Unit
4 Astronomy:
the
science
of
the
stars
It's
said
that
a
huge
asteroid
(小行星)
smashed
(撞击)
into
the
earth
65
million
years
ago,
which
certainly
sent
the
earth's
ecosystem
(生态系统)
into
a
disaster
which
the
earth
took
thousands
of
years
to
recover
from.
Scientists
say
that
it's
probable
that
such
disaster
could
happen
again.
Asteroids
are
rocky
bodies
which
tend
to
live
in
orbits
(轨道)
between
Mars
and
Jupiter.
Comets,
on
the
other
hand,
are
a
mix
of
rock
and
ice,
and
they
can
swing
into
the
earth's
orbit
from
anywhere
in
the
solar
system.
Comets
have
an
icy
tail
which
reflects
the
sun
and
therefore
can
be
seen
from
the
earth.
But
asteroids
have
far
less
visibility
(可见度)
and
have
to
be
at
least
half
a
kilometre
across
to
be
found.
There
are
millions
of
such
rocky
and
icy
bodies
out
there
which
have
not
been
discovered
yet.
But
did
an
asteroid
kill
the
dinosaurs—and
could
another
kill
us?
Despite
what
you
may
have
heard,
it
hasn't
been
proved
that
the
hitting
was
the
only
reason
for
the
dinosaur's
dying
out.
But
the
asteroid
which
created
the
hitting
would
certainly
have
had
a
great
effect
on
the
environment,
and
a
mass
extinction
(灭绝)
did
take
place
around
the
time.
So
far
we
have
no
idea
when
the
next
one
will
be
because
we
haven't
spotted
it
yet
and
not
many
organizations
are
spending
money
on
asteroid
detection,
because
a
deadly
hitting
is
such
a
faraway
possibility.
Task:
Answer
the
following
questions.
1．What
is
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A_terrible_disaster_heading_our_way?
2．What
are
asteroids?
They_are_rocky_bodies_which_tend_to_live_in_orbits_between_Mars_and_Jupiter.
Section
Ⅰ Warming
Up
&
Reading
一、词汇过关
二、短语互译
三、重点句式
课文预读
HOW
LIFE
BEGAN
ON
THE
EARTH
No
one
knows
exactly
how
the
earth
began,
as
it
happened
so
long
ago①.
However,
according
to②
a
widely
accepted③
theory④，
the
universe
began
with⑤
a
“Big
Bang⑥”
that
threw
matter
in
all
directions⑦.
After
that,
atoms⑧
began
to
form
and
combine
to
create
stars
and
other
bodies.
For
several
billion⑨
years
after
the
“Big
Bang”，
the
earth
was
still
just
a
cloud
of
dust⑩.
What
it
was
to
become
was
uncertain
until
between
4.5
and
3.8
billion
years
ago
when
the
dust
settled
into
a
solid
globe?.
The
earth
became
so
violent?
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not?.
It
exploded
loudly
with
fire
and
rock.
They
were
in
time
to?
produce
carbon?，
nitrogen?，
water
vapour?
and
other
gases,
which
were
to
make
the
earth's
atmosphere?.
What
is
even
more
important
is
that
as
the
earth
cooled
down?，
water
began
to
appear
on
its
surface.
①as
it
happened
so
long
ago
是
as
引导的原因状语从句。
②according
to
“根据”，后跟名词、代词等，不跟
me,
us,
view,
opinion
等词。
③widely
accepted
广泛接受的
④theory/'θ??r?/n.
学说；理论
⑤begin
with
(＝start
with)
从……开始，起源于
⑥Big
Bang
宇宙大爆炸；创世大爆炸
⑦in
all
directions
(＝in
every
direction)
朝四面八方
⑧atom/'?t?m/n.
原子
⑨billion/'b?l??n/pron.
&
n.
&
adj.
?英?万亿；?美?十亿
⑩a
cloud
of
dust
一团尘埃 a
cloud
of
一般用来修饰不可数名词。
?globe/ɡl??b/n.
球体；地球仪；地球
global/'ɡl??bl/adj.
全球性的；全世界的
?violent/'va??l?nt/adj.
猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的
?it
为形式主语，whether
引导的从句为真正的主语。
?in
time
to
do
sth./for
sth.
及时做某事；来得及做某事
in
time
及时；终于
?carbon/'kɑ?b?n/n.
碳 carbon
dioxide
二氧化碳
?nitrogen/'na?tr?d??n/n.
氮
?water
vapour
蒸气；水蒸气 vapour/'ve?p?/n.
水蒸气；蒸气
?atmosphere/'?tm?sf??/n.
大气层；气氛
?cool
down
凉下来，冷却
地球上生命的起源
[第1～2段译文]
没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始的，因为在很久以前它就形成了。然而，根据一种普遍为人们所接受的理论，宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。
大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了，地球还只是一团尘埃。(随后)它会变成什么没人确定，直到38亿～45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固态的球体。地球变得如此激烈动荡，以至于不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。它(地球)猛烈地爆炸，喷出了烈火和岩石，最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。更重要的是，随着地球冷却了下来，地球的表面开始出现了水。
[第3～4段译文]
在其他行星像火星上也出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。水对生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。很多科学家相信，地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。,好几百万年以后，水的表面开始出现了第一批极小的植物。它们繁殖起来使得海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及各种鱼类后来的进化创造了条件。接着，绿色植物开始在陆地上生长。随后，陆地上出现了动物，其中有一些是昆虫，另外一些叫两栖动物，它们既能在陆地上生活，也能在水里生活。后来，当这些植物长成森林时，爬行动物第一次出现了。它们一般是通过孵蛋来繁衍后代的。再后来，一些叫恐龙的巨型动物出现了。它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。然而，六千五百万年前，恐龙时代结束了。它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的兴起成为可能。这些动物不同于以往所有的生命形态，因为它们从体内生产出幼崽并给幼崽哺乳。
课文理解
Step
1 Fast
reading
Ⅰ.Skim
the
text
and
choose
the
best
answer.
The
text
mainly
tells
us
________.
A．how
the
earth
came
into
being
B．the
development
of
humans
C．the
formation
of
the
earth
and
the
development
of
life
on
it
D．how
life
appeared
on
the
earth
答案：C
Ⅱ.Match
each
paragraph
with
its
main
idea.
Para.1 A．How
humans
appeared
and
what
effects
they
had
on
the
earth.
Para.2
B．Water
is
very
important
to
life
on
the
earth.
Para.3
C．How
the
earth
formed.
Para.4
D．How
the
plants
and
animals
on
the
earth
developed.
Para.5
E．It
is
widely
accepted
that
the
universe
began
with
a
“Big
Bang”．
答案：Para.1：E Para.2：C Para.3：B Para.4：D Para.5：A
Step
2 Careful
reading
Read
the
passage
carefully
and
choose
the
best
answers.
1．Why
was
life
able
to
develop
on
the
earth
but
not
on
other
planets?
A．Because
the
earth
had
a
solid
shape.
B．Because
the
earth
did
not
have
harmful
gases
in
its
atmosphere.
C．Because
water
stayed
on
the
earth
but
not
on
other
planets.
D．Because
the
earth
was
neither
too
hot
nor
too
cold.
答案：C
2．Why
was
it
necessary
for
plants
to
grow
before
animals?
A．Because
animals
needed
plants
to
protect
them
from
the
sun.
B．Because
plants
provided
oxygen
for
animals
to
breathe.
C．Because
animals
could
hide
from
hunters
in
the
forest.
D．Because
it
was
easier
for
plants
to
grow.
答案：B
3．What
is
the
correct
order
according
to
the
passage?
①The
clever
animals
with
hands
and
feet
appeared
and
spread
all
over
the
earth.
②The
“Big
Bang”．
③Small
plants
began
to
appear
on
the
surface
of
the
water.
④65
million
years
ago,
the
age
of
the
dinosaurs
ended.
A．②①③④
B．④③①②
C．②④③①
D．②③④①
答案：D
4．Early
humans
appeared
after
dinosaurs
died
out
________
million
years
later.
A．67.6
B．62.4
C．65
D．140
答案：B
5．What
is
the
main
idea
of
the
text?
A．The
formation
of
the
earth.
B．The
arrival
of
humans
and
their
impact
on
the
earth.
C．The
development
of
plants
and
animals
on
the
earth.
D．The
origin
of
life
on
the
earth.
答案：D
1
(教材P25)The
earth
became
so
violent
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.
地球(开始)变得如此激烈动荡，以至于不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
(1)violence
n． 暴力；暴行；狂热，激情
do
violence
to...
粗暴地对待；破坏(美好的东西)；歪曲(事实)
take
by
violence
强行夺走
(2)violently
adv.
强烈地，激烈地；厉害地；凶猛地；凶狠地
[即学即用]
(1)Those
houses
were
so
strongly
built
that
they
would
keep
up
in
a
violent
earthquake.
那些房屋被造得很坚固，以至于在强烈的地震中也不会倒塌。
(2)This
careless
newspaper
report
did
violence
to
the
truth
of
the
event.
报纸上这种漫不经心的报道损害了事件的真实性。
(3)People
living
in
the
neighbourhood
complain
about
the
crime
and
violence
(violent)
in
the
area.
住在附近的人抱怨这片区域的犯罪和暴力现象。
(4)The
ship
rocked
violently
(violent)
from
side
to
side,
causing
many
passengers
to
feel
seasickness.
轮船剧烈地左右晃动，许多乘客都晕船了。
(5)The
government
insisted
that
the
matter
should
be
solved
in
a
peaceful
way,
not
by
violence.
政府坚持认为解决这个事件应该用和平的方式，而非暴力。
2
(教材P26)Water
had
also
appeared
on
other
planets
like
Mars
but,
unlike
the
earth,
it
had
disappeared
later.
在其他行星像火星上也出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。
(1)be
like 像
be
unlike
不像
(2)It's
unlike
sb.
to
do
sth.
做某事不像某人平常的样子
(3)likely
adj.
可能的
sb./sth.
be
likely
to
do
sth.
某人/某事(物)可能做……
sb./sth.
be
unlikely
to
do
sth.
某人/某事(物)不可能做……
(4)It's
(un)likely
that...
有/不可能……
[即学即用]
(1)She
is
unlike
her
mother;
she
is
tall
and
her
mother
is
very
short.
她不像她的妈妈；她很高，而她的妈妈很矮。(unlike
作介词)
(2)They
are
so
unlike
that
nobody
would
believe
they
are
sisters.
她们毫无相似之处，以致谁也不相信她们是姐妹。(unlike
作形容词)
(3)It's
unlike
Mary
to
be
late;
she's
usually
on
time.
玛丽可不像是会迟到的人，她经常是准时准点的。
(4)The
job
is
unlikely
to
be
finished
on
time.
→It's_unlikely_that
the
job
will
be
finished
on
time.
→It's_likely_that
the
job
won't
be
finished
on
time.
这项工作不见得能按时完成。
3
(教材P26)What
many
scientists
believe
is
that
the
continued
presence
of
water
allowed
the
earth
to
dissolve
harmful
gases
and
acids
into
the
oceans
and
seas.
很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
(1)be
harmful
to 对……有害
(2)harmless
adj.
无害的，不致伤害的
be
harmless
to
对……无害
(3)harm
n.
伤害；危害
vt.
对……有害
do
harm
to
sb.＝do
sb.
harm
对某人有害
There
is
no
harm
in
doing
sth.
做某事没有害处
[即学即用]
(1)The
medicine
is
harmful
to
children
but
does
no
harm
to
adults.
这种药对儿童有害，但对成年人没什么害处。
(2)Eating
a
large
amount
of
fat
is
harmful
to
(＝does
harm
to)
your
health.
摄入大量的脂肪对你的健康有害。
(3)There
is
no
harm
in
your
talking
with
your
friend
when
in
trouble.
你遇到困难时，和朋友谈一谈没有害处。
(4)语法填空
①As
we
all
know,
the
polluted
water
and
air
are
harmful
(harm)
to
people's
health.
②The
dog
seems
fierce,
but
he's
harmless
(harm)．
③They
may
not
be
able
to
help
but
there's
no
harm
in
asking
(ask)
them.
④It
never
occurred
to
him
that
his
carelessness
could
do
such
great
harm
to
himself.
4
(教材P26)They
laid
eggs
too
and
existed
on
the
earth
for
more
than
140
million
years.
它们也生蛋，并在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。
(1)exist
in 存在于
exist
on
靠……生存
There
exist(s)/existed...
某地有/存在……
(2)existence
n.
存在；生存
come
into
existence
开始存在；成立
in
existence
现存的；现有的
[温馨提示] exist
不能用于被动语态，也不能用于进行时态。
[即学即用]
(1)The
two
sides
have
reached
a
partial
agreement,
but
several
differences
still
exist
between
them.
双方达成了部分协议，但他们之间仍存在着一些分歧。
(2)Ever
since
a
long
time
ago,
there
have
existed
different
opinions
among
scientists
on
how
the
universe
first
existed
(＝came
into
existence)．
长期以来，在宇宙起源这个问题上，科学家们一直存在着不同看法。
(3)Do
you
know
when
this
kind
of
robot
came
into
existence/being?
你知道这种机器人是什么时候问世的吗？
(4)语法填空
①They
can't
exist
on
the
money
he's
earning.
②Matter
exists
in
three
states:
solid,
liquid
and
gas.
③This
house
has
been
in
existence
(exist)
for
many
years.
④There
exist
two
possible
explanations
on
how
the
fire
broke
out.
5
(教材P27)How
life
began
on
earth
is
one
of
the
biggest
puzzles
that
scientists
found
hard
to
solve.
生命到底是怎样起源的，这是科学家们发现的难以解决的最大难题之一。
(1)puzzle
sb. 使某人困惑
be
puzzled
by
被……迷惑
puzzle
about/over
sth.
苦苦思索；仔细琢磨
(2)be
in
a
puzzle
about
sth.
对某事迷惑不解
(3)puzzling
adj.
令人困惑的
puzzled
adj.
感到困惑的
[温馨提示] puzzled
意为“迷惑的，不解的”，往往用来形容人或人的表情、脸色等；puzzling
意为“令人迷惑的，让人不解的”，往往用来修饰物。
[即学即用]
(1)There
was
a
puzzled
look
on
her
face
because
a
puzzling
problem
puzzled
the
little
girl.
她有迷惑不解的神情，因为有道令人费解的问题使这个小女孩困惑。
(2)The
police
are
still
puzzling
(＝in
a
puzzle)
about/over
how
the
accident
has
happened.
警察仍然在苦苦思索这起事故是怎么发生的。
(3)What
puzzles
me
(＝What
makes
me
puzzled)
is
why
he
left
the
country
without
telling
anyone.
令我不解的是，他为什么悄悄地离开了这个国家，不告诉任何人。
(4)语法填空
①Why
a
bird
can
cause
an
air
disaster
is
still
a
puzzle
to
me.
②Hearing
the
general
manager's
explanation,
he
had
a
puzzled
(puzzle)
expression
on
his
face.
③Mrs
Fairfax
looked
puzzled
(puzzle)
and
clearly
did
not
understand
what
the
matter
was.
④When
the
little
girl
was
asked
such
a
puzzling
question,
she
stood
there
with
a
puzzled
look
on
her
face.
(puzzle)
1
(教材P25)They
were
in
time
to
produce
carbon,
nitrogen,
water
vapour
and
other
gases,
which
were
to
make
the
earth's
atmosphere.
它们最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
[即学即用]
[一词多义]写出下列句中in
time
的含义
①Andy
knew
he
could
not
reach
the
house
in
time.及时
②You'll
succeed
in
time
because
you
are
always
working
hard.迟早
③Working
hard
made
him
successful
in
time.终于
on
time 准时；按时
at
times
有时，偶尔
④The
police
arrived
in
time,
catching
the
robber.
警察及时赶到，将抢劫者抓获。
⑤The
teacher
hopes
that
we
can
hand
in
our
homework
on
time.
老师希望我们能按时交作业。
⑥She
amuses
us
by
telling
jokes
in
class
at
times,
which
makes
us
learn
English
in
a
relaxed
phenomenon.
她有时在课上讲笑话把我们逗乐，让我们在轻松的气氛中学习英语。
2
(教材P26)Thus
they
have,
in
their
turn,
become
the
most
important
animals
on
the
planet.
于是，接着他们成了这个行星上最重要的动物。
in
turn 依次；轮流；转而；反过来
by
turns
轮流；交替
take
turns
to
do
sth.
轮流做某事
It's
one's
turn
to
do
sth.
轮到某人做某事
[即学即用]
①When
it
was
in
my
turn,
I
was
too
excited
to
speak.
当轮到我时，我激动得都说不出话来了。
②We
take
turns
to
do
the
housework.
我们轮流做家务。
③It's
my
turn
to_deliver
(deliver)
a
speech
in
public.
轮到我在公众面前发表演讲了。
[名师点津] by
turns
是“交替；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用
in
turn。
④You
two
will
stay
with
the
sick
person
by
turns.
你们二人轮流着看护这位病人。
3
prevent...from
阻止；制止
(教材P26)They
are
putting
too
much
carbon
dioxide
into
the
atmosphere,
which
prevents
heat
from
escaping
from
the
earth
into
space.
他们把过多的二氧化碳排放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。
阻止……干某事
(2)protect...from/against... 保护……不受……侵袭(from/against
后接能带来伤害或损害之物)
[即学即用]
①They
were
stopped/prevented
from
entering
the
burning
building.
他们被拦在了燃烧着的大楼外面无法进去。
②We
were
prevented/stopped/kept
from
attending
(attend)
Professor
Li's
lecture
by
the
heavy
rain.
大雨使我们没能参加李教授的演讲。
③He
wears
sunglasses
to
protect
his
eyes
against/from
the
strong
sunlight.
他戴墨镜保护眼睛，使其免受强光的伤害。
[名师点津] 短语
prevent/stop...from...中的
from
可以省略，keep...from...中的
from
不能省略。但在被动结构中，from
均不可省略。
This
produced
a
chain
reaction，which
made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop.
这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。
句中made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop
属于“v.
(动词)＋it＋adj.
(宾补)＋to
do”结构。该结构中，it
作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
(1)在“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，宾语补足语可由名词或形容词、不带
to
的不定式、过去分词或介词短语充当。
①Praise
makes
good
men
better
and
bad
men
worse.
[谚语]表扬能使好人更好，坏人更坏。
[名师点津] 当“make＋宾语＋do
sth.”变为被动语态时，不定式符号“to”要还原。
②The
police
made
them
stand
against
the
wall.
＝They
were
made
by
the
police
to_stand
(stand)
against
the
wall.
警察强迫他们靠墙站着。
(2)当该结构的宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用
it
作形式宾语，而把不定式短语或从句后置。即：make＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式短语或从句(宾语补足语由名词或形容词充当)。常用于此结构中的动词还有：think,
believe,
find,
consider,
feel
等。
③I
find
it
hard
to_remember
(remember)
these
words
in
a
short
time.
我发现在短时间内记住这些词很难。
④I
must
make
it
clear
that
I'll
always
support
you.
我必须说清楚我会一直支持你。
The
earth
became
so
violent
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.
地球?开始?变得如此激烈动荡，以至于不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
(1)句中whether...or
not
引导主语从句，it
为形式主语。
①It
matters
little
whether
he
likes
it
or
not.
他喜不喜欢并没有什么关系。
(2)whether...(or
not)
引导的从句还可充当宾语、表语、同位语、状语等。
②I'll
see
whether_she's_at_home.
我来看看她在不在家。
③A
person
has
the
right
to
vote,
whether_the_person_is_male_or_female.
一个人，无论是男是女，都拥有选举权。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Smoking
is
harmful
(有害的)
to
health,
but
there
are
still
many
people
picking
it
up.
2．Some
people
are
still
puzzling
(迷惑的)
about
how
the
computer
works.
3．If
you
multiply
(乘)
two
and
three,
you
will
get
six.
4．This
theory
(理论)
is
helpful
to
explain
how
the
universe
began.
5．Two
people
have
been
killed
in
the
violent
(暴力的)
incident
on
March
2nd.
6．People
suffering
hunger
still
exist
(存在)
in
many
parts
of
the
world
today.
7．Unlike
(不像)
what
you
supposed,
only
few
people
attended
his
birthday
party.
8．The
new
owners
have
tried
to
give
the
restaurant
a
more
family?friendly
atmosphere
(气氛)．
Ⅱ.选词填空(可变换形式)
in
one's
turn,
in
time,
puzzle
about,
do
great
harm
to,
give
birth
to,
protect...from...,
lay
eggs,
prevent...from...
1．With
a
puzzled
expression
on
her
face,
she
is
puzzling_about
what
to
do
next.
2．These
factories
have
done_great_harm_to
the
environment.
3．Some
measures
have
been
taken
in_time
to
protect
the
environment.
4．As
we
know,
laying_eggs
is
the
ant
queen's
full?time
job.
5．The
other
day
my
pet
cat
gave_birth_to
a
new
little
cat.
6．The
new
measures
are
designed
to
protect
the
public
from
people
like
these.
7．Recently
several
Taiwanese
were
prevented_from
going
aboard
for
their
passports.
8．All
the
five
daughters,
in_their_turn,_took
care
of
the
sick
father
in
hospital.
Ⅲ.补全句子
1．I
wonder
whether_or_not_you_can_come_in_time.
我不知道你能否及时赶过来。
2．We
have_made_it_a_habit_to_walk
after
supper.
我们每天晚饭后散步已成习惯。
3．The
puzzled_look_on_his_face
suggested
that
what
the
monitor
said
was_puzzling.
他脸上困惑的表情暗示了班长所说的话令人困惑。
4．In
addition,
what_may_interest_you_most
is
that
I
am
really
nervous
and
upset
when
taking
the
exam.
另外，可能使你最感兴趣的是，考试时我真的紧张、烦躁。
5．It_is_obvious_that
a
good
learning
habit
can
help
us
to
speed
up
to
reach
our
destinations.
显而易见，一个好的学习习惯能帮助我们尽快达到我们的目标。
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
Section
Ⅲ Grammar——主语从句
[思维导图]
[语法精讲]
一、定义
在主从复合句中充当主语的从句即为主语从句。
What
surprised
me
is
that
everybody
seemed
to
be
very
cold
to
her.
让我吃惊的是每个人似乎对她都很冷淡。
It
worried
the
woman
that
her
son
was
always
playing
computer
games.
儿子一直在玩电脑游戏，这让这个女人很担心。
二、主语从句的连接词及其句法功能
Who
will
do
it
doesn't
matter.
谁做这件事都没有关系。
What
we
need
is
more
water.
我们需要的是更多的水。
Whatever
you
do
in
your
spare
time
should
do
no
harm
to
others.
无论你在业余时间做什么都不应该伤害其他人。
How
this
happened
is
not
clear
to
anyone.
这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
When
we
will
have
a
meeting
is
an
important
question.
我们何时举行会议是个重要的问题。
Where
I
spend
my
summer
is
no
business
of
yours.
我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。
[名师点津] who
引导的主语从句表示一件“事情”，表示特指；而
whoever
引导的主语从句指“人”，表示泛指。
Who
will
go
to
the
concert
is
not
known.
不知道谁会去听音乐会。
Whoever
will
go
to
the
concert
is
welcome.
无论谁去音乐会都会受到欢迎。
[名师点津] 名词性从句引导词的确定步骤：
(1)分析句式结构，明确名词性从句在句中的功能；
(2)明确名词性从句所表达的意义；
(3)明确名词性从句中所需要的成分及意义；
(4)确定从句的引导词。
三、主语从句中用
it
作形式主语的结构
为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语
it
代替。it
作形式主语时常用于以下句型：
句型
说明
It＋系动词＋形容词＋that
从句
常用于此句型的形容词有
important,
(un)
likely,
possible,
necessary,
natural,
wrong
等
It＋系动词＋名词＋that
从句
常用于此句型的名词有
fact,
idea,
honor,
question,
pity
等
续表
It＋be
动词＋过去分词＋that
从句
常用于此句型的分词有
known,
proved,
said,
decided,
suggested,
thought
等
It＋特殊动词＋that
从句
常用于此句型的动词有
appear,
happen,
seem,
occur
等
It's
possible
that
he
has
been
to
Beijing.
他有可能去过北京。
It's
a
pity
that
you
didn't
attend
the
meeting.
你没参加这次会议太可惜了。
It
is
suggested
that
the
meeting
be
put
off.
有人建议会议延期召开。
It
seems
that
it
is
going
to
rain.
看起来好像要下雨。
四、主语从句中应注意的问题
(1)从句的语序要用陈述语序。
Whoever
leaves
the
room
last
is
expected
to
turn
off
the
lights.
无论谁最后离开房间都要把灯关掉。
(2)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。有时受表语的影响用复数形式。
What
you
said
just
now
is
quite
right.
刚刚你说的话很对。
What
he
wants
to
read
now
are
some
magazines.
现在他想读的是一些杂志。
(3)从句的时态一般要取决于主句。
What
made
people
excited
was
that
the
solar
ship
had
completed
around?the?world
trip.
让人们激动的是太阳能船已完成了环游世界的旅行。
Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空
1．That
he
got
the
first
prize
in
the
English
Contest
surprised
all
of
us.
2．Whether
they
would
support
us
was
a
problem.
3．Who
will
take
the
place
of
Mr
Li
as
our
new
headmaster
hasn't
been
decided.
4．What
caused
the
accident
to
happen
hasn't
been
made
clear
yet.
5．Whoever
has
helped
to
save
the
drowning
girl
is
worth
praising.
6．It's
said
that
government
workers
now
make,
on
average,
30%
more
than
private
sector
workers.
7．How
we
can
get
in
touch
with
him
is
the
most
important.
8．I
read
about
it
in
some
books
or
other.
Does
it
matter
which
it
was?
Ⅱ.补全句子
1．What_impresses_us_most_are
(让我们印象最深的是)
your
art
skills,
in
which
you
showed
outstanding
talent.
2．What_surprises_us_most_is
(让我们最吃惊的是)
that
the
water
can
remain
at
that
temperature
for
about
twenty
hours.
3．It_is_reported_that
(据报道)
300
million
people
in
China
have
eyesight
trouble.
4．That_she_gave_birth_to_a_healthy_baby
(她生了一个健康的婴儿)
made
the
family
very
happy.
5．Whether_his_parents_will_buy_a_new_computer_for_him
(父母是否给他买一台新电脑)
depends
on
his
exam
results.
6．It
remains
a
mystery
why_this_kind_of_animal_died_out_
suddenly
(为什么这种动物突然灭绝了)．
7．Which_book_they_will_choose
(他们将选哪本书)
is
still
unknown.
8．Where_we_will_have_the_meeting
(我们在哪儿开会)
hasn't
been
decided
yet.
9．It's_a_pity_that
(太遗憾)
the
quarrel
broke
up
their
friendship.
10．Who_will_replace_him
(谁将代替他)
is
the
most
important.
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
Section
Ⅳ Writing——解决问题型说明文
解决问题型说明文，就是针对某一问题提出具体的解决方法并进行适当论述，给读者提供知识，使之掌握解决问题的方法。
一、基本结构
此类作文的篇章结构如下：
第一部分：提出问题或阐述某件事情的重要性；
第二部分：列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径；
第三部分：针对提出的解决方法进行简要评价，也可提出个人建议或选择，并阐述理由。
二、增分佳句
1．If
I
did...，I
would
do...
2．...so＋adj....that...
3．...prevent...from
doing...
4．Only
in
this
way...后面用倒装
5．I
might
do...
[题目要求]
随着科学技术的发展，人类去太空旅游将不再是遥远的梦想。假设你是李华，对太空探索极感兴趣，现在请你写一篇100词左右的英语短文，设想在今年暑假去太空旅游，如何克服失重条件下的吃饭和喝水的问题。
第一步：审题构思很关键
一、审题
1．确定体裁：本文为说明文；
2．确定人称：本文的主要人称为第一人称；
3．确定时态：主要使用一般现在时。
二、构思
1．开篇：提出失重条件下吃饭和喝水的问题。
2．主体：分析和解决失重条件下吃饭和喝水的问题。
3．总结：简要评论。
第二步：核心词汇想周全
1．gravity 重力
2．float
飘浮
3．prevent...from...
阻止……
4．solve
解决
5．try/have_a_try
尝试
6．in_time
迟早；终于
第三步：由词扩句雏形现
1．如果我去太空旅游，会有一个问题。
If
I
went
to
travel
in
space,
there_would_be_a_problem.
2．我可能要面对一个问题。
I
might
be_faced_with
a
problem.
3．在外太空，重力很弱。
In
outer
space,
the_gravity_is_so_weak.
4．食物会到处飘浮。
The
food
will_float_around/about.
5．用这种方式，这个问题将会被解决。
The
problem
would
be
solved
in_this_way.
第四步：句式升级造亮点
1．用定语从句连接句1和句2
If_I_went_to_travel_in_space,_there_would_be_a_problem_I_might_be_faced_with.
2．用
so...that...连接句3和句4
In_outer_space,_the_gravity_is_so_weak_that_the_food_will_float_around/about.
3．用
only
倒装句改写句5
Only_in_this_way_would_the_problem_be_solved.
第五步：过渡衔接联成篇
If_I_went_to_travel_in_space,_there_would_be_a_problem_I_might_be_faced_with:_how_to_eat_and_drink_in_outer_space.
I_would_have_to_take_all_my_foods_with_me_if_I_went_to_space_travel,_but_in_outer_space,_the_gravity_is_so_weak_that_the_food_will_float_around/about_if_it_is_solid._I_must_make_sure_that_it_is_specially_made_as_liquid_space_food._It_could_be_put_in_a_tube_and_then_I_would_be_able_to_suck_it_more_easily._Perhaps_I_would_use_a_straw_to_eat_it._It_can_prevent_the_food_from_floating_away._Only_in_this_way_would_the_problem_be_solved._I_might_have_a_happy_visit_to_space_in_that_way._I_will_have_a_try_in_time.
Section
Ⅴ 单元要点复习
?重点单词
1．astronomy
n.
天文学→astronomer
n.
天文学家
2．system
n.
系统；体系；制度
3．theory
n.
学说；理论→theoretical
adj.
理论上的
4．globe
n.
球体；地球仪；地球→global
adj.
全球性的；全世界的
5．violent
adj.
猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence
n.
暴力→violently
adv.
猛烈地
6．atmosphere
n.
大气层；气氛
7．unlike
prep.
不同；不像→dislike
vt.
不喜欢
8．presence
n.
出席；到场；存在→present
adj.
在场的
n.
礼品；目前，现在
vt.
提出；颁发；展现
9．harmful
adj.
有害的；伤害的→harm
n.
危害，害处→harmless
adj.
无害的
10．exist
vi.
存在，生存→existence
n.
存在，生存
11．puzzle
n.
谜；难题
vt.
&
vi.
(使)迷惑；(使)为难→puzzled
adj.
迷惑的→puzzling
adj.
令人迷惑的
12．gravity
n.
万有引力；重力
13．satellite
n.
卫星；人造卫星
14．climate
n.
气候
15．spaceship
n.
宇宙飞船
16．pull
n.
&
vt.
拉(力)；拖；牵引力
17．float
vi.
&
vt.
(使)浮动；(使)漂浮
n.
漂浮物
18．mass
n.
质量；团；块；大量；(复)群众
?重点短语
1．in_time
及时；终于
2．lay_eggs
下蛋
3．give_birth_to
产生；分娩
4．in_one's_turn
轮到某人；接着
5．prevent...from
阻止；制止
6．block_out
挡住(光线)
7．cheer_up
感到高兴；感到振奋
8．now_that
既然
9．break_out
突发；爆发
10．watch_out_for
密切注视；当心；提防
11．cool_down
冷却
12．as_well_as
也；还有……
13．depend_on
依靠；依赖；取决于
14．get_close_to
靠近
?重点句式
1．This
produced
a
chain
reaction,
which
made
it
possible
for
life
to_develop.
这就形成了一个连锁反应，使得生命的发展成为可能。
2．But
when
I
tried
to
step
forward,
I
found
I
was
carried
twice_as_far_as
on
the
earth
and
fell
over.
而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉自己被带到一个步幅相当于地球上两倍远的地方并且摔倒了。
3．...walking
does
need
a
bit
of
practice
now_that
gravity
has
changed.
……既然重力改变了，行走的确需要一些练习。
?单元语法
名词性从句(二)——主语从句
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
Section
Ⅱ Learning
about
Language
&
Using
Language
一、词汇过关
二、短语互译
三、重点句式
课文预读
月球之旅
[第1～2段译文]
我的朋友李彦平是一位天文学家，上个月我非常有幸有机会同他一起去太空旅行。我们乘宇宙飞船游览了月球！
在起程之前，李彦平向我解释说，在我们的旅行中会有三次引力的改变，而第一次的改变将是最强的。随后我们就起航了。随着火箭升入太空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。这种引力太强了，以至于我们彼此间都不能说话了。渐渐地，这个力量慢慢减小，我才能够同他讲话。我问道：“为什么宇宙飞船不会落回到地球呢？在地球上的时候，如果我从树上掉下来，总会朝地上落下去的。”李彦平解释说：“现在我们离地球太远了，感觉不到地球的拉力，所以我们感觉好像完全没有地球引力了。当我们更接近月球时，就会感到月球的引力在拉我们。但是月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大。”我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。
[第3～4段译文]
我们到达月球时，我就想立即进行探测。“来吧，”我说，“要是你讲得对，我的重量就会比在地球上小，因为月球更小，而我就能更自由地活动了。如果我在月球上待的时间足够长的话，我甚至可能长得更高，我的体重肯定也会变得更轻！”我笑着从宇宙飞船的梯级上爬下来。但当我试图往前走时，我发现自己被带到一个步幅相当于地球上两倍远的地方并且摔倒了。“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路的确需要练一练了。”过了一会儿，我才掌握了走路的诀窍，我们这才开始感到自如了。
摆脱月球引力不像摆脱地球引力那样痛苦。但是返回到地球的经历却是非常吓人的。我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。当我们回到地面时，我们又?感到?被重重地推回在座位上。我说道：“真是精疲力尽了，但也很激动人心。关于引力，我现在懂得更多了！你认为下次我们可以去别的星球上游览吗？”“当然可以，”他笑着说，“你想到哪颗星球上去呢？”
课文理解
Ⅰ.Read
the
passage
and
judge
whether
the
following
sentences
are
true
(T)
or
false
(F)．
1．The
force
of
gravity
changed
three
times
and
the
last
change
was
the
most
powerful.( F )
2．We
were
too
far
from
the
earth
to
feel
its
pull.( T )
3．On
the
moon,
our
weight
would
be
less
than
on
the
earth
because
we
were
too
far
from
it.( F )
4．Leaving
the
moon's
gravity
was
as
painful
as
leaving
the
earth's.( F )
5．Space
travel
was
very
exhausting,
so
the
writer
didn't
like
it
at
all.( F )
Ⅱ.
Read
the
passage
carefully
and
choose
the
best
answers.
1．The
passage
is
mainly
about
________.
A．an
introduction
of
the
moon
B．the
gravity
that
I
felt
on
my
way
to
the
moon
C．my
visit
to
the
moon
D．my
friend
Li
Yanping,
an
astronomer
答案：C
2．When
we
were
going
up,
we
felt
________.
A．we
were
pressed
back
into
our
seats
B．we
were
heavier
than
we
were
on
the
earth
C．as
if
we
were
flying
D．the
rocket
was
shaking
strongly
答案：A
3．When
or
where
did
the
author
feel
strongest
of
the
gravity
of
the
earth?
A．On
the
moon.
B．On
the
half
way
to
the
moon.
C．At
the
very
beginning.
D．On
their
leaving
from
the
moon.
答案：C
4．Why
was
the
spaceship
not
falling
back
to
the
earth?
A．Because
it
was
too
far
from
the
earth
to
feel
its
pull.
B．Because
it
was
too
big.
C．Because
it
was
far
from
the
moon.
D．Not
mentioned
in
the
text.
答案：A
5．What
causes
the
author
to
feel
that
he
becomes
weightless
on
the
moon?
A．Spaceship.
B．Gravity.
C．His
friend.
D．Good
feelings
of
the
author.
答案：B
crash
vi.
&
vt.
碰撞；坠落；使撞毁
n.
?汽车的?撞车事故；?飞机的?失事；突然发出的巨响
(教材P29)Other
scientists
believe
that
a
comet
crashed
into
the
earth
long
ago
and
caused
the
disappearance.
其他科学家认为，很久以前一颗彗星与地球相撞，从而导致(恐龙)灭绝。
crash
into/onto... 撞到……里/上
a
plane/car
crash
飞机失事/汽车撞车事故
[即学即用]
(1)He
witnessed
a
serious
car
crash
today.
Two
cars
crashed
into
each
other
and
let
out
a
loud
crash.
今天他目睹了一起严重的撞车事故。两辆车撞在了一起，发出了很大的响声。
(2)It
is
a
miracle
that
most
of
the
passengers
survived
the
plane
crash.
大部分乘客从飞机失事事故中生还，这真是个奇迹。
(3)The
car
crashed
into
a
bus
on
the
bridge,
and
the
car
driver
was
killed
on
the
spot.
在桥上这辆轿车与一辆公共汽车相撞了，轿车司机当场被撞死。
(4)Pilots
were
trying
to
repair
a
fault
in
the
plane
when
it
crashed
(crash)．
飞行员正在试图排除飞机故障的时候，飞机坠毁了。
(5)The
pilot
stopped
a
tragedy
when
he
succeeded
in
preventing
the
plane
crashing
(crash)．
飞行员成功地避免了飞机的坠毁，从而避免了一场悲剧。
2
(教材P30)As
the
rocket
rose
into
the
air,
we
were
pushed
back
into
our
seats
because
we
were
trying
to
escape
the
pull
of
the
earth's
gravity.
随着火箭升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。
pull
down 摧毁，推翻，拆除
pull
in
进站停靠；驶向路边(或某处)停靠
pull
out
离站；开上路；(使)摆脱困境
pull
up
停车；停住
pull
over
使停靠在路边
pull
through
恢复健康；渡过危机
[即学即用]
(1)Would
you
mind
giving
the
bell
a
pull?
不介意的话，请拉一下铃好吗？
(2)He
gave
the
tablecloth
a
pull,
and
all
the
dishes
went
flying.
他拉了一下桌布，所有的盘子都飞起来了。
(3)I
felt
a
pull
at
my
sleeve
and
turned
round.
我感觉有人拉了一下我的袖子，于是我就转过身去。
(4)用
pull
相关短语的适当形式填空
①The
earthquake
pulled_down
most
of
the
buildings
in
the
city.
②The
express
from
Beijing
pulled_in
on
time.
③When
all
passengers
were
on
board,
the
train
pulled_out
of
the
station.
④He
is
still
quite
sick,
but
the
doctor
is
sure
that
he
will
pull_through.
1
(教材P31)I
cheered
up
immediately
and
floated
weightlessly
around
in
our
spaceship
cabin
watching
the
earth
become
smaller
and
the
moon
larger.
我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。
cheer
sb.
up 使某人振作起来
cheer
for
为……而欢呼
[即学即用]
①Upon
arriving
at
the
classroom,
the
author
was
cheered
up
by
a
warm
welcome.
一走进教室，作者因为热烈的欢迎而高兴起来。
②Let's
go
to
the
football
game
and
cheer
for
our
favorite
team.
咱们去看足球比赛吧，为咱们最喜爱的球队呐喊助威。
2
(教材P31)“Oh
dear，”
I
cried,
“walking
does
need
a
bit
of
practice
now
that
gravity
has
changed.”
“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路的确需要练一练了。”
now
that
“既然”，引导原因状语从句，其中的
that
可以省略。
[即学即用]
①Now
that
everyone
is
here,
let's
begin
our
meeting.
既然大家都到齐了，我们就开始开会吧。
②Now_that_dinner_is_ready,_wash
your
hands.
既然晚饭准备好了，你去洗手吧。
[名师点津] 引导原因状语从句的连词还有：since,
because,
as,
considering
(that),
in
that
等。
3
(教材P31)We
watched,
amazed
as
fire
broke
out
on
the
outside
of
the
spaceship
as
the
earth's
gravity
increased.
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。
break
up 解散；打碎
break
in
进入；插话
break
away
from...
脱离……
break
down
发生故障；(精神、身体)垮掉；分解
break
into
强行进入(某处)；突然开始(大笑、欢呼等)
[即学即用]
①After
a
fire
broke
out
in
the
lab,
a
lot
of
equipment
was
destroyed.
实验室发生火灾后，很多设备被毁。
②If
you
go
on
working
like
that,
you
will
break
down
sooner
or
later.
如果你继续像那样工作的话，你迟早会累垮的。
③A
thief
broke
into
my
house
and
stole
my
necklace.
一个小偷闯进我家偷走了我的项链。
[名师点津] (1)break
out
强调战争、疾病、火灾等的突然爆发。
(2)break
out,
take
place,
happen
等动词及动词短语有两个共同点：①终止性——不用于进行时；②不及物——不用于被动语态。
4
watch
out
for 留意
watch
over
照顾；监督；保护
[即学即用]
①Watch
out!
There
is
a
car
coming!
注意！有辆车开过来了！
②Watch
out
for
the
haze;
it
may
do
great
harm
to
us.
当心这种雾霾天气，它可能对我们造成很大损害。
③There
must
have
been
an
angel
watching
over
me
that
day.
那天一定有个天使在保护着我。
[名师点津] watch
out
的同义短语还有
look
out,
take
care,
be
careful。
When
we
get
closer
to
the
moon，
we
shall
feel
its
gravity
pulling
us，
but
it
will
not
be
as
strong
a
pull
as
the
earth's.
当我们更接近月球时，就会感到月球的引力在拉我们，但是月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大。
(1)句中“as
strong
a
pull
as”属于“as＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＋as”结构，意为“像……一样的……”，其中的名词必须是可数名词的单数形式，用于否定句中可用“not
so/as...as...”结构。
①She
is
as
good
a
teacher
as
her
mother.
她和她妈妈一样是位好老师。
(2)how,
so,
too
也和
as
一样可以用于上述结构。即
how/so/too＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数。
②You
don't
know
how_difficult_a_problem
this
is.
你不知道这是一道多么难的题。
(3)as...as
结构的其他几种形式：
③We've
got
food
for
as_many_people_as
want
it.
我们的食物无论多少人吃都够了。
But
when
I
tried
to
step
forward，I
found
I
was
carried
twice
as
far
as
on
the
earth
and
fell
over.
但当我试图往前走时，我发现自己被带到一个步幅相当于地球上两倍远的地方并且摔倒了。
(1)twice
as
far
as...属于“倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...”结构，是一种倍数的表示方法。
①This
tree
is
three
times
as
tall
as
that
one.
这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。
(2)倍数表达法的常见结构：
...times
②This
book
is
three_times_as_long_as/twice_longer_than/three_
times_the_length_of_that_one.
这本书是那本书篇幅的三倍。
③The
production
of
this
year
is
twice
that
of
last
year.
今年的产量是去年的两倍。
④The
production
now
is
three
times
what
it
was
ten
years
ago.
现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
[名师点津] (1)两倍用
twice
或
double，三倍及三倍以上用．..times
表达。
(2)前面的倍数还可以是分数、百分数、小数等。
(3)that/those
of...多用于产量、生产等方面的比较，that/those指代前面的同名异物名词。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．A
truck
went
out
of
control
and
crashed
(碰撞)
into
the
back
of
a
bus.
2．The
young
man
knows
little
about
Newton's
law
of
gravity
(引力)．
3．As
we
all
know,
Qian
Xuesen
is
a
famous
physicist
(物理学家)．
4．The
smell
of
new
bread
floated
(飘动)
up
from
the
kitchen.
5．Don't
pull
(拉)
so
hard
or
the
handle
will
go
off.
6．He
cheered
(振奋)
up
at
the
thought
of
buying
a
new
car.
7．He
arrived
home
very
late
last
night,
exhausted
(精疲力尽的)．
8．He
is
a
man
gentle
(文雅)
in
manner
but
firm
in
action.
Ⅱ.选词填空(可变换形式)
break
out，
cheer
up，
now
that，
block
out，
watch
out，
get
the
hang
of
1．The
heavy
curtain
blocked_out
the
light,
which
made
me
uncomfortable.
2．Now_that
you
wouldn't
like
to
go
there,
you
can
stay
where
you
are.
3．The
atmosphere
in
the
classroom
relaxed
after
the
teacher's
humorous
talk
cheered
us
up.
4．To
our
great
disappointment,
a
trade
war
broke_out
between
the
two
countries
at
last.
5．It
seems
difficult
at
first,
but
you'll
soon
get_the_hang_of
it.
6．Watch_out
for
cars
when
you
cross
the
busy
road.
Ⅲ.补全句子
1．Jessica
devoted
three_times_as_much_time_and_energy_as
she
did
before,
so
I
believe
she
will
succeed
this
time.
杰西卡付出的是以前三倍的时间和精力，所以我相信她这次能成功。
2．She
has
as_attractive_a_voice_as
her
sister.
她和她的姐姐一样有着吸引人的嗓音。
3．He
went
back
home,
tired_and_hungry.
他回到家时又累又饿。
4．Now_that_you've_got_a_chance,_you
might
as
well
make
full
use
of
it.
你既然得到了一个机会，不妨充分利用它。
5．Last_night_a_fire_broke_out,_causing
great
damage
to
the
house.
昨天晚上发生了火灾，给房子造成了很大损失。
PAGE
