2021届高考英语人与社会类阅读精讲（六）
食物与文化
Have
you
ever
wondered
what
the
food
you
eat
every
day
can
tell
you
about
where
you
come
from?
Have
you
ever
wondered
why
people
from
different
parts
of
the
world
eat
different
types
of
food?
Do
you
ever
ask
yourself
why
certain
foods
or
culinary（烹饪的）traditions
are
so
important
to
your
culture?
There
is
more
of
a
connection
between
food
and
culture
than
you
may
think.
On
an
individual
level,
we
grow
up
eating
the
food
of
our
cultures.
It
becomes
a
part
of
who
each
of
us
is.
Many
of
us
associate
food
from
our
childhood
with
warm
feelings
and
good
memories
and
it
ties
us
to
our
families,
holding
a
special
and
personal
value
for
us.
On
a
larger
scale,
food
is
an
important
part
of
culture.
Traditional
cuisine
is
passed
down
from
one
generation
to
the
next.
It
also
operates
as
an
expression
of
cultural
identity.
Immigrants
bring
the
food
of
their
countries
with
them
wherever
they
go
and
cooking
traditional
food
is
a
way
of
preserving
their
culture
when
they
move
to
new
places.
In
China,
harmony
is
a
vital
quality
in
almost
every
aspect
of
life.
This
is
reflected
in
Chinese
cuisine,
where
almost
every
flavor
is
used
in
a
balanced
way
creating
delicious
dishes
with
flavors
that
go
well
together.
The
cuisine
of
the
United
States
also
reflects
its
history.
The
European
colonization
of
the
Americas
brought
European
ingredients
and
cooking
styles
to
the
U.
S.
As
the
world
becomes
more
globalized,
it
is
easier
to
access
cuisines
from
different
cultures.
We
should
embrace
our
heritage
（传统）through
our
culture's
food
but
we
should
also
become
more
informed
about
other
cultures
by
trying
their
foods.
It's
important
to
remember
that
each
dish
has
a
special
place
in
the
culture
to
which
it
belongs,
and
is
special
to
those
who
prepare
it.
1
.What
does
the
author
want
to
express
in
Paragraph
1
?
Traditions
on
culture.
Difficulties
in
cooking
food.
Concerns
about
food
and
culture.
Connections
between
food
and
culture.
What
does
the
underlined
word
"It”
in
Paragraph
3
refer
to?
Food.
B.
Traditional
cuisine.
C.
Traditional
culture.
D.
Childhood.
How
do
people
feel
about
Chinese
food?
It
is
rich
in
all
kinds
of
vitamins.
It
balances
the
dishes
of
different
countries.
It
contains
abundant
dishes
with
various
flavors.
It
is
extremely
crucial
to
balance
people's
daily
life.
What
can
be
the
suitable
title
for
the
text?
What
Food
Tells
Us
About
Culture
What
Effect
Food
Causes
on
Culture
How
Food
Becomes
More
Globalized
How
Traditional
Cuisine
is
Passed
Down
文章语言点学习
重点词汇和短语
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
connection
n.连接;关系；人脉
【常用搭配】
in
connection
with
与
有关;与
相连
【衍生词】
connect
v.连接;联合;关联;链接
connect
with连接;与
联系
connect
up连接;接上
grow
up
成长;逐渐形成
associate
V.联想;联系；（使）关联
【常用搭配】
associate
with与联系在一起;和
来往
be
associated
with和联系在一起;与
有关
【衍生词】
association
n.协会；联盟；社团；联合；联想
in
association
with与
相联系;与
联合
memory
n.记忆；记忆力；内存
【常用搭配】
in
memory
of
纪念
【衍生词】
memorize
vt.记住;背熟;记忆
memorial
n.纪念碑;纪念馆;纪念仪式;纪念物
adj.记忆的;纪念的;追悼的
on
a
large
scale
较大规模地
pass
down
使……流传
operate
vi.运转;动手术;起作用
Vt.操作;经营；引起；
对……开刀
【常用搭配】
operate
on对
动手术;对
起作用
【衍生词】
operation
n.操作；经营；手术
in
operation
生效;运转着
put
into
operation使生效;使运转;使开动
preserve
Vt.保存;保护;维持;禁猎
n.保护区
【衍生词】
preservation
n.
保存；保留
preservative
n.防腐剂;预防法;防护层adj.防腐的;有保存力
的;有保护性的
preserver
n.保护者;保护人;保护剂;防腐剂;储藏柜
harmony
n.协调;和睦;融洽;调和
【常用搭配】
in
harmony
with
与
协调;与
一致
live
in
harmony
和睦相处
【衍生词】
harmonious
adj.和谐的;和睦的;协调的
harmoniously
adv.和谐地;调和地
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
reflect
Vt.反映;反射;表达;显示;反省
vi反射;深思
【衍生词】
reflection
n.反射；沉思;映象
reflective
adj.反射的;反映的;沉思的
reflectively
adv.反映地
balanced
adj.平衡的;和谐的;安定的
【衍生词】
balance
vi.保持平衡;相称;抵消
vt.使平衡;结算;使相称
n.平衡;余额；匀称
globalize
vt.使全球化
globe
n.地球；地球仪;球体上
v.成球状;使
成球形
global
adj.全球的;总体的;球形的
globally
adv.全球地;全局地;世界上
globalization
n.全球化
access
n.通道;进入;机会
v.接近;使用;访问
【常用搭配】
have
access
to使用；接近;可以利用
【衍生词】
accessible
adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的
be
accessible
to容易接近的;容易进入的
语法和长难句
1
.Immigrants
bring
the
food
of
their
countries
with
them
wherever
they
go
and
cooking
traditional
主语
谓语
宾语
方式状语
让步状语从句
并列连词
现在分词短语作主语
food
is
a
way
of
preserving
their
culture
when
thay
move
to
new
places.（第三段最后一句）
系动词
表语
时间状语从句
【功能注释】
这是一个并列复合句。本句是由and连接的两个并列句;wherever引导让步状语从句;when引
导时间状语从句。
【译文】
无论移民去任何地方，移民者们都会随身带着自己国家的食物，并且当他们搬到新的地方时,烹饪传统食物是一种保护他们文化的方式。
It
’s
important
to
remember
that
each
dish
has
a
special
place
in
the
culture
to
which
it
belongs,
形式主语
系动词
表语
真正的主语
宾语从句
定语从句
and
is
special
to
those
who
prepare
it.（最后一段最后一句）
宾语从句
定语从句
【功能注释】这是一个主从复合句。that引导宾语从句;to
which引导定语从句，修饰先行词the
culture；who
引导定语从句，修饰先行词those
。
【译文】重要的是要记住，每一道菜在其所属的文化中都有特殊的地位，对那些准备它的人来说也是特
别的。
词汇巩固练习
一、
根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式［训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力］
1
.John
was
so
excited
to
see
the
famous
artist
that
he
asked
many
questions
in
（
connect）
with
her.
2.The
surgeon
was
tired
out
because
of
an
emergent
（operate）
this
afternoon.
3.His
heart
disease
is
（associate）
with
his
staying
up
late.
4.Only
through
everyone's
hard
work
can
we
live
in
a
more
（
harmony）
society.
5.That
he
helped
an
old
man
was
（access）
to
all
the
students
in
our
class.
二、
根据汉语提示，完成句子［训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用］
6.The
couple
set
up
a
university
in
the
state
（为了纪念）their
lost
son.
7.Chinese
nation’s
good
tradition
should
（传下来）from
generation
to
generation.
8.If
you
want
to
live
（和睦相处）your
neighbors,
you
have
to
be
kind
and
generous.
9.During
the
World
War
Ⅱ
,
a
large
number
of
Jews
are
cruelly
killed
（大规模地）.
10.The
（手术）is
very
successful
and
soon
he
（平衡）his
body
movements.
答案速查
1
-4
DBCA
词汇巩固练习
1
.connection
2.operation
3.
associated
4.harmonious
5.accessible
6.in
memory
of
7.be
passed
down
8.in
harmony
with
9.on
a
large
scale
10.operation；
will
balance
【背景知识】
英美餐桌礼仪
在到达主人家之前,你可能要先确定三件事情。首先,如果可以的话，晚到几分钟，譬如说5
~10分钟左右。千万
不要提早到，因为主人可能尚未一切准备就绪。但你也不要迟到超过20分钟，因为主人会开始担心你是否能来赴宴。
其次，关于要不要带礼物，在大部分非正式的聚会中是不需要的。你若高兴的话，可以带一些水果或甜点；或者尤其是
有女主人的话，可以送一些花。这些都是体贴、令人愉快的礼物，一定会讨人喜欢。不要带酒类饮料，除非你确定主人
或女主人偏爱什么酒。更重要的是，不要花太多钱，而且绝不要送礼金。就像我们在英文中说的“It‘s
the
thought
that
counts.,,（礼轻情意重）。最后，穿着舒适的衣服。在特别的场合或宗教节日，如退休宴会或圣诞节时，男士宜穿西装打
领带,女士则宜穿连身裙或套衫加短裙。
屋里的主人通常会招呼你就座。在正式的聚会中，有时会摆出写上名字的卡片，或者主人会告知你在哪里就座。
不要被一大堆刀叉餐具吓着了：只要由外往内按顺序使用就行了。正式宴会常常会有几道菜需使用特定的刀叉餐具，
这时不妨看一下邻座的人,看他使用什么餐具。毕竟，人总要“入境随俗”嘛。习惯上可以请别人将菜传给你，由你自
己来招呼自己;在正式晚宴上则通常会有供餐服务。同样的，不要犹豫向他人请教与询问，他们通常都会乐意帮助你。
【语篇解读】
结构划分
具体信息
第一段
本段是总述,说明食物和文化之间的联系。
第二段——第四段
从不同角度举例说明了食物和文化之间的联系。
第五段
总结全文,说明透过一个国家的食物可以使人们更深入地了解这个国家的文化。
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了食物和文化之间的联系，透过一个国家的食物可以使人们更深入地了解这个国家的文化
【试题解析】
题目
答案
详解
1
D
细节理解题。
［定位句］There
is
more
of
a
connection
between
food
and
culture
than
you
may
think.（第一段最后一句）
［翻译大意］食物和文化之间的联系比你想象的要多。
［解析］根据定位句可知,作者在第一段主要向读者讲述食物和文化之间的联系。A选项意为“关于文化方面的传统”
;B选项意为“烹饪食物的困难”；C选项意为“对食物和文化的关注”；D选项意为“食物和文化之间的联系”。所以答案是D。
2
B
指代判断题。
［定位句］Traditional
cuisine
is
passed
down
from
one
generation
to
the
next.（第三段第二句）
［翻译大意］传统的菜肴代代相传。
［解析］根据定位句可知,画线词“It”在这里指代的是上文提到的传统的菜肴。A选项意为“食物”；
B选项意为“传统菜肴”
;C选项意为“传统文化”
;D选项意为“童年”。所以答案是Bo
3
C
细节理解题。
［定位句］This
is
reflected
in
Chinese
cuisine,
where
almost
every
flavor
is
used
in
a
balanced
way
creating
delicious
dishes
with
flavors
that
go
well
together.（倒数第二段第二句）
［翻译大意］这一点在中国菜肴中得到了体现，几乎每种口味都被平衡的运用,各种口味很协调地搭配
起来做出味道鲜美的菜肴。
［解析］根据定位句可知中国的菜肴是把各种口味协调地搭配起来,做出味道鲜美的菜肴。A选项意为“它富含各种维生素”
;B选项意为“它平衡了不同国家的菜肴”
;C选项意为“它包含具有各种口味
的丰富的菜肴”
;D选项意为“它对于平衡人们的日常生活至关重要”。所以答案是C。
4
A
标题概括题。
［解析］通读全文内容可知,文章主要介绍了食物和文化的联系，流传下来的传统食物也是文化遗产的
一部分。A选项意为“食物告诉我们关于文化的知识”
;B选项意为“食物对文化所造成的影响”；C选
项意为“食品如何变得更加全球化”
;D选项意为“传统美食是如何传承下来的”
。所以答案是A。2021届高考英语人与社会类阅读精讲（七）
咖啡的起源
The
origin
of
coffee?
I
never
really
thought
about
it.
When
I
was
a
kid,
coffee
was
always
around.
My
parents
drank
coffee,
my
grandparents
drank
coffee,
all
the
adults
I
knew
drank
coffee.
I
thought
I
would
drink
it
too
when
I
was
older,
and
of
course,
I
did.
But
there
must
have
been
a
time
before
coffee.
I
don't
remember
coffee
making
an
appearance
in
any
of
the
Bible
stories
I
learned.
Jesus
changed
water
into
wine,
not
coffee.
Maybe
if
coffee
had
been
around,
he
would
have
changed
some
of
the
water
into
coffee,
for
after
dinner.
Maybe
that's
what
"B.
C.
"
meant；
“before
coffee”.
According
to
popular
legend,
the
origin
of
coffee
can
be
traced
to
a
thousand
years
ago,
when
an
Abyssinian
（Ethiopian）
goatherd（牧羊人）named
Kaldi
observed
his
goats
dancing
and
jumping.
Kaldi
had
previously
found
the
behavior
of
his
goats
to
be
“normal”，so
he
knew
that
something
unusual
was
going
on.
When
Kaldi
went
closer,
he
saw
that
the
goats
were
happily
eating
the
red
berries
and
shiny
leaves
of
an
unfamiliar
tree.
Kaldi
decided
to
try
some,
and
when
he
did
he
joined
the
dancing
goats
and
became
"the
happiest
herder（牧者）in
happy
Arabia".
Some
time
later,
a
passing
monk（和尚）observed
Kaldi
and
the
goats.
When
Kaldi
told
him
about
the
berries,
the
monk
thought
they
might
be
the
answer
to
his
prayers.
The
unnamed
monk
came
up
with
the
idea
of
drying
and
boiling
the
berries
to
make
a
beverage.
His
fellow
monks
loved
the
new
drink
because
it
encouraged
them
to
pray—and
it
tasted
good
too.
So
now
that
I
know
about
Kaldi
and
his
goats,
if
someday
someone
calls
me
an
“
old
goat”,
I’ll
just
smile,
have
another
sip
of
coffee,
and
maybe
do
a
little
dance.
1.Why
did
Jesus
change
water
into
wine
instead
of
coffee?
Because
he
didn't
like
coffee.
Because
coffee
didn't
appear
that
time.
Because
it
was
not
the
right
time
to
have
coffee.
Because
he
was
better
at
changing
water
into
wine.
2.What
was
the
author's
attitude
towards
the
origin
of
coffee?
Serious.
B.
Objective.
C.
Humorous.
D.
Sincere.
3.What
does
the
underlined
word
"beverage"
in
Paragraph
4
mean?
A
kind
of
new
drink.
A
kind
of
food
made
by
monks.
A
kind
of
soup
needed
to
be
boiled.
A
kind
of
drug
encouraging
people
to
keep
awake.
What
is
the
best
title
of
the
text?
The
Development
of
Coffee
The
Popularity
of
Coffee
in
the
World
The
Coffee-drinking
Tradition
in
My
Family
The
Origin
of
Coffee：
Kaldi
and
the
Dancing
Goats
文章语言点学习
重点词汇和短语
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
appearance
n.岀现;外貌
【常用搭配】
in
appearance在外表上
【衍生词】
appear
v.岀现，露面
appear
in
出现在...
appear
on在
上出现
appear
to
be好像是;仿佛
appear
under
以...出现
disappear
v.消失
disappear
from从
..消失；消失
appear与disappear均为不及物动词
apparent
adj.表面上的
apparently
adv.表面上地
change
into
把……变为
等同于
turn
into,grow
into,transform
into
according
to
根据
当表示“根据某人所说的话”时，使用according
to
sb.,而不是
according
to
sb's
words,相当于
in
one's
opinion/view/mind/eyes
observe
V.观察;遵循
表示看到某人做某事的全过程，使用observe
sb.
do
sth.；表
示看到某人正在做某事，使用observe
sb.
doing
sth.
passing
adj.路过的
现在分词形式，可以作定语，修饰名词,表示主动进行，也可修饰名词，表示功能或者作用
the
answer
to
……的答案
to在该短语中，为介词,表示“……的”，类似的还有the
key
to,
the
solution
to
等
come
up
with
提出;想出
“动词+副词+with
”的短语有
catch
up
with
追上
put
up
with
忍受
keep
up
with
跟上
end
up
with
以...结束
be
fed
up
with
受够了
encourage
v鼓励
encourage
sb.
to
do
sth.鼓励某人做某事
【衍生词】
courage
n.勇气
discourage
v.使气馁
discouraged
adj.灰心的,丧气的
encouragement
n.鼓励
now
that
既然
该短语为连词，引导原因状语从句
语法和长难句
According
to
popular
legend,
the
origin
of
coffee
can
be
traced
to
a
thousand
years
ago,
评注性状语
主语
被动结构谓语
宾语
when
an
Abyssinian
（Ethiopian）
goatherd（牧羊人）
named
Kaldi
observed
his
goats
定语从句
（从句）主语
过去分词作后置定语
谓语
宾语
dancing
and
jumping.（第三段第一句）
宾语补足语
【功能注释】这是一个主从复合句。according
to表示"根据...”；the
origin
of表示"
的起源”；can
be
traced
to为情态动词的被动形式，表示“可以被追溯到...”
；observe
sb.
doing
sth,中的现在分词作宾语补足
语，意为“看到某人正在做某事”
。
【译文】流行有这样一个传说，咖啡的起源可以追溯到一千年前，一位叫Kaldi的阿比西尼亚（埃塞俄比亚）牧羊人看到他的山羊正在跳舞和跳跃。
词汇巩固练习
一、
根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式［训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力］
1
.It’s
beyond
my
imagination
that
his
（
appear）
made
the
whole
concert
climb
to
the
peak
of
excitement.
2.The
scientists
observed
the
deer
（run）
into
the
deep
forest
and
making
a
huge
dust
behind
them.
3.Thanks
to
the
（pass）
driver,
I
could
come
to
the
hospital
in
time.
4.Without
your
warm
（
encourage）
,
we
would
not
have
finished
the
job
in
such
a
short
time.
二、
根据汉语提示，完成句子［训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用］
5.Mr.
Lee
（提出）this
idea
last
term
that
we
should
reuse
the
material
and
it
could
protect
the
environment.
6.
（既然）you
have
a
such
a
good
opportunity
to
study
abroad,
you
should
make
full
use
of
it
to
improve
yourself.
7.The
great
businessman
told
us
that
（
的答案）success
is
never
giving
up.
8.
（根据）a
newly-published
report,
China
has
cloned
the
first
cat
called
"Onion"
,
which
is
a
great
step
in
biology.
Passage
5
答案速査
1
-4
BCAD
词汇巩固练习
1
.appearance
2.running
3.passing
4.
encouragement
5.came
up
with
6.Now
that
7.the
answer
to
8.According
to
【背景知识】
咖啡是世界三大饮料之一，是用经过烘焙的咖啡豆制作出来的饮料，与可
可、茶同为流行于世界的主要饮品。
咖啡树是属茜草科、多年生常绿灌木或小乔木，日常饮用的咖啡是用咖啡
豆配合各种不同的烹煮器具制作出来的，而咖啡豆就是指咖啡树果实里面的果
仁，再用适当的方法烘焙而成。
咖啡的优点：咖啡豆含有大约100种不同的物质，包括咖啡因、单宁酸、油
和氮化合物等，每100克速溶咖啡中，含咖啡因44?100毫克;每100克调制咖
啡中，含咖啡因64?124毫克。咖啡是一种兴奋剂，对人体会产生很多影响，它
可利尿、刺激中枢神经和呼吸系统、扩大血管、使心跳加速、增强横纹肌的力量以及缓解大脑和肌肉疲劳。
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了咖啡的起源。
【语篇结构】
结构划分
具体信息
第一段
介绍了咖啡的流行程度。
第二段
介绍了咖啡的出现时间。
第三段——第四段
介绍了咖啡的起源。
第五段
表达了作者对咖啡的喜爱。
【试题解析】
题目
答案
详解
1
B
细节理解题。
［定位句］Maybe
if
coffee
had
been
around,
he
would
have
changed
some
of
the
water
into
coffee,
for
after
dinner.（第二段第四句）
［翻译大意］也许如果当时有咖啡的话,他会把一些水变成咖啡,在晚饭后喝。
［解析］根据定位句可知,耶稣可以把水变成美酒但是没有变成咖啡，主要是因为当时咖啡还没有出
现。A选项意为“因为耶稣不喜欢咖啡。”
;B选项意为“因为当时咖啡还没有出现。”；C项意为“因为
当时不是喝咖啡的好时候。”；D项意为“因为耶稣更擅长把水变成美酒。”。故选Bo
2
C
观点态度题。
［定位句］Maybe
that's
what
"B.
C.
”
meant:
ubefore
coffee”.（第二段最后一句）
［翻译大意］也许“
B.
C.
”的意思是“咖啡出现之前”
。
［解析］众所周知,B.C.的意思是“公元前”。根据定位句可知，作者用大家都知道的例子，以一种幽默
方式来讲述咖啡的起源。A选项意为“严肃的”
；B选项意为“客观的”；C选项意为“幽默的”；D选项
意为“真诚的”。故选C。
3
A
词义猜测题。
［定位句］His
fellow
monks
loved
the
new
drink
because
it
encouraged
them
to
pray—and
it
tasted
good
too.
（第四段最后一句）
［翻译大意］与他同行的僧侣们喜欢这种新饮料，因为它能激励他们祈祷——而且味道也很好。
［解析］根据定位句可知，这位不知名的僧人煮成了一种新饮品。由此可推知,beverage应意为“饮料”，与A选项意义相近。A选项意为“一种新饮料”
;B选项意为“一种和尚制作的食品”
;C选项意为
“一种需要熬煮的汤”；D选项意为“一种鼓舞人们保持清醒的药物”。故选Ao
4
D
标题概括题。
［定位句］The
origin
of
coffee?（第一段第一句）
［翻译大意］咖啡的起源？
［解析］通读全文尤其是定位句可知，文章主要讨论了咖啡的起源。A选项意为“咖啡的发展”
;B选项
意为“咖啡在世界的流行”
;C选项意为“我的家庭中喝咖啡的传统”；D选项意为“咖啡的起源：Kaldi
和跳舞的山羊”。故选D。2021届高考英语之人与社会类阅读(二）
游平遥古城
After
reaching
the
ancient
city
of
Pingyao,
my
first
sight
of
the
city
was
its
famous
wall,
surrounding
the
whole
city.
The
city
is
also
known
as
u
Turtle
City"
because
of
the
wall’s
structure.
There
are
six
gates
along
the
wall.
Four
are
symmetrically
（对称地）set
on
the
east
and
west
sides,
looking
like
the
legs
of
a
turtle.
The
southern
and
northern
gates
resemble
the
head
and
tail.
I
thought
of
the
city
as
a
living
museum.
Its
complete
city
wall,
its
common
houses
and
shops
and
even
its
government
offices
were
all
preserved
in
the
style
of
China's
Ming
and
Qing
Dynasties.
Furthermore,
it
has
retained
the
Han
city
features.
It
is
a
great
resource
for
studying
the
social
form,
economic
structure,
military
defense,
traditional
thinking,
cultural
values
and
dwellings（民居）of
the
country.
Walking
on
the
road,
it's
easy
to
imagine
what
life
was
like
in
times
long
gone,
when
Pingyao
was
the
financial
center
of
China.
The
most
important
place
is
Rishengchang
Exchange
Shop.
It
is
known
as
the
“Father
of
Chinese
Banking”.
With
more
than
30
branches
throughout
the
country,
this
bank
allowed
bills
instead
of
gold
and
silver,
allowing
it
to
be
used
for
business
transactions
（交易）.
What
this
meant
was
that
merchants
going
to
other
parts
of
the
country
to
do
business
did
not
have
to
transport
large
quantities
of
gold
or
silver
with
them.
The
only
way
to
explore
the
city
is
on
foot,
since
there
are
no
cars
allowed
within
the
walls
of
the
city.
The
night
view
of
the
street
is
amazing.
Traditional
lamps
are
lighted
and
red
Chinese
lanterns
hang
in
front
of
every
shop
and
house.
More
romantic
are
the
dusty
backstreets,
where
chickens
find
food
from
the
ground
and
people
ride
bikes
on
the
rough
roads.
I
walked
on
top
of
the
city
walls,
examining
the
awe-inspiring
architectural
designs.
This
carried
my
thoughts
to
the
past,
mixing
ancient
times
and
modem
times.
It's
my
first
time
to
experience
such
a
place.
1
How
many
gates
are
there
on
the
east
side
of
the
wall?
A.Two.
B.
Three.
C.
Four.
D.
Five.
2.
What
can
we
infer
from
the
second
paragraph?
Pingyao
has
a
living
museum.
Pingyao
is
the
only
city
with
the
Han
city
features.
Pingyao
was
the
social
and
financial
center
of
China.
Pingyao
was
very
important
in
Ming
and
Qing
Dynasties.
What
would
the
merchants
do
in
Rishengchang
Exchange
Shop?
To
get
some
branches.
To
buy
a
lot
of
gold
and
silver.
To
do
business
with
bank
notes.
To
know
the
father
of
Chinese
Banking.
What
does
Pingyao
look
like
at
night?
Tiring.
B.
Modem.
C.
Exciting.
D.
Peaceful.
■文章语言点学习
重点词汇和短语
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
ancient
adj-古老的
surround
vt.包围
be
surrounded
by/with
被
所包围
be
known
as
作为……而出名
【常用搭配】
be
known
as作为
而出名
be
known
for因为
而出名
be
known
to被
所熟知
known前可以添加副词well,或者将known改为famous
preserve
Vt.保存;保护
n.保护区;禁猎地
【衍生词】
preservation
n.
保存；保留
preserved
adj,保藏的;腌制的
feature
n特色,特征;容貌；
特写或专题节目
vi起重要作用
vt.特写
featured
v.使
有特色;起重要作用（feature的过去分词）
main
feature主要特征;主要特点
it's
easy
to
做……是容易的
it作形式主语,it
is后跟形容词,再使用动名词，表示“做……
是……的”
financial
adj.经济的;金融的
finance名词，表示经济,金融,-al为形容词后缀，表示“……的“
bill
n.［法］法案;广告;账单；
［金融］票据;钞票;清单
bill常表示账单，文章中用来介绍日升昌票号,与金融相关，
在文章中表示“纸币，钞票”
branch
n.分支;分公司；分部;树枝；
支流;岔路;（血管）分枝
【常用搭配】
a
branch
office
分局；分店
a
branch
railway
铁路支线
branch
off分岔;改道
branch
school
分校
transport
n.运输
v.运输
trans-为前缀，表示“转移”，相似的词汇还有translate,
transfonn
等
light
n.光;光线;灯;打火机；
领悟;浅色;天窗
adj.轻的;浅色的;明亮的；
轻松的;容易的;清淡的
vi.点着;变亮;着火
vt.照亮;点燃;着火
adv.轻地;清楚地;轻便地
【常用搭配】
light
up照亮;喜形于色
throw/cast
light
on/upon
阐明;使人
了
解
bring.
..
to
light
将
曝光;揭露
come
to
light显露;暴露
backstreet
n.后街小巷
rough
adj.粗糙的;粗略的;粗野的；
艰苦的;未经加工的
【常用搭配】
be
rough
on
sb.欺负某人
in
rough粗略地
awe-inspiring
adj.使人敬畏的
awe为名词，表示“敬畏”
thought
n.想法
【常用搭配】
at
the
thought
of
一想起
（就）
have
second
thoughts
改变主意
语法和长难句
What
this
meant
was
that
merchants
going
to
other
parts
of
the
country
to
do
business
did
not
主语
系动词
连接词
主语
后置定语
have
to
transport
large
quantities
of
gold
or
silver
with
them.
(第三段最后一句)
谓语
宾语
伴随状语
【功能注释】本句是一个主从复合句。What引导主语从句;that引导表语从句；going
to
other
parts
of
the
country
to
do
business
为后置定语，修饰名词
merchants
o
【译文】这意味着商人到其他地方做生意时不需要携带大量的金银。
The
only
way
to
explore
the
city
is
on
foot,
since
there
are
no
cars
allowed
主语
定语
系动词
表语
连接词
倒装句
主语
过去分词作后置定语
within
the
walls
of
the
city.
(第四段第一句)
地点状语
【功能注释】本句是一个主从复合句。主句为主系表结构,主语是The
only
way,to
explore
the
city为不定式短语作后置定语，修饰The
only
way；谓语为系动词is,介词短语on
foot表示步行，作表语。since引导原因状语从句。
【译文】探索这座城市唯一的方法是步行，因为在城内,汽车是不被允许的。
词汇巩固练习
一、
根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式［训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力］
1
.Many
national
parks
(preserve)
very
well
now.
2.There
are
many
(feature)
about
the
beauty
of
China.
3.In
the
Spring
Festival,traditional
lamps
are
(light)
and
the
city
looks
so
wonderful.
4.His
(finance)
problem
has
caused
his
life
worse
and
worse.
5.
(
bill)
will
be
replaced
by
e-pay
in
the
future.
6.The
company
decided
to
set
up
at
least
3
(branch)
in
this
developing
country.
7.Could
you
do
me
a
favour
(transport)
these
goods
to
that
factory?
二、
根据汉语提示，完成句子［训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用］
8.
(很容易)remember
words
in
the
process
of
reading.
9
.This
path
to
the
top
of
the
mountain
is
so
(粗糙的).
10.
(这是我第一次)visit
the
Great
Wall.
11.Jay
Chon
is
(作为
而出名)a
singer.
12.Beijing
is
an
(古老的)city,
which
attracts
millions
of
tourists
every
year.
Passage
6
答案速查
1
-4
ADCC
词汇巩固练习
l.are
preserved
2.features
3.
lighted
4.financial
5.
Bills
6.
branches
7.to
transport
8.It's
easy
to
9.
rough
10.It’s
my
first
time
to
11.
known
as
12.
ancient
丿
【背景知识】
平遥古城:平遥古城位于山西省中部，距今已有2
700多年的历史。还较
为完好地保留着明清时期县城的基本风貌，是中国汉民族地区现存最为完整的
古城。山西平遥被称为“保存最为完好的四大古城”之一，也是中国仅有的以
整座古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功的两座古城之一。平遥古城1997年被列
入世界文化遗产名录。2009年，平遥古城被世界纪录协会评为中国现存最完
整的古代县城。2015年7月13日，平遥古城成为国家5A级旅游景点。平遥
古城为人们展示了
一幅非同寻常的文化、社会、经济及宗教发展的完整画卷。
日升昌票号：日升昌（日昇昌）票号，是中国历史上第一家私人银行，它是
现代各式银行的鼻祖。创建于道光四年（公元1824年），业绩辉煌，分号遍布全
国30余个城市、商埠重镇，远及欧美、东南亚等国，以“汇通天下”著称于世，并
一度操纵十九世纪整个清王朝的经济命脉。它的诞生与发展促进了全国金融
流通，加速了资本周转，对当时民族工商业的发展作出了杰出的贡献。
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了作者前往平遥古城旅游，被古城的特色所震撼的故事。
【语篇结构】
结构划分
具体信息
第一段
介绍了平遥古城的城市结构。
第二段
介绍了平遥古城的文化和历史价值。
第三段
介绍了平遥古城中的重要景点——日升昌票号。
第四段
描写了夜色下平遥古城的美景及作者的思绪。
【试题解析】
题目
答案
详解
1
A
细节理解题。
［定位句］Four
are
symmetrically（对称地）set
on
the
east
and
west
sides,
looking
like
the
legs
of
a
turtle.
（第一段第四句）
［翻译大意］四座城门对称地位于古城的东部和西部，看起来像一只乌龟的四条腿。
［解析］根据定位句可知，四座城门对称地位于城墙东西两侧，即东部有两座城门。A选项意为“两个”
;B选项意为“三个”
;C选项意为“四个”
;D选项意为“五个”。故选Ao
2
D
推理判断题。
［定位句］It
is
a
great
resource
for
studying
the
social
form,
economic
structure,
military
defense,
traditional
thinking,
cultural
values
and
dwellings
（民居）of
the
country.（第二段第四句）
［翻译大意］这是一个研究社会形式、经济结构、军事防御、传统思想、文化价值和国家民居的巨大
资源。
［解析］根据第二段内容尤其是定位句可知，平遥古城是研究中国社会形态、经济结构、军事防御、传统
思想、文化价值和国家民居的重要资源。由此可推知，平遥古城在明清时期是一座综合性城市，它的地位非常之高。A选项意为“平遥有一座活的博物馆”
;B选项意为“平遥是唯一的拥有汉族城市特色
的城市”；C选项意为“平遥曾经是中国的社会和金融中心”；D选项意为“平遥在明清朝时非常重要。”。故选D。
3
C
细节理解题。
［定位句］With
more
than
30
branches
throughout
the
country,
this
bank
allowed
bills
instead
of
gold
and
silver,
allowing
it
to
be
used
for
business
transactions
（交易）.（第三段第三句）
［翻译大意］这家银行在全国有30多家分行，允许纸币代替金银，用于商业交易。
［解析］根据定位句可知，日升昌票号发行纸币,便于商人们外出行商，即商人们来到日升昌是为了办
理纸币业务。A选项意为“获得分部”；B选项意为“购买大量金银”；C选项意为“用纸币做生意”；
D选项意为“认识中国银行业之父”
故选Co
4
C
推理判断题。
［定位句］This
carried
my
thoughts
to
the
past,
mixing
ancient
times
and
modem
times.
It's
my
first
time
to
experience
such
a
place.（第四段最后两句）
［翻译大意］这把我的思想带到了过去，古今交融。这是我第一次体验这样的地方。
［解析］根据第四段内容尤其是定位句可知，面对平遥古城的夜景,作者第一次感受到了现代和古代融
合在一起（的感受），这是一种从未有过的感受。结合上文内容可推知，平遥古城承载着中国古代的兴
衰，代表着当代的繁荣，这种感受令人浮想联翩、兴奋不已。A选项意为“疲惫的”；B选项意为“现代的”
;C选项意为“令人兴奋的”
;D选项意为“平静的”。故选Co2021届高考英语人与社会类阅读精讲（八）
科学与技术——发射中止系统
NASA
successfully
announced
on
Tuesday
the
Orion
（猎户座）spacecraffs
launch
abort
system
（发射中止系统）can
travel
beyond
a
speeding
rocket
and
pull
astronauts
to
safety
during
an
emergency
launch.
The
test,
three
minutes
or
so,
is
another
milestone
in
the
agency's
preparation
for
flying
to
the
Moon
eventually
to
Mars.
The
Orion
test
spacecraft
traveled
to
an
altitude
of
about
six
miles,
at
which
point
it
experienced
the
high
stress
expected
when
rising.
Within
milliseconds,
the
abort
motor
fired
to
pull
the
crew
carriage
away
from
the
rocket.
Its
location
control
motor
turned
the
capsule
over
end-over-end
to
exactly
point
it,
and
then
another
motor
fired,
releasing
the
crew
carriage
for
landing
in
the
Atlantic
Ocean.
"We're
building
the
most
powerful
rocket
in
the
world
to
send
astronauts
to
the
Moon
in
the
Orion
spacecraft,n
said
Bill
Hill,
an
associate
administrator
for
Exploration
Systems
Development
at
NASA
Headquarters
in
Washington.
"With
this
exploration
system
designed
to
safely
carry
humans
farther
into
space
than
ever
before,
we'll
also
have
an
equally
powerful
launch
abort
system
that
will
pull
the
crew
away
if
there
is
a
problem
with
the
rocket
during
the
early
part
of
rise."
“
Launching
into
space
is
one
of
the
most
difficult
and
dangerous
parts
of
going
to
the
Moon，"
said
Mark
Kirasich,
Orion
program
manager
at
Johnson
Space
Center
in
Houston.
"
This
test
copied
some
of
the
most
challenging
conditions
Orion
will
ever
face
should
an
emergency
develop
during
the
rising
of
flight.
Today,
the
team
confirmed
our
abort
abilities
under
these
demanding
conditions
and
put
us
one
huge
step
closer
to
the
first
flight
carrying
people
to
the
Moon
and
the
next
American
Moon
walkers
will
leave
Earth
aboard
Orion
and
begin
a
new
time
of
exploration."
1
.What
is
the
purpose
of
spacecraft's
launch
abort
system?
To
test
how
the
spaceship
adapts
to
the
high
stress.
To
save
the
astronauts
from
the
dangerous
flight.
To
make
the
rocket
fly
faster
than
ever
before.
To
study
how
challenging
Orion
will
ever
be.
What
does
the
underlined
phrase
u
another
motor,,
refer
to
in
Paragraph
2?
A
motor
to
pause.
A
motor
to
speed.
A
motor
to
control
location.
A
motor
to
abandon
parts.
What
does
Mark
Kirasich
mean
in
the
last
paragraph?
Flying
in
space
is
difficult
and
dangerous.
The
Orion
program
is
inconvenient
to
perfbnn.
The
launch
abort
system
is
well
worth
researching.
The
exploration
to
the
Moon
and
Mars
is
on
the
way.
■文章语言点学习
重点词汇和短语
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
announce
Vt.宣布，宣告
作动词,还可表示"（广播）通知，声称,宣称"。
announce
sth.
宣告某事；announce
sth.
to
sb.对某人宣布某事；announce
that...宣告；It
is
announced
that...据宣布
【衍生词】
announcement
n.
公告，布告,通告
make
an
announcement
发表公告，发布通知
safety
n.安全地，安全处所
作名词，表示"安全,平安”。
in
safety安全地;road
safety道
路安全;safety
belt
安全带;safety
curtain
防火帘；safety
glass
安全玻璃；safety
island安全岛;safety
measure安全措施
【衍生词】
safe
adj.安全
safely
adv.安全地
emergency
n.突发事件，紧急情况
a
state
of
emergency
紧急状态；for
emergencies
以备急需；
emergency
brake
紧急刹车;emergency
room
急症室
【衍生词】
emergent
adj.新兴的，处于发展初期的
in
the
preparation
for
在……的准备中
【常用搭配】
in
preparation
准备
in
preparation
for
为
做准备
make
preparations
for
为
做准备
prepare
v.使做好准备;把
预备好，有准备，防范，做饭，配制
prepare
sth.
for
sb.
/sth.为某人（某事）准备某物
prepare
sb.
for
sth.使某人为某事做好准备
prepare
for
sth.为某事做好准备
prepare（
oneself）
to
do
sth.准备做某事
prepared
adj.准备好的;愿意的
be
prepared
for
sth.准备好某事
be
prepared
to
do
sth.愿意做某事
fly
V.（飞行器等）飞行,航行；
（乘坐航空器等）航行,飞行；
n.苍蝇（复数形式flies）
experience
V.经历;遭受
n.经验;实践
经历;阅历
【常用搭配】
have
previous
experience
有先前的经验
teaching
experience
教学经验
lack
of
experience
缺乏经验
leam
by/from
experience
从经验中学习
an
enjoyable/exciting/unusual/forgettable
experience
—次，愉快：
（激动、非同寻常、难忘）的经验
【衍生词】
experienced
adj.有经验的;熟练的
fire
V.点火;发动;解雇;开除
n.火;失火;火灾
【常用搭配】
fire
on
sb.
/sth.对某人（某物）开枪
fire
sth,射出某物（如枪弹）
fire
at
sb.
/sth.对某人（某物）开火
set
fire
to
纵火
set...
on
fire
使
起火
catch
fire
着火
put
out
the
fire
灭火
fire
alarm火警报警器
fire
department
消防队
fire
engine消防车
fire
extinguisher
灭火器
firefighter/fireman
消防员
pull...
away
from...
把……从……拖开
turn
over
翻阅;翻身;使翻转
【常用搭配】
turn
sth.
over
翻阅
turn
sb.
over
to
sb.把某人移交给某人，送交某人给某人（由
他人看管）
turn
sth.
over
to
sb.把某物移交给某人，送交某物给某人（由
他人管理）
point
V.指，指向
作动词，还可表示“瞄准;对着;朝向”或“指路;指点”
作名词,表示“观点”。make/take/prove
a
point提出（接受、
证明）一个观点；get
to
the
point直入正题;miss
the
point没抓
住要点，没听懂;no
point没有意义；on
the
point
of正当;正要
copy
模仿;仿效
作动词，通常表示“复制;复印；临摹”，“抄写;誉写”或“作
弊,抄袭”
作名词，表示“复印件，副本”，或用于指书、报等的“一本，一
册，一份”。copybook
习字帖；copy
editor
文字编辑；copy
writer广告文字撰写人;copyright版权
challenging
adj.挑战性的;考验能力的
作形容词，表示“挑起争论的，不赞同的”
动词challenge,表示“对…“不疑;拒绝接受”，“挑战;强烈建
议”或“考查，考验”的意思。challenge
sb.
to
sth.强烈建议
（要求）某人（做）某事;challenge
sb.
to
do
sth,挑战（要求）
某人做某事
challenged
adj.伤残的，有残疾的
confirm
V证实，证明，确认
作动词，还可表示“使确信”或“批准;确认;认可”。
confirm
sth.
/that/what/when...证实
；
It
is
confirmed
that...据确认
demanding
adj.要求高的;费力的
作形容词，用于指工作，还可表示对人“要求极严的;苛求的；
难满足的”
动词demand,意为“需要”，意为“强烈要求”时，后跟名词、代
词、不定式或that从句作宾语（从句谓语要使用should
do虚拟式）
aboard
prep.上（船、飞机、
公共汽车、火车等）
作介词，aboard
the
plane登机;在飞机上
作副词，意为“在（船、飞机、公共汽车、火车等）上”。All
aboard请全体上车（或飞机、船等）；Welcome
aboard欢迎各
位乘客，欢迎加盟（新组织等）;aboard也意为“在国外;到国
外“
0
at
home
and
abroad
国内外
boards上船（飞机、公共汽车、火车等）；让乘客登机（或上
船等）
词汇巩固练习
一、
根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式［训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力］
He
（
announcement）
to
his
friends
the
date
of
his
wedding.
They
are
getting
things
together
in
（prepare）
for
tour.
The
students
（copy）
down
the
notes
on
the
blackboard
into
their
books.
Lots
of
（
experience）
of
being
in
the
earthquake
are
never
forgotten.
The
butterfly
（fly）
off
before
she
could
catch
it.
They
reached
（
safe）
seconds
before
the
building
was
completely
on
fire.
二、
根据汉语提示，完成句子［训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用］
7
.This
door
should
only
be
used
in
an
（紧急情况）.
8.She
（指向）her
finger
in
my
direction.
9.It
is
（证实）that
the
meeting
will
take
place
next
week.
10.The
plane
crashed,
killing
all
157
passengers
（在飞机上）.
11.Working
as
a
teacher
is
a
（挑战性的）and
rewarding
career.
12.He
is
a
（苛刻的）boss,
who
is
really
hard
to
satisfy.
答案速查
1
-3
BDD
词汇巩固练习
1
.announced
2.preparation
3.
copied
4.
experiences
5.flew
6.
safety
7.
emergency
8.pointed
9
.confirmed
V
lO.aboard
11
.challenging
12.demanding
【背景知识】
NASA于2013年5月6日在新墨西哥州的美国陆军白沙导弹靶场成功试验了
"奥利安”载人飞船的应急中止系统。试验中，该系统利用推力强大的火箭发动机把飞船的乘员舱推离发射场，并在6秒钟内将其快速推送到1.9公里的高空，随后又利用降落伞使乘员舱返回地面。该中止系统的成功试验预示着人类漫步月球的美好明天即将到来。
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了
NASA开发出的一种功能强大的发射中止系统，它能够让宇航员在火箭
发射出现紧急情况时安全脱离险境。它的发明开启了航天新时代。
【语篇结构】
结构划分
具体信息
第一段
交代背景，引出主题。
第二段
飞船发射中止系统的使用过程。
第三段
飞船发射中止系统强大的用途。
第四段
飞船发射中止系统美好的前景。
【试题解析】
题目
答案
详解
1
B
细节理解题。
［定位句］①NASA
successfully
announced
on
Tuesday
the
Orion
（猎户座）spacecraffs
launch
abort
system
（发射中止系统）can
travel
beyond
a
speeding
rocket
and
pull
astronauts
to
safety
during
an
emergency
launch.（第一段第一句）
②...we'll
also
have
an
equally
powerful
launch
abort
system
that
will
pull
the
crew
away
if
there
is
a
problem
with
the
rocket
during
the
early
part
of
rise.（第三段第二句）
［翻译大意］①星期二，美国航空航天局成功宣布，奥利安（猎户座）宇宙飞船发射中止系统能（使宇航
员乘员舱）超高速驶离超速行驶的火箭，并在发射出现紧急状况时，将宇航员拉回安全地点。
②……我们也将研发出功能同等强大的发射中止系统。若火箭在升空早期出现故障，该系统就可以
让全体宇航员脱离险境。
［解析］根据定位句中的“pull
astronauts
to
safety”和“pull
the
crew
away”可知，发射中止系统的最终目
的是在紧急情况时能让宇航员脱险，确保其安全。A选项意为“测试宇宙飞船是如何适应高压的”；
B选项意为“从危险的飞行中拯救宇航员的生命”
;C选项意为“让火箭比之前飞得更快”；D选项意为
“研究奥利安（猎户座）的难度”。故选B。
2
D
指代判断题。
［定位句］Its
location
control
motor
turned
the
capsule
over
end-over-end
to
exactly
point
it,
and
then
another
motor
fired,
releasing
the
crew
carriage
for
landing
in
the
Adantic
Ocean.（第二段第三句）
国窿大意］系统定位马达将太空舱首尾倒置以精准定向，接着另一个马达点火启动，使宇航员乘员舱
脱离并降落在大西洋上。
［解析］根据定位句中的“releasing
the
crew
carriage
for
landing
in
the
Adantic
Ocean”可推知，点火启动
该马达，使宇航员乘员舱分离,让其降落在大西洋。A选项意为“暂停马达”
;B选项意为“加速马达”；
C选项意为“定位马达”
;D选项意为“（部件）分离马达”。故选D。
3
D
推理判断题。
［定位句］Today,
the
team
confirmed
our
abort
abilities
under
these
demanding
conditions
and
put
us
one
huge
step
closer
to
the
first
flight
carrying
people
to
the
Moon
and
the
next
American
Moon
walkers
will
leave
Earth
aboard
Orion
and
begin
a
new
time
of
exploration.（第四段第三句）
［翻译大意］现如今，该项目团队证实了我们（系统）在严苛条件下的中止能力,并且使我们在首次载
人月球飞行（项目）上迈出了巨大的一步，离目标更接近了。接下来的美国月球漫步者将乘坐奥利安
驶离地球,开启航天探索的新时代。
［解析］根据第三段内容以及定位句可知，有了这项高新技术,Mark
Kirasich对人类探索月球充满希
望，乐观地认为美国即将开启航天新时代。A选项意为“太空飞行既难又危险”；B选项意为“奥利安
计划不便于实施”；C选项意为“中止系统非常值得研究”；D选项意为“对月球和火星的探索即将开
始”。故选D。2021届高考英语人与社会类阅读精讲（五）
为什么要遵守法律
Sociologists
indicate
the
idea
that
people
obey
the
law
is
because
they
see
it
as
a
legitimate
（合法）authority.
But
McAdams,
the
Bernard
D.
Meltzer
Professor
of
Law
and
Aaron
Director
Research
Scholar,
shared
his
two
different
theories
of
how
the
law
works
expressively:
by
allowing
people
to
coordinate（配合）and
by
signaling
new
information
and
beliefs.
McAdams
explains
them
in
depth
in
The
Expressive
Powers
of
Law:
Theories
and
Limits,
The
coordination
theory
is
that
law
works
as
a
focus
to
help
people
avoid
conflict
or
other
undesirable
situations.
“One
example
is
a
one-way
traffic
sign.
We
could
imagine
working
without
sanctions（制裁）or
legitimacy,
because
you
would
be
a
fool
to
ignore
it,"
McAdams
said.
“Seeing
the
one-way
sign,
you
know
other
people
see
the
one-way
sign,
and
you
expect
that
there's
a
chance
that
you'll
have
a
head-on
collision
if
you
go
the
wrong
way.
Your
reason
to
obey
the
one-way
sign
is
independent
of
sanctions
or
legitimacy,
which
is
simply
to
coordinate
with
people.”
But
law
also
works
expressively
by
signaling
information
about
risk
or
public
attitudes
that
causes
people
to
update
their
behavior.
"
People
take
the
beliefs
of
others
as
input
into
their
own
beliefs
and
changing
their
beliefs
can
cause
them
to
change
their
behavior,”
McAdams
said.
For
example:
A
new
smoking
ban
might
reveal
a
rising
disapproval
of
cigarette
smoking,
and
it
might
also
reveal
that
lawmakers
now
believe
it's
harmful.
Either
of
these
could
change
behavior.
“
If
I'm
a
nonsmoker,
I
might
be
willing
to
bear
more
of
a
cost
to
avoid
secondhand
smoke,
and
that
might
include
resisting
smokers.
And
if
Fm
a
smoker,
and
I
think
that
secondhand
smoke
is
more
harmful
than
I
used
to,
then
I
might
expect
more
resistance
if
I
don't
give
in，”
McAdams
said.
1
.What
does
the
author
intend
to
do
in
the
first
paragraph?
To
introduce
the
topic
of
the
text.
To
tell
readers
who
is
McAdams.
To
offer
some
advice
on
obeying
laws.
To
explain
what
is
McAdams'
theories.
What
does
the
underlined
word
"collision"
probably
mean
in
Paragraph
2?
Interaction.
B.
Direction.
C.
Crash.
D.
Effect.
What
can
we
infer
from
the
third
paragraph?
Public
attitudes
need
updating
all
the
time.
People's
beliefs
will
decide
their
behaviors.
Lawmakers’beliefs
are
of
importance
to
public
behaviors.
Others’
beliefs
will
have
a
bad
effect
on
people's
own
decision.
What's
the
main
idea
of
the
text?
Why
the
law
is
important.
How
the
law
affects
the
public.
Why
people
obey
the
law.
How
people
learn
more
about
the
law
重点词汇和短语
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
expressively
adv.表现地;意味深长地
【衍生词】
expressive
adj.表现的;有表现力的
express
v.表达払
快车;快递
express
train快车;特快列车
express
way高速公路;快车道
expression
n.表现；表示；表达；表情
signal
v.标志;用信号通知;发信号
a宓显著的;作为信号的
m信号;暗号;导火线
【衍生词】
sign也签署;签名臥迹象;符号;记号;手势;指示牌
sign
language手语;符号语言
sign
up签约雇用;签约参加
sign
on开始广播;签约雇用
sign
for
签收
sign
in签到;注册;登记;签收
sign
up
for注册;选课;报名参加
belief
n.相信;信赖;信仰;教义
【常用搭配】
have
belief
in意为“对
有信心”
believer相信;认为;信任
believe
in信仰;相信
believe
sb.相信某人说的话,相当于
believe
what
sb.
says
believe
in
sb.相信某人的品行或能力
depth
n.深度；深奥
【衍生词】
deep
adj.深的;边线的
adv.在深处;边线地
deeply
adv.非常；极其；深深地;强烈地;真诚地;认真地
deep和deeply的区别
两者均可表示“深”，“深深地”，修饰具体的动作，有时可
互换
修饰静止状态、介词短语或表示深夜等,通常用deep
修饰带有感彩的动词(如hate,
dislike,
love,
admire,
hurt,
regret等)，通常要用deeply,另外，修饰形容词、过去分
词等，一般也要用deeply
undesirable
adj.不良的;不受欢迎的；
不合需要的
【衍生词】
undesirably
adv.令人不快地;不受欢迎地
desirable
adj.可取的;值得拥有的;令人向往的
desirably
adv.令人向往地;合意地
desire
n.欲望;心愿v.想要;要求
ignore
也忽视;不理睬
【衍生词】
ignorant
adj.无知的;愚昧的
ignorantly
adv.无知地;不学无术地
ignorance
n.
无知；愚昧
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
independent
a肉.独立的;单独的；
无党派的;不受约束的
【常用搭配】
independent
of不依赖
的;不受
支配的
【衍生词】
independently
adv.独立地；自立地
depend依赖;依靠;取决于;相信，信赖
depend
on取决于;依赖;依靠
reveal
V.显示；透露;揭露；泄露
n,揭露;暴露
【衍生词】
revealing
adj.透露真情的;有启迪作用的
revealer
n.启示者;探测器
disapproval
n.不赞成;不喜欢
【衍生词】
disapprove
v.不赞成；不喜欢
disapproving
adj.反对的;不赞成的
disapprovingly
adv.不以为然地;不赞成地
approve
v.批准;赞成
harmful
adj.有害的;能造成损害的
【衍生词】
harmless
adj,无害的;无恶意的
harmfully
adv.有害地;伤害地
harmlessly
adv.无害地;无恶意地
harm
n.
&
v.伤害;损害
do
harm
to对
造成伤害
resist
v.抵抗；忍耐
n.抗蚀剂;防染剂
【衍生词】
resistance
n.阻力；电阻;抵抗;反抗;抵抗力
resistant
n.抵抗者g由：抵抗的;反抗的
give
in
屈服;让步;上交
语法和长难句
1.But
McAdams,
the
Bernard
D.
Meltzer
Professor
of
Law
and
Aaron
Director
Research
Scholar,
主语
同位语
shared
his
two
different
theories
of
how
the
law
works
expressively:
by
allowing
people
to
谓语
宾语
定语
方式状语
coordinate（配合）
and
by
signaling
new
information
and
beliefs.（第一段第二句）
并列方式状语
【功能注释】这是一个主从复合句。how引导宾语从句;by
+现在分词短语作方式状语。
【译文】但是McAdams,Bernard
D.
Meltzer的法学教授和Aaron
Director的研究学者,分享了他的两种不同的关于法律如何有效运作的理论:一种是允许人们协调配合，另一种是传达新的信息和信念。
2.Seeing
the
one-way
sign,
you
know
other
people
see
the
one-way
sign,
and
you
expect
现在分词作状语
主语
谓语
宾语从句
并列连词
主语
谓语
that
there's
a
chance
that
you'll
have
a
head-on
collision
if
you
go
the
wrong
way.（第二段第四句）
宾语从句引导词
形式主语
同位语从句
条件状语从句
【功能注释】这是一个并列复合句。本句是由and连接的两个并列的宾语从句;在第二个宾语从句中含有一
个that引导的同位语从句及if引导的条件状语从句;且seeing
the
one-way
sign为现在分词短语作状语。
【译文】当你看到单向标志时，你知道其他人也看到了单向标志，你就会认为如果你走错了路,就有可能发生
正面碰撞。
“And
if
I'm
a
smoker,
and
I
think
that
secondhand
smoke
is
more
harmful
than
I
used
to,
条件状语从句
并列连词
主语
谓语
宾语从句引导词
宾语从句
Then
I
might
expect
more
resistance
if
I
don't
give
in，'‘
McAdams
said.（第四段最后一句）
主语
谓语
宾语
条件状语从句
【功能注释】这是一个主从复合句。两个if均引导条件状语从句;that引导宾语从句。
［译文】McAdams说:“如果我是一个吸烟者，会认为二手烟比我以前所认为的更有害,那么如果我不屈服，我可能会遇到更多的阻力。”
文章语言点学习
词汇巩固练习
一、
根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式［训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力］
The
（
express）on
his
face
suggested
that
he
was
very
angry
at
the
bad
news.
Mandy
closed
the
door,
（
signal）
to
others
in
the
room
not
to
make
any
noise.
When
the
teacher
showed
all
（believe）
in
Tom,
he
was
（deep）
moved.
It
means
the
children
have
grown
up
when
they
want
to
be
（depend）.
It
is
（harm
)to
your
health
to
stay
in
a
noisy
environment
for
a
long
time.
二、
根据汉语提示，完成句子［训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用］
6.My
mother
encourages
me
to
（报名参加）the
English
Speech
Contest
to
be
held
in
my
school.
7
.Don't
be
always
doing
the
things
that
will
disappoint
your
parents
（信任）you.
8.
While
working
on
some
math
problems,
he
always
（忽视）some
details.
9.
His
parents
are
proud
of
him
who
only
（依靠）himself
to
achieve
such
great
success.
10.
The
miserable
experience
strengthened
his
determination
not
to
（屈服）
Passage
3
答案速查
1
-4
ACBC
词汇巩固练习
1
.expression
2.signalling
3.belief；
deeply
4.
independent
5.harmful
6.sign
up
for
7.believing
in
8.
ignores
9.depends
on
10.give
in
TL指数：59
体裁:说明文
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章通过McAdams的理论向读者讲述为什么人们要遵守法律。
【语篇结构】
结构划分
具体信息
第一段
本段是总述，介绍人们为什么要遵守法律。
第二段
介绍了
McAdams的协调理论。
第三段——第四段
说明法律通过传达风险或公众态度的信息来影响人们的行为。
【试题解析】
题目
答案
详解
1
A
目的意图题。
【定位句】But
McAdams,
the
Bernard
D.
Meltzer
Professor
of
Law
and
Aaron
Director
Research
Scholar,
shared
his
two
different
theories
of
how
the
law
works
expressively:
by
allowing
people
to
coordinate
（配合）
and
by
signaling
new
information
and
beliefs.（第一段第二句）
【翻译大意】但是McAdams,Bernard
D.
Meltzer法律教授和Aaron研究学者,分享了他的两种不同的关
于法律如何有效运作的理论:一种是允许人们协调配合，另一种是传达新的信息和信念。
【解析】根据定位句可推知，本段主要讲述了
McAdams的理论，从而引入了本文的话题。A选项意为
“为了引入本文的主题。”
；B选项意为“为了告诉读者谁是McAdams。”
；C选项意为“为了提供一些遵
守法律的建议。”；D选项意为“为了解释McAdams的理论。”。所以答案是A。
续表
题目
答案
详解
2
C
词又猜测题。
【解析】根据第二段第四句中的“if
you
go
the
wrong
way"可知，如果在单行线上你走错了路，就有可能
发生正面碰撞。A选项意为“互动”；B选项意为“方向”；C选项意为“碰撞”；D选项意为“影响”。所
以答案是C。
3
B
推理判断题。
【定位句】"People
take
the
beliefs
of
others
as
input
into
their
own
beliefs
and
changing
their
beliefs
can
cause
them
to
change
their
behavior,
McAdams
said.（第三段第二句）
【翻译大意】McAdams说:"人们把别人的信念转化为自己的信念,而且改变他们的信念会导致他们改变自己的行为。”
【解析】根据定位句可推知，改变人们的信念会导致人们改变自己的行为。A选项意为“公众的态度需
要随时更新。”；B选项意为“人们的信念将会决定他们的行为。”
；C选项意为“立法者的信念对公众行
为很重要。”
;D选项意为“别人的信念会对人们自己的决定产生不好的影响。”
所以答案是Bo
4
C
主旨大意题。
【解析】通读全文内容可知，本文通过McAdams的理论向读者讲述为什么人们要遵守法律。A选项意
为“为什么法律是重要的。”；B选项意为“法律如何影响公众。”；C选项意为“人们为什么遵守法律。”；D选项意为“人们如何更多地了解法律。”。所以答案是C。2021届高考英语人与社会类阅读精讲（四）
万圣节的由来和影响
There's
nothing
particularly
difference
about
the
way
Canadians
celebrate
Halloween,
yet
perhaps
at
least
in
my
neighborhood,
it
seems
to
be
more
about
togetherness
than
any
great
passion
to
wear
a
witch's
hat
or
string
some
nets
around
the
bush.
Folklorists
trace
Halloween
back
to
the
Celtic
festival
of
Samhain.
Nicholas
Rogers,
in
his
book
Halloween:
From
Pagan
Ritual
to
Party
Night,
says
the
feast
marked
the
midpoint
between
the
autumn
equinox（秋分）
and
the
fall
of
winter,
a
time
of
stock-taking
and
preparations.
Halloween
came
to
North
America
with
Irish
and
Scottish
migration
in
the
19th
century
and
underwent
many
repeats.
“Halloween's
ability
to
provide
a
public
space
for
social
development
held
it
in
good
position
at
a
time
when
other
potentially
wild
holidays
were
becoming
more
institutionalized
and
domesticated
（驯服的），"argues
Mr.
Rogers.
It
changed
from
a
family
affair
to
a
party
united
by
adults.
In
popular
culture,
Halloween
is
viewed
as
an
American
secular
holiday.
According
to
digital
coupon
company
RetailMeNot,
73%
of
Americans
plan
to
celebrate
it
this
year,
and
ifs
a
phenomenon
in
Canada
too.
"It's
become
bigger
and
more
celebrated
than
it
ever
has，'‘
says
Chris
Ainsworth,
who
founded
the
Canadian
Haunters
Association,
a
group
of
hardcore
Halloween
enthusiasts
who
turn
their
homes
into
detailed
haunted
houses
each
year.
In
2018,
the
Retail
Council
of
Canada
made
news
saying
Canadians
were
now
outspending
Americans
on
Halloween,
to
the
total
of
$
1
billion
annually.
The
estimate
has
remained
stable,
says
Diane
Brisebois,
the
council
president.
That’s
not
because
enthusiasm
has
declined
but
because
prices
have
been
driven
down.
Some
here
are
unsatisfied
with
the
commercial
in
the
festivities.
But
in
some
ways
the
holiday
has
also
returned
to
its
roots
as
a
community-centered
activity.
And
perhaps
that’s
why
everyone
gets
so
excited
about
Halloween
in
Toronto,
a
metropolis
that
is
known
as
a
“city
of
villages”.
1
.What
do
the
Canadians
seem
to
like
about
Halloween?
It
enriches
people's
life.
It
makes
people
excited.
It
provides
people
get-together.
It
marks
the
fall
of
the
Autumn.
2.Why
does
the
Halloween
keep
a
steady
position
according
to
Paragraph
2?
It
goes
through
reformation.
It
can
give
a
space
for
social
development.
It
provides
people
with
different
ideas
about
holidays.
It
can
change
other
holidays
into
more
reasonable
ones.
3.It
can
be
inferred
from
the
last
paragraph
that
.
the
Halloween
always
make
people
excited
people
in
Toronto
like
to
celebrate
Halloween
the
Halloween
is
gradually
returning
its
tradition
people
aren't
content
with
commercial
activities
in
Halloween
4.From
which
is
the
text
probably
taken?
A.
A
biology
textbook.
B.
A
health
report.
C.
A
research
paper.
D.
A
culture
magazine.
文章语言点学习
重点词汇和短语
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
trace
back
to
追溯到……
【相关短语】
date
back
to...追溯到
date
from...始于
feast
n.盛会；宴会
feast作动词,表示“参加宴会;赴宴”
【常见表达】
a
wedding
feast
婚宴
a
feast
for
the
ears
视觉盛宴
mark
V.纪念;庆贺
标志;意味着
mark作名词,表示“记号,符号,标志”
【常用搭配】
mark
sth.
with
sth.用
给
做标记
mark
sb.
down
as将某人看作;认定某人为
stock-taking
库存盘点
migration
迁移，移居
［衍生词］
migrate
n.迁移，移居
migrant
n.移居者
immigrate
v.（从夕卜地）移居
immigrant
n.（外来）移民者
undergo
经历,经验；遭受
potentially
adv.潜在地；可能地
【衍生词】
potential
adj.潜在的，有可能的
potential
n.潜力，潜能
potential
customers
潜在的客户
institutionalized
adj.约定俗成的;成惯例的
view
as
把……看作……；
认为……是……
【相关短语】
in
view
of
sth.鉴于；考虑到；由于
a
bird's-eye
view
（
of
sth.）鸟瞰;俯视
come
into
view进入视野
secular
世俗的;现世的;非宗教的
phenomenon
n.现象，事件
复数形式为phenomena
enthusiast
n.热情者，热心者
enthusiasm
n.热情
enthusiastic
adj.热心的;热情的
be
enthusiastic
about
sb.
/sth.对
热情
an
enthusiastic
welcome
热烈欢迎
haunted
（被认为）闹鬼的，
有鬼魂出没的
haunt
v.时常萦绕心头，使困窘
outspend
花费超过
范围
out-前缀，构成动词，表示“超越，超过”
outnumber在数量上压倒
outgrow长得比
快
outlive活得比
长
stable
adj.稳定的；沉稳的
【常见表达】
a
stable
relationship
稳定的关系
stable
prices稳定的价格
decline
（太阳）落下；
（在品格、价值上）降低；
衰落，谢绝
decline作名词，表示“下降;减少;衰退;衰落”
in
decline/
on
the
decline
下降
语法和长难句
1
.Nicholas
Rogers,
in
his
book
Halloween:
From
Pagan
Ritual
Io
Party
Night,
says
the
feast
marked
主语状语
谓语
宾语从句主语
谓语
the
midpoint
between
the
autumn
equinox（秋分）and
the
fall
of
winter,
a
time
of
stock-taking
and
preparations.
宾语
定语
同位语
（第一段第三句）
【功能注释】这是一个主从复合句。says后接宾语从句。
【译文］Nicholas
Rogers,在他的Halloween:
From
Pagan
Ritual
to
Party
Night书中说道,这场盛宴意味着秋分过半,储备的日子——冬天,即将来临。
2.“Halloween's
ability
to
provide
a
public
space
for
social
development
held
it
in
good
position
主语
定语
谓语
宾语
宾补
at
a
time
when
other
potentially
wild
holidays
were
becoming
more
institutionalized
时间状语
定语从句引导词
主语
系动词
表语
and
domesticated（驯服的），”
argues
Mr.
Rogers.（第二段第二句）
【功能注释】这是一个主从复合句。when引导定语从句，修饰先行词time。
【译文】Rogers先生争论道:“在其他潜力十足的节日变得更习俗化和本土化情况下，万圣节为社会发展提供公共空间的能力使它一直处于有利地位。”
And
perhaps
that's
why
everyone
gets
so
excited
about
Halloween
in
Toronto,
a
metropolis
主系
表语从句
同位语
that
is
known
as
a
“city
of
villages”.（最后一段最后一句）
定语从句引导词
系动词
表语
【功能注释】这是一个主从复合句。why引导表语从句;that引导定语从句。
【译文】也许这就是每个人都对多伦多的万圣节如此感兴趣的原因,多伦多...个被称为“乡村之城”的大都市
词汇巩固练习
一、根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式［训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力］
China's
70th
birthday
(mark)
with
a
grand
ceremony
at
the
Tiananmen
Square.
Swallows
begin
their
(
migrate)
south
in
autumn.
Clearly
this
is
a
(potential)
dangerous
situation.
The
law
should
(view)
as
a
way
of
meeting
certain
social
goals.
Bob
Dole
seemed
less
than
(
enthusiasm)
about
the
proposed
move.
二、根据汉语提示，完成句子［训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用］
6.
It's
said
that
these
tomatoes
(追溯到)the
southern
Ukraine
during
the
early
19th
century.
7
.
This
new
series
promises
a
(盛宴)of
special
effects
and
set
designs.
The
memory
of
that
day
still
(萦绕着)me.
The
injured
man
was
in
a
(稳定的)condition.
An
increase
in
cars
has
resulted
in
the
(下降)of
public
transport.
答案速查：
1-4
CBCD
词汇巩固练习
was
marked
migration
potentially
be
viewed
enthusiastic
traced/date
back
to
feast
haunts
stable
decline
【背景知识】
万圣节前夜源自古代凯尔特民族（Celtic）的新年节庆，又名万圣夜。其英语名称中的“Hallow”源于中古英语的
“halween”，与“holy”词源很接近，意思是在纪念所有圣人（All
Hallows）的那一天要举行的弥撒（Mass）。欧洲传统上认
为万圣节前夜是灵异世界最接近人间的时间。现在，万圣夜已经变成一年中最流行和最受欢迎的节日之一，许多人都
以极大的热情来庆祝这一节日。万圣夜在11月1日的前一夜，其实是赞美秋天的节目。
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了万圣节的由来、影响以及加拿大人庆祝万圣节的情况。
【语篇结构】
结构划分
具体信息
第一段
万圣节的历史。
第二段
万圣节的影响。
第三段一第四段
加拿大人庆祝万圣节的情况。
【试题解析】
题目
答案
详解
1
C
细节理解题。
［定位句］.
..
yet
perhaps
at
least
in
my
neighborhood,
it
seems
to
be
more
about
togetherness
than
any
great
passion
to
wear
a
witch's
hat
or
string
some
nets
around
the
bush.（第一段第一句）
［翻译大意］……然而，至少在我的社区里，万圣节更是一种聚会,而不是热衷于戴女巫帽子或在灌木
丛里扎一些网。
［解析］根据定位句可知，加拿大人更喜欢在万圣节与家人或者朋友聚会。A选项意为“它丰富了人们
的生活。”
;B选项意为“它使人们兴奋起来。”
;C选项意为“它给人们提供相聚的机会。”；D选项意为
“它标志着秋天的到来。”。故选C。
2
B
细节理解题。
［定位句］Halloween's
ability
to
provide
a
public
space
for
social
development
held
it
in
good
position...（第
二段第二句）
［翻译大意］万圣节为社会发展提供公共空间的能力使它一直处于有利地位……
［解析］根据定位句可知，万圣节为社会发展提供公共空间是其一直处于优势地位的原因。A选项意
为“它经历了改革。”
;B选项意为“它为社会发展提供空间。”；C选项意为“它让人们对假期有了不同
的认识。”
;D选项意为“它把其他节日变得更加合理。”。故选Bo
3
C
推理判断题。
［定位句］But
in
some
ways
the
holiday
has
also
returned
to
its
roots
as
a
community-centered
activity.（最后
一段第二句）
［翻译大意］但在某种程度上,这个节日也开始作为一个以社区为中心的活动回归传统习俗。
［解析］根据定位句可推知，万圣节正在逐渐恢复它的传统。A选项意为“万圣节总是让人兴奋”；B选
项意为“多伦多人喜欢庆祝万圣节”
;C选项意为“万圣节正逐渐恢复它的传统”；D选项意为“人们对
万圣节期间的商业活动并不满意”。故选C。
4
D
文章出处题。
［解析］通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了万圣节的相关情况，所以这篇文章应出自文化杂志。A选项意
为“生物教科书”
；B选项意为“健康报告”
；C选项意为“学术论文”
；D选项意为“文化杂志”
故选D。2021届高考阅读之人与社会主题文章精讲
对加拿大的介绍
Canada
is
a
vast
and
rough
land.
From
north
to
south
it
covers
more
than
half
the
Northern
Hemisphere.
From
east
to
west
it
spreads
almost
4
700
miles
(7
560
kilometers)
across
six
time
zones.
It
is
the
second
largest
country
in
the
world,
but
it
has
only
0.5%
of
the
world's
population.
Canada
features
black-blue
lakes,
numerous
rivers,
splendid
western
mountains,
rolling
central
plains,
and
forested
eastern
valleys.
The
Canadian
Shield,
a
hilly
region
of
lakes
and
swamps,
spreads
across
northern
Canada
and
has
some
of
the
oldest
rocks
on
earth.
Canada's
far
north
lies
in
the
frozen
grip
of
the
Arctic,
where
ice,
snow,
and
glaciers
control
the
landscape.
Few
trees
grow
here,
and
farming
is
not
practical.
Native
Canadians,
called
First
Nations
people,
live
in
this
region
by
hunting
and
fishing.
In
some
ways
Canada
is
many
nations
in
one.
Descendants
of
British
and
French
immigrants,
who
kept
up
many
English
and
French
traditions,
make
up
about
half
the
population.
They
were
followed
by
other
European
and
Asian
immigrants.
First
Nations
peoples
make
up
about
four
percent
of
the
population.
Inuit
people
live
mosdy
in
the
Northwest
Territories
and
Nunavut.
Many
Native
Canadians
live
on
their
traditional
lands,
but
many
others
have
moved
to
cities
across
Canada.
First
Nations
artwork
is
widely
recognized
and
is
seen
as
a
symbol
of
Canadian
culture.
Canada's
remote
north
and
extensive
forests
are
home
to
wildlife,
from
bears,
wolves,
beavers,
and
bighorn
sheep
to
smaller
animals
like
raccoons,
otters,
and
rabbits.
The
country's
lakes
and
rivers,
which
contain
about
20
percent
of
all
fresh
water
on
earth,
are
full
of
fish
such
as
trout
and
salmon.
Canadians
work
hard
to
protect
the
native
wildlife.
Canada
has
41
national
parks
and
three
marine
conservation
areas.
Nevertheless,
species
like
wolves,
lynx,
and
Atlantic
fish
have
been
overhunted
and
overfished.
1.What
can
we
infer
from
the
first
two
paragraphs?
A.
Canada
covers
the
Northern
Hemisphere.
B.
Canada
has
the
second
largest
population.
C.
Canada
has
abundant
natural
resources.
D.
Canada
has
the
oldest
rocks
on
earth.
2.Who
makes
up
about
four
percent
of
the
population?
A.
British
and
French
immigrants.
B.
Native
Canadians.
C.
Other
European
and
Asian
immigrants.
D.
Inuit
people.
3.
What
does
the
underlined
word
"Descendants"
probably
mean
in
Paragraph
3?
A.
Later
generations.
B.
Relatives.
C.
Family
members.
D.
Friends.
4.
What
is
special
about
Native
Canadians?
They
take
up
hunting
and
fishing
as
their
hobbies.
Their
artwork
might
represent
Canadian
culture.
They
have
moved
to
cities
across
Canadian
areas.
Their
ancestors
depended
on
farming
in
cold
weather.
■文章语言点学习
重点词汇和短语
词汇和短语
释义
讲解
vast
adj.巨大的
【辨析】
big,
vast,
huge,
giant,
large：
big指代人的个头，体型或小型事物大小状况之大
vast意为“广大的；巨大的;广阔的;大量的”，描述范围和数
量，偏重于指面积,表达感觉是广袤无垠与浩瀚，与重量和体
积无关
huge意为“巨大的；庞大的；极大的”，可构成短语a
huge
area,指代大型事物的结构、状貌，或事物数量之庞大、巨大
giant意为“巨人;伟人；［动］巨大的动物”，如：a
giant
stride
for
company表示“公司的巨大进步”
large指代事物的宽幅、地域的面积、体积之大
zone
n.地区;地带
【辨析】
area,
region,
district
和
zone
area指（城市、国家或世界的一个）地区，但不指行政区划
region指较大的行政单位，如:
Xinjiang
Autonomous
Region新疆维吾尔自治区
district指行政划分的区，比region小,通常指市镇内的城区
zone指（有某种重要或典型特征的）地区/带，如：
a
free-trade
zone自由贸易区
a
smoke-free
zone
禁烟区
a
pedestrian
zone
步行区
feature
n.特色,特点；
（报刊、电视）专题报道
。.以……为特色；
以……为重要组成内容
【常用搭配】
common
feature
共同特征
roll
v.滚动;翻滚；
卷起（衣袖、裤腿）
n.
一卷（纸、胶卷、钱）；
名单;名册
【常用搭配】
call
the
roll
点名
rock
and
roll
摇滚乐
【衍生词】
rolling
adj,（山）绵延起伏的
lie
in
存在于;位于
practical
adj.实践的;实际的;实用的
【常用搭配】
practical
experience
实践经验
practical
suggestion
实用的建议
【衍生词】
practice
n.实践；惯例；练习
social
practice
社会实践
common
practice惯例;习惯做法
immigrant
n.移民
【衍生词】
immigrate
v.移入
immigration
n.移民入境
make
up
构成;组成;编造;假装；
化妆;和解;和好;弥补
【常用搭配】
make
up
for
弥补
make
up
with
sb.和某人和解
recognize
v.认出;辨认出;认可;承认
【衍生词】
recognition
n.辨认;认可
beyond
recognition
难以辨认
symbol
n.标志;象征;代表；
象征;符号;记号
【衍生词】
symbolize
v.采用象征;使用符号;作为
的象征
symbolic
adj,象征的;符号的
remote
adj.远的;遥远的；
偏远的;偏僻的
【辨析】
far,
remote
和
distant
far作形容词时,通常只表示空间上的"远”
。remote和distant
通常可用来表示两种意义,两者在意义和用法上没有太大的
区别
表示“远”，这种“远”既可以是空间、时间的远，也可以是
人或事件之间关系的远
表示人或态度“冷淡”“漠不关心”
be
home
to
为……的所在地
contain
v.包含;容纳;克制；
抑制;控制（情绪）
【衍生词】
container
n.集装箱;容器
语法和长唯句
1
.Descendants
of
British
and
French
immigrants,
who
kept
up
many
English
and
French
traditions,
主句主语
关系代词
谓语
宾语
make
up
about
half
the
population.（第三段第二句）
谓语
宾语
【功能注释】本句是一个主从复合句。who引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词
Descendants
of
British
and
French
immigrants
o
【译文】英国和法国移民的后裔约占人口总数的一半，这些英国和法国移民延续了许多他们各自的传统。
The
country's
lakes
and
rivers,
which
contain
about
20
percent
of
all
fresh
water
on
Earth,
主句主语
关系代词
谓语
宾语
地点状语
are
full
of
fish
such
as
trout
and
salmon.（最后一段第二句）
表语
【功能注释】本句是一个主从复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词The
country's
lakes
and
rivers
。
【译文】加拿大的湖泊和河流约占地球上全部淡水的20%，其中含有大量鱒鱼和鲤鱼等鱼类。
词汇巩固练习
一、
根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式［训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力］
1.
There's
an
old
pair
of
shoes
of
yours
(lie)
in
the
bottom
of
the
wardrobe.
2.
I
lost
a
file
(contain)
a
lot
of
important
documents.
3.
Doctors
are
trained
(recognize)
the
symptoms
of
different
diseases.
4.
The
service
ofiers
young
people
(practice)
advice
on
finding
a
job.
5.
I
think
ifs
very
unkind
of
you
(
make)
up
stories
about
him.
二、
根据汉语提示，完成句子［训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用］
6.For
many
people
the
horseshoe
is
a
(象征)of
good
luck.
7.It
happened
in
the
(遥远的)past,
so
no
one
worries
about
it
any
more.
8.Illegal
(移民)are
sent
back
across
the
border
if
they
are
caught.
A
unique
(特征)of
these
rock
shelters
was
that
they
were
dry.
Journalists
may
enter
the
dangerous
(区域)but
unfortunately
we
cannot
guarantee
their
safety.
答案速查
1
-4
CBAB
词汇巩固练习
1.lying
2.
containing
3.to
recognize
4.practical
5.to
make
6.
symbol
7.remote
8.
immigrants
9.feature
10.zone
TL指数：52
体裁:说明文
【背景知识】
加拿大位于北美洲最北端，英联邦国家之一，素有"枫叶之国”的美誉，首都是渥太华。领土面积为998.467万平
方公里，位居世界第二,人口主要集中在南部五大湖沿岸。著名城市有多伦多、温哥华等。官方语言有英语和法语两
种,是典型的双语国家。
加拿大是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，得益于丰富的自然资源和高度发达的科技,使其成为世界上拥有最高生
活水准、社会最富裕、经济最发达的国家之一，也是世界上最大的钻石生产国之一。加拿大在教育、政府的透明度、社
会自由度、生活品质及经济自由的国际排名都名列前茅。
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大的地理特点、自然资源、人口构成以及野生动物等情况。
【语篇结构】
结构划分
具体信息
第一段
介绍了加拿大的领土面积。
第二段
介绍了加拿大的地形地貌和特征。
第三段
介绍了加拿大的人口构成。
第四段
介绍了加拿大的野生动物种类。
【试题解析】
题目
答案
详解
1
C
推理判断题。
［定位句］Canada
features
black-blue
lakes,
numerous
rivers,
splendid
western
mountains,
rolling
central
plains,
and
forested
eastern
valleys.
The
Canadian
Shield,
a
hilly
region
of
lakes
and
swamps,
spreads
across
northern
Canada
and
has
some
of
the
oldest
rocks
on
Earth.（第二段第一、二句）
［翻译大意］加拿大拥有黑蓝色的湖泊，众多的河流，雄伟的西部山脉，连绵起伏的中部平原和森林茂
密的东部山谷。Canadian
Shield是湖泊和沼泽的丘陵地区，遍布加拿大北部，拥有一些地球上最古老
的岩石。
［解析］根据第一段内容可知，加拿大覆盖了一半以上的北半球的面积。加拿大占地面积是世界第二
大的，但人口仅占世界人口的0.5%。根据定位句可知，加拿大拥有一些地球上最古老的岩石,并介绍
了湖泊、河流、山脉、平原和山谷等自然情况。由此可推知，加拿大拥有丰富的自然资源。故选C。
2
B
细节理解题。
［定位句］①Native
Canadians,
called
First
Nations
people,
live
in
this
region
by
hunting
and
fishing.（第二段最后一句）
［翻译大意］被称为原住民的加拿大人通过狩猎和捕鱼在该地区生活。
②First
Nations
peoples
make
up
about
four
percent
of
the
population.（第三段第四句）
［翻译大意］原住民约占人口的百分之四。
［解析］根据定位句可知，占人口四分之一的是原住民。故选B。
3
A
词义猜测题。
［解析］根据第三段第二句中的“who
kept
up
many
English
and
French
traditions”可知，延续了许多英国
和法国的传统。由此可推知，画线词应表示英国和法国移民的后裔。故选A。
4
B
细节理解题。
［定位句］First
Nations
artwork
is
widely
recognized
and
is
seen
as
a
symbol
of
Canadian
culture.（第三段最后一句）
［翻译大意］原住民艺术品被广泛认可，并被视为加拿大文化的象征。
［解析］根据定位句可知，原住民的艺术品可能代表了加拿大的文化。故选Bo
