模块10 unit 1 building the future Grammar Linking words(关联词语)

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Module 10 Unit 1
Grammar
Linking words(关联词语)
Lead-in:
Do you want to learn English well
Do you want to make your English
better
Can you tell me why you want to learn
it well
In your class, many students want to learn English well. However, you each have different reasons for this. For example, some say you want to learn it just because you want to get high marks in exams; besides, some say you want to learn English so that you can prepare for your future studies in universities; while others say being fluent in the English language has become a must for young people to get a well-paid job .
However
For example
because
while
besides
What types of linking words are used
in the above passage
What types of linking words are there
in English
How can we use linking words
correctly
Why should we learn linking words
Time sequence words(时间顺序关联词语)
Different types of linking words:
Cause and effect words (因果关联词语)
Contrasting words (对照关联词语)
Addition words(附加关联词语)
Linking words that give an example or
explanation
Linking words(关联词语)
Linking words that draw a conclusion
Linking words that show differences or
similarities
______, we need to dig a hole deep enough and stand a stick in it. _________, we need to put the young plant into the hole and tie the plant to the sick. _______, we need to put the earth back in the hole and water the area.
Firstly
Secondly
Finally
Time sequence words(时间顺序关联词语)
Time sequence words show the order of ideas or actions.
Do you know how to plant a tree
Common expressions(常用词语) that show time sequence are
firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, now, in the end,
Conclusion:
first, first of all, then, next, lastly, afterwards(后来,然后), last but not least, to begin with, meanwhile, after/before (this/ that ), during, etc
They show reasons or results of doing something.
Cause and effect words (因果关系词语)
Eg.
1. Reporter: Why did you like the film
Bob: Well, _____________, I love the story
the film tells. Also the splendid
performance of the leading actor and
actress left a deep impression on me
2. It rained, ____________, the football match was
postponed.
for one thing
therefore/
as a result/ thus
Common expressions that show cause and effect are so, therefore, as a result,
for one thing(其中一个原因),
Conclusion:
for another(另一原因), thus, for, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, etc
They are also important links between sentences and introduce an idea that is in contrast to(与…相反) the idea mentioned before.
Contrasting words (对照关联词语)
e.g.
1. He did not get a good rest the night
before the exam. _________ he stayed up very late, trying to study.
2. The news may be unexpected;
______________, it is true.
Instead
nevertheless/
however
Common contrasting words are however, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand,
Conclusion:
while, but, yet, on (the) one hand, though,
otherwise, or, despite, in spite of,
instead of, whereas, etc
They introduce additional information.
Addition words(附加关联词语)
e.g.
1. I don’t like this cloth and, furthermore/ in addition/ moreover/ besides, it costs too much.
2. On top of/ Besides/ Apart from/ in addition to his headache, he got a high fever.
Common expressions that show addition include also, on top of …, above all, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition,
Conclusion:
in addition to, apart from, even, what’s more, etc
1. Read the article on Page 9 (Part A), then fill in a chart.
Time sequence Cause and effect Contrasting Addition Other
During the 1970s and 1980s; as
There-fore;
as a result
However; instead;
but
moreover
In fact; as long as;
still
Have a try:
2. Read the article on Page 9 (Part B), then fill in the blanks.
Answers:
(1) so (2) firstly (3) secondly
(4) thirdly (5) However (6) For one thing
Read the information about ‘Living in the City’ in the chart below and the sample writing; then try to make the passage better by using proper linking words.
Advantages Disadvantages
找工作容易 生活消费高
交通便利 人口多,拥挤
有公园、饭店等休闲场所 空气污染、居住环境差
Consolidation：
Living in a city has advantages and disadvantages. It is easier to find work in a city. There are always many choices of public transport. There are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, go to cinemas and go to parks whenever you want to relax.
First of all, it is easier to find work
Secondly, there are always many choices
Besides, there are a lot of
Moreover, you can eat in good restaurants, visit
Living in a city is often very expensive. You must find a well-paid job. You will not be able to afford the things you will do. The city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside.
However, living in the city is often very
job, otherwise, you will not be able to afford the
What’s more, the city is always
Even it is very
What types of linking words
How to use different types of linking words
Why to learn :
牢记并能熟练而恰当地使用这些关联词语:
1. 使句子与句子之间的意思互相连接，否则很容易被弄糊涂。
2. 能使我们更好地理解文章的意思，尤其是在做完形填空和阅读填空题时。
3.能使你所写的文章结构紧凑，逻辑性强，
为你的文章增添色彩。
Summary:
Homework:
1. Read the points on Page 8 and finish Wb C1 and C2 on Page 100.
Living in a city has advantages and disadvantages. It is easier to find work in a city. There are always many choices of public transport. There are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, go to cinemas and go to parks whenever you want to relax.
Living in a city is often very expensive. You must find a well-paid job. You will not be able to afford the things you will do. The city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside.
Sample:
1. Linking words that draw a conclusion, such as to conclude, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in short, in a word, in general, above all,
after all, in all, in brief, in summary, generally speaking…etc.
Other linking words.
e.g. 1. To conclude, you should eat healthily
and exercise if you want to be fit.
2. My son has a good job. My daughter has a
good job. In brief, my wife and I do not have
to support them financially any longer.
2. Linking words that give an example or explanation are such as, for example, for instance, in this/that case, in other words, that is to say, etc.
e.g. I have always been interested in sport, for instance, when I was at school I was in the swimming, running, and tennis teams.
A: There’s no milk in the fridge.
B: In that case, I’ll drink water instead.
3. Linking words that show differences or similarities, such as likewise(同样地/也), yet, despite, in spite of, etc.
e.g. Tom comes home for lunch twice a week, and his sister Jane does likewise.
I have given her a lot of useful advice, yet she has never taken any.
Despite the heavy rain, they left to search for the missing boy.
Dear sir,
I’m a student of Senior 3. I’m writing to you about my trouble and ask for your advice. Recently there has been disagreement between me and my parents on whether I should board or not.
Let’s enjoy an article, paying special attention to the linking words used:
There are two different opinions. My parents and teachers are for the idea that boarding is better for me. The reason is that they think it’s convenient for me to ask the teachers for help whenever I have problems in study. I will have enough time to study. It’s a good chance for me to learn to be independent.
In fact, there are two different opinions.
Apart from this, I will have
enough time
What’s more, it’s a good chance for
me to learn
I hold the view that renting a room outside the school may contribute to my study and I can manage my study myself so that I can spend more time and energy on what I’m not so good at. On no account can we ignore the relaxing time. If we stay at school for a whole day, we may feel stressed, which will make us upset.
While I hold the view that renting a room
no account can we ignore the relaxing time.
speaking, will make us upset.
In addition, on
which, honestly
I need somebody else’s opinion. Would you like to give me some advice I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely yours,
Li Hua
Therefore, I need somebody else’s opinion
In fact, there are two different opinions. My parents and teachers are for the idea that boarding is better for me. The reason is that they think it’s convenient for me to ask the teachers for help whenever I have problems in study. Apart from this, I will have enough time to study. What’s more, it’s a good chance for me to learn to be independent.
While I hold the view that renting a room outside the school may contribute to my study and I can manage my study myself so that I can spend more time and energy on what I’m not so good at. In addition, on no account can we ignore the time of relaxing. If we stay at school for a whole day, we may feel stressed, which, honestly speaking, will make us upset.
Therefore, I’m looking forward to getting advice from you.
There are two different opinions. My parents and teachers are for the idea that boarding is better for me. The reason is that they think it’s convenient for me to ask the teachers for help whenever I have problems in study. I will have enough time to study. It’s a good chance for me to learn to be independence.
In fact, there are two different opinions. My parents and teachers are for the idea that boarding is better for me. The reason is that they think it’s convenient for me to ask the teachers for help whenever I have problems in study. Apart from this, I will have enough time to study. What’s more, it’s a good chance for me to learn to be independence.
Living in a city has advantages and disadvantages. ___________, it is easier to find work in a city. __________, there are always many choices of public transport. ______, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, go to cinemas and go to parks whenever you want to relax.
Besides
First of all/ First/ Firstly
Second(ly)
What’s more/
In addition / Moreover
_________, living in a city is often very expensive. You must find a well-paid job, _________, you will not be able to afford the things you will do. _____________, the city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside.
What’s more
In addition / Moreover
However/ Whereas
otherwise/ or
Living in a city has advantages and disadvantages. _____, it is easier to find work in a city. _____, there are always many choices of public transport. ____, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, go to cinemas and go to parts whenever you want to relax.
_____, living in a city is often very expensive. You must find a well-paid job, _____, you will not be able to afford the things you will do. _____, the city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside.
The World Food Program, set up in 1963, has three policies: to save lives in times of crisis by sending grains such as rice; to improve nutritional standards and the quality of life in poor countries; to help develop the resources of these countries and to help unemployed people become independent.
The World Food Program, set up in 1963, has three polices: to save lives in times of crisis by sending grains such as rice; to improve nutritional standards and the quality of life in poor countries;
to help develop the resources of these countries and to help unemployed people because independent.
firstly,
Secondly,
and thirdly,
How do you feel when reading the two passages
3. Rewrite the following sentences with the following linking words:
above all, instead, moreover, besides, nevertheless, for one thing
You should fully prepare before going on a hike.
Bring enough drinking water with you.
You should fully prepare before going on a hike. Above all, bring enough drinking water with you.
2) People there never plant trees in spring. They have destroyed a big part of the forest by cutting down trees for commercial use.
--- People there never plant trees in spring. Moreover, they have destroyed a big part of the forest by cutting down trees for commercial use.
3) Leonard applied to the local college because the tuition is cheaper. He would prefer to go to school somewhere closer to home.
---Leonard applied to the local college because the tuition is cheaper. Besides, he would prefer to go to school somewhere closer to home.
常用的关联词语有：
并列关系：
补充/递进关系：
转折关系：
时间顺序：
and, or, as well as, as well, also, both …and,
either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等
besides, also, even，furthermore,
moreover, what’s more，in addition,
on top of something等
but, yet, however, though, while,
otherwise, or, despite, instead, whereas,
unfortunately ,in spite of, instead of等
first, then, next, firstly, secondly, finally,
now, after, before, afterwards(后来,然后),
first of all, last but not least, in the end,
for one thing(首先), meanwhile等
原因/结果关系：
比较、对比：
总结/概括:
进一步阐述、列举：
其它：
so, thus, therefore, for, as a result,
for one thing(其中一个原因), for another(另一原因), because of, due to, owing to, thanks to等
however, instead, nevertheless, while,
in contrast, on the contrary,
on one hand, on the other hand等；
in a word, in general, in short, above all,
after all, in all, on the whole, in conclusion,
to sum up, to conclude, in brief,
in summary, generally speaking…
in other words, that is to say,
for example, for instance, such as …
in fact, as long as, in that case…
Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, now, in the end, etc are time sequence words, which show the order of ideas or actions. They are linking words.
Links are needed between sentences to connect the ideas of the sentences to each other. Without these links, it is easy for readers to get confused. These links help readers work out what is going to happy next in a text.
Time sequence words(时间顺序关联词语)