课题
简单句、并列句、复合句、句子的成分以及句子的五个基本句型
教学目标
教学目标:①掌握简单句的五种基本句型结构
②掌握并理解句子的各个成分
教学方法
讲练结合
教学过程
一、简单句、并列句、复合句根据语法形式,即句子的结构,英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1、简单句句型:主语+谓语只包含一个主谓结构,而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。简单句有五种基本句型,详见第十七章。例:They
are
playing
baseball
in
the
garden.他们正在公园里打棒球。Her
brother
and
sister
both
are
teachers.她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。2、并列句句型:简单句+并列连词+简单句(常见的并列连词有and,but,or)并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。例:My
friend
was
at
home,
and
we
talked
for
along
time.我的朋友在家,我们谈了好长时间。Her
father
is
a
doctor
and
her
mother
is
a
teacher.她父亲是个医生,她母亲是个老师。3、
复合句句型:主句+连词+从句;或连词+从句+主句(包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句,或只包含一个从句,但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。)二、句子的成分
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分(在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语)。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分:
1、
主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。
例:We
study
in
No.1
Middle
School.(讲述“谁”~)
我们在一中学习。
The
classroom
is
very
clean.
(讲述“什么”很干净)
这间教室很干净。
Three
were
absent.(数词作主语)
三个人缺席。
注意
:不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型,因此左例可变为It
is
my
job
to
teach
them
English.
(真正的主语是to
teach
them
English.)
2
、谓语
说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。
谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
例:His
Parents
are
doctors.
(系动词和表语一起作谓语)
他的父母亲是医生。
She
looks
well.(系动词和表语一起作谓语)
她看起来气色(面色)很好。
We
study
hard.(实义动词作谓语)
我们努力学习。
我们已经看完了这本书。
He
can
speak
English.
(情态动词和实义动词作谓语)
他会说英语。
3
、表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
例:You
look
younger
than
before.(形容词作表语)
你看起来比以前年轻。
I
am
a
teacher.(名词作表语)
我是个老师。
Everybody
is
here.(副词作表语)
所有的人都出席了。
4
、
宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。(直接宾语、间接宾语详见后面五种基本句型)。
例:She
is
playing
the
piano
now.(名词作宾语)
她正在弹钢琴。
He
often
helps
me.(代词作宾语)
他常常帮助我。
5、状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。(详见副词)
例:He
did
it
carefully.(副词作状语)
他仔细、认真地做这项工作。
Without
his
help,we
couldn't
work
it
out.
(介词短语作状语)
如果没有他的帮助,我们不可能解决这个问题。
6
、定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词又可以作主语,还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。例:The
black
bike
is
mine
.
(形容词作定语)I
have
something
to
do
.
(不定式作定语)三、英语五个基本句式 1.S(主)
+
Vi(不及物动词)(谓)
1)
S
+
V
+
adverbial(状语)
Birds
sing
beautifully.
2)
S
+
Vi+
prep
Phrase(介词短语)
He
went
on
holiday.
3)
S
+
Vi+
Infinitive
(不定式)
We
stopped
to
have
a
rest.
4)
S
+
Vi+
Participle
(分词)
I'll
go
swimming.
2.
S
(主)+
Vt
(及物动词)(谓)+
O(宾)
1)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
I
like
music.
2)
S
+
VT
+
infinitive(不定式)
I
want
to
help
him.
常用于这句型的动词有:attempt,
dare,
decide,
desire,
expect,
hope,
intend,
learn,
need,
offer,
pretend,
promise,
purpose,
refuse,
want,
wish等。
3)
S
+
VT
+
Wh-Word
+
Infinitive
I
don't
know
what
to
do.
常用于这句型的动词有:ask,
consider,
decide,
discover,
explain,
find
out,
forget,
guess,
inquire,
know,
learn,
observe,
remember,
see,
settle,
tell,
think,
understand,
wonder等。
4)
S
+
VT
+
Gerund
I
enjoy
living
here.
常用于这句型的动词有:admit,
advise,
avoid,
consider,
defend,
enjoy,
excuse,
finish,
forbid,
mind,
miss,
practise,
risk,
suggest,
give
up,
can't
help等5)
S
+
VT
+
That-clause
I
don't
think
(that)
he
is
right.
常用于这句型的动词有:Admit,
believe,
command,
confess,
declare,
demand,
deny,
doubt,
expect,
explain,
feel(觉得)
,
hear(听说),
hope,
imagine,
intend,
know,
mean,
mind(当心),
notice,
propose,
request,
report,
say,
see
(看出),show,
suggest,
suppose,
think,
understand,
wish,
wonder(觉得奇怪)。
3.
S
(主)+
V(谓)(lv)(
系动词)+
P(表)
除了be
系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1)表感官的动词,feel,
smell,
taste,
sound,
look,
appear,
seem
等。
2)
表转变变化的动词,become,
get,
grow,
turn,
go,等。
3)表延续的动词
remain,
keep,
seem,
hold,
stay,
rest等。
4)表瞬时的动词
come,
fall,
set,
cut,
occur等
5)其他动词
eat,
lie,
prove,
ring,
run,
shine,
sit,
stand,
continue,
hang等。
1)
S
+
Lv
+
N/Pron(名词/代词)
He
is
a
boy.
2)
S
+
Lv
+
Adj(形容词)
She
is
beautiful.
3)
S
+
Lv
+
Adv
(副词)
Class
is
over.
4)
S
+
Lv
+
Prep
Phrase
He
is
in
good
health.
5)
S
+
Lv
+
Participle(分词)
He
is
excited.
4.
S
(主)+
VT
(谓)+
In
O(间接
宾)
+
D
O(直接
宾)
1)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
N
I
sent
him
a
book.
2)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
To/for-phrase
He
sent
a
book
to
me.
注意:间接宾语前需要加to
的常用动词有:allow,
bring,
deny,
do(带来),
give,
grant,
hand,
leave,
lend,
offer,
owe,
pass,
pay,
permit,
promise,
read,
refuse,
render,
restore,
sell,
send,
show,
teach,
tell
wish,
write等。
间接宾语前需要加for
的常用动词有:bring,
buy,
cash,
choose,
fetch,
get,
leave,
make,
order,
paint,
play(演奏),
save,
sing,
spare等。
5.
S
(主)+
VT(谓)+
O(宾)
+
O
C(宾补)
1)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
N
We
named
our
baby
Tom.
常用于这句型的动词有:appoint,
call,
choose,
elect,
entitle,
find,
make,
name,
nominate(命名)。
2)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
Adj
He
painted
the
wall
white.
常用于这句型的动词有:beat,
boil,
cut,
drive,
find,
get,
hold,
keep,
leave,
like,
make,
paint,
see,
set,
turn,
want,
wash,
wipe,
wish等。
3)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
Prep
Phrase
She
always
keeps
everything
in
good
order.
4)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
Infinitive
I
wish
you
to
stay.
常用于这句型的动词有:a)不定式带to的词:advice,
allow,
ask,
beg,
cause,
choose,
command,
decide,
encourage,
expect,
force,
get,
hate,
invite,
know,
leave,
like,
love,
order,
permit,
persuade,
prefer,
remain,
request,
teach,
tell,
want,
warn,
wish等。b)不定式不带to的词:feel,
have,
hear,
know,
let,
listen
to,
look
at,
make,
notice,
see,
watch等。
5)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
Participle
(分词)
I
feel
something
moving.
常用于这句型的动词有:catch,
feel,
find,
get,
have,
hear,
imagine,
keep,
leave,
listen
to,
look
at,
notice,
observe,
perceive,
see,
set,
smell,
start,
watch等。
6)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
Wh-word
+
Infinitive
He
show
me
how
to
do
it.
常用于这句型的动词有:advise,
ask,
inform,
show,
teach,
tell等。
7)
S
+
VT
+
N/Pron
+
That-clause
He
told
me
that
the
film
was
great.
常用于这句型的动词有:assure,
inform,
promise,
remind,
teach,
tell,
warm等。