牛津高中英语模块一至四语法总结及练习（无答案）

第一单元
一
定语从句：定语从句的介绍
就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。
形容词：
The
green
team
介词短语：The
team
in
green
定语从句：The
team
who
were
wearing
green
定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which,
that,
who,
whom,
whose,或关系副词来引导，如when,
where,
why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。
如：做主语The
trees
which
are
on
the
school
campus
have
lost
their
leaves.
做宾语The
student
whom
we
saw
just
now
is
the
best
runner
in
our
school.
做表语Jack
is
no
longer
the
lazy
boy
that
he
used
to
be.
做定语She
has
a
brother
whose
name
I
can’t
remember.
做状语The
school
where
he
studied
is
in
Shenzhen.
二
定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose
在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。
eg：This
is
the
story
that
/which
we
wrote
for
our
storytelling
contest.
在定语从句中，who
用来指代人。
eg：I
am
going
to
see
a
friend
who
has
just
come
back
from
the
UK.
当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。
eg：I
don’t
know
the
name
of
the
teacher
who/whom
I
saw
in
the
computer
room
the
other
day.
当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。
eg：He
likes
all
the
birthday
presents(that/which)his
friends
gave
him.
Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。
eg：I
sat
next
to
a
girl
whose
name
was
Diane.
The
club
whose
members
are
music
fans
meet
in
the
school
garden
every
Saturday
afternoon.
第二单元
一
定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which;
preposition＋whom）
当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。
eg：We
thought
you
were
a
person
from
whom
we
could
expect
good
decisions.
在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。
eg：Art
is
the
subject
which
I
know
little
about.
如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which
可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。
eg：Dad
is
a
person
whom/that/who
I
can
easily
talk
to.
当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who和that。
eg：The
topic
(which)
Eric
is
interested
in
is
Physics.
Daniel
is
the
person
(whom)
I
want
to
make
friends
with.
当先行词是way时，我们用in
which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in
which或that
可以被省略。
eg：I
didn’t
like
the
way
(that
/in
which)
she
talked
to
me.
二
定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why
1．
我们通常用关系副词when
引导先行词是time，moment，day，season，year
等的定语从句。
eg：Do
you
remember
the
day
when
we
left
you
in
charge?
I
often
think
of
the
moment
when
I
saw
the
UFO.
2．
我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。
eg：The
police
searched
the
house
where
the
thief
had
stayed.
This
is
not
a
family
where
bad
behavior
goes
unpunished.
3．
我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。
eg：I
don’t
know
the
reason
why
the
house
is
so
dirty.
4．
在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which
所替代。
eg：The
study
is
the
place
where/in
which
I
often
have
talks
with
my
father.
This
is
the
reason
why/for
which
my
parents
got
home
earlier.
It
rained
the
whole
day
when/on
which
he
traveled
with
his
family.
第三单元
一
定语从句：非限制性定语从句
1．
非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。
eg：Amy,
who
took
weight-loss
pills,
now
realizes
that
health
is
important.
My
pills
are
in
the
bathroom,
where
I
always
keep
them.
2．
当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。
eg：He
missed
the
show,
which
was
a
great
pity.
3．
我们可以用all＋whom/which
来表示全部数量，用some
of＋whom/which来表示部分数量。
eg：I
am
doing
different
types
of
exercises,
all
of
which
are
quite
helpful
to
my
health.
Many
people,
some
of
whom
are
not
overweight,
are
going
on
diet.
定语从句练习
1.
Is
this
the
factory
__________
you
visited
the
other
day?
A.
that
B.
where
C.
in
which
D.
the
one
2.
Is
this
factory
__________
some
foreign
friends
visited
last
Friday?
A.
that
B.
where
C.
which
D.
the
one
3.
Is
this
the
factory
__________
he
worked
ten
years
ago?
A.
that
B.
where
C.
which
D.
the
one
4.
The
wolves
hid
themselves
in
the
places
__________
couldn’t
be
found.
A.
that
B.
where
C.
in
which
D.
in
that
5.
The
freezing
point
is
the
temperature
__________
water
changes
into
ice.
A.
at
which
B.
on
that
C.
in
which
D.
of
what
6.
The
reason
is
__________
he
is
unable
to
operate
the
machine.
A.
because
B.
why
C.
that
D.
whether
7.
I’ll
tell
you
__________
he
told
me
last
week.
A.
all
which
B.
that
C.
all
that
D.
which
8.
That
tree,
__________
branches
are
almost
bare,
is
very
old.
A.
whose
B.
of
which
C.
in
which
D.
on
which
9.
I
have
bought
the
same
dress
__________
she
is
wearing.
A.
as
B.
that
C.
which
D.
what
10.
We’re
talking
about
the
piano
and
the
pianist
_________
were
in
the
concert
we
attended
last
night.
A.
which
B.
whom
C.
who
D.
that
11.
Anyone
__________
this
opinion
may
speak
out.
A.
that
againsts
B.
that
against
C.
who
is
against
D.
who
are
against
12.
Didn’t
you
see
the
man
__________?
I
nodded
just
now
B.
whom
I
nodded
just
now
C.
I
nodded
to
him
just
now
D.
I
nodded
to
just
now
13.
Is
there
anything
__________
to
you?
A.
that
is
belonged
B.
that
belongs
C.
that
belong
D.
which
belongs
14.
----
“How
do
you
like
the
book?”
----
“It’s
quite
different
from
__________
I
read
last
month.”
A.
that
B.
which
C.
the
one
D.
the
one
what
15.
Mr.
Zhang
gave
the
textbook
to
all
the
pupils
except
__________
who
had
already
taken
them.
A.
the
ones
B.
ones
C.
some
D.
the
others
16.
The
train
__________
she
was
travelling
was
late.
A.
which
B.
where
C.
on
which
D.
in
that
17.
It’s
the
third
time
__________
late
this
month.
A.
that
you
arrived
B.
when
you
arrived
C.
that
you’ve
arrived
D.
when
you’ve
arrived
18.
May
the
fourth
is
the
day
__________
we
Chinese
people
will
never
forget.
A.
which
B.
when
C.
on
which
D.
about
which
19.
Is
it
in
that
factory
__________
“Red
Flag”
cars
are
produced?
A.
in
which
B.
where
C.
which
D.
that
20.
He
must
be
from
Africa,
__________
can
be
seen
from
his
skin.
A.
that
B.
as
C.
who
D.
what
21.
He
has
two
sons,
__________
work
as
chemists.
A.
two
of
whom
B.
both
of
whom
C.
both
of
which
D.
all
of
whom
22.
I,
__________
your
good
friend,
will
try
my
best
to
help
you
out.
A.
who
is
B.
who
am
C.
that
is
D.
what
is
23.
I
don’t
like
__________
you
speak
to
her.
A.
the
way
B.
the
way
in
that
C.
the
way
which
D.
the
way
of
which
24.
The
two
things
______they
felt
very
proud
are
Jim’s
gold
watch
and
Della’s
hair.
A.
about
which
B.
of
which
C.
in
which
D.
for
which
25.
Do
you
know
which
hotel
__________?
A.
she
is
staying
B.
she
is
staying
in
C.
is
she
staying
D.
is
she
staying
in
26.
Who
can
think
of
a
situation
__________
this
idiom
can
be
used?
A.
which
B.
that
C.
where
D.
in
that
27.
The
astronaut
did
many
experiments
in
the
spaceship,
___much
help
for
knowing
space.
which
we
think
it
is
B.
which
we
think
are
of
C.
of
which
we
think
is
D.
I
think
which
is
of
28.
The
great
day
we
looked
forward
to
__________
at
last
A.
come
B.
came
C.
coming
D.
comes
29.
I
like
the
second
football
match
__________
was
held
last
week.
A.
which
B.
who
C.
that
D.
/
30.
This
is
the
very
film
_______
I've
long
wished
to
see.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
who
D.
whom
31.The
house
______the
capitalist
used
to
live
in
is
now
a
nursery.
A.
that
B.
where
C.
what
D.
when
32.The
doctor
did
all_______
to
save
the
wounded
boy.
A.
what
he
could
B.
he
could
C.
everything
which
he
could
D.
for
which
he
could
do
33.
_____you
know,
he
is
a
famous
musician.
A.
As
B.
which
C.
That
D.／
34.He
is
the
only
one
of
the
three______
got
the
new
idea.
A.
who
have
B.
whom
have
C.
who
has
D.
whose
had
35.This
is
the
baby____________
tomorrow.
A.
after
whom
I
shall
look
B.
whom
I
shall
look
after
C.
whose
I
shall
look
after
D.
after
whom
I
shall
look
after
36.
These
students
will
graduate
from
the
university
next
summer,
__
they
will
have
studied
here
for
four
years.
A.
by
then
B.
by
that
time
C.
by
what
time
D.
by
which
time
37.
This
is
the
house
the
window
__________
faces
the
south.
A.
of
which
B.
which
C.
of
it
D.
whose
38.
It
is
five
o’clock
in
the
afternoon
_________
they
arrived
at
the
hotel.
A.
since
B.
before
C.
when
D.
that
39.
In
some
countries,
_____is
called
“equality”
does
not
really
mean
equal
rights
for
all
people.
A.
which
B.
what
C.
that
D.
one
40.
---
How
about
the
games?
---Very
interesting,
and
the
ones
_____the
young
men
competed
were
really
exciting
A.
what
B.
for
whom
C.
where
D.
in
which
二
附加疑问句
1．
附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。
当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。
当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。
2．
附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：
1）
在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。
eg：We
can
still
be
friends,
can’t
we?
He
doesn’t
like
ice
cream,
does
he?
当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。
eg：Neither
of
you
will
have
coffee,
will
you?
No
one
has
found
my
CD,
have
they?
Nobody
understood
his
speech,
did
they?
His
sister
seldom
argues
with
people,
does
she?
人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。
eg：I
was
pretty
silly,
wasn’t
I?
Everyone
has
advises
you
not
to
go
on
a
diet,
haven’t
you?
助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。
eg：You
like
traveling,
don’t
you?
There
is
something
wrong,
isn’t
there?
You
can’t
speak
Italian,
can
you?
祁使句后用will
you，
Let’s后用shall
we
eg：Post
a
letter
for
me,
will
you?
Let’s
have
a
break,
shall
we?
反意疑问句
1
He
hurt
his
leg
when
playing
football.
He
is
very
unlucky,
____
he?
A
is
B
didn’t
C
isn’t
D
does
2
John
is
a
diligent
student
who
spends
most
of
his
time
studying,
____
he?
A
hadn’t
B
had
C
does
D
isn’t
3
–They
don’t
answer
the
phone
when
I
call.
--There
isn’t
any
one
at
home
then,
___?
A
isn’t
there
B
is
there
C
is
it
D
isn’t
it
4
It
seldom
snows
in
winter
in
Shanghai,
___?
A
doesn’t
it
B
isn’t
it
C
is
it
D
does
it
5
She
has
already
plans
for
the
summer
holidays,
____?
A
hasn’t
she
B
isn’t
she
C
doesn’t
she
D
hadn’t
it
6
Mother
loves
reading.
She
never
spends
time
watching
TV,
____?
A
does
she
B
will
she
C
have
she
D
doesn’t
she
7
It
is
the
first
time
that
she
has
been
to
the
United
States,
____?
A
isn’t
she
B
isn’t
it
C
hasn’t
she
D
hasn’t
it
8
I
don’t
think
he
is
right,
___?
A
do
I
B
don’t
I
C
is
he
D
isn’t
he
第一单元
一
现在完成时态
1．
我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。
eg：The
disappearance
of
Justin
has
made
Kelly
very
unhappy.
2．
我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。
eg：I
have
not
seen
Justin
since
last
Friday
night.
当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短语有：already,
ever,
for,
just,
lately,
never,
recently,
since,
yet,
already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句。
eg：The
boy
has
already
come
home.
I
haven’t
heard
anything
from
him
yet.
for+一段时间
since+点时间
eg：We
haven’t
seen
him
for
two
years.
We
haven’t
seen
him
since
2002.
注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。
我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。
eg：The
police
have
just
finished
searching
the
area.
我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。
eg：Some
villages
say
that
they
have
seen
UFOs
many
times.
现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词
二
现在完成进行时态
1．
我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。
eg：I
have
not
been
sleeping
well
since
I
returned
home.
2．
我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。
eg：---
Sorry
I’m
late.
Have
you
been
waiting
long?
---
Yes,
I’ve
been
waiting
for
an
hour.
3．
现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has
+been
+doing
注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。
eg：I
have
been
waiting
for
a
long
time.
He
has
been
waiting
since
nine
o’clock.
三
现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态
1．
我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。
eg：Li
Jia
has
read
a
book
about
Stonehenge.
(She
finished
reading
the
book.)
Li
Jia
has
been
reading
a
book
about
Stonehenge.
(She
is
still
reading
the
book.)
2．
我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。
eg：I
have
visited
Egypt
twice
this
month.
I
have
been
touring
Egypt
for
two
months.
现在完成时态用于回答how
many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用于回答how
long的提问。
eg：How
many
times
have
you
swum
in
the
lake?
How
long
have
you
been
swimming
in
the
lake?
3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。
eg：I
have
had
this
camera
for
five
years.
(状态动词)
I
have
taken
photos
of
UFO
with
this
camera.
（动作动词）
I
have
been
taking
photos
of
UFO
with
this
camera.
（动作动词）
注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like，
know，exist
4．
当
never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。
eg：I’ve
never
visited
Paris.
I’ve
already
been
to
Paris.
第二单元
一
将来进行时态
1．
我们用将来进行时态来：
1）
谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。
eg：Toby
will
be
climbing
in
the
Himalayas
all
next
week
2）
谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。
eg：Toby
will
not
be
in
London
next
Tuesday.
He
will
be
climbing
in
the
Himalayas.
3）
没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。
eg：The
weather
report
says
that
it
will
be
raining
when
we
arrive
in
London.
(在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排.)
4）
礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。
eg：Will
you
be
visiting
your
uncle
in
Tanzania?
2．
将来进行时态的构成：
1）
陈述句：will(not)+v-ing
eg：Toby
and
his
brother,
Colin,
will
(not)
be
flying
to
Morocco.
2）
疑问句：will
提到主语的前面
eg：Will
they
be
flying
to
Morocco
on
15th
July?
3）
回答：will（not）
eg：Yes,
they
will.
/No,
they
will
not(won’t)
二
过去将来时态
1．
我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：
1）
表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。
eg：They
set
off
at
9
a.m.
and
would
reach
the
airport
an
hour
later.
2)
暗指一个过去的目的。
eg：I
was
going
to
leave,
but
then
it
rained.
3)
暗指一个过去的安排。
eg：Colin
called
Jennifer
to
say
that
he
was
seeing
her
later
that
afternoon.
4)
指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。
eg：The
journey
that
was
to
change
Toby’s
life
started
in
July
that
year.
2．
陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：
1）
would
+动词原形
eg：I
told
you
Colin
and
I
would
spend
a
few
weeks
traveling.
2)
was/were
going
to，was
/were
to
,
was/were
about
to
eg：We
were
going
to
see
the
wild
animals,
but
then
we
didn’t
have
time.
It
was
his
last
day
at
school---he
was
to
leave
the
next
morning.
Colin
was
about
to
get
off
the
camel
when
a
child
ran
towards
him.
第三单元
一
过去完成时态
1．
我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。
eg：Upon
entering
the
tomb,
Carter’s
lucky
pet
bird,
which
had
led
him
to
the
place,
was
eaten
by
a
snake.
2．
在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。
eg：“We
emptied
the
tomb
of
everything
it
contained,”
said
Carter.-------
Carter
said
that
they
had
emptied
the
tomb
of
everything
it
contained.
3．
过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。
eg：I
had
done
my
homework
this
morning
before
I
went
to
the
museum.
4．
过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when,
after,
before,
as
soon
as,
until,
since,
by,
for,
already.
eg：Then
a
few
months
after
Carter
had
opened
the
tomb,
Lord
Carnarvon
fell
ill
with
a
fever
and
died.
5．
过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed
eg：Howard
Carter
had
received
money
from
Lord
Carnarvon
before
he
made
his
most
amazing
discovery.
二
现在完成时态还是过去完成时态
当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。
eg：Howard
Carter
is
one
of
the
most
famous
explorers
the
world
has
ever
known.
当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。
eg：Not
long
after
the
tomb
had
been
opened,
people
in
Carter’s
team
began
to
fall
ill
and
die
strangly.
语法复习
模快二
I
1—Alice’s
second-hand
computer_____
wrong
although
she
used
it
only
once.
A
goes
B
has
gone
C
is
going
D
had
gone
2
Robert
_____me
his
address
the
other
day,
but
I’m
afraid
I
____it.
A
had
given;
lost
B
has
given;
have
lost
C
gave
;
have
lost
D
gives;
lost
3
I____
nothing
about
it
before
you
told
me
the
news
A
know
B
knew
C
had
known
D
has
known
4
--What
____these
days?
Still
busy
writing
your
new
book?
--Yes,
I
think
I
can
finish
it
next
week.
A
do
you
do
B
have
you
been
doing
C
have
you
done
D
did
you
do
5
--what
was
the
film
like?
--Well，I?____
it____
very
interesting.
A
thought;
would
be
B
thought;
may
be
C
think;
is
going
to
be
D
think;
will
be
6
It
was
the
third
time
that
he
____us
about
his
story.
A
has
told
B
told
C
is
telling
D
had
told
7
I
forget
what
I
was
taught,
I
only
remember
what
I_____.
A
learn
B
learned
C
have
learned
D
had
learned
8
My
younger
sister____
the
Youth
League
____2004.
A
has
joined;
in
B
has
joined;
since
C
had
joined;
since
D
joined;
in
9
–Where
____my
pen?
I
cann’t
find
it
anywhere.
--I
___it
on
this
table,
but
now,
it’s
gone.
A
did
you
put;
have
put
B
have
you
put;
put
C
had
you
put;
was
putting
D
were
you
putting;
have
put
10
She
was
praised
for
what
she___.
A
had
done
B
has
done
C
would
do
D
does
11
I____
he
would
help
me
with
my
English,
in
fact
he
didn’t.
A
has
thought
B
thoughtC
think
D
had
thought
12
--
Tom,
your
shirt
is
so
dirty?
--
Mom,
I
___our
storeroom
downstairs
and
I
will
wash
it
after
finishing
the
cleaning.
A
cleaned
B
have
cleaned
C
was
cleaning
D
have
been
cleaning
13
They___
friends
since
they
met
in
New
York.
A
have
made
B
have
become
C
have
been
D
have
turned
14
Nobody
but
the
twins___
some
interest
in
the
project
till
now.
A
shows
B
show
C
have
shown
D
has
shown
15.The
students
don’t
want
to
have
their
supper
until
they
____
their
experiment.
A
finished
B
have
finished
C
had
finished
D
will
finish
16
By
now
students
in
Grade
One
____
1,700
English
words
and
phrases.
A
should
learn
B
have
learned
C
learned
D
learn
17
–Sorry
to
have
kept
you
waiting!
--I
_____
here
for
fifty
minutes.
A
have
arrived
B
have
got
C
have
reached
D
have
been
18
–Where
have
you
been?
I
____you
the
whole
day.
--I
was
in
the
library
reading
magazines.
A
have
been
telephoning
B
had
telephoned
C
telephoned
D
was
telephoned
19
–Hi,
Tracy
,
you
look
tired.
--I
am
tired.
I____
the
living
room
all
day.
A
painted
B
had
painted
C
have
been
painting
D
have
painted
20
–why
didn’t
you
come
yesterday?
--I
____
,but
I
had
an
unexpected
visitor.
A
had
B
would
C
was
going
to
D
did
21
–Will
you
be
free
at
three
o’clock
tomorrow
afternoon.
--No,
I
__
a
meeting
at
that
time.
A
will
have
B
was
going
to
have
C
will
be
having
D
would
have
22
–What
were
you
doing
when
I
phoned
you
yesterday.
--I
____
just
finished
my
homework
and
___to
watch
TV.
A
have;
am
going
B
have;
was
going
C
had;
was
going
D
had;
am
going
23
–My
father
will
be
here
tomorrow.
--Oh,
I
thought
that
he
___
today.
A
was
coming
B
is
coming
C
will
come
D
comes
24
When
we
reach
New
York,
it
____.
A
probably
will
rain
Bwill
probably
be
raining
C
is
probably
raining
D
has
probably
rained
25—Is
this
the
last
exam
we
have
to
take
this
term?
--Yes,
but
there
___
another
test
three
months
from
now.
A
has
B
is
C
was
D
will
be
26
It
was
said
that
the
machine
___
sometime
the
next
week.
A
had
been
repaired
B
would
repair
C
was
to
be
repaired
D
needs
repairing
27
–Why
did
you
buy
this
paint
so
early?
--I
___
my
bedroom
tomorrow,
but
I
changed
my
mind.
A
was
going
to
paint
B
am
going
to
paint
C
am
painting
D
will
paint
28
At
this
time
tomorrow
I
__
a
report
in
my
office
and
I
__
by
noon.
A
will
be
writing
C
will
have
finished
B
will
write
D
will
finish
29
_____(打算)
see
Mr.
Li
this
evening.
30--Have
you
cleaned
your
room?
--Sorry,
I
haven’t.
But
I
____(表意愿）go
and
clean
it
at
once.
31
The
journey
that
_______change
Toby’s
life
started
in
July
that
year.
(必然的情况)
32
I
told
you
Colin
and
I
_______spend
a
few
weeks
traveling.
(过去将来时)
33
We
__________
see
the
wild
animals,
but
then
we
didn’t
have
time.(过去的打算)
34
I
____
show
you
the
photo
___
I
was
interrupted.(正打算)
名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
（一）引导名词性从句的连接词
1、连接代词：who,
whose,
whom,
what,
which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
2、连接副词：when,
where,
why,
how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
3、连接词：that,
whether,
if,
as
if。that
无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if
(whether),
as
if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。
注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether
和if（是否），as
if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if
和as
if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。
（二）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。
e.g.
Who
will
go
is
not
important.
2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
e.g.
It
doesn’t
matter
so
much
whether
you
will
come
or
not.
3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。
e.g.
That
he
suddenly
fell
ill
last
week
made
us
surprised.
（三）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。
e.g.
The
question
was
who
could
go
there.
2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
e.g.
My
idea
is
(that)
we
can
get
more
comrades
to
help
in
the
work.
（四）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。
e.g.
I
hope
(that)
everything
is
all
right.
2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或
whether。
e.g.
I’m
interested
in
whether
you’ve
finished
the
work..
I’m
interested
in
what
you’ve
said.
3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。
e.g.
I
wonder
if
it
doesn’t
rain.
②用if
会引起误解，就要用whether。
e.g.
Please
let
me
know
whether
you
want
to
go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether
与or
not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。
e.g.
I
don’t
know
whether
or
not
the
report
is
true.
I
don’t
know
whether/
if
the
report
is
true
or
not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether
可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。
e.g.
It
depends
on
whether
we
have
enough
time.
They
don’t
know
whether
to
go
there.
Please
come
to
see
me
if
you
have
time.
（五）同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news,
fact,
idea,
suggestion,
promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。
e.g.
I
have
no
idea
when
he
will
be
back.
The
fact
that
he
had
not
said
anything
surprised
everybody.
练习：
1.The
fact
____
she
works
hard
is
well
known
to
us
all.
A.
that
B.
what
C.
why
D.
which
2.The
fact
____
he
was
successful
proves
his
ability.
A.
that
B.
what
C.
which
D.
why
3.The
news
____
he
was
kidnapped
surprised
us
greatly.
A.
what
B.
that
C.
why
D.
when
4.His
suggestion
____
the
meeting
be
delayed
was
turned
down.
A.
which
B.
that
C./
D.
it
5.I
have
no
idea
____
he
will
start.
A.
when
B.
that
C.
what
D./
6.I've
come
from
the
government
with
a
message
____
the
meeting
won't
be
held
tomorrow.
A.
if
B.
that
C.
whether
D.
which
7.The
thought
____
he
might
fail
in
the
exam
worried
him.
A.
when
B.
which
C.
what
D.
that
8.The
order
____
the
prisoner
be
set
free
arrived
too
late.
A.
which
B.
whether
C.
that
D.
what
9.The
nurses
are
trying
their
best
to
reduce
the
patient's
fear
____
he
would
die
of
the
disease.
A.
that
B.
as
C.
of
which
D.
which
10.He
often
asked
me
the
question
____
the
work
was
worth
doing.
A.
whether
B.
where
C.
that
D.
when
11.
Along
with
the
letter
was
his
promise
____
he
would
visit
me
this
coming
Christmas.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
what
D.
whether
12.
The
other
day,
my
brother
drove
his
car
down
the
street
at
____
I
thought
was
a
dangerous
speed.
A.
as
B.
which
C.
what
D.
that
13.
Luckily,
we’d
brought
a
road
map
without
____
we
would
have
lost
our
way.
A.
it
B.
that
C.
this
D.
which
14.There
are
signs
____
restaurants
are
becoming
more
popular
with
families.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
in
which
D.
whose
15.
We
can
see
the
same
signs
____
stand
out
throughout
the
city.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
in
which
D.
whose
主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His
father
is
working
on
the
farm.
/
To
study
English
well
is
not
easy.
/
What
he
said
is
very
important
for
us
all.
/
The
children
were
in
the
classroom
two
hours
ago.
/
Reading
in
the
sun
is
bad
for
your
eyes.
注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What
I
bought
were
three
English
books.
/
What
I
say
and
do
is
(are)
helpful
to
you.
2、由连接词and或both
…
and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy
and
Lily
are
twins.
/
She
and
I
are
classmates.
/
The
boy
and
the
girl
were
surprised
when
they
heard
the
news.
/
Both
she
and
he
are
Young
Pioneers.
注意：①
若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The
writer
and
artist
has
come.;
/
②
由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,
each,
every
more
than
a
(an)
,
many
a
(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every
student
and
every
teacher
was
in
the
room..
/
No
boy
and
no
girl
likes
it.
3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with,
together
with,
except,
but,
like,
as
well
as,
rather
than,
more
than,
no
less
than,
besides,
including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr
Green,
together
with
his
wife
and
children,
has
come
to
China.
/
Nobody
but
Jim
and
Mike
was
on
the
playground.
/
She,
like
you
and
Tom,
is
very
tall.
4、either,
neither,
each,
every
或no
+单数名词和由some,
any,
no,
every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each
of
us
has
a
new
book.
/
Everything
around
us
is
matter.
注意：①
在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither
of
the
texts
is
(are)
interesting.
②
若none
of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None
of
us
has
(have)
been
to
America.
5、在定语从句时，关系代词that,
who,
which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He
is
one
of
my
friends
who
are
working
hard.
/
He
is
the
only
one
of
my
friends
who
is
working
hard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family,
class,
crowd,
committee,
population,
audience等。如：Class
Four
is
on
the
third
floor.
/
Class
Four
are
unable
to
agree
upon
a
monitor.
注意：people,
police,
cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The
police
are
looking
for
the
lost
child.
7、由“a
lot
of,
lots
of,
plenty
of,
the
rest
of,
the
majority
of
+
名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There
are
a
lot
of
people
in
the
classroom.
/
The
rest
of
the
lecture
is
wonderful.
/
50%
of
the
students
in
our
class
are
girls.
注意：
a
number
of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the
number
of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There
comes
the
bus./
On
the
wall
are
many
pictures.
/
Such
is
the
result.
/
Such
are
the
facts.
（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1、what,
who,
which,
any,
more,
all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which
is
your
bag?
/
Which
are
your
bags?
/
All
is
going
well.
/
All
have
gone
to
Beijing.
2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，
这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty
minutes
is
enough
for
the
work.
3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：
“The
Arabian
Nights”is
an
interesting
story-book.
4、表数量的短语“one
and
a
half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One
and
a
half
apples
is
(are)
left
on
the
table.
5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve
plus
eight
is
twenty.
/
Fifty-six
divided
by
eight
is
seven.
6、一些学科名词是以
–ics
结尾，如：mathematics,
politics,
physics
以及news,
works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The
paper
works
was
built
in
1990.
/
I
think
physics
isn’t
easy
to
study.
7、trousers,
glasses,
clothes,
shoes,
等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a
(the)
pair
of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My
glasses
are
broken.
/
The
pair
of
shoes
under
the
bed
is
his.
8、“定冠词the
+
形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1、当两个主语由either
…
or,
neither
…
nor,
whether
…
or
…,
not
only
…
but
also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either
the
teacher
or
the
students
are
our
friends.
/
Neither
they
nor
he
is
wholly
right.
/
Is
neither
he
nor
they
wholly
right?
2、there
be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There
are
two
chairs
and
a
desk
in
the
room..
注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。
练习：
1.I,
who____
your
friend,
will
try
my
best
to
help
you
with
your
English.
A.am
B.is
C.are
D.be
2.
The
rich
____
not
always
happy.
A.are
B.is
C.has
D.have
3.
Neither
Tom
nor
Jack
and
I
____
his
students.
A.are
B.am
C.is
D.was
4.
Mary
as
well
as
her
sisters
____
Chinese
in
China.
A.
are
studying
B.
have
studied
C.
studies
D.
study
5.
Neither
my
father
nor
I
____
at
home.
A.am
B.is
C.are
D.be
6.
Not
only
my
brother
but
also
I
____
good
at
painting.
Both
of
us
____
good
painters.,
A.are;are
B.am;am
C.ani;are
D.is;is
7.
Every'
boy
and
every
girl
____
to
attend
the
evening
party.
A.wish
B.wishes
C.is
like
D.like
8.
Over
80
percent
of
the
population
of
China
____
peasants.
A.was
B.is
C.
would
be
D.are
9.
The
population
of
China
____
larger
than
that
of
.any
other
country
in
the
world.
A.is
B.are
C.has
D.have
10.
Every
means
____
tried
but
without
any
result.
A.
have
been
B.is
to
be
C.are
to
be
D.
has
been
11.
Alice,
together
with
two
boys,____
for
having
broken
the
rule.
A.
was
punished
B.
punished
C.
were
punished
D.
being
punished
12.
The
League
secretary
and
the
monitor____
asked
to
attend
the
.meeting
this
afternoon.
A.is
B.was
C.are
D.is
being
13.
The
great
writer
and
professor____.
A.
is
an
old
man
B.
are
both
old
men
C.
is
an
old
man
and
a
young
man
D.
were
two
Chinese
14.
There
____
a
pen,
two
pencils
and
three
books
on
the
desk.
A.are
B.is
C.has
D.have
15.
A
large
number
of
students
in
our
class____
girls.
A.
are
B.
was
C.
is
D.
be
16.
The
number
of
deer,
mountain
lions
and
wild
roses
____
much
if
people
leave
things
as
they
are.
A.
doesn'
t
change
B.don't
change
C.change
D.changed
17.
The
Arabian
Nights
____
well
known
to
the
English.
A.
is
B.
are
C.
was
D.
were
18.
Chairman
Mao'
s
works
____
published.
A.
has
been
B.have
been
C.was
D.is
19.
A
chemical
works____
built
there.
A.
is
to
being
B.have
been
C.
were
to
D.has
been
20.
The
Olympic
Games
____
held
every
____
years.
A.is;four
B.are;four
C.is;five
D.are;five
21
.The
United
States
of
America
one
of
the
most
developed
countries
in
the
world.
A.is
B.are
C.was
D.were
22.He
is
the
only
one
of
die
students
who
____
elected.
A.
are
B.have
C.has
D.is
23.Theis
is
one
of
the
most
interesting
questions
that
____
asked.
A.have
B.has
C.
have
been
D.has
been
24.Many
a
man
____
come
to
help
us.
A.have
B.has
C.is
D.are
25."All____
present
and
all____
going
on
well,"
our
monitor
said.
A.is;is
B.are;are
C.are;is
D.is;are
26.
The
police
____
the
murderer
everywhere
when
he
suddenly
appeared
in
a
theatre.
A.
is
searching
for
B.
were
searching
for
C.
are
searching
for
D.
were
searching
27.Your
trousers____
dirty.You
must
have____
washed.
A.is;il
B.are;it
C.are;them
D.is;them
28.This
pair
of
trouseis
____
too
long
for
him.
A.is
B.be
C.are
D.were
29.
One
and
a
half
bananas
____
left
on
the
table.
A.is
B.are
C.has
D.have
30.
Eight
times
eight
____
sixty
-
four.
A.is
B.are
C.get
D.equal
情态动词
1
情态动词的语法特征
　1）
情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
　2）
情态动词
除ought
和have
外，后面只能接不带to
的不定式。
　3）
情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
　4）
情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
2
比较can
和be
able
to
1）can　could
表示能力；可能
(过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be
able
to可以用于各种时态。
　They
will
be
able
to
tell
you
the
news
soon.
他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be
able
to
　
a.
位于助动词后。
　
b.
情态动词后。
　
c.
表示过去某时刻动作时。
　
d.
用于句首表示条件。
　
e.
表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were
able
to，
不能用could。
　　　He
was
able
to
flee
Europe
before
the
war
broke
out.
　　=
He
managed
to
flee
Europe
before
the
war
broke
out.
　　注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
　　
---
Could
I
have
the
television
on?
　　
---
Yes,
you
can.
/
No,
you
can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
　　　　
He
couldn't
be
a
bad
man.　　
　　　　
他不大可能是坏人。
3
比较may和might
1）
表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may
放在句首，表示祝愿。
　　　　May
God
bless
you!
　　　　He
might
be
at
home.
注意：
might
表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may
小。
2）
成语：
may/might
as
well，后面接不带to
的不定式，意为"不妨"。
　　　
If
that
is
the
case,
we
may
as
well
try.
典型例题
　Peter
___come
with
us
tonight,
but
he
isn't
very
sure
yet.
　
A.
must　　B.
may　
C.
can　
D.
will
　答案B.
表可能性只能用may.　此句意可从后半句推出。
4
比较have
to和must
1)　两词都是'必须'的意思，have
to
表示客观的需要，
must
表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
　　My
brother
was
very
ill,
so
I
had
to
call
the
doctor
in
the
middle
of
the
night.　我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
　　He
said
that
they
must
work
hard.
他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2)　have
to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must
可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He
had
to
look
after
his
sister
yesterday.
3）
在否定结构中：
don't
have
to　
表示"不必"
　　　　　　　　　　mustn't　　　　表示"禁止"，
　　
You
don't
have
to
tell
him
about
it.　
你不一定要把此事告诉他。
　　
You
mustn't
tell
him
about
it.　　　　你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
5
must表示推测
　1)
must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
　2)
must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，
must
后面通常接系动词be
的原形或行为动词的进行式。
　　　You
have
worked
hard
all
day.You
must
be
tired.　
你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
　　　He
must
be
working
in
his
office.
他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
　　　
He
must
be
staying
there.　
　　　
他现在肯定呆在那里。
　　　
He
must
stay
there.
　　　
他必须呆在那。
　3)
must
表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must
要接完成式。
　　
I
didn't
hear
the
phone.
I
must
have
been
asleep.　我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
　4)
must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must
后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
　　---Why
didn't
you
answer
my
phone
call?
　　---Well,
I
must
have
been
sleeping,
so
I
didn't
hear
it.
5)
否定推测用
can't。
　　
If
Tom
didn't
leave
here
until
five
o'clock,
he
can't
be
home
yet.　如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
6
表示推测的用法
　can,
could,
may,
might,
must
皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
　　表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
　　I
don't
know
where
she
is,
she
may
be
in
Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
　　表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
　　At
this
moment,
our
teacher
must
be
correcting
our
exam
papers.
　　这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
　　表示对过去情况的推测。
　　We
would
have
finished
this
work
by
the
end
of
next
December.
　　明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
　　The
road
is
wet.
It
must
have
rained
last
night.
　　地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
　　表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
　　Your
mother
must
have
been
looking
for
you.
　　你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't,
couldn't表示。
　　Mike
can't
have
found
his
car,
for
he
came
to
work
by
bus
this
morning.
　　迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could,
might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如
can,
may。
7
情态动词+
have
+过去分词
1)
may(might)
have
+
done
sth,
can
(could)
have
+
done
sth　表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
　　Philip
may
(might)
have
been
hurt
seriously
in
the
car
accident.
　　Philip
can
(could)
have
been
hurt
seriously
in
the
car
accident.
2)　must
have
+done
sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
　---
Linda
has
gone
to
work,
but
her
bicycle
is
still
here.
　---She
must
have
gone
by
bus.
3)
ought
to
have
done
sth,
should
have
done
sth
　　本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
　　You
ought
to
(should)
have
been
more
careful
in
this
experiment.
　　He
ought
not
to
have
thrown
the
old
clothes
away.（事实上已扔了。）
　　
ought
to
在语气上比should
要强。
4)
needn't
have
done
sth　
本没必要做某事
　　I
dressed
very
warmly
for
the
trip,
but
I　needn't
have
done
so.
The
weather
was
hot.
5)
would
like
to
have
done
sth　
本打算做某事　
　　I
would
like
to
have
read
the
article,
but
I
was
very
busy
then.
8
should
和ought
to
　　should
和ought
to
都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
　　---Ought
he
to
go?
　　---Yes.
I
think
he
ought
to.
　　表示要求，命令时，语气由
should（应该）、had
better最好）、must（必须）渐强。
9
had
better表示"最好"
　　had
better
相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
　　had
better
do
sth
　　had
better
not
do
sth
　　It
is
pretty
cold.
You'd
better
put
on
my
coat.
　　She'd
better
not
play
with
the
dog.
had
better
have
done
sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
　　You
had
better
have
come
earlier.
10
would
rather表示"宁愿"
　would
rather
do
　would
rather
not
do
　would
rather…
than…　
宁愿……而不愿。
还有would
sooner,
had
rather,
had
sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If
I
have
a
choice,
I
had
sooner
not
continue
my
studies
at
this
school.
　I
would
rather
stay
here
than
go
home.
=
I
would
stay
here
rather
than
go
home.
典型例题
----
Shall
we
go
skating
or
stay
at
home?
----Which
___
do?　　　　　
A.
do
you
rather　　B.
would
you
rather　
C.
will
you
rather　
D.
should
you
rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would
rather
+do
sth
意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，
would
提前，所以选B。
11
will和would
　注意：
　1）would
like；
Would
like
to
do
=
want
to
想要，为固定搭配。
　　
Would
you
like
to
go
with
me?
　
2）Will
you…?　Would
you
like…?
表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some,
而不是any。
　　
Would
you
like
some
cake?
　3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would,
won't
you是一种委婉语气。
　　
Won't
you
sit
down?
12
情态动词的回答方式
　　
问句　　　肯定回答　　　　否定回答
Need
you…?　　Yes,
I
must.　　　No,I
needn't
Must
you…?　　　　　　　　　　　/don't
have
to.
典型例题
1）---Could
I
borrow
your
dictionary?
　　---Yes,
of
course,
you____.　
　
A.
might　B.
will　
C.
can　
D.
should
　
答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of
course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和
may来表达，不能用could或might。复习：
will
与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you
连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall
I
tell
John
about
it?
　　---No,
you
___.
I've
told
him
already.　　
　
A.
needn't　　B.
wouldn't　　C.
mustn't　　D.
shouldn't
　
答案A。needn't
不必，不用。
wouldn't
将不,
不会的。
mustn't
禁止、不能。
shouldn't　不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't
forget
to
come
to
my
birthday
party
tomorrow.
　　---______.
　　A.
I
don't　
B.　I
won't　
C.
I
can't　D.
I
haven't
　　答案B.　will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。
13
带to
的情态动词
　
带to
的情态动词有四个：ought
to,
have
to,
used
to,
be
to,
如加上have
got
to
,(=must),
be
able
to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
　
Do
they
have
to
pay
their
bill
before
the
end
of
the
month?
　
She
didn't
use
to
play
tennis
before
she
was
fourteen.
　
You
ought
not
to
have
told
her
all
about
it.
　
Ought
he
to
see
a
heart
specialist
at
once.?
ought
to
本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do
等助动词协助。
典型例题
　Tom
ought
not
to
___
me
your
secret,
but
he
meant
no
harm.　
　A.have
told　B.tell　C.be
telling　D.
having
told
　答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词
ought
to
后，所以用
have。
14
比较need和dare
　
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。
need
作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时,
后面的to
时常可以被省略。
1)
实义动词：
need　（需要,
要求）
　　　　　　　
need
+
n.
/
to
do
sth
2)
情态动词：
need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need
not。
　　Need
you
go
yet?
　　Yes,
I
must.
/
No,
I
needn't.
3)
need
的被动含义：need,
want,
require,
worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：　
　　
need
doing
=
need
to
be
done
练习：
1.
He?______?you
more
help,
even
though
he
was
very
busy.
?
?A.
might
have
given??
B.
might
give
?
?
C.
may
have
given??
D.
may
give
2.
Jenny______?have
kept
her
word.
I
wonder
why
she
changed
her
mind.
?
?
A.
must?
?
???B.
should?
???C.
need?
?
?
?
D.
would
3.
.
-Could
I
borrow
your
dictionary?
?
?
-Yes,
of
course
you_________?
?
?
A.
might????B.
will
C.
can??D.
should
4.
I
told
Sally
how
to
get
here,
but
perhaps
I
______
for
her.
?
?
A.
had
to
write
it
out?
?
?
?
?
?
???
B.
must
have
written
it
out
?
?
C.
should
have
written
it
out?
?
?
?
D.
ought
to
write
it
out
5.
—Shall
I
tell
John
about
it?
???—No,
you
______
.
I've
told
him
already.
?
?
A.
needn't?
?
?
?
?
???B.
wouldn't
C.
mustn't?
?
??
?
?
?
???D.
shouldn't
6.
─There
were
already
five
people
in
the
car
but
they
managed
to
take
me
as
well.
??
?─
It______?a
comfortable
journey.
???A.
can't
be?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
???
B.
shouldn't
be
???C.
mustn't
have
been?
?
?
????
D.
couldn't
have
been
7.
It's
nearly
seven
o'clock.
Jack______?be
here
at
any
moment.
???A.
must?
?
???B.
need?
?
?
???C.
should?
?
?
?
D.
can
8.
.When
he
was
there,
he______
go
to
that
coffee
shop
at
the
corner
after
work
???every
day.
?
?
A.
would??????
?B.
should
C.
had
better????????D.
might
9.
.Sir,
you
_____
be
sitting
in
this
waiting
room.
It
is
for
women
and
children
only.
?
?
A.
oughtn't
to?
?
????
B.
can't
C.
won't?
?
???
D.
needn't
10.
The
fire
spread
through
the
hotel
very
quickly
but
everyone
______
get
out.
?
?
A.
had
to????B.
would????C.
could????D.
was
able
to
11.
--When
can
I
come
for
the
photos?
I
need
them
tomorrow
afternoon.
?
?
--They
_____be
ready
by
12:00.
?
?
A.
can??
B.
should??
C.
might??
D.
need
12.
.--I
stayed
at
a
hotel
while
in
New
York.
???--Oh,
did
you?
You_
____with
Barbara.
?
?
A.
could
have
stayed??
B.
could
stay
C.
would
stay????????
D.
must
have
stayed
13.
－Will
you
stay
for
lunch?
?
?
－Sorry,＿＿＿＿＿
,My
brother
is
coming
to
see
me.
?
?
A.
I
mustn't?
?
?
B.I
can't?
?
?
?
C.
I
needn't
?
?
?
D.I
won't
14.
Sorry
I'm
late.
I
______
have
turned
off
the
alarm
clock
and
gone
back
to
sleep
again.
??
A.
might????B.
should????C.
can????
D.
will
15.
I
should
have
been
there,
but
I
_______
not
find
the
time.
A.
would????
B.
could????C.
might????D.
should?
16.
My
sister
met
him
at
the
Grand
Theatre
yesterday
afternoon,
so
he
___
your
lecture.
?
?
A.
couldn't
have
attended??????B.
needn't
have
attended
?
?
C.
mustn't
have
attended??????D.
shouldn't
have
attended
17.
---
Are
you
coming
to
Jeff's
party?
　
---
I'm
not
sure.
I
________go
to
the
concert
instead.
　　A．must
B．would　　
C．should
D．might
18.
Mr.
Bush
is
on
time
for
everything.
How
_________
it
be
that
he
was
late
for
the
opening
ceremony?
?
?????A．can
?
?
B．should?
???C．may?
???D．must
19
He
hesitated
for
a
moment
before
kicking
the
ball,
otherwise
he
________
a
goal.
?
???
A．had
scored
?
?
?
B．Scored
C．would
score?
?
?
D．would
have
scored
20.
—Write
to
me
when
you
get
home.
??????
—_________
??????
A．I
must????B．I
should??
C．I
will????D．I
can
21.
I
was
really
anxious
about
you.
You
_____
home
without
a
word.
A.
mustn't
leave
B.
Shouldn't
have
left
C.
Couldn't
have
left
D.
needn't
leave
22.
Oh,
I’m
not
feeling
well
in
the
stomach,
I______???so
much
fried
chicken
just
now.
A.
shouldn’t
cut??????????
B.
mustn’t
have
eaten
C.
shouldn’t
have
eaten????
D.
mustn’t
eat
23.
--I
heard
they
went
skiing
in
the
mountains
last
winter.
--It
_____
be
true
because
there
was
little
snow
there.
?
?
A
may
not
be?
?
B
won’t
be?
?
C
couldn’t
be?
?
D
mustn’t
be
24.
It
has
been
announced
that
candidates_____
remain
in
their
seats
until
all
the
papers
have
been
collected.
?
?
A
can?
?
?
?
?
?
B
will?
?
?
?
?
?
C
may?
?
?
?
?
?
D
shall
25.
A
left-luggage
office
is
a
place
where
bags
______
be
lefe
for
a
short
time,
especially
in
a
railway
station.
A.
should
B.
can
C.
must
D.
will
26.
---
I
don't
mind
telling
you
what
I
know.
---
You
.
I'm
not
asking
you
for
it.
mustn't
B.
may
not
C.
can't
D.
needn’t
27.
I
often
see
lights
in
that
empty
house.
Do
you
think
I
_____
report
it
to
the
police?
A.
should
B.
may
C.
will
D.
can
28.
Mr.White
_____
at
8:30
for
the
meeting,
but
he
didn’t’
show
up.
A.
should
have
arrived
B.
should
arrive
C.
should
have
had
arrived
D.
should
be
arriving
29.
You
______
be
tired
-
you've
only
been
working
for
an
hour.
A.
must
not
B.
won'
t
C.
can'
t
D.
may
not
30.
—
Who
is
the
girl
standing
over
there
?
—
Well
,
if
you
know
,
her
name
is
Mabel.
A.
may
B.
can
C.
must
D.
shall
被动语态
语态(Voice)，作为一个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词行式。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态(Active
Voice)和被动语态(Passive
Voice)。当主语为动作执行者即施动者时，动词用主动态；如果主语是动作的承受者即受动者时，动词便用被动态。例如：
(1)
John
helped
Peter.
(2)
Peter
was
helped
by
John.
句(1)
helped是主动态；句(2)was
helped是被动态,可见主动态是无标记的，而被动态是有标记的。
构成
被动语态由助动词be的时态之一和及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可用于各种时态，其时态变化通过助动词be的不同形式来体现。如：一般现在时的被动态构成形式为助动词am/is/are
+
过去分词；而一般过去时的被动态构成形式为was/were
+
过去分词。本册要掌握的被动语态形式有：
一般现在时：am/is/are
+
过去分词
e.g.
Football
is
played
all
over
the
world.
I’m
often
asked
to
do
this
work.
我常常被派做这项工作。
一般过去时：was/were
+过去分词
e.g.
The
terracotta
warriors
were
found
in
1974
near
Xi’an.
They
were
discovered
by
workers
in
a
field
outside
the
city.
When
was
the
building
completed?
这座大楼什么时候建成的？
一般将来时：will
(shall)
+
be
+过去分词
be
going
to
+
be
+
过去分词
e.g.
The
result
of
the
exam
will
be
known
soon.
They
are
going
to
be
given
a
difficult
test.
一般过去将来时：should(would)
be+过去分词
e.g.
The
teacher
said
the
results
would
be
published
soon.
He
told
me
that
the
film
would
be
shown
the
next
week.
现在进行时：am/is/are
+
being
+过去分词
e.g.
The
new
airport
is
being
built
by
a
foreign
company.?
一家外国公司正在承建这座新机场。
The
song
is
being
sung
by
the
girls
now.
过去进行时：was/were
being+过去分词
e.g.
The
song
was
being
sung
by
the
girls
when
I
got
there.
The
student
was
being
criticized
when
I
went
into
the
teacher’s
office.
将来完成时：will
have
been+过去分词
e.g.
By
the
end
of
next
term
2000
English
words
will
have
been
learned.
The
building
will
have
been
built
by
next
year.
现在完成时：has/have
+
bee
n
+过去分词
e.g.
All
the
tickets
have
been
sold
.
The
book
has
been
translated
into
many
languages.
这本书已被译成多种语言。
过去完成时：had
been+过去分词
e.g.
Forty
schools
had
been
visited
by
last
year.
All
the
tickets
had
been
sold
out
when
I
got
to
the
cinema.
过去将来完成时：would
have
been+过去分词
e.g.
He
said
many
words
would
have
been
learned
by
2001.
They
promised
that
ten
books
would
have
been
published
by
the
next
month.
情态动词：情态动词
+
be
+
过去分词
e.g.
This
road
must
be
mended.
The
machine
parts
may
be
needed
in
our
work.
工作中可能需要这些机器零部件。
动词不定式：to
be
+
过去分词
e.g.
I’m
glad
to
be
asked
questions.
It
is
impossible
for
lost
time
to
be
made
up.
失去的时间不可弥补。
主要用法
被动态常用于下列几种场合：
1．当不知道或不必提出动作的执行者时（这时都不带由by引起的短语）；
Printing
was
introduced
into
Europe
from
China.
印刷术是从中国引入欧洲的。
The
airplane
was
made
in
U.S.
Such
books
are
written
for
children.
这种书是为儿童写的。
2.
动作的承受者是谈话的中心（这时可带有由by引起的短语）；
The
song
was
composed
by
a
student.
这首歌曲是一个学生谱写的。
Thousands
of
rivers
are
polluted
in
the
country.
3.
出于礼貌措词等原因而不愿说出动作执行者是谁。
You
are
requested
to
get
here
in
time.
请您准时来这儿。
带行为主体的被动态
行为主体就是动作的执行者，即执行动词所表达的动作的人或物。在被动句中，往往不提及行为主体；但当强调动作的执行者时，可用介词by引出行为(
by
+主体行为主体),置于被动态句的末尾，说明是什么人或物应对有关事件负责。
e.g.
The
village
was
destroyed
by
a
bomb.
这个村庄毁于炸弹。
The
painting
is
very
valuable.
It
was
painted
by
Van
Gogh.
这幅画很值钱，它是梵·高画的。
其它用法补充
1.“It
+
被动语态+
that
从句”。表示谨慎或不太肯定的语气。常用于该结构的动词有：say,
think,
believe,
agree,
expect,
consider,
feel,
know,
decide,
report,
suggest,
prove
等。
e.g.
It
is
said
that
prices
will
rise
again
this
month.
据说本月物价还将上涨。
It
is
thought
that
about
a
million
dogs
are
born
each
year.
据认为每年约有一百条狗出生。
It
is
reported
that
all
the
passengers
died
in
the
crash.
据报导所有乘客在那次飞机坠毁中遇难。
It
is
agreed
that
we
will
have
two
weeks
holiday
this
year.
2.
用于通告标题广告等的被动态往往省去助动词be。
e.g.
No
Chinese
spoken
here.
Shoes
repaired.
Famous
Painting
Stolen.
名画被盗。
练习：
1._____
a
new
library
_____
in
our
school
last
year?
A.Is;
built
B.Was;
bulit
C.Does;
build
D.Did;
build
2.An
accident
____
on
this
road
last
week.
A.has
been
happened
B.was
happened
C.is
happened
D.happened
3.Cotton
____
in
the
southeast
of
China.
A.is
grown
B.are
grown
C.grows
D.grow
4.So
far,the
moon
____
by
man
already.
A.is
visited
B.will
be
visited
C.has
been
visited
D.was
visited
5.A
talk
on
Chinese
history
_____
in
th
school
hall
next
week.
A.is
given
B.has
been
given
C.will
be
given
D.gives
6.A
lot
of
things
____
by
people
to
save
the
little
girl
now.
A.are
doing
B.are
being
done
C.has
been
done
D.will
be
done
7.The
doctor
_____
for
yet.
A.isn't
sent
B.hasn't
been
sent
C.won't
be
sent
D.wasn't
sent
8.--When
___
this
kind
of
computers______?
--Last
year.
A.did;
use
B.was;
used
C.is;
used
D.are;
used
9.Who
_____
this
book
_____?
A.did;
written
B.was;
written
by
C.did;
written
D.was;written
10.Mary
____
show
me
her
new
dictionary.
A.has
asked
to
B.was
asked
to
C.is
asked
D.asks
to
11.A
story
_____
by
Granny
yesterday.
A.was
told
us
B.was
told
to
us
C.is
told
us
D.told
us
12.The
monkey
was
seen
_____
off
the
tree.
A.jump
B.jumps
C.jumped
D.to
jump
13.Older
people
____
well.
A.looks
after
B.must
be
looked
after
C.must
look
after
D.looked
after
14.Our
teacher
______
carefully.
A.should
be
listened
to
B.should
be
listen
C.be
listened
D.is
listened
15.
In
some
part
of
the
world,
tea
_______
with
milk
and
sugar.
A.
is
serving
B.
is
served
C.
serves
D.
served
16.
It
was
reported
that
the
murderer
_______
arrested.
A.
has
been
B.
had
been
C.
has
D.
had
17.
Do
you
think
that
the
bridge
______
in
a
year?
A.
would
be
completed
B.
will
be
completed
C.
had
been
completed
D.
is
being
completed
18.
Great
changes
_______
in
China
since
the
People’s
Republic
of
China
_______
in
1949.
A.
have
taken
place;
was
founded
B.
has
taken
place;
was
founded
C.
have
been
taken
place;
founded
D.
took
place;
founded
19.—Why
does
Ling
Ling
look
so
unhappy?
—She
has
_______
by
her
classmates.
A.
laughed
B.
laughed
at
C.
been
laughed
D.
been
laughed
at
20.
Doctors
_______
in
every
part
of
the
world.
A.
need
B.
are
needing
C.
are
needed
D.
will
need
21.
I
promise
that
matter
will
_______.
A.
be
taken
care
B.
be
taken
care
of
C.
take
care
D.
take
care
of
22.
No
permission
has
________
for
anybody
to
enter
the
building.
A.
been
given
B.
given
C.
to
give
D.
be
given
23.
I
_______
ten
minutes
to
decide
whether
I
should
reject
the
offer.
A.
gave
B.
was
given
C.
was
giving
D.
had
given
24.
Can
such
a
thing
_____
happening
again?
A.
prevent
from
B.
prevented
from
C.
be
prevented
from
D.
to
prevent
from
25.
A
new
house
________
at
the
corner
of
the
road.
A.
is
building
B.
is
being
built
C.
been
built
D.
be
building
26.
This
bike
________
last
year.
A.
bought
B.
has
been
bought
C.
was
bought
D.
had
been
bought
27.
Did
you
see
the
house
that
_______
by
fire
last
year?
A.
was
destroying
B.
destroyed
C.
would
destroy
D.
was
destroyed
28.
It
_______
whether
she
will
get
her
work
in
the
hospital.
A.
hasn’t
been
decided
B.
isn’t
deciding
C.
doesn’t
decide
D.
hasn’t
decided
29.
The
pen
_______
me.
It
is
hers.
A.
isn’t
belong
to
B.
wasn’t
belong
to
C.
doesn’t
belong
to
D.
didn’t
belong
to
30.
I
can’t
use
my
bike
because
it
_______.
A.
is
repairing
B.
is
being
repaired
C.
will
repair
D.
was
repairing
31.
The
chairman
told
the
speaker
that
she
______
to
speak
a
little
louder
so
as
to
make
herself
_____.
A.
was
expected;
heard
B.
had
expected;
hear
.
had
hoped;
hear
D.
was
hoped;
heard
32．—
The
window
is
dirty.
—
I
know.
It
_____
for
weeks.
A.
hasn’t
cleaned
B.
didn’t
clean
C.
wasn’t
cleaned
D.
hasn’t
been
cleaned
33.
By
the
end
of
last
year,
another
new
gymnasium
_______
in
Beijing.
(2003上海春季,
27)
A.would
be
completed
B.was
being
completed
C.has
been
completed
D.had
been
completed
34.—How
long
_______
at
this
job?
—Since
1990.
A.were
you
employed
B.
have
you
been
employed
C.had
you
been
employed
D.will
you
be
employed
35.—What
happened
to
the
priceless
works
of
art?
—_______.
A.They
were
destroyed
in
the
earthquake
B.The
earthquake
was
destroying
them
C.They
destroyed
in
the
earthquake
D.The
earthquake
destroyed
them
36.
This
is
Ted’s
photo.We
miss
him
a
lot.He
_______
trying
to
save
a
child
in
the
earthquake.
A.killed
B.is
killed
C.
was
killed
D.was
killing
37.
Rainforests
and
burned
at
such
a
speed
that
they
will
disappear
from
the
earth
in
the
near
future.
A.cut
B.are
cut
C.are
being
cut
D.had
been
cut
38.
Selecting
a
mobile
phone
for
personal
use
is
no
easy
task
because
technology
_______
so
rapidly.
A.is
changing
B.has
changed
.will
have
changed
D.will
change
39.
Hundreds
of
jobs
_______
if
the
factory
closes.
A.lose
B.will
be
lost
C.are
lost
D.will
lose
40.
A
new
cinema
_______
here.They
hope
to
finish
it
next
month.
A.will
be
built
B.is
builtC.has
been
built
D.is
being
built