.
He
started
out
earlier
lest
he
should
be
late.
Bring
some
money
in
case
you
should
use
it.
在so
that,
in
order
that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can
/
may
/
could
/
might
/
will
/
would
/
should
+
动词原形。
He
goes
closer
to
the
speaker
so
that
he
can
hear
him
clearer.
He
read
the
letter
carefully
in
order
that
he
should
not
miss
a
word.
让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
在even
if,
even
though
所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：
Even
if
he
were
here
himself,
he
should
not
know
what
to
do.
Nobody
could
save
him
even
though
Hua
Tuo
should
come
here.
方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
as
if,
as
though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。
表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时
The
teacher
treats
the
pupil
as
if
he
were
her
own
child.
（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时
I
felt
as
though
we
had
known
each
other
for
years.
（其实并没有认识多年）
表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could/should
+
动词原形
It
looks
as
if
it
might
rain.
（不大可能下雨）
（三）、主语从句中的虚拟语气
在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：?should
+
动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。
常用句型：
1.?It
be
+
adj.
+
that
…
(surprising
/
important
/
strange
/necessary
/
natural
…)
2.?It
be
+
n.
+
that
…
(a
pity
/
a
shame
/
no
wonder…)
3.
It
be
+
-ed
+
that
…
(suggested
/
requested
/
desired
/
proposed
…)
（四）、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.
advise,
ask,
demand,
desire,
decide,
insist(坚决要求)
,
order,
propose,
request,
suggest(建议)
表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)
+
原形动词。注意：当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。
2.
wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如:
与现在事实相反:
wish
+
(that)
+did
(were)
I
wish
I
were
as
healthy
as
you.
I
wish
that
I
had
a
plane.
与过去事实相反:
wish
+
(that)
+had
done
I
wish
I
had
been
to
the
concert
last
night.
I
wish
you
had
written
to
him.
与将来事实相反:
wish
+
would/could/might
+
do
I
wish
he
would
forgive
me.
3.
would
rather/
had
rather/
would
sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
与过去事实相反：had
+
过去分词；
与现在事实相反：过去时(be
用were
)
与将来事实相反：过去时(be
用were
)
I’d
rather
you
had
seen
the
film
yesterday.
I’d
rather
you
were
here
now.
We’d
rather
you
went
here
tomorrow.
（五）、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气
表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice,
desire,
decision,
idea,
instruction,
order,
plan,
proposal,
recommendation,
request,
requirement,
suggestion,
wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)??+
动词原形。
一“坚持”：insist
二“命令”：order,
command
四“建议”：advise,
suggest,
propose,
recommend
六“要求”：demand,
require,
request,
desire,
urge,
ask
We
followed
his
advice
that
we
should
ask
our
teacher
for
help.
His
suggestion
is
that
we
should
do
our
work
more
carefully.
（六）、定语从句中的虚拟语气
表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It
is
(high
/
about)
time
that
+
主语+
动词的过去式/
should
+
动词原形。
It
is
time
that
I
went
to
pick
up
my
daughter
at
school.
It
is
high
time
you
should
go
to
work.
（七）、只保留从句的虚拟语气
What
if
…
要是……怎么办？
What
if
I
should
fail?
(=
What
should
I
do
if
I
should
fail?)
If
only
…
要是……就好了。
If
only
I
were
20
years
younger.
(=
It
would
be
better
if
I
were
20
years
younger.)
If
you
would
…
如果你愿意……
If
you
would
open
your
book.
(=
Please
open
your
book.)
高考高频词汇精选背诵（G字母）
gain
gossip
gymnasium
gymnastics
gallery
grab
gamble
guard
garage
gradual
gifted
genetic
gender
grand
glorious
glide
generation
grant
giant
gross
generous
grasp
ghost
gaze
genius
grateful
gravity
garment
genuine
gratitude
grief
gloomy
gesture
guarantee
guidance
gang
glance
guilty
govern
geology
语法填空（虚拟语气）
1．Maybe
if
I
________(study)
science，and
not
literature
then，I
would
be
able
to
give
you
more
help.
2.
It's
natural
that
the
kid
________
(do)
something
wrong;
you
cannot
blame
him
excessively.
3．I
____________(come)
sooner
but
I
didn’t
know
that
they
were
waiting
for
me.
4．We
___________(arrive)
there
on
time
yesterday
but
for
the
traffic
jam.
5．I
___________(not
go)
through
that
bitter
period
without
your
generous
help.
6．If
I
___________(have)
time
next
week，I
would
go
to
the
party.
7．If
I
________(be)
you，I
should
go
and
see
the
dentist
at
once.
8．If
you
had
arrived
at
the
station
ten
minutes
earlier，you
__________(catch)
the
train.
9．If
he
were
you,
he
__________(miss)
the
concert
last
night.
10．It
is
requested
that
Class
Two
________(give)
a
performance
at
the
English
evening.
11.
Sam
is
going
to
talk
about
the
history
of
his
country,
but
I'd
rather
he
________
(focus)
more
on
its
culture.
12.
Jim
must
have
read
the
novel;
otherwise
he
________
(not
know)
all
the
answers
to
these
questions.
13.
I
missed
the
first
bus
this
morning.
I
wish
I________
(get
up)
earlier.
14.
Tom
was
familiar
with
every
street
in
the
town
as
if
he
________
(live)
there.
15.
It
is
the
high
time
that
we________?(place)
great
emphasis
on
the
improvement
of
food
safety.
16.
It
is
vital
that
these
application
forms
________
(send)
back
as
early
as
possible.
17.
If
the
hurricane
had
happened
during
the
daytime,
there__________
(be)
more
deaths.
18.
They
talked
as
if
they
_________
(be)
good
friends
for
years.
19.
Presently
he
made
the
suggestion
that
they
___________
(carry
on)
their
conversation
in
French.
20.
But
for
the
help
of
my
English
teacher,
I
______(not
win)
the
first
prize
in
the
English
Writing
Competition.
高考核心词汇检测
Peter
knew
that
he
was
_________
of
lying.
A.
horrible
B.
guilty
C.
glorious
D.
honest
Do
you
think
this
child
has
a
_________
for
music?
A.
government
B.
gift
C.
grave
D.
goal
The
little
boy
______
at
the
night
sky,
imagining
himself
traveling
in
space
by
spaceship.
A.
glanced
B.
gunned
C.
gazed
D.
granted
His
health
is
_________
improving
under
the
good
care
of
his
wife.
A.
globally
B.
gradually
C.
gently
D.
generally
It
is
generally
believed
that
the
watch
is
________
for
two
years.
guided
B.
guessed
C.
gained
D.
guaranteed
The
old
lady
can't
hope
to
_____
her
cold
in
a
few
days.
get
over
B.
get
off
C.
hold
on
D.
hold
up
He
is
very
________,
for
he
often
buys
things
for
other
people.
A.
grief
B.
graceful
C.
generous
D.
greedy
He
sets
aside
some
time
every
day
to
________
what
he
has
learned.
A.
get
over
B.
go
over
C.
give
out
D.
give
away
She
began
to
run
a
small
_________
store
after
her
graduation
from
university.
A.gymnasium
B.
grocery
C.
garbage
D.
geology
We
are
very
_________
to
our
teacher
for
providing
us
with
many
good
books.
A.
glorious
B.
gross
C.
gloomy
D.
grateful
If
we
____
our
feelings
and
let
them
take
over,
we
can
get
into
trouble.
A.
give
way
to
B.
get
though
C.
get
along/on
with
D.
go
in
for
With
the
experienced______leading
us,
we
had
a
good
time.
A.
gambles
B.
geniuses
C.
guides
D.
helicopters
13.
He
came
back
after
work,
parking
his
car
in
the
__________.
A.
ghosts
B.
gymnastics
C.garage
D.gallery
14.
He
was
delighted
that
the
bank
finally
__________
a
?500
loan
to
me.
granted
B.
giants
C.grabbed
D.glided
15.
There
has
been
much
__________
about
the
possible
reasons
for
his
absence.
gesture
B.
gain
C.gossip
D.gratitude
语言能力综合运用
Section
A
Ellie
is
a
psychologist,
and
an
excellent
one.
Smile
in
a
certain
way,
and
she
knows
precisely
what
your
smile
means.
Develop
a
tension
in
an
eye,
__31__
she
instantly
picks
up
on
it.
She
listens
to
what
you
say,
processes
every
word,
works
out
the
meaning
of
your
pitch,
your
tone,
your
posture
---
everything.
She
is
at
the
top
of
her
game
but,
according
to
a
new
study,
her
greatest
asset
is
that
she
is
not
human.
When
faced
with
tough
or
potentially
embarrassing
questions,
people
often
do
not
tell
doctors
__32__
they
need
to
hear.
Yet
the
researchers
behind
Ellie,
led
by
Jonathan
Gratch
at
the
Institute
for
Creative
Technologies,
in
Los
Angeles,
suspected
from
their
years
of
monitoring
human
interactions
with
computers
that
people
might
be
more
willing
to
talk
__33__
presented
with
an
avatar.
To
test
this
idea,
they
put
239
people
in
front
of
Ellie
to
have
a
chat
with
her
about
their
lives.
Half
were
told
they
would
be
interacting
with
an
artificially
intelligent
virtual
human;
(34)_____
_____
were
told
that
Ellie
was
a
bit
like
a
puppet,
and
was
having
her
strings
pulled
remotely
by
a
person.
__35__
(design)
to
search
for
psychological
problems,
Ellie
worked
with
each
participant
in
the
study
in
the
same
manner.
She
started
every
interview
with
rapport-building
questions,
such
as,
“Where
are
you
from?”
She
followed
these
with
more
clinical
ones,
like,
“How
easy
is
it
for
you
to
get
a
good
night’s
sleep?”
She
finished
with
questions
__36__
(intend)
to
boost
the
participant’s
mood,
for
instance,
“What
are
you
most
proud
of?”
Throughout
the
experience
she
asked
relevant
follow-up
questions
–
“Can
you
tell
me
more
about
that?”
for
example
–
while
providing
the
appropriate
nods
and
facial
expressions.
During
their
time
with
Ellie,
all
participants
had
their
faces
scanned
for
signs
of
sadness,
and
were
given
a
score
__37__
(range)
from
zero
to
one.
Also,
three
real,
human
psychologists
analyzed
transcripts
of
the
sessions,
to
rate
how
willingly
the
participants
disclosed
personal
information.
These
observers
were
asked
to
look
at
responses
to
sensitive
and
intimate
questions,
such
as,
“How
close
are
you
__38__
your
family?”
and
“Tell
me
about
the
last
time
you
felt
really
happy.”
They
rated
the
responses
to
these
on
a
seven-point
scale
from
-3
to
+3.
All
participants
were
also
asked
to
fill
out
questionnaires
to
probe
how
they
felt
about
the
interview.
Dr.
Gratch
and
his
colleagues
report
that
though
everyone
interacted
with
the
same
avatar,
their
experiences
differed
markedly
based
on
what
they
believed
they
were
dealing
with.
Those
who
thought
Ellie
was
under
the
control
of
a
human
operator
reported
greater
fear
of
disclosing
personal
information,
and
said
they
were
more
careful
in
responding
to
questions
during
the
session,
__39__
did
those
who
believed
they
were
simply
interacting
with
a
computer.
Crucially,
the
psychologists
observing
the
subjects
found
that
participants
who
thought
they
were
dealing
with
a
human
were
indeed
__40__
(forthcoming),
averaging
0.56
compared
with
the
other
group’s
average
score
of
1.11.
The
first
group
also
betrayed
fewer
signs
of
sadness,
averaging
0.08
compared
with
the
other
group’s
0.12
sadness
score.
Section
B
A.
maintained
B.
serious
C.
indications
D.
figures
E.
anxiousF.
concern
G
crisis
H.
decided
I.
available
J.
reversed
k.
consultation
Filmgoers
should
be
told
how
many
calories
there
are
in
the
popcorn,
ice
cream
and
soft
drinks
that
they
buy
in
cinemas,
according
to
the
Food
Standard
Agency.
Smaller
popcorn
buckets
and
drink
cups
should
also
be
mad
41
,
the
nutrition
inspector
said.
Tim
Smith,
chief
executive
of
the
agency,
told
The
77mes
that
cinemas
should
help
to
deal
with
the
country's
overweight
42
.
"There
is
a
misbelief
that
popcorn
is
calorie-free,
but
that
is
not
the
case.
It
is
a
43
to
us,"
he
said.
"Portion
sizes
are
also
a
big
issue,
and
there
seems
to
be
increasingly
big
packs
on
sale."
He
spoke
as
a
number
of
food
chains
such
as
Pret
A
Manger,
Wimpey
and
The
Real
Greek
44
to
put
calorie
counts
on
all
their
menus.
A
trial
scheme（试行方案）with
21
food
companies
took
place
last
summer,
and
45
are
that
consumers
altered
their
buying
habits
when
they
realized
the
number
of
calories
in
a
product.
A
46
on
the
trial
ends
next
month
but
Mr
Smith
is
already
planning
the
second
drive
for
American-style
calorie
counts
and
is
47
to
win
support
from
cinemas
and
other
entertainment
places,
from
football
grounds
to
concert
halls.
Government
48
suggest
that
two
thirds
of
adults
and
a
third
of
children
are
overweight.
If
trends
are
not
49
,
this
could
rise
to
almost
nine
in
ten
adults
and
two
thirds
of
children
by
2050,
putting
them
at
50
risk
of
heart
disease,
cancer
and
other
diseases.
Section
C
Directions:
Translate
the
following
sentences
into
English,
using
the
words
given
in
the
brackets.
昨晚我很累，没做完作业就睡了。(without)
由于突如其来的暴雨，室外音乐会不得不取消了。(owing)
慈善晚会上募集的款项将用来建一座社区老年活动中心。(collect)
无论风多大、雨多急，警察一直坚守在岗位上。（no
matter…）
Section
A
Even
before
the
dust
had
settled
on
the
wreckage
of
our
financial
institutions,
the
accusations
were
flying.
Who
was
really
to
__1__?
Was
it
the
greedy
investment
bankers
who
were
only
too
happy
to
take
huge
risks
with
loans
and
credit
as
long
as
they
were
gaining
enormous
profits?
Was
it
the
lenders,
who
were
__2__
to
lend
money
to
people
far
beyond
their
credit
worthiness?
Were
the
politicians
and
regulators
at
fault
for
allowing
debt
to
build
up
unchecked?
Or
were
the
homebuyers
responsible
for
taking
out
loans
they
could
never
expect
to
__3__?
And
let’s
not
forget
the
__4__,
who
were
happy
to
take
the
returns
on
offer
without
asking
why
the
interest
rates
were
so
high.
Of
course,
the
truth
is
that
all
of
the
above
__5__
the
collapse
and,
unless
we
stop
pointing
the
finger
at
each
other
and
focus
on
the
serious
business
of
recognizing
our
__6__
responsibility
for
our
difficulty,
we
will
find
ourselves
repeating
the
same
mistakes.
Let’s
face
it,
we
are
not
good
at
learning
lessons
from
past
__7__.
The
Great
Depression
of
the
1930s
was,
like
the
current
crisis,
preceded
by
a
housing
boom,
a
long
period
of
cheap
credit
and
a
stock
market
crash.
There
are
also
disturbing
__8__
between
recent
developments
and
the
events
in
Japan
in
the
1990s.
But
already
there
are
worrying
signs
of
our
being
__9__.
Investment
banks
are
falling
back
into
old
habits,
hiring
high-fliers
on
unbelievably
high
salaries
and
bonus
in
the
name
of
“We
need
good
people’.
Meanwhile,
governments
are
hesitating
in
their
commitment
to
__10__
the
tough
financial
regulations
that
they
were
banging
their
fists
about
only
months
ago.
It
is
as
though
we
can
only
__11__
for
so
long.
Then
we
shrug
our
shoulders
and
head
unwittingly
in
the
direction
of
the
next
__12__.
The
__13__
is
not
to
express
our
anger
to
each
other.
__14__,
we
all
need
to
pause
–bankers,
borrowers,
lenders,
savers,
legislators
and
acknowledge
our
failure.
Then
we
must
have
the
courage
to
take
the
necessary
steps,
whether
political,
corporate
or
__15__,
to
prevent
yet
another
cycle
of
boom
and
bust.
A.
blame
B.
expect
C.
remain
D.
represent
A.
gifted
B.
reluctant
C.
prepared
D.
humble
A.
repay
B.
obtain
C.
arrange
D.
secure
A.
regulators
B.
borrowers
C.
savers
D.
lawyers
A.
depended
on
B.
contributed
to
C.
resulted
from
D.
set
up
A.
temporary
B.
lifelong
C.
individual
D.
collective
A.
discoveries
B.
errors
C.
reforms
D.
markets
A.
barriers
B.
differences
C.
balances
D.
parallels
A.
powerless
B.
forgetful
C.
regretful
D.
careless
A.
impose
B.
cancel
C.
neglect
D.
explain
A.
go
ahead
B.
put
off
C.
look
backwards
D.
make
up
A.
crisis
B.
boom
C.
century
D.
promise
A.
process
B.
reason
C.
solution
D.
apology
A.
Besides
B.
Meanwhile
C.
Otherwise
D.
Instead
A.
professional
B.
personal
C.
formal
D.
educational
Section
B
Recently,
a
case
of
lifeboat
ethics
(伦理)
occurred.
On
Aug.
4,
Graham
and
Sheryl
Anley,
while
boating
off
the
coast
of
South
Africa,
hit
a
rock.
As
the
boat
threatened
to
sink,
the
husband
got
off,
but
his
wife
was
trapped
in
the
boat.
Instead
of
freeing
his
wife
and
getting
her
to
shore,
Graham
grabbed
Rosie,
their
pet
dog.
With
Rosie
safe
and
sound,
Graham
returned
for
Sheryl.
All
are
doing
fine.
It’s
a
great
story,
but
it
doesn’t
strike
me
as
especially
newsworthy.
News
is
supposed
to
be
about
something
fairly
unique,
and
recent
research
suggests
that,
in
the
right
circumstances,
lots
of
people
also
would
have
grabbed
their
Rosie
first.
We
have
strange
relationships
with
our
pets.
We
look
after
our
pets
with
great
love
and
better
health
care
than
billions
of
people
receive.
We
speak
to
pets
with
the
same
high-pitched
voices
that
we
use
for
babies.
As
an
extreme
example
of
our
feelings
about
pets,
the
Nazis
had
strict
laws
that
guaranteed
the
kind
treatment
of
the
pets
of
Jews
being
shipped
to
death
camps.
A
recent
paper
by
George
Regents
University
demonstrates
this
human
involvement
with
pets
to
an
astonishing
extent.
Participants
in
the
study
were
told
a
situation
in
which
a
bus
is
out
of
control,
bearing
down
on
a
dog
and
a
human.
Which
do
you
save?
With
responses
from
more
than
500
people,
the
answer
was
that
it
depended:
What
kind
of
human
and
what
kind
of
dog?
Everyone
would
save
a
brother,
grandparent
or
close
friend
rather
than
a
strange
dog.
But
when
people
considered
their
own
dog
VS
people
less
connected
with
them—a
distant
cousin
or
a
hometown
stranger—votes
in
favor
of
saving
the
dog
came
rolling
in.
And
an
astonishing
40%
of
respondents,
including
46%
of
women,
voted
to
save
their
dog
over
a
foreign
tourist.
What
does
a
finding
like
this
mean?
First,
that
your
odds
aren’t
so
good
if
you
find
yourself
in
another
country
with
a
bus
bearing
down
on
you
and
a
cute
dog.
But
it
also
points
to
something
deeper:
our
unprecedented
(史无前例的)
attitude
toward
animals,
which
got
its
start
with
the
birth
of
kind-hearted
societies
in
the
19th
century.
We
prison
people
who
abuse
animals,
put
ourselves
in
harm’s
way
in
boats
between
whales
and
whalers
and
show
sympathy
to
Bambi
and
his
mother.
We
can
extend
sympathy
to
an
animal
and
feel
its
pain
like
no
other
species.
But
let’s
not
be
too
proud
of
ourselves.
As
this
study
and
too
much
of
our
history
show,
we’re
pretty
selective
about
how
we
extend
our
kindness
to
other
human
beings.
74.
What
is
the
function
of
the
first
paragraph?
A.
To
create
a
relaxing
mood
for
readers.
B.
To
present
the
theme
of
this
essay
straightly.
C.
To
lead
in
the
main
topic
of
this
essay.
D.
To
raise
problems
that
will
be
solved
later.
75.
The
author
mentions
Nazi
laws
in
the
third
paragraph
_______________.
A.
to
show
how
cruel
the
Nazis
were
to
the
Jews
B.
as
an
example
to
persuade
people
not
to
love
pets
C.
to
illustrate
the
strange
relationship
between
human
and
pets
D.
as
an
example
to
display
the
kindness
of
the
Nazis
76.
Which
of
the
following
is
true
according
to
the
article?
A.
The
story
of
the
Anleys
and
their
dog
was
too
unique
to
be
newsworthy.
B.
Most
people
surveyed
choose
to
save
their
own
dog
rather
than
a
human.
C.
It
was
in
the
19th
century
that
human
beings
started
to
love
their
pets.
D.
Human
beings
are
more
and
more
concerned
with
animals
nowadays.
77.
What
does
the
author
mainly
argue
for?
A.
Pets
are
of
great
significance
to
us
human
beings.
B.
We
should
rethink
about
our
attitude
towards
animals
and
mankind.
C.
It
is
kind
of
human
beings
to
extend
kindness
to
animals.
D.
We
should
be
selective
when
showing
attitude
toward
other
human
beings.
Section
C
Translation（注意使用虚拟语气）
1)
I
wish
_______________(我年轻的时候有你们这样的机会).
2)
If
only
______________(他知道这病是可以治好的)!
Then
he
would
not
have
killed
himself.
3)
——
Would
you
like
him
to
paint
your
door
with
yellow
stars?
——
I’d
rather
he
_______________(漆成蓝色的，而且不带任何装饰).
4)
It’s
high
time
that
_______________(采取措施解决交通堵塞的问题).
5)
Hugh
usually
talks
_______________(仿佛在大会上发表演说似的).
6)
We
insist
that
_______________(让杰克立刻进医院).
7)
It
was
advised
that
_______________(在居民区设立更多的流动商店).
8)
His
proposal
was
that
_______________(他们成立一个专门委员会来检查这个问题).
9)
We
are
going
to
discuss
his
suggestion
that
_______________(取消期中考试).
10)
It
is
essential
that
_______________(每个人都为紧急情况做好准备).
11)
_______________(如果他按照我告诉他的办法订票),
we
would
have
had
quite
a
comfortable
journey.
12)
I
was
to
have
made
a
speech
_______________(要不是有人把我的话打断了).
13)
It
didn’t
rain
last
night.
_______________(要是下了，地就会湿的).
14)
_______________(如果我一直住在纽约),
I
would
know
the
U.S.
well
now.
15)
If
the
doctor
had
not
come
in
time,
_______________(他现在就不在人间了).
16)
But
for
his
help,
_______________(我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了).
17)
I
used
my
calculator;
_______________(否则，我会花更长的时间才能算出这道题).
18)
Were
I
in
your
place,
_______________(我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会).
19)
Had
it
not
been
for
their
opposition,
_______________(这项法案早就通过了).
20)
Should
there
be
another
world
war,
_______________(人类的继续存在就会有危险).
虚拟语气用法梳理
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