中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
期末总复习
)
Unit
1
Sporting
events
Grammar
1．目的状语短语和目的状语从句
目的状语可以由in
order(not)to、so
as(not)to等不定式短语构成。
例：The
teacher
explained
the
rules
several
times
in
order
to／so
as
to
make
the
students
fully
understand．
老师反复解释了这些规则，就是为了让学生们充分地理解。
Before
he
turned
in
his
composition．he
checked
it
again
so
as
to
make
as
few
mistakes
as
possible．
把作文交上去之前他又检查了一遍，目的是尽量减少错误。
目的状语从句可以由so
that、in
order
that等连接短语引导，且从句中的谓语部分一般含有情态动词can／could、may／might、will／would、shall／should等。
例：The
secretary
adjusted
the
manager’s
agenda
in
order
that
he
could
attend
the
economic
forum．
秘书调整了经理的日程安排，使他能够出席这次经济论坛。
【注意】目的状语短语和从句可以置于句首。
例：In
order
to
save
paper，the
secretary
printed
on
both
sides
of
the
paper．
为了节约纸张，秘书在纸的正反面都打印。
In
order
that
he
might
hear
more
clearly，he
seated
himself
in
the
first
row．
为了听得更清楚些，他坐在了第一排。
in
case也可以用来引导目的状语从句，从句中的谓语部分常用一般现在时或一般过去时，但不用将来时。
例：They
have
made
a
careful
plan
in
case
something
unexpected
happens．
他们制定了一个周密的计划，以防备可能发生的意外。
2．让步状语短语和让步状语从句
让步状语可以由despite和in
spite
of构成。
例：Despite
the
heavy
traffic
jam
on
Monday
morning，he
got
to
the
office
on
time．
尽管周一早晨的交通非常拥挤，他还是准时到达了办公室。
The
old
man
cannot
see
very
well
in
spite
of
the
spectacles．
尽管戴着眼镜，老人还是看不太清楚。
【注意】despite和in
spite
of后面跟名词或名词短语。
例：Despite
/In
spite
of
all
the
evidence，he
still
refused
to
confess
his
mistakes．
尽管证据确凿，他还是拒绝承认错误。
引导状语从句的连词有although、though、even
though等，意为“虽然；尽管”，表示在从句情况存在的前提下，主句的情况依然出现。
例：Although
it
was
very
hot，the
builders
kept
working
on
the
sites．
虽然天气酷热，建筑工人们还是坚持在工地上工作。
The
scientist
kept
experimenting
with
the
new
drug
even
though
he
had
failed
three
times.
尽管已经失败了三次，这个科学家仍然坚持试验这种新药。
【拓展】
(1)as／though倒装结构表示让步意义，相当于although／though引导的从句。
例：Difficult
as／though
the
problem
was(=Although／Though
the
problem
was
difficult)，Tom
managed
to
work
it
out．尽管这道题目很难，汤姆还是做了出来。
(2)while引导的让步状语从句常置于句首。
例：While
I
admit
that
he
is
not
perfect，l
do
actually
like
the
person．
尽管我承认他非完美，但我的确非常喜欢这个人。
whatever、whoever、wherever和however等词引导的让步状语从句，相当于“no
matter
+wh-
疑问词”，常译为“无论……”。
例：He
always
thinks
of
his
motherland
wherever
he
travels(=no
matter
where
he
travels)．
无论走到哪儿，他都心系祖国。
(4)whether…or…引导的让步状语从句，常译为”无论…还是…”
例：whether
we
win
or
lose，we
will
spare
no
effort．
无论成败，我们都会不遗余力。
Unit
2
Continuous
learning
Grammar
1．现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“has／have
been+v-ing”构成，表示从过去某个时间开始的动作一直持续到现在，并且可能仍然要进行下去，常与all
day，all
afternoon，for
ten
hours等表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
例：I
have
been
waiting
for
three
hours，but
she
hasn’t
turned
up
yet．
我已经等了三个小时，但她还没出现。
一You
look
rather
tired．你看上去很累的样子。
一I’ve
been
painting
the
room
all
morning．整个早上我都在粉刷房间。
【注意】瞬间动词如finish，marry，get
up等不能用于现在完成进行时。
2．现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较
两者的区别：现在完成进行时强调动作一直在持续，而现在完成时强调动作的结果。通常情况下，这两个时态可以互换。
例：I
have
taught／have
been
teaching
English
in
this
school
since
1
998．
自从1
998年起我就一直在这所学校教英语。
下列情况下，两者不能互换：
(1)现在完成进行时表示说话时还在进行或刚刚结束的动作，而现在完成时表示在较长时
间之前就已经完成的动作。
例：You
come
at
last!
I've
been
waiting
for
half
an
hour．
你终于来了!我已经等了半小时了。(目前正在进行或刚结束的动作)
I’ve
passed
the
driving
test．I
took
the
test
last
month．
我已经通过了驾驶考试。我上个月参加的考试。(动作的完成距离现在已有一段时间)
(2)现在完成进行时可以用来强调动作的延续性，因此不用于表达该动作重复了多少次。现在完成时强调动作重复的次数。
例：Tom
has
been
riding
horses
the
whole
morning．汤姆整个早上都在骑马。
Tom
has
ridden
horses
three
times
this
morning．汤姆今天早上骑了三次马。
(3)下列动词通常不用于现在完成进行时：表示心理状态的动词如believe／know／realize／wish／doubt等，表示喜好、厌恶的动词如like／love／hate等，表示“拥有”的动词如have／own／belong等，以及系动词如be／seem等。而感官动词两种时态都能使用。
例：I
haven’t
felt
as
ill
as
l
do
now
for
a
long
time．
Unit
3
contemporary
style
Grammar
1．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
形式不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。
例：Many
schools
provide
courses
which
assist
new
students
to
develop
their
study
skills．
许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句)
She
heard
a
lovely
song，which
reminded
her
0f
her
hometown．
她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句)
功能不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
例：I
was
the
only
person
in
our
office
that
wag
invited．
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整)
Tom’s
father，who
is
over
seventy，is
still
energetic．
汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整)
关系词不同
that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较：
例：He
failed
to
attend
the
meeting，that
made
US
very
disappointed．(×)
He
failed
to
attend
the
meeting，which
made
US
very
disappointed．(√)
他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。
He
failed
to
attend
the
meeting
that／which
was
held
last
Sunday．
他没有出席上周日举行的会议。
2．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用
which。
例：The
result
of
the
experiment
was
very
good，which
we
hadn’t
expected．
实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。
Tom
was
elected
Chairman
of
the
Students’
Union．which
made
his
family
very
proud．
汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。
【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。
例：As
we
all
know，Taiwan
has
been
mrt
of
China
since
ancient
times．
众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。
As
had
been
expected，he
put
forward
his
idea
at
the
meeting．
正如预计的那样，他在会上提出了自己的意见。
3．用one
of
whom、some
of
which等引导的非限制性定语从句
可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of
whom或of
which来修饰先行词。
例：We
interviewed
1
5
applicants
for
the
post，none
of
whom
we
thought
qualified．
我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。
Seven
passengers
were
injured．n
the
car
accident，two
of
whom
were
foreigners．
在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。
The
engine
consists
of
hundreds
of
parts，each
of
which
has
its
importance．
这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。
Unit
4
Big
business
Grammar
1．过去分词短语作状语
过去分词短语作状语，修饰谓语动词，可以用来表示原因、条件、时间等，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语与过去分词之间是动宾关系，即被动关系。
例：Shocked
by
what
she
saw，the
girl
began
to
cry．
这个女孩对所看见的感到震惊，大哭了起来。
过去分词前面可以带有连词when、
while、
if、although、once、as、until、．unless等。
例：Although
built
thirty
years
ago，the
house
looks
very
beautiful．
尽管这座房子是30年前建的，看起来依然很漂亮。
If
given
more
time，he
can
do
it
better．
如果给他更多的时间，他就能做得更好。
过去分词短语作状语，作用相当于一个状语从句，通常可以互相转换。
(1)作时间状语，可转换为when，while或after等引导的状语从句。
例：Seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill，the
park
looks
more
beautiful．
When
it
is
seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill，the
park
looks
more
beautiful．
从山上往下看，这个公园看起来更加漂亮。
(2)作条件状语，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。
例：United
we
will
stand；divided
we
will
fall．
If
we
are
united，we
will
stand；if
we
are
divided，we
will
fall．
团结就是胜利，分裂必然失败。
(3)作原因状语，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。
例：Encouraged
by
the
progress
he
has
made，he
works
harder.
As
he
is
encouraged
by
the
progress
he
has
made,
he
works
harder.
由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
(4)作让步状语，可转换为although，though或even
if等引导的状语从句。
例：Exhausted
by
the
climb，we
continued
our
journey·
Although
we
were
exhausted
by
the
climb，we
continued
our
journey.
我们虽然爬得筋疲力竭，却仍继续着我们的旅程。
(5)作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。
例：Mrs
White
came
in，followed
by
her
daughter·
Mrs
White
came
in，and(she)was
followed
by
her
daughter.
怀特太太走了进来，后面跟着她的女儿。．
用作时间状语时，过去分词(done)可以与现在分词的完成被动式(having
been
done)互换。现在分词的完成被动式强调动作发生在谓语动词之前。
例：Having
been
shown／Shown
around
the
school
library，the
visitors
were
led
to
the
experiment
centre．参观完学校图书馆后，客人们被带到了实验中心。
Having
been
warned／Warned
several
times,
Tom
was
still
late
for
work．
尽管被警告了好几次，汤姆还是上班迟到了。
Unit5
Technology
all
around
us
Grammar
1．过去分词作前置定语修饰名词
单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前，表示被动或完成意义。
例：Polluted
air
and
water
are
harmful
to
one’s
health．被污染的空气和水对人体健康有害。(被动意义)
The
injured
workers
are
now
being
taken
good
care
of
in
the
hospital．
受伤的工人现正在医院得到良好的照料。(被动意义)
A
retired
teacher
has
donated
ten
thousand
yuan
to
the
Hope
Project．
一位退休教师为希望工程捐款一万元。(完成意义)
They
are
sweeping
the
fallen
leaves
in
the
yard．
他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。(完成意义)
【注意】过去分词作定语也可用在表示情感的短语中。
例：a
worried
look／expression愁容
an
excited
scream激动的尖叫声
a
satisfied
smile一个满意的微笑
2．过去分词短语作后置定语修饰名词
过去分词短语作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
例：This
will
be
the
best
novel
of
its
kind
ever
written．
This
will
be
the
best
novel
of
its
kind
that
has
ever
been
written．
这将是这类小说中写得最好的一部。
Did
the
guests
invited
to
your
party
last
night
enjoy
themselves?
=Did
the
guests
who
had
been
invited
to
your
party
last
night
enjoy
themselves?
昨晚受邀参加你的晚会的那些客人玩得开心吗?
过去分词短语作定语有时态的变化。
(1)过去分词的完成时态(done)，表示被动和完成：
例：Prices
of
daily
goods
bought
through
a
computer
can
be
lower
than
store
prices·
网上买的日常用品可能比商店里买的价格低。
The
bridge
built
1
00
years
ago
is
still
in
use．
100年前建造的桥还在使用。
(2)过去分词的进行时态(being
done)，表示被动和正在进行的动作：
例：The
meeting
being
held
now
is
of
great
importance．
现在正在举行的会议非常重要。
It
is
reposed
that
the
officials
will
inspect
the
opera
house
being
built．
据报道，官员们将视察正在建造的歌剧院。
(3)不定式的被动语态(to
be
done)，表示被动和将来的动作：
例：You
can
find
many
pictures
about
this
film
star
in
the
new
book
to
be
published
next
month.
在下月出版的新书中你会看到许多有关这个影星的照片。
The
applicants
to
be
interviewed
are
waiting
in
the
next
room．
即将接受面试的申请者都等在隔壁的房间里。
过去分词短语作定语也可作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
例：The
computer
centre，opened
last
year，is
very
1popular
among
the
students
in
this
school．
=The
computer
centre，which
was
opened
last
year，is
very
1popular
among
the
students
in
this
sch001．
这个计算机中心于去年开放，很受该校学生的欢迎。
4．比较现在分词和过去分词作形容词修饰名词
表示情感的及物动词如excite，discourage，disappoint，encourage，inspire，interest，move，please，puzzle，surprise,
worry等，常加上后缀一ing或-ed转化为分词(也可称为形容词)。在这种情况下，分词主要体现了语态的不同。现在分词有主动意味，含有“具有令人……的特性”的意思；而过去分词有被动意味，含有“受到影响而感到…···”的意思。
例：In
Aswan，there
are
plenty
of
interesting
places
to
visit．阿斯旺有许多值得一去的地方。
Do
you
dare
to
watch
a
horrifying
film
alone
at
night?
你一个人晚上敢看恐怖电影吗?
The
frightened
girl
couldn’t
help
screaming
and
crying．受到惊吓的女孩忍不住尖叫大哭。
由不及物动词转化而成的分词作形容词时，则体现了时态的不同。现在分词表示该动作正在进行，常译为“正在……的”，而过去分词表示该动作已经完成，常译为“已……的”。
例：falling
leaves正在飘落的树叶
fallen
leaves落叶
boiling
water正在沸腾的水
boiled
water开水the
rising
sun正在升起的太阳
the
risen
sun升得老高的日头
changing
situation不断变化的形势
changed
situation改变了的形势
Unit
6
Space
exploration
Grammar
1．用if引导的条件状语从句
当if条件句用来陈述科学事实、发出指令或描述习惯性动作时，我们可以用下面的句型：
[if从句：一般现在时]+[主句：一般现在时]。
例：If
you
mix
red
and
white，you
get
pink．如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就会得到粉红色。
If
you
see
a
fire，press
this
alarm
bell
immediately．如果发现起火了，立刻按一下这个警铃。
If
someone
talks
to
her，she
goes
red
in
the
face．如果有人和她讲话，她就会脸红。
当if条件句用来谈论将来有可能发生的事实或能力时，我们可以用下面的句型：
(1).1f从句：一般现在时]+[主句：will／shall／may／might／can／must／should+动词原形]。
例：lf
more
people
use
public
transport，there
will
be
less
traffic
jam．
如果更多的入使用公共交通工具，交通拥堵就会减少。
You
can
save
paper
if
you
write
on
both
sides
of
the
page．
如果在纸的正反面都写字的话，你就能节省纸张。
【注意】
A).if条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后,若if条件句放于句首，从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。
B)我们经常可以用when代替if。
例：When
you
mix
red
and
white，you
get
pink．
如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就得到粉红色。
C)if从句中也可以使用现在进行时或现在完成时。
例：If
your
car
is
running
badly，you
should
have
the
engine
serviced.
如果你的车子运行不正常，你应当检修引擎。
If
he
hasn't
returned
by
11:00
tonight，you
must
call
the
police.
如果到今晚1
1点他还是没回来的话，你必须报警。
D)if后面的从句可以用省略形式。
例：If(it
is)convenient，please
fetch
me
the
parcel
from
the
post
office.
如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。
2．用其他单词和词组引导的条件状语从句
as
long
as／so
long
as只要……
例：As／So
long
as
you
practise
more，you
will
make
progress．
只要你多加练习，就会取得进步。
The
birds
will
not
fly
away
as／so
long
as
you
keep
quiet
and
don’t
move．
只要你保持安静不动，鸟儿就不会飞走。
unless(=
if．．．not)除非；如果不…
例：You
w川fail
to
arrive
there
in
time
unless
you
start
earlier．
如果你不早点动身，就不能及时赶到那儿了。
Unless
bad
weather
stops
me，I
go
for
a
walk
every
morning．
除非天气不好，我每天早晨都会去散步。
【拓展】常用来引导条件状语从句的连词还有：
(1)on
condition
that只有在……的条件下，以…为条件(是主句中事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。)
例：I
can
tell
you
the
truth
on
condition
that
you
promise
to
keep
a
secret．
我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。
You
can
pass
the
customs
on
condition
that
we
have
checked
your
luggage.
你可以通过海关，但条件是我们得检查完你的行李。
(2)supposing假如，倘若(supposing弓I导的从句表示一种假设条件。)
例：Supposing
it
rains，shall
we
continue
the
sports
meeting?
倘若下雨，我们的运动会还会继续进行吗?
Supposing
the
stocks
of
food
run
out，what
shall
we
do?
假如储备的食品都吃光了，我们该怎么办呢?
(3)provided(that)假如，如果
例：He
will
sign
the
contract
provided(that)we
offer
more
favorable
terms.
如果我们提出更优惠的条件，他就会在合同上签字。
He
won’t
be
against
us
in
the
meeting
provided(that)we
ask
for
his
advice
in
advance．
如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不会在会上反对我们了。
SectionA
Grammar
Kazuo
Ishiguro
wins
the
Nobel
prize
in
literature
2017
Ishiguro,
author
of
novels
(31)
______
(include)
The
Remains
of
the
Day
and
Never
Let
Me
Go,
was
praised
by
the
Swedish
Academy
in
October
2017
for
his
unique
writing.
This
Britain’s
(32)
______
(new)
literary
Nobel
prize
winner
was
born
in
Nagasaki
(长崎)
in
1954.
His
mother,
who
is
still
alive
and
taking
immense
pride
(33)
______
her
son’s
achievement,
survived
the
atomic
bomb.
His
father,
an
oceanographer,
moved
his
family
to
England
in
1959.
Ishiguro
said
that
his
parents
didn’t
have
the
mentality
of
immigrants
because
they
always
thought
they
would
go
home.
Ishiguro
studied
creative
writing
at
the
University
of
East
Anglia,
(34)
______
(go)
on
to
publish
his
first
novel,
A
Pale
View
of
the
Hills,
in
1982.
He
has
been
a
full-time
writer
ever
since.
According
to
the
Academy,
the
themes
of
“memory,
time
and
self-delusion”
weave
through
his
work,
particularly
in
The
Remains
of
the
Day,
which
won
Ishiguro
the
Booker
prize
in
1989
and
(35)
______
(adapt)
into
a
film
in
the
same
year.
“We’ve
lost
faith
in
our
political
system,
we’re
not
quite
sure
of
our
values,
and
I
just
hope
that
my
winning
the
Nobel
prize
contributes
something
that
integrate
good
will
and
peace,”
Ishiguro
said.
“It
reminds
us
of
(36)
______
international
the
world
is,
and
we
all
have
to
contribute
things
from
our
different
corners
of
the
world.”
Besides,
Ishiguro
expressed
his
concern
at
the
distracting
burden
of
celebrity
that
the
Nobel
prize
(37)
______
bring
and
impact
on
his
writing.
He
said:
“I’ve
had
to
battle
a
lot
of
my
writing
life
between
the
demands
to
be
a
public
celebrity
author
and
finding
the
time
and
space
to
do
the
real
work,
so
I’m
hoping
the
work
(38)
______
just
continues
and
is
no
different
to
where
it
was
yesterday.”
The
Permanent
secretary
of
the
Academy
said
“he
is
someone
who
is
very
interested
in
understanding
the
past,
(39)
______
he
is
not
determined
to
make
up
for
the
past.
He
is
exploring
what
you
have
to
forget
in
order
to
survive
in
the
first
place
(40)
______
an
individual.”
31.
including
32.
newest
33.
in
34.
going
35.
was
adapted
36.
how
37.
might/
could
38.
itself
39.
but
40.
as
SectionB
Vocabulary
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
with
the
words
in
the
box.
Each
word
can
only
be
used
once.
There
is
one
extra
word
which
you
don’t
need.
A.
illegal
B.
alternative
C.
inconvenience
D.
challenge
E.
advisable
F.
marathon
G.
object
H.
register
I.
impose
J.
debatable
K.
keen
A
photograph
of
the
registration
card
of
a
newborn
in
Xi’an,
Shaanxi
province
has
gone
explosive
online
because
the
girl
has
a
unique
name:
Wangzhe
Rongyao,
or
King
of
Glory,
a
popular
mobile
game.
On
domestic
social
network
platforms,
many
have
questioned
whether
the
father
is
to
___41___social
rules
by
naming
his
daughter
King
of
Glory.
But
local
police
have
said
people
have
the
right
to
choose
any
name
for
their
children,
and
there
is
nothing
“___42___”
or
“immoral”
about
the
newborn’s
name.
And
since
the
name
is
composed
of
standard
Chinese
characters,
they
will
___43___
it.
Yet
it
remains
___44___
whether
the
father
has
made
a
wise
choice
because
the
name
“King
of
Glory”
could
cause
___45___
to
the
girl.
First,
one
person
is
distinguished
from
another
by
a
name.
If
the
girl
is
named
after
a
popular
mobile
game,
she
will
become
a(n)
___46___
of
ridicule
or
jokes,
which
in
turn
could
make
the
person
a
loner
and
affect
his
or
her
character.
Second,
while
the
father
is
a(n)
___47___
player
of
King
of
Glory,
it
certainly
is
not
the
girl’s
favourite
at
this
stage.
In
such
a
case,
does
the
man
have
the
right
to
___48___
his
love
for
the
game
on
his
daughter?
And
if
the
girl
is
unhappy
with
her
name
after
growing
up,
she
would
want
to
change
it,
which
would
involve
quite
a(n)
___49___
legal
procedure.
More
importantly,
a
person’s
name
is
the
most
important
element
in
such
documents
as
ID
card,
school
and
college
diplomas,
as
well
as
health
records.
She
may
well
have
to
get
these
documents
changed,
too,
which
again
would
be
troublesome.
Does
the
man
want
his
daughter
to
go
through
all
that
trouble?
What
the
father
in
Xi’an
has
done
may
be
legal
but
not
___50____.
41-50
DAHJC
GKIFE
SectionC
Reading
Directions:
For
each
blank
in
the
following
passage
there
are
four
words
or
phrases
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
the
word
or
phrase
that
best
fits
the
context.
Ecotourism
is
a
combination
of
ecology
(the
study
of
systems
of
living
things)
and
tourism.
It
is
___51___
“responsible
travel
to
natural
areas
that
preserves
the
environment
and
improves
the
welfare
of
the
local
people”
by
the
International
Ecotourism
Society.
Actually,
ecotourism
can
mean
travel
to
far-off
places
of
great
natural
beauty,
but
not
always
in
a(n)
___52___
way.
It’s
a
big
business,
and
the
attraction
of
money
can
cause
people
to
think
about
___53___
first.
While
ecotourism
offers
benefits
to
people
and
ecosystems,
it
leaves
ecosystems
open
to
negative
effects,
too.
Costa
Rica,
once
a
Spanish
colony,
and
independent
since
1821,
has
an
ecotourism
industry
worth
over
one
billion
dollars
yearly,
and
thousands
of
jobs
have
been
___54___.
Nearly
21
percent
of
the
land
is
now
protected
national
parks,
___55___
thanks
to
ecotourism.
Nevertheless,
due
to
the
number
of
people
visiting
the
country’s
natural
places,
some
damage
to
the
ecosystem
has
occurred.
While
___56___
can
have
a
negative
impact
on
ecosystems,
the
same
areas
might
have
been
___57___
by
industries
such
as
farming,
logging,
or
mining
if
there
were
no
ecotourism
industry.
Shelters
(庇护所)
have
been
created
___58___,
keeping
the
ecosystem
protected.
And,
by
visiting
beautiful
rainforests
and
seeing
rare
animals,
visitors
get
a
sense
of
their
___59___,
and
of
gratitude
for
them.
Tour
guides
can
also
be
educators
who
train
people
to
love
and
care
for
the
environment.
Visitors
can
take
these
___60___
with
them
to
their
home
countries.
Unfortunately,
while
their
effect
may
not
be
___61___
in
the
off-season,
the
constant
parade
of
visitors
in
the
high
season
can
be
damaging.
At
one
national
park
in
Costa
Rica,
wild
monkeys
now
feed
on
garbage
left
by
the
tourists.
___62___,
ecotourists
tend
to
seek
out
places
with
the
rarest
animals
and
plants,
___63___
the
most
delicate
living
things.
It
is
easy
to
be
critical
of
the
ecotourism
industry,
but
it
is
important
to
be
___64___
as
well.
Ecotourism
can
never
be
“pure”.
We
can’t
expect
zero
negative
effects
on
the
ecosystem.
It
is
also
___65___
to
suppose
that
humans
won’t
go
anywhere
accessible
to
them.
If
protection
efforts
are
maintained
and
increased,
those
remaining
places
of
undisturbed
nature
may
be
stressed,
but
they
won’t
be
destroyed.
51.
A.
defined
as
B.
made
up
of
C.
applied
to
D.
combined
with
52.
A.
attractive
B.
natural
C.
different
D.
responsible
53.
A.
effects
B.
nature
C.
profits
D.
economy
54.
A.
lost
B.
created
C.
abandoned
D.
shifted
55.
A.
mainly
B.
comparatively
C.
unfortunately
D.
barely
56.
A.
tourists
B.
environment
C.
manufacturers
D.
politics
57.
A.
fertilized
B.
destroyed
C.
reserved
D.
stimulated
58.
A.
equally
B.
regularly
C.
instead
D.
though
59.
A.
freedom
B.
hardness
C.
welfare
D.
value
60.
A.
ecosystems
B.
lessons
C.
animals
D.
trainers
61.
A.
uncertain
B.
noticeable
C.
healthy
D.
special
62.
A.
For
instance
B.
On
the
contrary
C.
In
addition
D.
As
a
whole
63.
A.
appreciating
B.
discovering
C.
sheltering
D.
pressuring
64.
A.
positive
B.
creative
C.
effective
D.
sensitive
65.
A.
feasible
B.
reasonable
C.
unrealistic
D.
inevitable
答案：
51-55
ADCBA
56-60
ABCDB
61-65
BCDAC
SectionD
Translation
Directions:
Translate
the
following
sentences
into
English,
using
the
words
given
in
the
brackets.
我们都希望这次奥运会会办得非常成功。(success)
使我印象深刻的是那个西方城市里有那么多传统的中国餐馆。(impress)
石油价格的飞速上涨对世界经济产生了很大的影响。
(affect)
所有的商店必须禁止18岁以下的人出售香烟。(require)
如今，许多孩子抱怨父母不了解他们在想些什么。(complain)
我做梦都没有想到会在这里碰到你。
(dream)
许多年轻人认为衣服越贵越时尚。(the
more
...
the
more
...)
我的亲朋好友打电话来祝贺我英语演讲比赛获得第一名。(congratulate)
今天特别冷，多穿点衣服，以免着凉。
(incase)
来自农村的学生不必感到比大城市的学生低一筹。
(inferior)
参考答案：
1.
We
all
hope
that
the
Olympic
Games
will
be
a
great
success.
2.
What
impressed
me
most
was
that
there
were
so
many
traditional
Chinese
restaurants
in
that
Western
city.
3.
That
the
prices
of
oil
went
up/rose
rapidly
has
greatly
affected
the
world
economy.
4.
All
the
shops
are
required
not
to
sell
any
cigarettes
to
the
people
under
eighteen.
5.
Nowadays
many
children
complain/are
complaining
that
their
parents
know
nothing
about
what
they
are
thinking
about.
6.
I
never
dreamed
of
meeting
you
here.
7.
Many
young
people
think
that
the
more
expensive
the
dress
is,
the
more
fashionable
it
will
be.
8.
My
relatives
and
friends
called
to
congratulate
me
on
winning
the
first
place
in
the
English
speaking
contest.
9.
It’s
terribly
cold
today
and
you
should
put
on
more
clothes
in
case
you
catch
cold.
10.The
students
from
the
countryside
do
not
need
to
feel
inferior
to
those
from
big
cities.
高二上期末复习卷
II.
Grammar
and
Vocabulary
Section
A
Norway
is
Teaching
Travelers
to
Travel
After
15
people
died
during
Easter
in
1967,
the
Norwegian
Trekking
Association
and
the
Red
Cross
announced
their
campaign
‘Welcome
to
the
mountains,
but
be
responsible’.
Fjellvettreglene,
the
‘mountain
code’
(21)
______
encourages
people
to
have
a
healthy
and
respectful
relationship
with
nature,
has
since
become
a
crucial
part
of
Norwegian
culture.
It
includes
points
such
as
bringing
necessary
equipment
(22)
______
(assist)
yourself
and
others,
seeking
shelter
if
necessary
and
feeling
no
shame
in
turning
around.
Nationally,
Norway
(23)
______
(experience)
an
11%
increase
in
tourism
in
the
past
decade.
From
just
1,000
tourists
in
the
whole
of
2010,
Trolltunga,
a
piece
of
rock
that
stands
horizontally
out
of
the
mountain,
(24)
______
(see)
1,800
visitors
in
one
day
alone.
Why?
Because
people
want
the
same
picture
they
see
on
Instagram
and
Facebook.
A
lot
don’t
care
about
the
experience
of
the
hike.
They
just
want
proof
(25)
______
they
did
it.
But,
while
good
for
the
economy,
this
tourism
boom
has
become
a
threat
(26)
______
Norway’s
natural
environment.
Used
toilet
paper,
(27)
______
(abandon)
tents
and
plastic
bottles
can
be
found
littered
all
around
Trolltunga.
And
with
the
high
amount
of
people
who
come
unprepared
for
such
an
active
hike,
Norway’s
leading
hiking
group,
Friluftsliv,
also
has
called
for?regulations?on
the
number
of
tourists
(28)
______
(hike)
to
Trolltunga.
Lasse
Heimdal,
leader
of
the
outdoor
organization
said,
“On
a
busy
day,
you
may
have
to
wait
in
line
for
an
hour
and
a
half
just
to
get
a
picture.
To
control
this,
we’d
like
to
regulate
(29)
______
_____
people
can
hike
in
a
day.
Starting
hike
times
should
also
have
regulations
so
people
don’t
start
too
late
and
find
(30)
______
stuck
up
here.”
21.
which
/that
22.
to
assist
23.
has
experienced
24.
saw
25.
that
26.
to
27.
abandoned
28.
hiking
29.
how
many
30.
themselves
Section
B
communicating
B.
reflection
C.
implied
D.
interrupted
E.
thoughtful
F.
value
G.
agreement
H.
sharing
I.
gap
J.
possible
K.
conflicts
The
meaning
of
silence
varies
among
cultural
group.
Silences
may
be
31
,
or
they
may
be
empty
when
a
person
has
nothing
to
say.
A
silence
in
a
conversation
may
also
show
stubbornness,
uneasiness,
or
worry.
Silence
may
be
viewed
by
some
cultural
groups
as
extremely
uncomfortable;
therefore
attempts
may
be
made
to
fill
every
32
with
conversation.
Persons
in
other
cultural
groups
value
silence
and
view
it
as
necessary
for
understanding
a
person’s
needs.
Many
native
Americans
value
silence
and
feel
it
is
a
basic
part
of
33
among
people,
just
as
some
traditional
Chinese
and
Thai
persons
do.
Therefore,
when
a
person
from
one
of
these
culture
is
speaking
and
suddenly
stops,
what
may
be
34
is
that
the
person
wants
the
listener
to
consider
what
has
been
said
before
continuing.
In
these
culture,
silence
is
a
call
for
35
.
Other
cultures
may
use
silence
in
other
ways,
particularly
when
dealing
with
36
among
people
or
in
relationships
of
people
with
different
amounts
of
power.
For
example,
Russian,
French,
and
Spanish
persons
may
use
silence
to
show
37
between
parties
about
the
topic
under
discussion.
However,
Mexicans
may
use
silence
when
instructions
are
given
by
a
person
in
authority
rather
than
be
rude
to
that
person
by
arguing
with
him
or
her.
In
still
another
use,
persons
in
Asian
cultures
may
view
silence
as
a
sign
of
respect,
particularly
to
an
elder
or
a
person
in
authority.
Nurses
and
other
care-givers
need
to
be
aware
of
the
38
meanings
of
silence
when
they
come
across
the
personal
anxiety
their
patients
may
be
experiencing.
Nurses
should
recognize
their
own
personal
and
cultural
construction
of
silence
so
that
a
patient’s
silence
is
not
39
too
early
or
allowed
to
go
on
unnecessarily.
A
nurse
who
understands
the
healing
40
of
silence
can
use
this
understanding
to
assist
in
the
care
of
patients
from
their
own
and
from
other
cultures.
31-40
EIACB
KGJDF
III.
Reading
Comprehension
Section
A
It's
no
secret
that
as
a
population,
Americans
have
been
getting
heavier,
but
researchers
now
say
that
our
weight
problem
may
be
worse
than
we
thought.
In
a
study
published
in
the
journal
PLOS
One,
lead
author
Dr.
Eric
Braverman
says
that
our
current
measure
of
obesity
--
body
mass
index,
or
BMI
--
significantly
(41)
______
the
number
of
people,
especially
women,
who
are
obese.
Braverman
and
his
co-author,
Dr.
Nirav
Shah,
studied
1,400
men
and
women,
comparing
their
BMI
measurement
to
their
percentage
of
body
fat,
as
measured
by
a
dual-energy
X-ray
absorptiometry
(DEXA)
scan.
While
BMI
is
a
simple
ratio
of
a
person’s
height
and
weight,
the
DEXA
scan--
which
is
normally
used
to
measure
body
density
(密度)
--
can
(42)
______
between
bone,
fat
and
muscle
mass.
Based
on
BMI,
about
one-third
of
Americans
are
considered
obese,
but
when
other
methods
of
measuring
obesity
are
used,
that
number
may
be
(43)
______
to
60%
according
to
Braverman.
Physicians
have
complained
for
years
that
BMI
is
a(n)
(44)
______
measure
of
healthy
weight.
Extremely
muscular
people,
(45)
______
,
may
weigh
“too
much”
for
their
height,
since
dense
muscle
mass
weighs
more
than
fat,
thus
qualifying
as
obese
even
if
their
bodies
contain
very
little
fat.
Yet
it’s
not
extra
weight
itself,
but
excess
fat
that
(46)
______
health
problems.
“People
aren’t
being
diagnosed
as
obese,
so
they’re
not
being
told
about
their
risk
of
disease
or
being
given
(47)
_____
on
how
to
improve
their
health,”
Braverman
said.
Data
show
that
people
who
start
to
(48)
______
pounds
are
more
likely
to
continue
getting
heavier,
increasing
their
risk
for
a
number
of
diseases.
So
why
is
BMI
still
being
used,
if
it’s
not
(49)
______?
For
now,
it’s
the
best
and
easiest
way
for
physicians
to
measure
a
person’s
healthy
weight
while
taking
into
account
his
or
her
general
body
(50)
______.
DEXA
scans
are
far
too
expensive
to
be
used
as
a
(51)
______
measure
during
doctor’s
visits.
BMI
isn’t
perfect,
but
many
experts
say
it’s
the
best
they
have.
Still,
as
results
like
Braverman’s
continue
to
(52)
______,
it
may
be
time
to
consider
other
ways
of
tracking
weight,
and
(53)
______,
body
fat.
“It’s
important
to
point
out
the
(54)
______
of
the
BMI,”
Dr.Richard
Bergman,
director
of
Cedars
Sinai’s
Obesity
and
Diabetes
Research
Institute
in
Los
Angeles
said.
“It’s
a
poor
measure
of
(55)
______,
and
we
do
need
better
measures.”
A.
predicts
B.
underestimates
C.
increases
D.
reduces
A.
compare
B.
recognize
C.
identify
D.
distinguish
A.
closer
B.
related
C.
devoted
D.
key
A.
important
B.
imperfect
C.
incredible
D.
uncertain
A.
for
example
B.
in
contrast
C.
in
addition
D.
without
doubt
A.
arises
from
B.
owes
to
C.
leads
to
D.
goes
through
A.
views
B.
orders
C.
instruction
D.
focus
A.keep
up
B.
put
on
C.
set
aside
D.
break
away
A.
right
B.
recognizable
C.
popular
D.
precise
A.
structure
B.
well-being
C.
function
D.
weight
A.
special
B.
routine
C.
scientific
D.
decisive
A.
fill
in
B.
run
out
C.
go
down
D.
build
up
A.
in
particular
B.
on
occasion
C.
after
all
D.
in
all
A.
mistakes
B.
failure
C.
inferiority
D.
weakness
A.
health
B.
body
C.
fatness
D.
diseases
【答案】B
D
A
B
A
C
C
B
D
A
B
D
A
D
C
Section
B
(
A
)
Post-00s
is
a
documentary
about
growing
up.
It
covers
almost
every
aspect
of
millennials’(千禧一代的)
experiences
on
their
path
toward
adolescence
–
their
struggles
with
schoolwork,
their
relationship
with
peers,
their
confusion
if
a
younger
brother
or
sister
is
born
into
the
family,
and
their
growing
desire
to
keep
a
distance
from
their
parents.
But
this
five-episode
series
was
different
from
any
other
TV
program
with
a
similar
theme.
Post-00s
was
filmed
over
a
period
of
10
years,
during
which
the
show’s
makers
followed
a
group
of
kids
from
when
they
were
infants
through
to
when
they
became
teenagers.
In
other
words,
the
show’s
“characters”
grow
older
for
real,
and
their
stories
are
all
real.
“Coming-of-age”
stories,
as
they’re
known,
have
a
special
appeal.
They
satisfy
our
curiosity
of
looking
at
someone
else’s
life,
and
we
become
more
and
more
attached
to
the
characters
as
if
we
truly
know
them.
And
while
we
enjoy
the
truthfulness
of
the
stories
because
nothing
is
set
in
advance,
we
also
can’t
help
but
feel
the
cruelty
of
reality.
After
all,
there’s
no
re-writing
of
the
script
（剧本）
and
there’s
no
turning
back
–
this
is
real
life.
This
realness
can
also
be
seen
in
Boyhood,
a
2014
film
that
won
the
Silver
Bear
award
for
best
director
at
the
64th
Berlin
International
Film
Festival.
During
a
period
of
12
years,
the
film
follows
the
life
of
Mason
Jr
–
played
by
US
actor
Ellar
Coltrane
–
from
when
he
was
6
to
when
he
finished
high
school.
One
of
Boyhood’s
appeals
comes
from
its
“ordinariness”.
Mason
Jr
isn’t
some
child
genius...
He
is
a
quietly
spoken,
fairly
typical
American
boy,
growing
up
in
the
Texas
suburbs.
He
likes
riding
his
bike
and
playing
video
games.
While
coming-of-age
stories
may
look
ordinary
on
the
outside,
they
often
allow
us
to
look
underneath
the
surface
and
see
something
extraordinary
–
the
power
of
life
itself.
56.
In
the
documentary,
we
see
post-00’s
growing
experience
EXCEPT
__________.
A.
how
they
deal
with
their
studies
B.
how
they
help
look
after
brothers
or
sisters
C.
how
they
get
along
with
people
of
their
age
D.
how
much
they
long
to
be
independent
of
their
parents
57.
What
do
Post-00
and
Boyhood
have
in
common?
A.
They’re
intended
to
win
an
award
for
best
director.
B.
The
heroes
and
heroines
are
characters
themselves.
C.
They’re
a
kind
of
reality
show
of
ordinary
kids’
growth.
D.
The
stories
are
based
on
true
life
but
polished
by
writers.
58.
Audience
are
interested
in
“coming-of-age”
stories
because
__________.
A.
they
can
see
the
truth
of
life
B.
they
know
the
characters
well
C.
they
are
much
fond
of
gossip
D.
they
appreciate
stories
of
daily
life
59.
Which
of
the
following
might
be
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
A.
Post-00s
are
different
geniuses
B.
Actors
are
ordinary
characters
C.
Documentary
is
real
life
D.
Life
is
one
big
story
56-59
BCAD
(B)
Overview
Explore
Stewart
Island
and
the
surrounding
bays
in
our
modern
mini-buses.
Our
guides
enjoy
sharing
their
local
knowledge
of
the
history
and
environment
of
Stewart
Island.
Highlights
include
Lee
Bay,
the
gateway
to
Rakiura
National
Park,
beautiful
Horseshoe
Bay
and
amazing
views
of
Paterson
Inlet
from
Observation
Rock.
Village
&
Bays
Tour
Leaving
from
Stewart
Island
Season:
All
Year
Duration:
1
hour
30
mins
Prize:
$45
(Adult)
More
information
Departure
location:
Oban
Visitor
Centre.
What
to
bring:
Comfortable
walking
shoes
or
boots,
waterproof
jacket,
warm
sweater
or
fleece
jacket,
sunscreen
or
sunglasses,
insect
repellent
and
camera.
Car
parking:
Vehicle
parking
is
available
at
Oban
(extra
cost—reservations
recommended).
Wheelchair
access:
Available.
Children
ticket:
Children
under
ten
go
free
for
travel
as
long
as
they
are
accompanied
by
an
adult.
Reviews
“There
was
so
much
to
see
and
learn
that
it
was
hard
to
take
everything
in.
The
bays
we
stopped
at
were
beautiful
with
golden
sandy
beaches,
the
forests
were
overpowering
and
we
expected
dinosaurs
to
appear
at
any
time,
the
views
from
lookout
point
were
splendid
and
the
anchor
point
with
Bluff
brought
a
smile.
Thank
you
to
Chris
and
the
experienced
team
for
such
an
informative
tour.”
Ron
P
“Any
visitor
to
Stewart
Island
could
do
no
better
than
take
one
of
the
guided
tours
from
the
Oban
Visitor
Centre—especially
if
you
only
have
limited
time
available.
We
had
the
delightful
and
extremely
informative
Kylie
conduct
a
small
number
on
one
of
the
village
tours.
This
is
a
beautiful
place—a
few
fascinating
shops
and
restaurants,
wonderful
walks
and
warm
and
friendly
people.”
Michael
Mason
“I
love
finding
out
about
places
and
the
guide
was
full
of
information
and
stories
as
we
visited
every
interesting
place
and
view
in
Oban
(it
didn’t
take
too
long...).
A
great
way
to
start
a
visit
as
it
helps
you
know
where
everything
is.”
Kiwieric
60.
If
a
traveler
plans
to
leave
a
car
at
Oban,
he
had
better
________.
A.
refer
to
the
guides
first
B.
use
wheelchair
access
C.
make
a
reservation
D.
walk
to
the
center
in
advance
61.
Herry,
a
six-year-old
boy,
wanted
to
have
a
sightseeing
of
the
Stewart
Island
with
his
parents.
How
much
should
they
pay
for
the
mini-bus
tour?
A.
$135.
B.
$90.
C.
$
45.
D.
Free.
62.
If
a
traveler
takes
the
guided
tour,
he
can
experience
all
the
following
EXCEPT
________.
A.
breath-taking
scenery
B.
charming
walks
C.
dinosaur
samples
D.
detailed
tour
guide
CDC
(C)
While
still
catching-up
to
men
in
some
spheres
of
modern
life,
women
appear
to
be
way
ahead
in
at
least
one
undesirable
category.
“Women
are
particularly
susceptible
to
developing
depression
and
anxiety
disorders
in
response
to
stress
compared
to
men,”
according
to
Dr.
Yehuda,
chief
psychiatrist
at
New
York’s
Veteran’s
Administration
Hospital.
Studies
of
both
animals
and
humans
have
shown
that
sex
hormones
somehow
affect
the
stress
response,
causing
females
under
stress
to
produce
more
of
the
trigger
chemicals
than
do
males
under
the
same
conditions.
In
several
of
the
studies,
when
stressed-out
female
rats
had
their
ovaries
(the
female
reproductive
organs)
removed,
their
chemical
responses
became
equal
to
those
of
the
males.
Adding
to
a
woman’s
increased
dose
of
stress
chemicals,
are
her
increased
“opportunities”
for
stress.
“It’s
not
necessarily
that
women
don’t
cope
as
well.
It’s
just
that
they
have
so
much
more
to
cope
with,”
says
Dr.
Yehuda.
“Their
capacity
for
tolerating
stress
may
even
be
greater
than
men’s,”
she
observes,
“it’s
just
that
they’re
dealing
with
so
many
more
things
that
they
become
worn
out
from
it
more
visibly
and
sooner.”
Dr.
Yehuda
notes
another
difference
between
the
sexes.
“I
think
that
the
kinds
of
things
that
women
are
exposed
to
tend
to
be
in
more
of
a
chronic
or
repeated
nature.
Men
go
to
war
and
are
exposed
to
combat
stress.
Men
are
exposed
to
more
acts
of
random
physical
violence.
The
kinds
of
interpersonal
violence
that
women
are
exposed
to
tend
to
be
in
domestic
situations,
by,
unfortunately,
parents
or
other
family
members,
and
they
tend
not
to
be
one-shot
deals.
The
wear-and-tear
that
comes
from
these
longer
relationships
can
be
quite
devastating.”
Adeline
Alvarez
married
at
18
and
gave
birth
to
a
son,
but
was
determined
to
finish
college.
“I
struggled
a
lot
to
get
the
college
degree.
I
was
living
in
so
much
frustration
that
that
was
my
escape,
to
go
to
school,
and
get
ahead
and
do
better.”
Later,
her
marriage
ended
and
she
became
a
single
mother.
“It’s
the
hardest
thing
to
take
care
of
a
teenager,
have
a
job,
pay
the
rent,
pay
the
car
payment,
and
pay
the
debt.
I
lived
from
paycheck
to
paycheck.”
Not
everyone
experiences
the
kinds
of
severe
chronic
stresses
Alvarez
describes.
But
most
women
today
are
coping
with
a
lot
of
obligations,
with
few
breaks,
and
feeling
the
strain.
Alvarez’s
experience
demonstrates
the
importance
of
finding
ways
to
diffuse
stress
before
it
threatens
your
health
and
your
ability
to
function.
63.?Which
of
the
following
is
true
according
to
the
first
two
paragraphs?
A)
Women
are
biologically
more
vulnerable
to
stress.
B)
Women
are
still
suffering
much
stress
caused
by
men.
C)
Women
are
more
experienced
than
men
in
coping
with
stress.
D)
Men
and
women
show
different
inclinations
when
faced
with
stress.
64.?According
to
Paragraph
4,
the
stress
women
confront
tends
to
be__________.
A)
domestic
and
temporary.
B)
irregular
and
violent.
C)
durable
and
frequent.
D)
trivial
and
random.
65.?The
sentence
“I
lived
from
paycheck
to
paycheck.”
shows
that_____________.
A)
Alvarez
cared
about
nothing
but
making
money.
B)
Alvarez’s
salary
barely
covered
her
household
expenses.
C)
Alvarez
got
paychecks
from
different
jobs.
D)
Alvarez
paid
practically
everything
by
check.
66.?Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A)
Strain
of
Stress:
No
Way
Out?
B)
Responses
to
Stress:
Gender
Difference
C)
Stress
Analysis:
What
Chemicals
Say
D)
Gender
Inequality:
Women
Under
Stress
63-66
ACBD
Section
C
A.People
volunteer
mainly
out
of
academic
requirements
and
internal
needs.
B.People
must
be
sensitive
to
this
possibility
when
they
make
volunteer
activities
a
must.
C.It
was
assumed
that
those
people
for
whom
the
role
of
volunteer
was
most
part
of
their
personal
identity
would
also
be
most
likely
to
continue
volunteer
work.
D.Individual
differences
in
role
identity
is
most
likely
to
motivate
volunteers
to
continue
their
work.
E.Although
this
result
may
not
surprise
you,
it
leads
to
important
practical
advice
F.Researchers
have
identified
several
factors
that
motivate
people
to
get
involved
Suppose
you
become
a
leader
in
an
organization.
It’s
very
likely
that
you’ll
want
to
have
volunteers
to
help
with
the
organization’s
activities.
To
do
so,
it
should
help
to
understand
why
people
undertake
volunteer
work
and
what
keeps
their
interest
in
the
work.
Let’s
begin
with
the
question
of
why
people
volunteer.
67
.
For
example,
people
volunteer
to
express
personal
values
related
to
unselfishness,
to
expand
their
ranger
of
experiences,
and
to
strengthen
social
relationships.
If
volunteer
positions
do
not
meet
these
needs,
people
may
not
wish
to
participate.
To
select
volunteers,
you
may
need
to
understand
the
motivations
of
the
people
you
wish
to
attract.
People
also
volunteer
because
they
are
required
to
do
so.
To
increase
levels
of
community
service,
some
schools
have
launched
compulsory
volunteer
programs.
Unfortunately,
these
programs
can
shift
people’s
wish
of
participation
form
an
internal
factor
(e.g.,
“I
volunteer
because
it’s
important
to
me”)
to
an
external
factor
(e.g.,
“I
volunteer
because
I’m
required
to
do
so”).
When
that
happens,
people
become
less
likely
to
volunteer
in
the
future.
68
.
Once
people
begin
to
volunteer,
what
leads
them
to
remain
in
their
positions
over
time?
To
answer
this
question,
researchers
have
conducted
follow-up
studies
in
which
they
track
volunteers
over
time.
For
instance,
one
study
followed
238
volunteers
in
Florida
over
a
year.
One
of
the
most
important
factors
that
influenced
their
satisfaction
as
volunteers
was
the
amount
of
suffering
they
experienced
in
their
volunteer
positions.
69
.
The
researchers
note
that
attention
should
be
given
to
“training
methods
that
would
prepare
volunteers
for
troublesome
situations
or
provide
them
strategies
for
coping
with
the
problem
they
do
experience”.
Another
study
of
302
volunteers
at
hospitals
in
Chicago
focused
on
individual
differences
in
the
degree
to
which
people
view
“volunteer”as
an
important
social
role.
70
.
Participants
indicated
the
degree
to
which
the
social
role
mattered
by
responding
to
statements
such
as
“Volunteering
in
Hospital
is
an
important
part
of
who
I
am.”
“Consistent
with
the
researchers”
expectations,
they
found
a
positive
correlation
between
the
strength
of
role
identity
and
the
length
of
time
people
continued
to
volunteer.
These
results,
once
again,
lead
to
concrete
advice:
“Once
an
individual
begins
volunteering,
continued
efforts
might
focus
on
developing
a
volunteer
role
identity.
Items
like
T-shirts
that
allow
volunteers
to
be
recognized
publicly
for
their
contribution
can
help
strengthen
role
identity”.
FBEC
Summary
Writing
Getting
rid
of
dirt,
in
the
opinion
of
most
people,
is
a
good
thing.
However,
there
is
nothing
fixed
about
attitudes
to
dirt.
In
the
early
16th
century,
people
thought
that
dirt
on
the
skin
was
a
means
to
block
out
disease,
as
medical
opinion
had
it
that
washing
off
dirt
with
hot
water
could
open
up
the
skin
and
let
ills
in.
A
particular
danger
was,
thought
to
lie
in
public
baths.
By
1538,
the
French
king
had
closed
the
bath
houses
in
his
kingdom.
So
did
the
king
of
England
in
1546.Thus
began
a
long
time
when
the
rich
and
the
poor
in
Europe
lived
with
dirt
in
a
friendly
way.
Henry
IV,
King
of
France,
was
famously
dirty.
Upon
learning
that
a
nobleman
had
taken
a
bath,
the
king
ordered
that,
to
avoid
the
attack
of
disease,
the
nobleman
should
not
go
out.
Though
the
belief
in
the
merit
of
dirt
was
long-lived,
dirt
has
no
longer
been
regarded
as
a
nice
neighbor
ever
since
the
18th
century.
Scientifically
speaking,
cleaning
away
dirt
is
good
to
health.
Clean
water
supply
and
hand
washing
are
practical
means
of
preventing
disease.
Yet,
it
seems
that
standards
of
cleanliness
have
moved
beyond
science
since
World
War
II.
Advertisements
repeatedly
sell
the
idea:
clothes
need
to
be
whiter
than
white,
cloths
ever
softer,
surfaces
to
shine.
Has
the
hate
for
dirt,
however,
gone
too
far?
Attitudes
to
dirt
still
differ
hugely
nowadays.
Many
first
time
parents
nervously
try
to
warn
their
children
off
touching
dirt,
which
might
be
responsible
for
the
spread
of
disease.
On
the
contrary,
Mary
Ruebush,
an
American
immunologist,
encourages
children
to
play
in
the
dirt
to
build
up
a
strong
immune
system.
And
the
latter
position
is
gaining
some
ground.
Summary
参考答案：
People
have
mixed
opinions
towards
dirt
on
our
skin.
For
a
long
time
in
history,
people
of
some
European
countries
believed
that
dirt
protected
people
from
getting
ill.
However,
people
began
to
change
their
attitudes
to
dirt
about
200
years
ago.
People
have
been
told
that
washing
dirt
off
our
body
can
keep
us
healthy.
However,
some
scientists
believe
that
exposure
to
some
dirt
may
help
our
immune
system.
(69
W)
（内容要点供阅卷参考）：
People’s
attitude
towards
dirt
have
been
changing
with
the
time.
In
history,
dirt
was
thought
to
protected
people
from
getting
ill.
Since
the
18th
century,
cleaning
away
dirt
is
good
to
keeping
healthy.
Nowadays,
exposure
to
some
dirt
can
build
up
a
strong
immune
system
V.
Translation
1．大家都认可，快乐是一个旅程，而非目的地。（acknowledge）
2.
你是不是就在这家新开的饭店里看见嫌疑犯实施犯罪？?(it)
3
这个年轻人向朋友保证在任何情况下他都不会违背做一个诚实和守信人的承诺。
（under
no
circumstances）
4.
任何处理复杂问题的人都可能因为没有全面了解挑战而受到指责，虽然事先了解一切是不可能的。(blame)
参考答案：
1.It
is
generally
acknowledged
that
happiness
is
a
journey,
not
a
destination.
2.Was
it
in
the
newly--
opened
restaurant//
that
you
witnessed
/
saw
(that)
the
suspect
//commit
the
crime??
3.The
young
person
assured
his
friends
that//under
no
circumstances
would
he//
break
the
promise
that//
he
should/would
be
faithful/trustworthy
and
honest.
4.Anyone
dealing
with
a
complicated
problem
may
be
blamed
for
not
fully
understanding
the
challenge,
though
it’s
impossible
to
know
everything
in
advance.
Guided
Writing
Directions:
Write
an
English
composition
in
120-150
words
according
to
the
instructions
given
below
in
Chinese.
学校学生广播正在酝酿改版，拟从现有的三个栏目（科学技术、兴趣爱好、文学艺术）中去除一个，并从三个备选栏目（旅行、环保、健身）中挑选一个纳入该电视台节目。假设你是该校学生李华，给广播台长写一封电子邮件，表达你的观点。邮件须包括以下内容：
1.
你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；
2.
你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由。
Guided
Writing
Dear
Present，
I’m
writing
to
express
some
of
my
opinions
towards
our
school’s
broadcast
which
intends
to
change
one
of
the
programs
from
science
technology,
interest
hobby
and
literature
art
and
select
one
of
them
from
travelling,
environmental
protection,
fitness.
From
my
perspective,
I
would
choose
“interest
hobby”
to
be
the
one
to
be
eliminated.
Not
only
is
this
topic
out
of
date,
but
also
students’
interest
varies
a
lot.
Therefore,
they
may
be
indifferent
about
others’
interest
and
hobbies.
As
for
the
column
to
be
added,
I
highly
recommend
is
fitness.
As
senior
high
students,
so
busy
are
we
with
our
study
that
we
often
forget
to
do
some
physical
exercise
and
even
don’t
know
how
to
keep
fit
to
avoid
getting
ill.
If
the
school
broadcast
can
provide
us
some
useful
advice
on
how
to
keep
fit
in
a
good
way,
which
will
benefit
us
a
lot
and
as
a
result
I
believe
that
it
will
be
more
popular
among
students.
I’d
appreciate
it
very
much
if
you
could
follow
my
advice,
and
I’m
looking
forward
to
hear
from
you
as
soon
as
possible.
Best
wishes!
Yours
Li
Hua
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
期末总复习
)
Unit
1
Sporting
events
Grammar
1．目的状语短语和目的状语从句
目的状语可以由in
order(not)to、so
as(not)to等不定式短语构成。
例：The
teacher
explained
the
rules
several
times
in
order
to／so
as
to
make
the
students
fully
understand．
老师反复解释了这些规则，就是为了让学生们充分地理解。
Before
he
turned
in
his
composition．he
checked
it
again
so
as
to
make
as
few
mistakes
as
possible．
把作文交上去之前他又检查了一遍，目的是尽量减少错误。
目的状语从句可以由so
that、in
order
that等连接短语引导，且从句中的谓语部分一般含有情态动词can／could、may／might、will／would、shall／should等。
例：The
secretary
adjusted
the
manager’s
agenda
in
order
that
he
could
attend
the
economic
forum．
秘书调整了经理的日程安排，使他能够出席这次经济论坛。
【注意】目的状语短语和从句可以置于句首。
例：In
order
to
save
paper，the
secretary
printed
on
both
sides
of
the
paper．
为了节约纸张，秘书在纸的正反面都打印。
In
order
that
he
might
hear
more
clearly，he
seated
himself
in
the
first
row．
为了听得更清楚些，他坐在了第一排。
in
case也可以用来引导目的状语从句，从句中的谓语部分常用一般现在时或一般过去时，但不用将来时。
例：They
have
made
a
careful
plan
in
case
something
unexpected
happens．
他们制定了一个周密的计划，以防备可能发生的意外。
2．让步状语短语和让步状语从句
让步状语可以由despite和in
spite
of构成。
例：Despite
the
heavy
traffic
jam
on
Monday
morning，he
got
to
the
office
on
time．
尽管周一早晨的交通非常拥挤，他还是准时到达了办公室。
The
old
man
cannot
see
very
well
in
spite
of
the
spectacles．
尽管戴着眼镜，老人还是看不太清楚。
【注意】despite和in
spite
of后面跟名词或名词短语。
例：Despite
/In
spite
of
all
the
evidence，he
still
refused
to
confess
his
mistakes．
尽管证据确凿，他还是拒绝承认错误。
引导状语从句的连词有although、though、even
though等，意为“虽然；尽管”，表示在从句情况存在的前提下，主句的情况依然出现。
例：Although
it
was
very
hot，the
builders
kept
working
on
the
sites．
虽然天气酷热，建筑工人们还是坚持在工地上工作。
The
scientist
kept
experimenting
with
the
new
drug
even
though
he
had
failed
three
times.
尽管已经失败了三次，这个科学家仍然坚持试验这种新药。
【拓展】
(1)as／though倒装结构表示让步意义，相当于although／though引导的从句。
例：Difficult
as／though
the
problem
was(=Although／Though
the
problem
was
difficult)，Tom
managed
to
work
it
out．尽管这道题目很难，汤姆还是做了出来。
(2)while引导的让步状语从句常置于句首。
例：While
I
admit
that
he
is
not
perfect，l
do
actually
like
the
person．
尽管我承认他非完美，但我的确非常喜欢这个人。
whatever、whoever、wherever和however等词引导的让步状语从句，相当于“no
matter
+wh-
疑问词”，常译为“无论……”。
例：He
always
thinks
of
his
motherland
wherever
he
travels(=no
matter
where
he
travels)．
无论走到哪儿，他都心系祖国。
(4)whether…or…引导的让步状语从句，常译为”无论…还是…”
例：whether
we
win
or
lose，we
will
spare
no
effort．
无论成败，我们都会不遗余力。
Unit
2
Continuous
learning
Grammar
1．现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“has／have
been+v-ing”构成，表示从过去某个时间开始的动作一直持续到现在，并且可能仍然要进行下去，常与all
day，all
afternoon，for
ten
hours等表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
例：I
have
been
waiting
for
three
hours，but
she
hasn’t
turned
up
yet．
我已经等了三个小时，但她还没出现。
一You
look
rather
tired．你看上去很累的样子。
一I’ve
been
painting
the
room
all
morning．整个早上我都在粉刷房间。
【注意】瞬间动词如finish，marry，get
up等不能用于现在完成进行时。
2．现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较
两者的区别：现在完成进行时强调动作一直在持续，而现在完成时强调动作的结果。通常情况下，这两个时态可以互换。
例：I
have
taught／have
been
teaching
English
in
this
school
since
1
998．
自从1
998年起我就一直在这所学校教英语。
下列情况下，两者不能互换：
(1)现在完成进行时表示说话时还在进行或刚刚结束的动作，而现在完成时表示在较长时
间之前就已经完成的动作。
例：You
come
at
last!
I've
been
waiting
for
half
an
hour．
你终于来了!我已经等了半小时了。(目前正在进行或刚结束的动作)
I’ve
passed
the
driving
test．I
took
the
test
last
month．
我已经通过了驾驶考试。我上个月参加的考试。(动作的完成距离现在已有一段时间)
(2)现在完成进行时可以用来强调动作的延续性，因此不用于表达该动作重复了多少次。现在完成时强调动作重复的次数。
例：Tom
has
been
riding
horses
the
whole
morning．汤姆整个早上都在骑马。
Tom
has
ridden
horses
three
times
this
morning．汤姆今天早上骑了三次马。
(3)下列动词通常不用于现在完成进行时：表示心理状态的动词如believe／know／realize／wish／doubt等，表示喜好、厌恶的动词如like／love／hate等，表示“拥有”的动词如have／own／belong等，以及系动词如be／seem等。而感官动词两种时态都能使用。
例：I
haven’t
felt
as
ill
as
l
do
now
for
a
long
time．
Unit
3
contemporary
style
Grammar
1．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
形式不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。
例：Many
schools
provide
courses
which
assist
new
students
to
develop
their
study
skills．
许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句)
She
heard
a
lovely
song，which
reminded
her
0f
her
hometown．
她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句)
功能不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
例：I
was
the
only
person
in
our
office
that
wag
invited．
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整)
Tom’s
father，who
is
over
seventy，is
still
energetic．
汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整)
关系词不同
that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较：
例：He
failed
to
attend
the
meeting，that
made
US
very
disappointed．(×)
He
failed
to
attend
the
meeting，which
made
US
very
disappointed．(√)
他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。
He
failed
to
attend
the
meeting
that／which
was
held
last
Sunday．
他没有出席上周日举行的会议。
2．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用
which。
例：The
result
of
the
experiment
was
very
good，which
we
hadn’t
expected．
实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。
Tom
was
elected
Chairman
of
the
Students’
Union．which
made
his
family
very
proud．
汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。
【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。
例：As
we
all
know，Taiwan
has
been
mrt
of
China
since
ancient
times．
众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。
As
had
been
expected，he
put
forward
his
idea
at
the
meeting．
正如预计的那样，他在会上提出了自己的意见。
3．用one
of
whom、some
of
which等引导的非限制性定语从句
可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of
whom或of
which来修饰先行词。
例：We
interviewed
1
5
applicants
for
the
post，none
of
whom
we
thought
qualified．
我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。
Seven
passengers
were
injured．n
the
car
accident，two
of
whom
were
foreigners．
在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。
The
engine
consists
of
hundreds
of
parts，each
of
which
has
its
importance．
这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。
Unit
4
Big
business
Grammar
1．过去分词短语作状语
过去分词短语作状语，修饰谓语动词，可以用来表示原因、条件、时间等，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语与过去分词之间是动宾关系，即被动关系。
例：Shocked
by
what
she
saw，the
girl
began
to
cry．
这个女孩对所看见的感到震惊，大哭了起来。
过去分词前面可以带有连词when、
while、
if、although、once、as、until、．unless等。
例：Although
built
thirty
years
ago，the
house
looks
very
beautiful．
尽管这座房子是30年前建的，看起来依然很漂亮。
If
given
more
time，he
can
do
it
better．
如果给他更多的时间，他就能做得更好。
过去分词短语作状语，作用相当于一个状语从句，通常可以互相转换。
(1)作时间状语，可转换为when，while或after等引导的状语从句。
例：Seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill，the
park
looks
more
beautiful．
When
it
is
seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill，the
park
looks
more
beautiful．
从山上往下看，这个公园看起来更加漂亮。
(2)作条件状语，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。
例：United
we
will
stand；divided
we
will
fall．
If
we
are
united，we
will
stand；if
we
are
divided，we
will
fall．
团结就是胜利，分裂必然失败。
(3)作原因状语，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。
例：Encouraged
by
the
progress
he
has
made，he
works
harder.
As
he
is
encouraged
by
the
progress
he
has
made,
he
works
harder.
由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
(4)作让步状语，可转换为although，though或even
if等引导的状语从句。
例：Exhausted
by
the
climb，we
continued
our
journey·
Although
we
were
exhausted
by
the
climb，we
continued
our
journey.
我们虽然爬得筋疲力竭，却仍继续着我们的旅程。
(5)作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。
例：Mrs
White
came
in，followed
by
her
daughter·
Mrs
White
came
in，and(she)was
followed
by
her
daughter.
怀特太太走了进来，后面跟着她的女儿。．
用作时间状语时，过去分词(done)可以与现在分词的完成被动式(having
been
done)互换。现在分词的完成被动式强调动作发生在谓语动词之前。
例：Having
been
shown／Shown
around
the
school
library，the
visitors
were
led
to
the
experiment
centre．参观完学校图书馆后，客人们被带到了实验中心。
Having
been
warned／Warned
several
times,
Tom
was
still
late
for
work．
尽管被警告了好几次，汤姆还是上班迟到了。
Unit5
Technology
all
around
us
Grammar
1．过去分词作前置定语修饰名词
单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前，表示被动或完成意义。
例：Polluted
air
and
water
are
harmful
to
one’s
health．被污染的空气和水对人体健康有害。(被动意义)
The
injured
workers
are
now
being
taken
good
care
of
in
the
hospital．
受伤的工人现正在医院得到良好的照料。(被动意义)
A
retired
teacher
has
donated
ten
thousand
yuan
to
the
Hope
Project．
一位退休教师为希望工程捐款一万元。(完成意义)
They
are
sweeping
the
fallen
leaves
in
the
yard．
他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。(完成意义)
【注意】过去分词作定语也可用在表示情感的短语中。
例：a
worried
look／expression愁容
an
excited
scream激动的尖叫声
a
satisfied
smile一个满意的微笑
2．过去分词短语作后置定语修饰名词
过去分词短语作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
例：This
will
be
the
best
novel
of
its
kind
ever
written．
This
will
be
the
best
novel
of
its
kind
that
has
ever
been
written．
这将是这类小说中写得最好的一部。
Did
the
guests
invited
to
your
party
last
night
enjoy
themselves?
=Did
the
guests
who
had
been
invited
to
your
party
last
night
enjoy
themselves?
昨晚受邀参加你的晚会的那些客人玩得开心吗?
过去分词短语作定语有时态的变化。
(1)过去分词的完成时态(done)，表示被动和完成：
例：Prices
of
daily
goods
bought
through
a
computer
can
be
lower
than
store
prices·
网上买的日常用品可能比商店里买的价格低。
The
bridge
built
1
00
years
ago
is
still
in
use．
100年前建造的桥还在使用。
(2)过去分词的进行时态(being
done)，表示被动和正在进行的动作：
例：The
meeting
being
held
now
is
of
great
importance．
现在正在举行的会议非常重要。
It
is
reposed
that
the
officials
will
inspect
the
opera
house
being
built．
据报道，官员们将视察正在建造的歌剧院。
(3)不定式的被动语态(to
be
done)，表示被动和将来的动作：
例：You
can
find
many
pictures
about
this
film
star
in
the
new
book
to
be
published
next
month.
在下月出版的新书中你会看到许多有关这个影星的照片。
The
applicants
to
be
interviewed
are
waiting
in
the
next
room．
即将接受面试的申请者都等在隔壁的房间里。
过去分词短语作定语也可作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
例：The
computer
centre，opened
last
year，is
very
1popular
among
the
students
in
this
school．
=The
computer
centre，which
was
opened
last
year，is
very
1popular
among
the
students
in
this
sch001．
这个计算机中心于去年开放，很受该校学生的欢迎。
4．比较现在分词和过去分词作形容词修饰名词
表示情感的及物动词如excite，discourage，disappoint，encourage，inspire，interest，move，please，puzzle，surprise,
worry等，常加上后缀一ing或-ed转化为分词(也可称为形容词)。在这种情况下，分词主要体现了语态的不同。现在分词有主动意味，含有“具有令人……的特性”的意思；而过去分词有被动意味，含有“受到影响而感到…···”的意思。
例：In
Aswan，there
are
plenty
of
interesting
places
to
visit．阿斯旺有许多值得一去的地方。
Do
you
dare
to
watch
a
horrifying
film
alone
at
night?
你一个人晚上敢看恐怖电影吗?
The
frightened
girl
couldn’t
help
screaming
and
crying．受到惊吓的女孩忍不住尖叫大哭。
由不及物动词转化而成的分词作形容词时，则体现了时态的不同。现在分词表示该动作正在进行，常译为“正在……的”，而过去分词表示该动作已经完成，常译为“已……的”。
例：falling
leaves正在飘落的树叶
fallen
leaves落叶
boiling
water正在沸腾的水
boiled
water开水the
rising
sun正在升起的太阳
the
risen
sun升得老高的日头
changing
situation不断变化的形势
changed
situation改变了的形势
Unit
6
Space
exploration
Grammar
1．用if引导的条件状语从句
当if条件句用来陈述科学事实、发出指令或描述习惯性动作时，我们可以用下面的句型：
[if从句：一般现在时]+[主句：一般现在时]。
例：If
you
mix
red
and
white，you
get
pink．如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就会得到粉红色。
If
you
see
a
fire，press
this
alarm
bell
immediately．如果发现起火了，立刻按一下这个警铃。
If
someone
talks
to
her，she
goes
red
in
the
face．如果有人和她讲话，她就会脸红。
当if条件句用来谈论将来有可能发生的事实或能力时，我们可以用下面的句型：
(1).1f从句：一般现在时]+[主句：will／shall／may／might／can／must／should+动词原形]。
例：lf
more
people
use
public
transport，there
will
be
less
traffic
jam．
如果更多的入使用公共交通工具，交通拥堵就会减少。
You
can
save
paper
if
you
write
on
both
sides
of
the
page．
如果在纸的正反面都写字的话，你就能节省纸张。
【注意】
A).if条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后,若if条件句放于句首，从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。
B)我们经常可以用when代替if。
例：When
you
mix
red
and
white，you
get
pink．
如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就得到粉红色。
C)if从句中也可以使用现在进行时或现在完成时。
例：If
your
car
is
running
badly，you
should
have
the
engine
serviced.
如果你的车子运行不正常，你应当检修引擎。
If
he
hasn't
returned
by
11:00
tonight，you
must
call
the
police.
如果到今晚1
1点他还是没回来的话，你必须报警。
D)if后面的从句可以用省略形式。
例：If(it
is)convenient，please
fetch
me
the
parcel
from
the
post
office.
如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。
2．用其他单词和词组引导的条件状语从句
as
long
as／so
long
as只要……
例：As／So
long
as
you
practise
more，you
will
make
progress．
只要你多加练习，就会取得进步。
The
birds
will
not
fly
away
as／so
long
as
you
keep
quiet
and
don’t
move．
只要你保持安静不动，鸟儿就不会飞走。
unless(=
if．．．not)除非；如果不…
例：You
w川fail
to
arrive
there
in
time
unless
you
start
earlier．
如果你不早点动身，就不能及时赶到那儿了。
Unless
bad
weather
stops
me，I
go
for
a
walk
every
morning．
除非天气不好，我每天早晨都会去散步。
【拓展】常用来引导条件状语从句的连词还有：
(1)on
condition
that只有在……的条件下，以…为条件(是主句中事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。)
例：I
can
tell
you
the
truth
on
condition
that
you
promise
to
keep
a
secret．
我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。
You
can
pass
the
customs
on
condition
that
we
have
checked
your
luggage.
你可以通过海关，但条件是我们得检查完你的行李。
(2)supposing假如，倘若(supposing弓I导的从句表示一种假设条件。)
例：Supposing
it
rains，shall
we
continue
the
sports
meeting?
倘若下雨，我们的运动会还会继续进行吗?
Supposing
the
stocks
of
food
run
out，what
shall
we
do?
假如储备的食品都吃光了，我们该怎么办呢?
(3)provided(that)假如，如果
例：He
will
sign
the
contract
provided(that)we
offer
more
favorable
terms.
如果我们提出更优惠的条件，他就会在合同上签字。
He
won’t
be
against
us
in
the
meeting
provided(that)we
ask
for
his
advice
in
advance．
如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不会在会上反对我们了。
SectionA
Grammar
Kazuo
Ishiguro
wins
the
Nobel
prize
in
literature
2017
Ishiguro,
author
of
novels
(31)
______
(include)
The
Remains
of
the
Day
and
Never
Let
Me
Go,
was
praised
by
the
Swedish
Academy
in
October
2017
for
his
unique
writing.
This
Britain’s
(32)
______
(new)
literary
Nobel
prize
winner
was
born
in
Nagasaki
(长崎)
in
1954.
His
mother,
who
is
still
alive
and
taking
immense
pride
(33)
______
her
son’s
achievement,
survived
the
atomic
bomb.
His
father,
an
oceanographer,
moved
his
family
to
England
in
1959.
Ishiguro
said
that
his
parents
didn’t
have
the
mentality
of
immigrants
because
they
always
thought
they
would
go
home.
Ishiguro
studied
creative
writing
at
the
University
of
East
Anglia,
(34)
______
(go)
on
to
publish
his
first
novel,
A
Pale
View
of
the
Hills,
in
1982.
He
has
been
a
full-time
writer
ever
since.
According
to
the
Academy,
the
themes
of
“memory,
time
and
self-delusion”
weave
through
his
work,
particularly
in
The
Remains
of
the
Day,
which
won
Ishiguro
the
Booker
prize
in
1989
and
(35)
______
(adapt)
into
a
film
in
the
same
year.
“We’ve
lost
faith
in
our
political
system,
we’re
not
quite
sure
of
our
values,
and
I
just
hope
that
my
winning
the
Nobel
prize
contributes
something
that
integrate
good
will
and
peace,”
Ishiguro
said.
“It
reminds
us
of
(36)
______
international
the
world
is,
and
we
all
have
to
contribute
things
from
our
different
corners
of
the
world.”
Besides,
Ishiguro
expressed
his
concern
at
the
distracting
burden
of
celebrity
that
the
Nobel
prize
(37)
______
bring
and
impact
on
his
writing.
He
said:
“I’ve
had
to
battle
a
lot
of
my
writing
life
between
the
demands
to
be
a
public
celebrity
author
and
finding
the
time
and
space
to
do
the
real
work,
so
I’m
hoping
the
work
(38)
______
just
continues
and
is
no
different
to
where
it
was
yesterday.”
The
Permanent
secretary
of
the
Academy
said
“he
is
someone
who
is
very
interested
in
understanding
the
past,
(39)
______
he
is
not
determined
to
make
up
for
the
past.
He
is
exploring
what
you
have
to
forget
in
order
to
survive
in
the
first
place
(40)
______
an
individual.”
SectionB
Vocabulary
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
with
the
words
in
the
box.
Each
word
can
only
be
used
once.
There
is
one
extra
word
which
you
don’t
need.
A.
illegal
B.
alternative
C.
inconvenience
D.
challenge
E.
advisable
F.
marathon
G.
object
H.
register
I.
impose
J.
debatable
K.
keen
A
photograph
of
the
registration
card
of
a
newborn
in
Xi’an,
Shaanxi
province
has
gone
explosive
online
because
the
girl
has
a
unique
name:
Wangzhe
Rongyao,
or
King
of
Glory,
a
popular
mobile
game.
On
domestic
social
network
platforms,
many
have
questioned
whether
the
father
is
to
___41___social
rules
by
naming
his
daughter
King
of
Glory.
But
local
police
have
said
people
have
the
right
to
choose
any
name
for
their
children,
and
there
is
nothing
“___42___”
or
“immoral”
about
the
newborn’s
name.
And
since
the
name
is
composed
of
standard
Chinese
characters,
they
will
___43___
it.
Yet
it
remains
___44___
whether
the
father
has
made
a
wise
choice
because
the
name
“King
of
Glory”
could
cause
___45___
to
the
girl.
First,
one
person
is
distinguished
from
another
by
a
name.
If
the
girl
is
named
after
a
popular
mobile
game,
she
will
become
a(n)
___46___
of
ridicule
or
jokes,
which
in
turn
could
make
the
person
a
loner
and
affect
his
or
her
character.
Second,
while
the
father
is
a(n)
___47___
player
of
King
of
Glory,
it
certainly
is
not
the
girl’s
favourite
at
this
stage.
In
such
a
case,
does
the
man
have
the
right
to
___48___
his
love
for
the
game
on
his
daughter?
And
if
the
girl
is
unhappy
with
her
name
after
growing
up,
she
would
want
to
change
it,
which
would
involve
quite
a(n)
___49___
legal
procedure.
More
importantly,
a
person’s
name
is
the
most
important
element
in
such
documents
as
ID
card,
school
and
college
diplomas,
as
well
as
health
records.
She
may
well
have
to
get
these
documents
changed,
too,
which
again
would
be
troublesome.
Does
the
man
want
his
daughter
to
go
through
all
that
trouble?
What
the
father
in
Xi’an
has
done
may
be
legal
but
not
___50____.
SectionC
Reading
Directions:
For
each
blank
in
the
following
passage
there
are
four
words
or
phrases
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
the
word
or
phrase
that
best
fits
the
context.
Ecotourism
is
a
combination
of
ecology
(the
study
of
systems
of
living
things)
and
tourism.
It
is
___51___
“responsible
travel
to
natural
areas
that
preserves
the
environment
and
improves
the
welfare
of
the
local
people”
by
the
International
Ecotourism
Society.
Actually,
ecotourism
can
mean
travel
to
far-off
places
of
great
natural
beauty,
but
not
always
in
a(n)
___52___
way.
It’s
a
big
business,
and
the
attraction
of
money
can
cause
people
to
think
about
___53___
first.
While
ecotourism
offers
benefits
to
people
and
ecosystems,
it
leaves
ecosystems
open
to
negative
effects,
too.
Costa
Rica,
once
a
Spanish
colony,
and
independent
since
1821,
has
an
ecotourism
industry
worth
over
one
billion
dollars
yearly,
and
thousands
of
jobs
have
been
___54___.
Nearly
21
percent
of
the
land
is
now
protected
national
parks,
___55___
thanks
to
ecotourism.
Nevertheless,
due
to
the
number
of
people
visiting
the
country’s
natural
places,
some
damage
to
the
ecosystem
has
occurred.
While
___56___
can
have
a
negative
impact
on
ecosystems,
the
same
areas
might
have
been
___57___
by
industries
such
as
farming,
logging,
or
mining
if
there
were
no
ecotourism
industry.
Shelters
(庇护所)
have
been
created
___58___,
keeping
the
ecosystem
protected.
And,
by
visiting
beautiful
rainforests
and
seeing
rare
animals,
visitors
get
a
sense
of
their
___59___,
and
of
gratitude
for
them.
Tour
guides
can
also
be
educators
who
train
people
to
love
and
care
for
the
environment.
Visitors
can
take
these
___60___
with
them
to
their
home
countries.
Unfortunately,
while
their
effect
may
not
be
___61___
in
the
off-season,
the
constant
parade
of
visitors
in
the
high
season
can
be
damaging.
At
one
national
park
in
Costa
Rica,
wild
monkeys
now
feed
on
garbage
left
by
the
tourists.
___62___,
ecotourists
tend
to
seek
out
places
with
the
rarest
animals
and
plants,
___63___
the
most
delicate
living
things.
It
is
easy
to
be
critical
of
the
ecotourism
industry,
but
it
is
important
to
be
___64___
as
well.
Ecotourism
can
never
be
“pure”.
We
can’t
expect
zero
negative
effects
on
the
ecosystem.
It
is
also
___65___
to
suppose
that
humans
won’t
go
anywhere
accessible
to
them.
If
protection
efforts
are
maintained
and
increased,
those
remaining
places
of
undisturbed
nature
may
be
stressed,
but
they
won’t
be
destroyed.
51.
A.
defined
as
B.
made
up
of
C.
applied
to
D.
combined
with
52.
A.
attractive
B.
natural
C.
different
D.
responsible
53.
A.
effects
B.
nature
C.
profits
D.
economy
54.
A.
lost
B.
created
C.
abandoned
D.
shifted
55.
A.
mainly
B.
comparatively
C.
unfortunately
D.
barely
56.
A.
tourists
B.
environment
C.
manufacturers
D.
politics
57.
A.
fertilized
B.
destroyed
C.
reserved
D.
stimulated
58.
A.
equally
B.
regularly
C.
instead
D.
though
59.
A.
freedom
B.
hardness
C.
welfare
D.
value
60.
A.
ecosystems
B.
lessons
C.
animals
D.
trainers
61.
A.
uncertain
B.
noticeable
C.
healthy
D.
special
62.
A.
For
instance
B.
On
the
contrary
C.
In
addition
D.
As
a
whole
63.
A.
appreciating
B.
discovering
C.
sheltering
D.
pressuring
64.
A.
positive
B.
creative
C.
effective
D.
sensitive
65.
A.
feasible
B.
reasonable
C.
unrealistic
D.
inevitable
SectionD
Translation
Directions:
Translate
the
following
sentences
into
English,
using
the
words
given
in
the
brackets.
我们都希望这次奥运会会办得非常成功。(success)
使我印象深刻的是那个西方城市里有那么多传统的中国餐馆。(impress)
石油价格的飞速上涨对世界经济产生了很大的影响。
(affect)
所有的商店必须禁止18岁以下的人出售香烟。(require)
如今，许多孩子抱怨父母不了解他们在想些什么。(complain)
我做梦都没有想到会在这里碰到你。
(dream)
许多年轻人认为衣服越贵越时尚。(the
more
...
the
more
...)
我的亲朋好友打电话来祝贺我英语演讲比赛获得第一名。(congratulate)
今天特别冷，多穿点衣服，以免着凉。
(incase)
来自农村的学生不必感到比大城市的学生低一筹。
(inferior)
高二上期末复习卷
II.
Grammar
and
Vocabulary
Section
A
Norway
is
Teaching
Travelers
to
Travel
After
15
people
died
during
Easter
in
1967,
the
Norwegian
Trekking
Association
and
the
Red
Cross
announced
their
campaign
‘Welcome
to
the
mountains,
but
be
responsible’.
Fjellvettreglene,
the
‘mountain
code’
(21)
______
encourages
people
to
have
a
healthy
and
respectful
relationship
with
nature,
has
since
become
a
crucial
part
of
Norwegian
culture.
It
includes
points
such
as
bringing
necessary
equipment
(22)
______
(assist)
yourself
and
others,
seeking
shelter
if
necessary
and
feeling
no
shame
in
turning
around.
Nationally,
Norway
(23)
______
(experience)
an
11%
increase
in
tourism
in
the
past
decade.
From
just
1,000
tourists
in
the
whole
of
2010,
Trolltunga,
a
piece
of
rock
that
stands
horizontally
out
of
the
mountain,
(24)
______
(see)
1,800
visitors
in
one
day
alone.
Why?
Because
people
want
the
same
picture
they
see
on
Instagram
and
Facebook.
A
lot
don’t
care
about
the
experience
of
the
hike.
They
just
want
proof
(25)
______
they
did
it.
But,
while
good
for
the
economy,
this
tourism
boom
has
become
a
threat
(26)
______
Norway’s
natural
environment.
Used
toilet
paper,
(27)
______
(abandon)
tents
and
plastic
bottles
can
be
found
littered
all
around
Trolltunga.
And
with
the
high
amount
of
people
who
come
unprepared
for
such
an
active
hike,
Norway’s
leading
hiking
group,
Friluftsliv,
also
has
called
for?regulations?on
the
number
of
tourists
(28)
______
(hike)
to
Trolltunga.
Lasse
Heimdal,
leader
of
the
outdoor
organization
said,
“On
a
busy
day,
you
may
have
to
wait
in
line
for
an
hour
and
a
half
just
to
get
a
picture.
To
control
this,
we’d
like
to
regulate
(29)
______
_____
people
can
hike
in
a
day.
Starting
hike
times
should
also
have
regulations
so
people
don’t
start
too
late
and
find
(30)
______
stuck
up
here.”
Section
B
communicating
B.
reflection
C.
implied
D.
interrupted
E.
thoughtful
F.
value
G.
agreement
H.
sharing
I.
gap
J.
possible
K.
conflicts
The
meaning
of
silence
varies
among
cultural
group.
Silences
may
be
31
,
or
they
may
be
empty
when
a
person
has
nothing
to
say.
A
silence
in
a
conversation
may
also
show
stubbornness,
uneasiness,
or
worry.
Silence
may
be
viewed
by
some
cultural
groups
as
extremely
uncomfortable;
therefore
attempts
may
be
made
to
fill
every
32
with
conversation.
Persons
in
other
cultural
groups
value
silence
and
view
it
as
necessary
for
understanding
a
person’s
needs.
Many
native
Americans
value
silence
and
feel
it
is
a
basic
part
of
33
among
people,
just
as
some
traditional
Chinese
and
Thai
persons
do.
Therefore,
when
a
person
from
one
of
these
culture
is
speaking
and
suddenly
stops,
what
may
be
34
is
that
the
person
wants
the
listener
to
consider
what
has
been
said
before
continuing.
In
these
culture,
silence
is
a
call
for
35
.
Other
cultures
may
use
silence
in
other
ways,
particularly
when
dealing
with
36
among
people
or
in
relationships
of
people
with
different
amounts
of
power.
For
example,
Russian,
French,
and
Spanish
persons
may
use
silence
to
show
37
between
parties
about
the
topic
under
discussion.
However,
Mexicans
may
use
silence
when
instructions
are
given
by
a
person
in
authority
rather
than
be
rude
to
that
person
by
arguing
with
him
or
her.
In
still
another
use,
persons
in
Asian
cultures
may
view
silence
as
a
sign
of
respect,
particularly
to
an
elder
or
a
person
in
authority.
Nurses
and
other
care-givers
need
to
be
aware
of
the
38
meanings
of
silence
when
they
come
across
the
personal
anxiety
their
patients
may
be
experiencing.
Nurses
should
recognize
their
own
personal
and
cultural
construction
of
silence
so
that
a
patient’s
silence
is
not
39
too
early
or
allowed
to
go
on
unnecessarily.
A
nurse
who
understands
the
healing
40
of
silence
can
use
this
understanding
to
assist
in
the
care
of
patients
from
their
own
and
from
other
cultures.
III.
Reading
Comprehension
Section
A
It's
no
secret
that
as
a
population,
Americans
have
been
getting
heavier,
but
researchers
now
say
that
our
weight
problem
may
be
worse
than
we
thought.
In
a
study
published
in
the
journal
PLOS
One,
lead
author
Dr.
Eric
Braverman
says
that
our
current
measure
of
obesity
--
body
mass
index,
or
BMI
--
significantly
(41)
______
the
number
of
people,
especially
women,
who
are
obese.
Braverman
and
his
co-author,
Dr.
Nirav
Shah,
studied
1,400
men
and
women,
comparing
their
BMI
measurement
to
their
percentage
of
body
fat,
as
measured
by
a
dual-energy
X-ray
absorptiometry
(DEXA)
scan.
While
BMI
is
a
simple
ratio
of
a
person’s
height
and
weight,
the
DEXA
scan--
which
is
normally
used
to
measure
body
density
(密度)
--
can
(42)
______
between
bone,
fat
and
muscle
mass.
Based
on
BMI,
about
one-third
of
Americans
are
considered
obese,
but
when
other
methods
of
measuring
obesity
are
used,
that
number
may
be
(43)
______
to
60%
according
to
Braverman.
Physicians
have
complained
for
years
that
BMI
is
a(n)
(44)
______
measure
of
healthy
weight.
Extremely
muscular
people,
(45)
______
,
may
weigh
“too
much”
for
their
height,
since
dense
muscle
mass
weighs
more
than
fat,
thus
qualifying
as
obese
even
if
their
bodies
contain
very
little
fat.
Yet
it’s
not
extra
weight
itself,
but
excess
fat
that
(46)
______
health
problems.
“People
aren’t
being
diagnosed
as
obese,
so
they’re
not
being
told
about
their
risk
of
disease
or
being
given
(47)
_____
on
how
to
improve
their
health,”
Braverman
said.
Data
show
that
people
who
start
to
(48)
______
pounds
are
more
likely
to
continue
getting
heavier,
increasing
their
risk
for
a
number
of
diseases.
So
why
is
BMI
still
being
used,
if
it’s
not
(49)
______?
For
now,
it’s
the
best
and
easiest
way
for
physicians
to
measure
a
person’s
healthy
weight
while
taking
into
account
his
or
her
general
body
(50)
______.
DEXA
scans
are
far
too
expensive
to
be
used
as
a
(51)
______
measure
during
doctor’s
visits.
BMI
isn’t
perfect,
but
many
experts
say
it’s
the
best
they
have.
Still,
as
results
like
Braverman’s
continue
to
(52)
______,
it
may
be
time
to
consider
other
ways
of
tracking
weight,
and
(53)
______,
body
fat.
“It’s
important
to
point
out
the
(54)
______
of
the
BMI,”
Dr.Richard
Bergman,
director
of
Cedars
Sinai’s
Obesity
and
Diabetes
Research
Institute
in
Los
Angeles
said.
“It’s
a
poor
measure
of
(55)
______,
and
we
do
need
better
measures.”
A.
predicts
B.
underestimates
C.
increases
D.
reduces
A.
compare
B.
recognize
C.
identify
D.
distinguish
A.
closer
B.
related
C.
devoted
D.
key
A.
important
B.
imperfect
C.
incredible
D.
uncertain
A.
for
example
B.
in
contrast
C.
in
addition
D.
without
doubt
A.
arises
from
B.
owes
to
C.
leads
to
D.
goes
through
A.
views
B.
orders
C.
instruction
D.
focus
A.keep
up
B.
put
on
C.
set
aside
D.
break
away
A.
right
B.
recognizable
C.
popular
D.
precise
A.
structure
B.
well-being
C.
function
D.
weight
A.
special
B.
routine
C.
scientific
D.
decisive
A.
fill
in
B.
run
out
C.
go
down
D.
build
up
A.
in
particular
B.
on
occasion
C.
after
all
D.
in
all
A.
mistakes
B.
failure
C.
inferiority
D.
weakness
A.
health
B.
body
C.
fatness
D.
diseases
Section
B
(
A
)
Post-00s
is
a
documentary
about
growing
up.
It
covers
almost
every
aspect
of
millennials’(千禧一代的)
experiences
on
their
path
toward
adolescence
–
their
struggles
with
schoolwork,
their
relationship
with
peers,
their
confusion
if
a
younger
brother
or
sister
is
born
into
the
family,
and
their
growing
desire
to
keep
a
distance
from
their
parents.
But
this
five-episode
series
was
different
from
any
other
TV
program
with
a
similar
theme.
Post-00s
was
filmed
over
a
period
of
10
years,
during
which
the
show’s
makers
followed
a
group
of
kids
from
when
they
were
infants
through
to
when
they
became
teenagers.
In
other
words,
the
show’s
“characters”
grow
older
for
real,
and
their
stories
are
all
real.
“Coming-of-age”
stories,
as
they’re
known,
have
a
special
appeal.
They
satisfy
our
curiosity
of
looking
at
someone
else’s
life,
and
we
become
more
and
more
attached
to
the
characters
as
if
we
truly
know
them.
And
while
we
enjoy
the
truthfulness
of
the
stories
because
nothing
is
set
in
advance,
we
also
can’t
help
but
feel
the
cruelty
of
reality.
After
all,
there’s
no
re-writing
of
the
script
（剧本）
and
there’s
no
turning
back
–
this
is
real
life.
This
realness
can
also
be
seen
in
Boyhood,
a
2014
film
that
won
the
Silver
Bear
award
for
best
director
at
the
64th
Berlin
International
Film
Festival.
During
a
period
of
12
years,
the
film
follows
the
life
of
Mason
Jr
–
played
by
US
actor
Ellar
Coltrane
–
from
when
he
was
6
to
when
he
finished
high
school.
One
of
Boyhood’s
appeals
comes
from
its
“ordinariness”.
Mason
Jr
isn’t
some
child
genius...
He
is
a
quietly
spoken,
fairly
typical
American
boy,
growing
up
in
the
Texas
suburbs.
He
likes
riding
his
bike
and
playing
video
games.
While
coming-of-age
stories
may
look
ordinary
on
the
outside,
they
often
allow
us
to
look
underneath
the
surface
and
see
something
extraordinary
–
the
power
of
life
itself.
56.
In
the
documentary,
we
see
post-00’s
growing
experience
EXCEPT
__________.
A.
how
they
deal
with
their
studies
B.
how
they
help
look
after
brothers
or
sisters
C.
how
they
get
along
with
people
of
their
age
D.
how
much
they
long
to
be
independent
of
their
parents
57.
What
do
Post-00
and
Boyhood
have
in
common?
A.
They’re
intended
to
win
an
award
for
best
director.
B.
The
heroes
and
heroines
are
characters
themselves.
C.
They’re
a
kind
of
reality
show
of
ordinary
kids’
growth.
D.
The
stories
are
based
on
true
life
but
polished
by
writers.
58.
Audience
are
interested
in
“coming-of-age”
stories
because
__________.
A.
they
can
see
the
truth
of
life
B.
they
know
the
characters
well
C.
they
are
much
fond
of
gossip
D.
they
appreciate
stories
of
daily
life
59.
Which
of
the
following
might
be
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
A.
Post-00s
are
different
geniuses
B.
Actors
are
ordinary
characters
C.
Documentary
is
real
life
D.
Life
is
one
big
story
(B)
Overview
Explore
Stewart
Island
and
the
surrounding
bays
in
our
modern
mini-buses.
Our
guides
enjoy
sharing
their
local
knowledge
of
the
history
and
environment
of
Stewart
Island.
Highlights
include
Lee
Bay,
the
gateway
to
Rakiura
National
Park,
beautiful
Horseshoe
Bay
and
amazing
views
of
Paterson
Inlet
from
Observation
Rock.
Village
&
Bays
Tour
Leaving
from
Stewart
Island
Season:
All
Year
Duration:
1
hour
30
mins
Prize:
$45
(Adult)
More
information
Departure
location:
Oban
Visitor
Centre.
What
to
bring:
Comfortable
walking
shoes
or
boots,
waterproof
jacket,
warm
sweater
or
fleece
jacket,
sunscreen
or
sunglasses,
insect
repellent
and
camera.
Car
parking:
Vehicle
parking
is
available
at
Oban
(extra
cost—reservations
recommended).
Wheelchair
access:
Available.
Children
ticket:
Children
under
ten
go
free
for
travel
as
long
as
they
are
accompanied
by
an
adult.
Reviews
“There
was
so
much
to
see
and
learn
that
it
was
hard
to
take
everything
in.
The
bays
we
stopped
at
were
beautiful
with
golden
sandy
beaches,
the
forests
were
overpowering
and
we
expected
dinosaurs
to
appear
at
any
time,
the
views
from
lookout
point
were
splendid
and
the
anchor
point
with
Bluff
brought
a
smile.
Thank
you
to
Chris
and
the
experienced
team
for
such
an
informative
tour.”
Ron
P
“Any
visitor
to
Stewart
Island
could
do
no
better
than
take
one
of
the
guided
tours
from
the
Oban
Visitor
Centre—especially
if
you
only
have
limited
time
available.
We
had
the
delightful
and
extremely
informative
Kylie
conduct
a
small
number
on
one
of
the
village
tours.
This
is
a
beautiful
place—a
few
fascinating
shops
and
restaurants,
wonderful
walks
and
warm
and
friendly
people.”
Michael
Mason
“I
love
finding
out
about
places
and
the
guide
was
full
of
information
and
stories
as
we
visited
every
interesting
place
and
view
in
Oban
(it
didn’t
take
too
long...).
A
great
way
to
start
a
visit
as
it
helps
you
know
where
everything
is.”
Kiwieric
60.
If
a
traveler
plans
to
leave
a
car
at
Oban,
he
had
better
________.
A.
refer
to
the
guides
first
B.
use
wheelchair
access
C.
make
a
reservation
D.
walk
to
the
center
in
advance
61.
Herry,
a
six-year-old
boy,
wanted
to
have
a
sightseeing
of
the
Stewart
Island
with
his
parents.
How
much
should
they
pay
for
the
mini-bus
tour?
A.
$135.
B.
$90.
C.
$
45.
D.
Free.
62.
If
a
traveler
takes
the
guided
tour,
he
can
experience
all
the
following
EXCEPT
________.
A.
breath-taking
scenery
B.
charming
walks
C.
dinosaur
samples
D.
detailed
tour
guide
(C)
While
still
catching-up
to
men
in
some
spheres
of
modern
life,
women
appear
to
be
way
ahead
in
at
least
one
undesirable
category.
“Women
are
particularly
susceptible
to
developing
depression
and
anxiety
disorders
in
response
to
stress
compared
to
men,”
according
to
Dr.
Yehuda,
chief
psychiatrist
at
New
York’s
Veteran’s
Administration
Hospital.
Studies
of
both
animals
and
humans
have
shown
that
sex
hormones
somehow
affect
the
stress
response,
causing
females
under
stress
to
produce
more
of
the
trigger
chemicals
than
do
males
under
the
same
conditions.
In
several
of
the
studies,
when
stressed-out
female
rats
had
their
ovaries
(the
female
reproductive
organs)
removed,
their
chemical
responses
became
equal
to
those
of
the
males.
Adding
to
a
woman’s
increased
dose
of
stress
chemicals,
are
her
increased
“opportunities”
for
stress.
“It’s
not
necessarily
that
women
don’t
cope
as
well.
It’s
just
that
they
have
so
much
more
to
cope
with,”
says
Dr.
Yehuda.
“Their
capacity
for
tolerating
stress
may
even
be
greater
than
men’s,”
she
observes,
“it’s
just
that
they’re
dealing
with
so
many
more
things
that
they
become
worn
out
from
it
more
visibly
and
sooner.”
Dr.
Yehuda
notes
another
difference
between
the
sexes.
“I
think
that
the
kinds
of
things
that
women
are
exposed
to
tend
to
be
in
more
of
a
chronic
or
repeated
nature.
Men
go
to
war
and
are
exposed
to
combat
stress.
Men
are
exposed
to
more
acts
of
random
physical
violence.
The
kinds
of
interpersonal
violence
that
women
are
exposed
to
tend
to
be
in
domestic
situations,
by,
unfortunately,
parents
or
other
family
members,
and
they
tend
not
to
be
one-shot
deals.
The
wear-and-tear
that
comes
from
these
longer
relationships
can
be
quite
devastating.”
Adeline
Alvarez
married
at
18
and
gave
birth
to
a
son,
but
was
determined
to
finish
college.
“I
struggled
a
lot
to
get
the
college
degree.
I
was
living
in
so
much
frustration
that
that
was
my
escape,
to
go
to
school,
and
get
ahead
and
do
better.”
Later,
her
marriage
ended
and
she
became
a
single
mother.
“It’s
the
hardest
thing
to
take
care
of
a
teenager,
have
a
job,
pay
the
rent,
pay
the
car
payment,
and
pay
the
debt.
I
lived
from
paycheck
to
paycheck.”
Not
everyone
experiences
the
kinds
of
severe
chronic
stresses
Alvarez
describes.
But
most
women
today
are
coping
with
a
lot
of
obligations,
with
few
breaks,
and
feeling
the
strain.
Alvarez’s
experience
demonstrates
the
importance
of
finding
ways
to
diffuse
stress
before
it
threatens
your
health
and
your
ability
to
function.
63.?Which
of
the
following
is
true
according
to
the
first
two
paragraphs?
A)
Women
are
biologically
more
vulnerable
to
stress.
B)
Women
are
still
suffering
much
stress
caused
by
men.
C)
Women
are
more
experienced
than
men
in
coping
with
stress.
D)
Men
and
women
show
different
inclinations
when
faced
with
stress.
64.?According
to
Paragraph
4,
the
stress
women
confront
tends
to
be__________.
A)
domestic
and
temporary.
B)
irregular
and
violent.
C)
durable
and
frequent.
D)
trivial
and
random.
65.?The
sentence
“I
lived
from
paycheck
to
paycheck.”
shows
that_____________.
A)
Alvarez
cared
about
nothing
but
making
money.
B)
Alvarez’s
salary
barely
covered
her
household
expenses.
C)
Alvarez
got
paychecks
from
different
jobs.
D)
Alvarez
paid
practically
everything
by
check.
66.?Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A)
Strain
of
Stress:
No
Way
Out?
B)
Responses
to
Stress:
Gender
Difference
C)
Stress
Analysis:
What
Chemicals
Say
D)
Gender
Inequality:
Women
Under
Stress
Section
C
A.People
volunteer
mainly
out
of
academic
requirements
and
internal
needs.
B.People
must
be
sensitive
to
this
possibility
when
they
make
volunteer
activities
a
must.
C.It
was
assumed
that
those
people
for
whom
the
role
of
volunteer
was
most
part
of
their
personal
identity
would
also
be
most
likely
to
continue
volunteer
work.
D.Individual
differences
in
role
identity
is
most
likely
to
motivate
volunteers
to
continue
their
work.
E.Although
this
result
may
not
surprise
you,
it
leads
to
important
practical
advice
F.Researchers
have
identified
several
factors
that
motivate
people
to
get
involved
Suppose
you
become
a
leader
in
an
organization.
It’s
very
likely
that
you’ll
want
to
have
volunteers
to
help
with
the
organization’s
activities.
To
do
so,
it
should
help
to
understand
why
people
undertake
volunteer
work
and
what
keeps
their
interest
in
the
work.
Let’s
begin
with
the
question
of
why
people
volunteer.
67
.
For
example,
people
volunteer
to
express
personal
values
related
to
unselfishness,
to
expand
their
ranger
of
experiences,
and
to
strengthen
social
relationships.
If
volunteer
positions
do
not
meet
these
needs,
people
may
not
wish
to
participate.
To
select
volunteers,
you
may
need
to
understand
the
motivations
of
the
people
you
wish
to
attract.
People
also
volunteer
because
they
are
required
to
do
so.
To
increase
levels
of
community
service,
some
schools
have
launched
compulsory
volunteer
programs.
Unfortunately,
these
programs
can
shift
people’s
wish
of
participation
form
an
internal
factor
(e.g.,
“I
volunteer
because
it’s
important
to
me”)
to
an
external
factor
(e.g.,
“I
volunteer
because
I’m
required
to
do
so”).
When
that
happens,
people
become
less
likely
to
volunteer
in
the
future.
68
.
Once
people
begin
to
volunteer,
what
leads
them
to
remain
in
their
positions
over
time?
To
answer
this
question,
researchers
have
conducted
follow-up
studies
in
which
they
track
volunteers
over
time.
For
instance,
one
study
followed
238
volunteers
in
Florida
over
a
year.
One
of
the
most
important
factors
that
influenced
their
satisfaction
as
volunteers
was
the
amount
of
suffering
they
experienced
in
their
volunteer
positions.
69
.
The
researchers
note
that
attention
should
be
given
to
“training
methods
that
would
prepare
volunteers
for
troublesome
situations
or
provide
them
strategies
for
coping
with
the
problem
they
do
experience”.
Another
study
of
302
volunteers
at
hospitals
in
Chicago
focused
on
individual
differences
in
the
degree
to
which
people
view
“volunteer”as
an
important
social
role.
70
.
Participants
indicated
the
degree
to
which
the
social
role
mattered
by
responding
to
statements
such
as
“Volunteering
in
Hospital
is
an
important
part
of
who
I
am.”
“Consistent
with
the
researchers”
expectations,
they
found
a
positive
correlation
between
the
strength
of
role
identity
and
the
length
of
time
people
continued
to
volunteer.
These
results,
once
again,
lead
to
concrete
advice:
“Once
an
individual
begins
volunteering,
continued
efforts
might
focus
on
developing
a
volunteer
role
identity.
Items
like
T-shirts
that
allow
volunteers
to
be
recognized
publicly
for
their
contribution
can
help
strengthen
role
identity”.
Summary
Writing
Getting
rid
of
dirt,
in
the
opinion
of
most
people,
is
a
good
thing.
However,
there
is
nothing
fixed
about
attitudes
to
dirt.
In
the
early
16th
century,
people
thought
that
dirt
on
the
skin
was
a
means
to
block
out
disease,
as
medical
opinion
had
it
that
washing
off
dirt
with
hot
water
could
open
up
the
skin
and
let
ills
in.
A
particular
danger
was,
thought
to
lie
in
public
baths.
By
1538,
the
French
king
had
closed
the
bath
houses
in
his
kingdom.
So
did
the
king
of
England
in
1546.Thus
began
a
long
time
when
the
rich
and
the
poor
in
Europe
lived
with
dirt
in
a
friendly
way.
Henry
IV,
King
of
France,
was
famously
dirty.
Upon
learning
that
a
nobleman
had
taken
a
bath,
the
king
ordered
that,
to
avoid
the
attack
of
disease,
the
nobleman
should
not
go
out.
Though
the
belief
in
the
merit
of
dirt
was
long-lived,
dirt
has
no
longer
been
regarded
as
a
nice
neighbor
ever
since
the
18th
century.
Scientifically
speaking,
cleaning
away
dirt
is
good
to
health.
Clean
water
supply
and
hand
washing
are
practical
means
of
preventing
disease.
Yet,
it
seems
that
standards
of
cleanliness
have
moved
beyond
science
since
World
War
II.
Advertisements
repeatedly
sell
the
idea:
clothes
need
to
be
whiter
than
white,
cloths
ever
softer,
surfaces
to
shine.
Has
the
hate
for
dirt,
however,
gone
too
far?
Attitudes
to
dirt
still
differ
hugely
nowadays.
Many
first
time
parents
nervously
try
to
warn
their
children
off
touching
dirt,
which
might
be
responsible
for
the
spread
of
disease.
On
the
contrary,
Mary
Ruebush,
an
American
immunologist,
encourages
children
to
play
in
the
dirt
to
build
up
a
strong
immune
system.
And
the
latter
position
is
gaining
some
ground.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V.
Translation
1．大家都认可，快乐是一个旅程，而非目的地。（acknowledge）
2.
你是不是就在这家新开的饭店里看见嫌疑犯实施犯罪？?(it)
3
这个年轻人向朋友保证在任何情况下他都不会违背做一个诚实和守信人的承诺。
（under
no
circumstances）
4.
任何处理复杂问题的人都可能因为没有全面了解挑战而受到指责，虽然事先了解一切是不可能的。(blame)
Guided
Writing
Directions:
Write
an
English
composition
in
120-150
words
according
to
the
instructions
given
below
in
Chinese.
学校学生广播正在酝酿改版，拟从现有的三个栏目（科学技术、兴趣爱好、文学艺术）中去除一个，并从三个备选栏目（旅行、环保、健身）中挑选一个纳入该电视台节目。假设你是该校学生李华，给广播台长写一封电子邮件，表达你的观点。邮件须包括以下内容：
1.
你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；
2.
你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
