Period 2: Grammar—Review of verb forms (2)
Objectives
To review Past simple, past perfect and past continuous
To make a summary of tenses
Procedures
▇ Reviewing Present simple, present continuous, present perfect
Simple Past
FORM Simple Past
[VERB+ed]
EXAMPLES:
I visited my friends.
I often visited my friends.
NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with only one part such as Simple Past (visited), adverbs usually come before the verb (often visited). Please remember this is different from verbs with more than one part such as Present Continuous.
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
EXAMPLES:
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a movie yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn't travel to Japan.
She washed her car.
She didn't wash her car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th...
EXAMPLES:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
USE 3 Single Duration
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a long action often used with expressions like "for two years," "for five minutes," "all day" or "all year."
EXAMPLES:
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
How long did you wait for them
We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habit in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to". To make it clear that we are talking about a habit we often use expressions such as "always," "often," "usually," "never," "...when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" in the sentence.
EXAMPLES:
I studied French when I was a child.
He played the violin.
She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped.
IMPORTANT "When clauses" happen first
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as "When I dropped my pen..." or "When class began..." These clauses are called "when clauses" and they are very important. The examples below contain "when clauses."
EXAMPLES:
When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
She answered my question, when I paid her one dollar.
"When clauses" are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing. First, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her a dollar.
EXAMPLE:
I paid her a dollar, when she answered my question.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Simple Past
EXAMPLES:
Tom repaired the car. ACTIVE
The car was repaired by Tom. PASSIVE
Past Perfect
FORM Past Perfect
[HAD] + [PAST PARTICIPLE]
Examples:
I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S.
They had never met an American until they met John.
NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Past Perfect (had met), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (had never met).
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
EXAMPLES:
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992
Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-continuous Verbs)
With Non-progressive Verbs and some non-progressive uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
EXAMPLES:
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect
Unlike the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
EXAMPLE:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually tell you what happens first so the Past Perfect is optional. Both sentences below are correct.
EXAMPLE:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect action did not happen at a specific time, Past Perfect MUST be used at all pare the two sentences below.
EXAMPLE:
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
ACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMS Past Perfect
EXAMPLES
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. ACTIVE
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. PASSIVE
Past Continuous
FORM Past Continuous
[WAS / WERE] + [VERB+ing]
EXAMPLES:
I was studying when she called.
I was carefully picking up the snake when it bit me.
NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Past Continuous (was picking), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (was carefully picking).
IMPORTANT
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as "...when she called " or "...when it bit me." Clauses with the Past Continuous usually start with while. While expresses the idea "during the time." Study the examples below. They have the same meaning.
EXAMPLES:
I was studying when she called.
While I was studying, she called.
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually an action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
EXAMPLES:
I was watching TV when she called.
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having a picnic, it started to rain.
Sally was working when Joe had the car accident.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by an action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
EXAMPLES:
Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.
At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous a specific time only interrupts the action.
EXAMPLES:
Last night at 6 p.m., I ate dinner.
(I started eating at 6 p.m.)
Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.
(I started earlier and at 6 p.m. I was in the process of eating dinner.)
USE 3 Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
EXAMPLES:
I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans and having a good time.
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere in the past.
EXAMPLE:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as always or constantly expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression used to but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words always or constantly between "be" and "verb+ing."
EXAMPLES:
She was always coming to class late.
He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
IMPORTANT Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) cannot be used in any "continuous" tenses. Also, certain "non-continuous" meanings for Mixed Verbs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) cannot be used in "continuous" tenses. To express the idea of Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
EXAMPLES:
Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Past Continuous
EXAMPLES:
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. ACTIVE
The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. PASSIVE
■Making a summary of tenses
Simple Forms ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "simple#simple ) Progressive Forms ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "progressive#progressive ) Perfect Forms ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "perfect#perfect ) Perfect Progressive Forms ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "perfect progressive#perfect progressive )
Present take/s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "present#present ) am/is/are taking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "present progressive#present progressive ) have/has taken ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "present perfect#present perfect ) have/has been taking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "present perfect progressive#present perfect progressive )
Past took ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "past#past ) was/were taking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "past progressive#past progressive ) had taken ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "past perfect#past perfect ) had been taking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "past perfect progressive#past perfect progressive )
Future will/shall take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "future#future ) will be taking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "future progressive#future progressive ) will have taken ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "future perfect#future perfect ) will have been taking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \l "future perfect progressive#future perfect progressive )Period 3: FUNCTION—Making deduction about the past
Objectives
●To learn to making deduction about the past
Procedures
▇ Warming up by learning to “deduce”
Can we deduce from your silence that you do not approve
We can deduce a lot from what people choose to buy.
The answer is deducible from the evidence available.
He arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction.
If my deductions are correct, I can tell you who the killer was.
We can examine the bones of dinosaurs and make deductions about how they lived.
■Making deduction about the past with modal verbs (degrees of certainty)
As Swan (Practical English Usage (Oxford University Press, 1997)), explains:
"One (of the meanings of modal verbs) is to do with degrees of certainty: modal verbs can be used to say for instance that a situation is certain, probable, possible or impossible. "
Modal verbs can be used to express these ideas about the past, present and future.
The most definite degree of certainty can be expressed with will and won't, followed by must and can't/couldn't, should and shouldn't, may and may not, and might/could and mightn't, which express the least definite degree of certainty.
All of these modal verbs can be used to talk about degrees of certainty in the past. Once more, will or won't expresses the most certainty, and might/could or mightn't the least certainty.
Examples:
That will have been Ted you saw --- he's seven feet tall.
It won't have been Sue you saw --- she's blonde and is five feet tall.
Notice that would and wouldn't can be used in the same way as will and would here:
That would have been Ted you saw --- he's seven feet tall.
It wouldn't have been Sue you saw --- she's blonde and is five feet tall.
That must have been fun --- you love dancing, don't you
It can't/couldn't have been much fun out on the boat --- there were gale-force wind, I hear. (See grammar definitions).
Where can they be They should have been here a long time ago.
Where can they be They shouldn't have taken this long.
She may have dropped by --- we were out all morning.
She may not have been able to see properly in the heavy rain.
He might have had an accident!
She mightn't have even known we were going to be here.
I'm absolutely sure!. They must have arrived yesterday, I saw their ticket.
Are you joking! David can't have gone to Paris last week. He doesn't have enough money.
The concert must have been wonderful last night. Fiore is a great conductor.
John isn't here. He's on assignment in Bali. So the person you spoke to this morning can’t have been John.
She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work.
She might not have taken the bus. She might have walked home.
■Closing down by do a quiz
1. Mr. Black didn’t come to the office yesterday. He____ ill.
a. can be b. must be c. must have been d. would be
2. Mr. Smith _____ be in the office now. I saw him take a taxi just a moment ago.
a. can’t b. doesn’t c. mustn’t d. needn’t
3. Where___ in the past three years
a. had you gone b. have you gone c. did you go d. have you been
4. Let us wait a little longer, _____
a. shall we b. will you c. could we d. can you
5. Linda has lived here for a long time, so she____ the weather.
a. used to b. get used to c. became used to d. is used to
6. She ___ at home now, but I’m not sure.
a. maybe b. might be c. may have been d. might have been
7. No one__ that to his face.
a. dare to say b. dares say c. dares saying d. dare say
8. I’m sorry I ____ to tell you I was coming.
a. ought to phone b. should phone
c. need to phone d. ought to have phoned
9.—Did you blame him for his mistake –Yes, but__ it.
a. I’d rather not have done b. I’d rather not do
c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
10. At that moment she ___ with her little sister at home.
a. may play b. can play
c. might be playing d. might be played
11. You ____ read that article if you don’t want to.
a. haven’t to b. can’t
c. mustn’t d. needn’t
12. Smith has not been to Beijing._____.
a. Neither is Mary b. Neither has Mary
c. Neither does Mary d. Neither did Mary
13. A computer___ think for itself, it must be told what to do.
a. can’t b. couldn’t
c. may not d. might not
14. He left yesterday, so he ___ in Beijing.
a. may arrive b. may have arrived
c. must arrive d. arrives
15. It was so dark outside that he ___.
a. didn’t dare to go out to fetch water b. dare not to go out to fetch water
c. doesn’t dare to go out to fetch water d. not dare to go out to fetch water
16. You ___ return the book now . You can keep it till next week if you like.
a. mustn’t b. do not have to
c. haven’t d. can’t
17.The children asked whether they___ go for a swim.
a. were able to b. can
c. could d. may
18.—May I hand in my exercise book tomorrow
--No, you ___. Today is the deadline.
a. can’t b. mustn’t
c. won’t d. had better don’t
19. Post the letter for me, ____ you
a. don’t b. will
c. do d. shall
20.___ repeat the story
a. Shall I b. Will I
c. Would you like me d. Do you allow me
21.I think you had better ___ to bed too late.
a. don’t go b. did not go c. not go d. are not
22.This___ be a woman’s handkerchief. It____ be a man’s.
a. cannot; must b. cannot; may c. must not; can d. can’t ; can
23. The boss could hardly believe I could do as a man, ___he
a. can b. can’t c. could d. couldn’t
24. Now that you are suffering from toothache, you’ll ___ go to see your dentist.
a. must b. need c. have to d. should
25. – What has happened to Alice Where is she --I don’t know. She ___ lost.
a. can have got b. must have got
c. might be get d. can get
26. There ___ no hurry, need there
a. need be b. need to be c. doesn’t need d. needs
27. It___ rain soon, I think, for the sky is clouding over.
a. must be b. should c. might d. can
28. The news is so strange that you ___ not believe it.
a. have to b. will c. can’t d. ought to
29. He ____ cook the meal yesterday, so he could not go to the cinema.
a. must b. must have to
c. has to d. can’t be
30. I don’t think Jim can speak Japanese, ___
a. does he b. doesn’t he
c. can he d. can’t he
31. It is necessary that the results of the experiment____.
a. should be checked b. must be checked
c. can be checked d. will be checked
32. The boys don’t go but the girls__.
a. don’t b. do
c. do too d. go
33. He said he didn’t steal the money, but I’m sure he__.
a. had b. does
c. did d. is
34. You ___ your lessons yesterday, but you didn’t.
a. had gone over b. should have gone over
c. did go over d. would go over
35. She used to get up at six, __ she
a. did b. does
c. didn’t d. had
(Keys:1-5cadad;6-10bddac;11-15ababa;16-20bcaba;21-25cacab;26-30acbbc;31-35abcbc)Period 5: CULTURAL CORNER—Growing jobs
Objectives
To read to know more about jobs
Procedures
▇ Before you read
Please go over the word list for this module, paying attention to the pronunciation of the word, the relationship between its pronunciation and its spelling.
▇While you read
Cut/ the sentences into thought groups, blacken the predicates, underline the useful expressions and darken the connectives.
Growing jobsWhat sort of jobs will people be doing/ ten years from now According to a survey /published by an American university, the ten fastest growing jobs will be related/ to computers and health．They include computer systems analysts, data analysts and database managers. But/ there will also be a rise/ in the demand/ for health care professionals. Some of these will be new jobs, such as bioinformaticians, who combine computer skills/ with knowledge of biology. Others will be more traditional．For example, more home care nurses will be needed/ to look after the rapidly ageing population．But many youngsters/ will need professional care，too:14 million Americans suffer from speech/ or language problems, and six million of them are under the age of 18. The number of speech pathologists (who help people who have problems speaking) is expected/ to double/ by the year 2012. And social workers will continue/ to be in demand．Of course/ there will be plenty of other new jobs, some of which we probably can't even guess．But/ for those/ who love the outdoor life, a good bet could be the leisure industry. As more and more countries open up to tourism, more travel agents will be needed，but the real demand will be for guides/ to take groups/ and even individuals/ on adventure holidays. For people/ doing this job，common sense，physical fitness and an outgoing personality are likely to be more important/ than computer skills.
▇After you read
Copy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book. You may make sentences with these expressions.
ten years from now, according to a survey, be related to …, computer systems analysts, data analysts, database managers, a rise in the demand for…, Health care professionals, combine…wit…, look after the rapidly ageing population, need professional care，suffer from…, under the age of …, have problems doing…, by the year 2012, in demand, love the outdoor life, a good bet, the leisure industry, open up to …, take …on adventure holidays, common sense，physical fitness, an outgoing personalityPeriod 1: Reading—The Human Traffic Signal
Objectives
To learn about jobs done by people in English
To learn to read with strategies
Focus
Words offer, respect, direct, freeze, earn, sign, apply, require, suffer, double
Expressions in particular, on average, in theory, in practice, pass by, take…for granted, have an effort on…, take up, take notice of, in response to
Patterns 1. One road in particular, which goes north from La Paz, is considered the most dangerous road in the world. 2．On one side the mountains rise steeply; on the other side there is a sheer drop, which in places is hundreds of metres deep. 3. The drop is so great that anyone inside the vehicle is lucky to survive. 4.Timoteo has an unusual job---he is a human traffic signal.
Aids Multimedia facilities, tape-recorder, photos, diagrams
Procedures
▇Warming up by learning about “job hunting”
Good morning, class. Today we shall take Unit 2: A Job Worth Doing. But first we have to find a job, that is, to hunt a job.
"Job hunting" is the act of looking for employment. It is also known as job seeking. The immediate goal of job seeking is usually to obtain a job interview and ultimately a form of employment.
The people in the pictures on page 11 are doing jobs of different types.
What are you going to do in the future
Now go to page 12. Let’s read about an unusual job. The man in the article is working as a traffic light or traffic signal. Do you think it strange A traffic light or traffic signal is a signaling device positioned at a road intersection or pedestrian crossing to indicate when it is safe to drive, ride or walk, using a universal color code. Yes, this man is working as a signaling device, not for money but for helping people.
▇Before you read
Please go over the word list for this module, paying attention to the pronunciation of the word, the relationship between its pronunciation and its spelling.
▇While you read
Cut/ the sentences into thought groups, blacken the predicates, underline the useful expressions and darken the connectives.
The Human Traffic Signal
1______________At 3，500 metres，La paz，in Bolivia，is the highest capital/ in the world. Life is hard/ at high altitude, and the mountains make communication difficult．Many roads are in bad condition/ and accidents are frequent. One road/ in particular, which goes north/ from La Paz, is considered/ the most dangerous road/ in the world. On one side/ the mountains rise steeply; on the other side/ there is a sheer drop, which/ in places/ is hundreds of metres deep. Although there is not a lot of traffic, on average，one vehicle comes off the road/ every two weeks. The drop is so great that anyone/ inside the vehicle/ is lucky/ to survive. In theory, the road can only be used/ by traffic/ going uphill/ from 8/ in the morning, and by traffic/ coming downhill/ from 3/ in the afternoon. But in practice, few drivers respect the rules. 2__________________But/ thanks to one man，the death toll has fallen. Timoteo Apaza is a gentle 46-year-old man/ who lives/ in a village/ near the most dangerous part of the road，known locally as la curva del Diablo(the Devil’s Bend)．Timoteo has an unusual job---he is a human traffic signal. Every morning/ he climbs up/ to the bend/ with a large circular board/ in his hand. The board is red/ on one side/ and green/ on the other. Timoteo stands/ on the bend/ and directs the traffic. When two vehicles approach from opposite directions/ they can't see each other, but/ they can see Timoteo. Timoteo is a volunteer. No one asked him/ to do the job, and no one pays him/ for it. Sometimes/ drivers give him a tip, so that he has just enough money/ to live on. But/ often they just pass by, taking the human traffic signal/ for granted.3______________So/ why does he do it Before he volunteered to direct the traffic, Timoteo had had lots of jobs. He had been a miner/ and a soldier. Then/ one day/ while he was working as a lorry driver/ he had a close encounter/ with death. He was driving a lorry load of bananas/ when he came off the road/ at a bend/ and fell three hundred metres/ down the mountain. Somehow/ he survived. He was in hospital/ for months. Then, a few years later, he was called out/ in the night/ to help pull people out of a bus/ which had crashed/ at la curva del diablo. This last experience had a profound effect/ on Timoteo. He realised that he was lucky/ to be alive himself, and/ felt that it was his mission/ in life/ to help others. And so/ every morning, week in, week out, from dawn to dusk, Timoteo takes up his place/ on the bend/ and directs the traffic.
▇After you read
Copy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book and make your own sentences with them.
Expressions from: The Human Traffic Signal
at 3，500 metres，the highest … in the world, at high altitude, make… difficult, in bad condition, in particular, be considered the most dangerous road in the world, on one side, rise steeply; on the other side, a sheer drop, in places, hundreds of metres deep, a lot of traffic, on average， come off the road, inside the vehicle, is lucky to survive. In theory, be used by traffic, go uphill, come downhill, in practice, respect the rules, thanks to…, the death toll, a gentle46-year-old man, live in a village near the most dangerous part of the road，known locally as …, have an unusual job, a human traffic signal, climb up to…, with…in one’s hand, red on one side and green on the other, stand on…, direct the traffic, approach from opposite directions, pay… for…, give… a tip, have just enough money to live on, pass by, take…for granted, work as …, have a close encounter with death, drive a lorry load of…, come off the road at a bend, fall three hundred metres down the mountain, in hospital for months, a few years later, be called out in the night, help pull… out of a bus , have a profound effect on…, be lucky to be alive, one’s mission in life to help others, week in, week out, from dawn to dusk, take up one’s place, on the bend
Read to transfer information
The Human Traffic Signal
Where Who and what Why
At 3，500 metres，La paz，in Bolivia，is the highest capital in the world. Many roads are in bad condition and accidents are frequent. One road in particular, which goes north from La Paz, is considered the most dangerous road in the world. But thanks to one man，the death toll has fallen. Timoteo Apaza is a gentle46-year-old man who lives in a village near the most dangerous part of the road．Timoteo has an unusual job---he is a human traffic signal.Timoteo stands on the bend and directs the traffic. So why does he do it He realised that it was his mission in life to help others. And so every morning, week in, week out, from dawn to dusk, Timoteo takes up his place on the bend and directs the traffic.
■Learning to read in English
1. Pay attention when you read and read as if it really matters.
PAY ATTENTION
PAY ATTENTION and
PAY ATTENTION.
2. Stop talking to yourself when you read. People talk to themselves in 2 ways, by:
vocalizing, which is the actual moving of your lips as you read, and
sub vocalizing, which is talking to yourself in your head as you silently read.
3. Read in thought groups.
Try to read in phrases of three or four words, especially in complete clauses and prepositional phrases.
4. Don't keep re-reading the same phrases.
Poor readers habitually read and re-read the same phrase over and over again.
5. Vary your reading rate to suit the difficulty and type of writing of the text.
Poor readers always read at the same slow rate. An efficient reader speeds up for easier material and slows down for the hard.
■Reading more about “Kinds of Jobs”
What kinds of jobs do people do Some that I have been interested in at various times.
Artist
I include artists in all media, including words, images, buildings, drama, dance and more. These people work with ideas and emotions as they are expressed in some kind of artifact, so let it include even the arts and crafts types who are usually sneered at by fine artists. I just don't have the vision to be much of an artist, although I have bursts of pretentiousness which make me want to be an artist of some kind. What's annoying is that I will get an idea for a novel or a movie or a TV show but then it won't crystallize, and then I get bored with it. At the moment I am not responding very well to art. Something about abstraction is frustrating me, and it has a destructive effect on trying to invent imaginary worlds, events and characters. I've never been much for visual arts, unless you count graphic arts.
Designer
A person who blends aesthetics with practical production: architectures, graphic artists and print designers, industrial designers and the like. Game designers, too, I guess. This is the sort of work I am probably most suited to, but I have found that because it needs some kind of practical impetus, it is difficult to come up with projects independently, at least for me. Also, I find that I have trouble "seeing" various design choices -- finding the suitable one. One design job that used to really interest me, and which is really obscure, is typeface design. I got pretty interested in it as a teenager, but I just couldn't get into it full time. I think I was partly discouraged by my atrocious, left-handed penmanship. I am always in awe of skilled calligraphers. I used to spend hours and hours designing posters or just drawing words, but I could not paint them, so I would carefully construct the outlines and then fill them in.
Technician
A specialist in a technical field, usually related to the production or operation of some kind of specialized equipment. You get a lot of job titles that include "engineer" that are not engineers -- those are technicians. Audio engineers, for example. It sounds fancier. I would make a great technician, because it requires fairly strict, but not absolute, conformance to rules of the domain. Equipment operation is readily "benchmarked" for efficiency, which my mechanical mind is pretty good at. However I have not acquired much in the way of technical knowledge in my life, since I fear the dangers of obsolescence. Information technology work is mostly a highfaluting kind of technician work, with a large base of theoretical knowledge. It lends itself to the bureaucratic mind, which is something that many people, myself included, find comforting. But it also lends itself to rigidness, which is not something I see as positive.
Scientist
The scariest calling -- to extract the secrets of the universe, its function and its rules. It requires a kind of obsession which I do not have, and a love of nature, which I am generally half-hearted about, and a capability to invent, perform and document detailed experiments in order to discover properties of the test subject -- and I hate experimentation. I figured this out right away in first year university. I think scientists are great and I like to learn about science (maybe not so much now as I used to), but this was a brief dream for me.
Engineer
Super-technician. Too nerve-wracking, because engineers make things that people's lives depend on, like vehicles, buildings, electric grids, medical equipment and the like. While I would certainly derive pride from helping build a new and better orbital vehicle, that's pure fantasy. Engineering is all the worst parts of science and all the worst parts of design. I love what they make and, like scientists, I respect them immensely, but I do not have a brain for remembering rules and formulae. I would get people killed for sure.
Analyst
You know, like economists and financial analysts and accountants. I am sure there are analysts who do not work with money, but that seems to be the primary area. I never seriously considered anything in this realm, but I did think about it briefly once. I think that at least part of the skill set of an analyst is overlaps with that of other fields, since you have to be able to look at a system, understand it, and predict its behaviour in most technically-related work. But money and business systems are very abstract, almost virtual. Lately I am having a lot of trouble with anything abstract. It's all just turning into a haze of symbols.
Clerk
Yeah, no kidding, sometimes I miss just being the guy who tells you where it is on the shelf. Reliable, predictable, concrete, orderly, tactile, and comprehensible. A retail store is a nice static system. And I want to distinguish a clerk, who just facilitates a purchase, from a sales person, who attempts to encourage or invent the desire for a purchase. Clerks don't have stress and they don't make any money, usually not even enough to live on, unless they are at a fancier retailer like The Bay or Sears. There are all kinds of other jobs also called "clerk" but I have to admit I do not know anything about them. But they do have a nice, safe, routine tedium to comfort them when they feel like the world is turning upside down. Everybody needs some level of stability.
Closing down by telling about your future job
I’d like to work as…in the future.
Actress or ActorAmbassador/diplomatAnimatorArchaeologist Architect ArtistAstronomerAstronautBabysitter Basket ball playerBiologistBusiness/Economy Chef/cook ComputersCosmetologistCounselor DancerDentistDoctor ElectricianEngineer Farmer Fashion DesignerFirefighter Hairdresser Horse rider, etc.Interior decorator Interpreter/translatorJournalist/WriterLawyer/LegalMassage therapist Mechanic MilitaryModel Movie director Musician NaturalistNurse Photographer PilotPolicePresidentPriest PsychiatristPsychologist ScientistSkateboarderSingerSoccer player Social workerSportsperson Stewardess Stylist SurgeonTeacherTourismUnusual Jobs Veterinarian
Additional Materials
Complete the article with one word in each blank:La paz is the highest __1___ in the world. Life is hard there. Many roads are in bad __2___ and accidents are frequent. Thanks to one man，the ___3__ toll of traffic accident has __4___. Timoteo Apaza, a gentle 46-year-old man, has an unusual job there. He __5___ as a human traffic signal. Every morning Timoteo __6___ on the bend and directs the traffic. So why __7___ he do it One day he was driving a lorry load of bananas __8___ he came off the road at a bend and __9___ three hundred metres down the mountain. Somehow he __10___. This experience had a profound effect on Timoteo. He __11___ that it was his mission in life to __12___ others. (keys:1.capital2.condition3.death4.fallen5.works6.stands7.does 8.when 9.fell 10.survived11.realised12.help )
Study the notes to the difficult sentences:One road in particular, which goes north from La Paz, is considered the most dangerous road in the world. 其中有一条路，从拉巴斯往北，被认为是世界上最危险的路。阅读或朗读时，considered后面有个停顿， the到句号是主语补语。带有宾语补语的动词变成被动语态后，原宾语变成了主语，宾语补语亦因而变成了主语补语。如：She was made angry (她被惹得生气了。) He was elected President. (他被选为总统。) What is the baby called (这个婴儿叫什么 )2．On one side the mountains rise steeply; on the other side there is a sheer drop, which in places is hundreds of metres deep. 一边，群山陡峭，另一边，悬崖直下，有 些地方深达几百英尺。On one side 和on the other side是相关并列连词，也是所谓“篇章衔接词语”。篇章中表示语义联系的语法和词汇手段有五类,构成不同类型的语义衔接。前者包括照应(reference) 、替代(substitution) 、省略(ellipsis) 、连接(conjunction) 和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion) 。后者则包括词汇重述( reiteration) 、同义( synonymy) 、下义( hyponymy) 和搭配( collocation)等。The drop is so great that anyone inside the vehicle is lucky to survive. 落差太大了，车里的人能死里逃生算是命大。so…that引导的是程度状语从句。它例如：He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’ such a good chance that we must not miss it. To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.Timoteo has an unusual job---he is a human traffic signal. 铁穆特欧有一份不寻常的工作，他是人式形交通信号灯。a human traffic signal是名词短语作表语，是所谓“暗喻”用法。Metaphor (暗喻）：It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 英语修辞还有：Figures of speech (修辞) ，Simile (明喻），Analogy (类比）Personification (拟人） Hyperbole (夸张） Understatement (含蓄陈述）Euphemism (委婉）Metonymy (转喻）Synecdoche (提喻）Antonomasia (换喻）Pun (双关语）Syllepsis (一语双叙）， Zeugma (轭式搭配）Irony (反语），Innuendo (暗讽），Sarcasm (讽刺）， Paradox (似非而是的隽语） Oxymoron (矛盾修饰），Antithesis (对照），Epigram (警句），Climax (渐进），Anti-climax or bathos (突降）， Apostrophe (顿呼），Transferred Epithet (转类形容词），Alliteration (头韵），Onomatopoeia (拟声）。And so every morning, week in, week out, from dawn to dusk, Timoteo takes up his place on the bend and directs the traffic. 因此，每天早上，一周又一周，从早到晚，铁穆特欧在拐角处站好位置，指挥交通。本句中的短语有：and so， every morning, week in, week out, from dawn to dusk, take up one’s place， on the bend， direct the traffic。
Answer the reading comprehension questions:Why life in La paz，in Bolivia, is hard A: Because it is at 3，500 metres.B: Because it is the highest capital in the world. C: Because the mountains make communication difficult．D: All of the above.What does the word “drop” mean in the sentence The drop is so great that anyone inside the vehicle is lucky to survive. A: The smallest quantity of liquid heavy enough to fall in a spherical mass. B: A small quantity of a substance.C: The act of falling; descent.D: A swift decline or decrease, as in quality, quantity, or intensity.What an unusual job does Timoteo have A: He is a human traffic signal. B: He is miner.C: He is a truck driver.D: He is a traffic policeman.What does the word “mission” mean in the sentence It was his mission in life to help others. A: A Christian church or congregation with no cleric of its own that depends for support on a larger religious organization.B: A series of special Christian services for purposes of proselytizing.C: A welfare or educational organization established for the needy people of a district.D: An inner calling to pursue an activity or perform a service; a vocation.(keys: DCAD)
Absorb information concerning National College Entrance Examination: 短语动词课文中Although there is not a lot of traffic, on average，one vehicle comes off the road/ every two weeks.一句中短语动词有come off…。动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词（Phrasal Verb）。例如：Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）。短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：1） 动词+副词，如：black out；2） 动词+介词，如：look into；3） 动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。请看：高考中的短语动词1. I don’t______ rock ‘n’ roll. It’s much too noisy for my ears. (2004北京)A go after B go away with C go into D go in for2. ---- ______ for the glass! ---- It's OK. I'm wearing shoes. (2004湖南) A. Look out B. Walk out C. Go out D. Set out3. He accidentally _____he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn't been home for a couple of weeks. (2004湖南) A. let out B. took care C. made sure D, made out4．We have to_____the wheat as soon as possible because astorm is on the way. (2004湖北)A．get away B．get across C．get through D．get in 5．Once a decision has been made, all of us should_____it. (2004湖北)A．direct to B．stick to C．lead to D．refer to 6．The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to _____our studies. (2004辽宁)A．get down to B．get out C．get back for D．get over 7. It was not a serious illness, and she soon ______ it. (2004天津)A got over B got on with C got around D got out of8．In some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has _____. (2004广西) A. turned down B. turned over C. fallen down D. fallen over9. Before the war broke out, many people_____in safe places possessions they could not take with them. (2004重庆)A. threw away B. put away C. gave away D. carried away10. The man insisted________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. (2004江苏)A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding(keys: 1-5DAADB,6-10AACBC)Period 4: Reading and writing
Objectives
To learn to speak and write about jobs in English
To read TEMPORARY JOB OFFERS
Procedures
▇ Before you read
Please go over the word list for this part of the module, paying attention to the pronunciation of the word, the relationship between its pronunciation and its spelling.
▇While you read
Cut/ the sentences into thought groups, blacken the predicates, underline the useful expressions and darken the connectives.
TEMPORARY JOB OFFERSTELEPHONE SALES PERSON/ wanted.Must be fluent/ in English/ and one other language.Eight-hour day, good pay.Tel: 0208-674-3242ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT/ needed/ for a busy travel agency. Excellent computer and organisational skills. Full-time post. Please contact the Director/ at World Travel, 129 High St.MAJOR CATERING COMPANY has temporary jobs/ as chefs, waiters, and kitchen staff. For more information/ write to Ms Kate Rees, 17 Park End St.SALES STAFF/ required/ in well-known clothes shop. Good pay, short-term renewable contracts. Cheerful, outgoing personality essential, and knowledge of languages useful. Please write to Mr Lampeter/ at Trendwear, 18 Commercial St.MODELS/ wanted/ over the summer. I’m looking for a number of models/ to work/ both in the studio/ and on location. If you’re thinking about a career/ as a model, or actress, this might be a good chance/ to get some good shots.Email: jonathan@Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing/ in response to your advertisement/ for a temporary position/ as a waiter. I am a 20-year-old student/ and would be able to work/ during June and July. I do not have any experience/ but I enjoy working/ with people/ and am interested/ in a career/ in the catering Industry/ when I leave university.I would be very grateful/ if you could send me/ more information/ about the post(s) available.I look forward to hearing from you.Yours sincerely,James Brown
▇After you read
Copy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book. You may make sentences with these expressions.
be fluent in English and one other language, br needed for a busy travel agency, excellent computer and organisational skills, full-time post, contact …at…, have temporary jobs as…, for more information, write to …, be required in well-known clothes shop, good pay, short-term renewable contracts, cheerful, outgoing personality essential, a knowledge of languages useful, be wanted over the summer, look for…, work both in the studio and on location, think about a career as a model, a good chance, get some good shots, write in response to…, a temporary position as a waiter, a 20-year-old student , work during June and July, have some experience, enjoy working with…, a career in the catering Industry, leave university, send…more information about …, look forward to doing…
■Writing an Ad Response Cover Letter
1090 Peachtree Lane, #4Atlanta, GA 30303404/555-3030Ms. Judy SumnerAtlanta Board of Education45 Peachtree Blvd.Atlanta, GA 30303Dear Ms. Sumner, Perhaps I am the "multi-talented teacher" you seek in your "Multi-Talented Teacher" advertisement in today's Atlanta Constitution. I'm a versatile teacher, ready to substitute, if necessary, as early as next week. I have the solid teaching experience you specify as well as the strong computer skills you desire. I am presently affiliated with a highly regarded private elementary school. Mr. Craig, the headmaster, will certainly give you a good reference. The details of your advertisement suggest to me that the position will involve many of the same responsibilities that I am currently performing. In addition to the planning, administration, and student-parent counseling duties I highlight in my resume, please note that I have a master's degree as well as a teaching certificate from the state of Georgia. Knowing how frantic you must be without a fifth grade teacher, I will call you in a few days. Or if you agree upon reviewing my letter and resume that I am the teacher you need, call me at the home number listed above, or at 555-7327 during business hours. Thanking you most sincerely for your time and consideration. Cordially, Maria Plazza-Smith
▇Closing down by learning how to how to write a job ad
⑴Before you write your job ad, complete a job analysis and description.
⑵To write a similarly targeted ad for your business, look at your job specifications and pull out the top four or five skills that are most essential to the job.
⑶Finally, specify how employees should contact you.
Looking for salesperson
Interior designer seeks inside/outside salesperson. Flooring, drapes (extensive measuring), furniture, etc. In-home consultations. Excellent salary and commission. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE NECESSARY. San Francisco Bay Area. Send resume to G. Green at P.O. Box 5409, San Francisco, CA 90842.
