现在完成时态专练

现在完成时态专练
一、现在完成时的构成
（一）肯定式
主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它
说明：这里的have ／has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。 has，have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例：
1）I've just copied all the new words ．我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)
2）She has lost her books ．她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到）
(如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到)
3）We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）
（二）否定式
主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它
说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have ／has后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为haven't ，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。实例：
1）I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业。
2）She hasn't travelled on a train ．她没有坐火车旅行过。
3）We have never spoken to a foreigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。
注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：
4）I have never seen him before．以前我从来没有见过他。
（三）一般疑问式
助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它 ？
说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ，主语＋have／has． 否定回答用“No，主语＋haven't／hasn't．”有时也可以用“No，not yet．／No ，never．／No，not even once．”等。实例：
1）—Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？
　 —Yes ，I have ．是的，我做过。
2）—Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？
—No，never．不，从来没有。
3）—Have they found the lost books yet ？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？
—Yes ，they have．是的，他们找到了。
注意：当句中有否定词not ，hardly（几乎不），never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。例如：You have never come to our school ，have you ？你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？
二、现在完成时的用法
（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下：
1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：
1）I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）
2）I've washed my clothes already．我已经洗了衣服。
（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）
注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例：
3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？
2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：
1）—Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？
—No，not yet．不，还没有。
2）The woman hasn't found her dog yet ．
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）
3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
He has just come back from school ．他刚从学校回来。
4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？
2）I haven't ever spoken to her．我未曾和她说过话。
5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
I have never travelled by plane before．我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：
1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？
2）I haven't eaten Guangdong food before．我以前没吃过广东菜。
（二）现在完成时用法二2——持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for ＋一段时间 或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。
for + 段时间
since +点时间
实例：
1）I've lived here since 1990．自从1990年以来我就住在这里。
= I've lived here since 13 years ago.
= I've lived here for 13 years.
= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
2）I haven't seen him for three years ．我三年没有看见他了。
= I haven't seen him since three years ago
= I haven't seen him since 2000.
= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.
3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city ．
自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。
4）She's been at this school since five years ago．
自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。
注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。。。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。
②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long
1） 他入团两年了。
误：He has joined the League for two years．
正：He has been a League member for two years．
2）我买这辆自行车三年了。
误：I have bought this bike for three years．
正：I have had this bike for three years．
2） ▲部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：
短暂性动词 延续性动词
die → be dead
borrow → keep
buy/catch → have
get up → be up
come → be in
finish → be over
leaver → be away
open → be open
close → be closed
begin → be on
become interested in → be interested in
有人可能会问：一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？
☆答：①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。
②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。
例： He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)
He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在\完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）
一、 单项选择。
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .
A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he
A. already B.never C.ever D.still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
A.has changed ; well B.changed ; good
C.has changed ; better D.changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was ; studying B. will ; study
C. has ; studied D. are ; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A. know B. had known
C. have known D. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I______ it twice .
A.will see B.have seen C.saw D.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really When _____ there
A. will they go B. did they go
C. do they go D. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished
C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish
11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. has joined
C. was in D. has been in
12、—Do you know him well
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A. were B. have been
C. have become D. have made
13、—How long have you ____ here
—About two months .
A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived
14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
A. has begun B. had begun
C. has been on D. began
15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .
A. is B. has C. will D. was
16、Miss Green isn't in the office .she_______ to the library .
A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been
17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
A. have been in B. have been to
C. have gone to D. have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ______
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they
19、 _______ has Mr White been a member of Greener China since
he_______to China
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrived
20、 His uncle _____ for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work
C. has lived there D. has left the university
二，A）用since和for填空
1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago
3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999
5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock
7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago
9)______we were children 10) _____ lunch time
11) ______ she left here
B）用since和for填空
1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
三，用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。
Where is Jack He __________ his country.
John _______ England since he came back.
How long _____ have _____ this village
The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.
—_____ you ever ____ America -- Yes, I _____ there many times.
I _____ this school since three years ago.
四、A）按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词
①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach e/go/move to sw.
→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there
He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.
I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.
I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.
They came here last week.
They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.
②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out
He came out two years ago.
He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.
We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.
③become → be
I became a teacher in 2000.
I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.
The river became dirty last year.
The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.
④close → be closed open → be open
The shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.
The door opened at six in the morning.
The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
⑤get up → be up die → be dead
leave sw. → be away from sw.
fall asleep/get tot sleep → be asleep
finish/end → be over marry → be married
I got up two hours ago.
I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.
He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
My grandpa died in 2002.
My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.
The meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.
I got to sleep two hours ago.
I ________ _________ _________ since _________ __________.
They married in 1990.
They ________ _________ __________since _________.
⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth. begin → be on
I began to teach at this school in 1995.
I ____ ____ at this school since ____.
The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
⑦borrow → keep lose → not have buy → have put on → wear catch/get a cold → have a cold get to know → know
They borrowed it last week.
They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.
I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
I got to know him last year.
I _________ __________ him since __________ __________.
I put on my glasses three years ago.
I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.
⑧have/has gone to → have been in
He has gone to Beijing.
He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.
⑨join the league/the Party/the army
→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier
→ be a member of the league/the Party
→ be in the league/the Party/the army
He joined the league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.
He ________ __________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.
He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.
My brother joined the army two years ago.
My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.
My brother ___________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.
五、 句型转换。
1、He has never surfed, _____________ （改成反意疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
__________have they been here
3、The old man _______ last year. He__________ for a year. (die) （动词填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ___________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao _____ ____ _____ _____ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)