安徽省2021年中考英语语法专题突破五　介词和介词短语(共47张PPT)

(共47张PPT)
专题五　介词和介词短语
1.时间介词的用法和区别;
2.地点、方位介词的用法和区别;
3.表示方式、手段和工具的介词的基本用法及区别;
4.常见介词短语的用法。
安徽中考近几年对介词的考查主要是介词辨析及介词短语辨析。考查形式主要以单项填空和完形填空两大题型为主。单项填空设题以单句形式为主,内容涉及家庭生活、学校生活等与考生有关的各个方面。预测安徽中考对介词的考查仍会以介词辨析和介词短语辨析为主。
考点1　常见时间介词辨析
1.in,on和at
介词
用法
举例
in
表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、季、月、周等,或泛指一天的上午、下午或晚上。
in
2012在2012年
in
January在1月
in
spring/summer/autumn/winter在春/夏/秋/冬季
in
the
morning在上午
on
表示在星期几、具体的某一天或特指某天的上午、下午或晚上等。
on
Monday在星期一
on
Christmas
Day在圣诞节那天
on
a
hot
morning在一个炎热的早晨
at
表示在某一时刻或某一时间点,如小时、分钟等,还可以表示“在……期间”。
at
night/noon在晚上/中午
at
six在六点
at
the
weekend=at
weekends在周末
at
breakfast/lunch/supper在吃早/中/晚饭时
2.in,after和before
介词
用法
例句
in
“in+一段时间”在将来时中表示“一段时间之后”,在其他时态中表示“在一段时间内”。
The
doctor
will
come
in
six
minutes.医生会在六分钟之后来。
She
finished
this
work
in
three
months.她在三个月内完成了这部作品。
after
“after+一段时间”表示“(过去的)一段时间以后”,常和过去时连用;“after+时间点”表示“(将来的)某一时刻以后”。
He
received
her
letter
after
four
weeks.四周后他收到了她的信。
I’ll
go
and
see
her
after
three
o’clock.3点以后我要去看她。
before
后接具体的时间,表示“在……之前”。
You
should
finish
your
homework
before
four
o’clock.你应该在4点之前完成家庭作业。
3.by和until/till
介词
用法
例句
by
表示最迟在某一时刻或某一日期之前,可用于现在、过去或将来。
I
have
to
finish
the
work
by
next
month.我得在下个月前做完这项工作。
By
the
time
I
came
to
the
party,it
was
all
over.我来到派对时,一切都结束了。
until/
till
用在肯定句中,意为“直到……为止”,谓语动词用延续性动词;用在否定句中,意为“直到……才”,谓语动词用非延续性动词。
I
worked
until
late
at
night.我工作到深夜。
She
didn’t
get
up
until
her
mother
came
in.直到她的妈妈进来,她才起床。
4.其他常见时间介词
介词
用法
例句
since
“since+具体时间”意为“从……以来(一直到现在)”,常和完成时连用。
Uncle
Lee
has
worked
in
this
factory
since
1970.李叔叔自1970年起就在这家工厂工作了。
from
意为“从……起”,常用搭配:from...to...“从……到……”。
He
was
studying
French
from
2
p.m.to
5
p.m.他从下午2点到5点一直在学习法语。
for
“for+一段时间”意为“有……之久”,常和完成时连用。
She
has
waited
at
the
gate
for
over
three
hours.她已经在大门口等了三个多小时。
during
后接时间段,意为“在……期间”。
During
his
stay
in
Paris,he
lived
with
his
friends.在他待在巴黎期间,他和朋友们住在一起。
through
意为“从头到尾”,强调动作发生的全过程。
We
worked
through
the
night.我们通宵工作。
考点2　常见方位介词辨析
1.at,in,on和to
2.on,above,below,over和under
3.through,across,over和past
介词
用法
例句
through
表示从物体内部穿过,如管道、门窗、人群、树林等。
The
visitors
went
through
a
big
gate
into
another
park.游客们穿过一扇大门来到另一个公园。
across
表示从物体表面穿过,如街道、河流等。
He
walked
across
the
street.他穿过街道。
over
表示从物体上方越过,如墙、山等。
They
climbed
over
the
mountain
and
arrived
there
ahead
of
time.他们翻过大山,提前到达了那里。
past
意为“经过”,表示从旁边经过。
They
went
past
the
supermarket
yesterday.他们昨天从超市旁边经过了。
4.between和among
5.其他常见方位介词
介词
用法
例句
behind
意为“在……后面”。
Tom
sits
behind
Mary.汤姆坐在玛丽后面。
beside
意为“在……旁边”。
There
is
a
tree
beside
the
house.房子旁边有一棵树。
against
意为“靠着;与……相反;反对”。
Place
the
ladder
against
the
wall.把梯子靠墙放。
along
意为“顺着;沿着”。
Walk
along
the
road,and
you
will
see
a
bank
on
the
left.沿着这条路往前走,你会在左手边看到一家银行。
around
意为“四周;在……周围”。
Would
you
like
to
walk
around
the
factory
this
afternoon?你想今天下午到工厂的周围走走吗?
考点3　常见方式介词辨析
介词
用法
例句
by
表示“用……方式、工具或手段”。
The
house
is
heated
by
gas.这房子是煤气供暖的。
后可接表示交通工具的名词,该名词用单数形式且前面不加冠词或任何修饰成分。
by
sea乘船
by
air乘飞机
by
bus/train/car/taxi乘公交车/火车/汽车/出租车
in
后接表示某种材料、语言、文字或声音的名词,表示“用……”。名词前不用冠词或修饰语。
Please
write
that
article
in
English.请用英语写那篇文章。
She
wrote
her
homework
in
pencil.她用铅笔写家庭作业。
后接表示交通工具的名词,该名词前应有冠词、物主代词或指示代词等修饰语。
in
the
bus/train/car/taxi乘公交车/火车/汽车/出租车
on
表示“以……方式”,后接手段、通讯方式等。
You’re
wanted
on
the
phone.有人打电话找你。
后接表示交通工具的名词,该名词前应有冠词、物主代词或指示代词等修饰语;有时用于某些固定搭配中。注意表示骑马、骑自行车等时,应用介词on。
on
the
plane/bus/coach乘飞机/公交车/长途汽车
on
a
bike/boat/horse骑自行车/乘船/骑马
on
foot步行
with
后接某种具体的工具或手段。
We
see
with
our
eyes
and
walk
with
our
feet.我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路。
考点4　其他易混淆的介词辨析
1.as和like
介词
用法
例句
as
表示“像;如同”。
They
were
all
dressed
as
clowns.他们都打扮成小丑。
表示“作为……”,后接职业、职务、作用等。
Let
me
speak
to
you
as
a
father.我以父亲的身份和你讲话。(说话者是听话者的父亲)
like
表示“像……一样”,多指在某些方面相像。
Let
me
speak
to
you
like
a
father.让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话。(说话者不是听话者的父亲)
2.with和without
介词
用法
例句
with
表示伴随,意为“随着;和……一起”。
The
risk
of
illnesses
increases
with
age.患病的风险随着年龄的增加而增加。
I’m
sure
you’ll
be
safe
with
us.我确定你和我们在一起是安全的。
without
意为“没有”,和with意思相反。
He
went
out
without
his
umbrella.他外出没有带伞。
3.except,besides和but
介词
用法
例句
except
意为“除……之外”,指从整体中排除except后所接的人或事物,通常不能置于句首。
Everyone
went
to
the
Palace
Museum
except
Tom.除了汤姆,大家都去了故宫博物院。(汤姆没有去)
besides
意为“除……之外(还)”,指在原来的基础上再加上besides后接的人或者事物。
There
were
a
lot
of
people
at
the
party
besides
us.除了我们以外,晚会上还有许多(其他)人。
but
意为“除了,除……之外”。
Everyone
was
there
but
him.除了他之外,大家都在。
考点5　介词短语
1.常见in短语
in
all/short总而言之
in
case以防万一
in
common公有(的);共有(的)
in
future今后;以后
in
doubt怀疑
in
turn依次;轮流
in
need在危难中
in
peace和平地;平静地
in
person亲自
in
general通常;大体上;一般而言
in
order按顺序
in
public当众;公开
in
good
health身体健康
in
the
end最后;终于
in
the
future在未来;在将来
in
the
past在过去
in
the
way挡道的;妨碍人的
in
this
way用这种方式
in
other
words换句话说
in
no
way决不
in
no
time立刻;马上
in
a
minute一会儿;立刻
in
the
beginning起初
in
front
of在……(外部)前面
in
the
front
of在……(内部)前面
2.常见on短语
on
board在船(或飞机、火车)上
on
holiday在度假
on
purpose故意地
on
sale廉价出售;出售
on
show展出;在上演/放映
on
the
phone用电话交谈;在通话
on
the
left/right在左/右边
on
the
way在路上
on
the
one
hand
(在)一方面
on
the
other
hand
(在)另一方面
3.常见at短语
at
birth出生时
at
dinner/supper晚饭时
at
hand在附近;在手边
at
first首先
at
last最后;终于
at
least至少;最少
at
most最多
at
times有时;偶尔
at
present目前;现在
at
the
moment此时;现在
at
the
age
of在……岁时
at
the
beginning
of在……开始
4.其他常见介词短语
instead
of代替;而不是
because
of因为
by
mistake错误地
by
accident偶然地;意外地
by
the
time到……时候;在……之前
to
be
honest
(作插入语)老实说;说实在的
to
one’s
surprise令某人惊讶的是……
to
start/begin
with首先
out
of
breath气喘吁吁
out
of
control不受控制
out
of
danger脱离危险
out
of
the
way不挡道;不妨碍
单项填空
1.—When
did
Mr.
Green
arrive
in
London?
—He
arrived
there
　　　　the
evening
of
December
6th.(　
C
　)?
A.at
B.in
C.on
D.to
2.—Who
usually
does
chores
in
your
house?
—We
are
　　　　.I
do
chores
on
Monday,
Wednesday,
Friday
and
Sunday.(　
B
　)?
A.in
danger
B.in
turn
C.by
accident
D.by
hand
3.The
teacher
is
writing
　　　　a
piece
of
chalk
on
the
blackboard
while
the
students
are
writing
　　　　ink
in
exercise
books.(　
A
　)?
A.with;in
B.in;with
C.in;in
D.with;with
4.Although
he
was　　　　my
opinion,
the
old
professor
didn’t
come
up
with
his
own.(　
A
　)?
A.against
B.on
C.for
D.in
5.A
woman
stood　　　　the
window,
watching
the
children
playing
games
in
the
garden.(　
D
　)?
A.past
B.through
C.across
D.by
6.I
got
up
late
this
morning.　　　　,I
missed
the
chance
of
the
interview.(　
A
　)?
A.As
a
result
B.By
the
way
C.In
the
beginning
D.As
a
matter
of
fact
7.—How
long
has
the
bookshop
been
in
business?
—　　　　1987.(　
D
　)?
A.After
B.In
C.From
D.Since
8.Chinese
will
be
widely
used　　　　a
foreign
language
around
the
world.(　
C
　)?
A.in
B.for
C.as
D.by
9.The
“teacher?free
exam”
means
that
students
take
their
exams　　　　teachers.
Students
must
be
more
honest.
(　
A
　)?
A.without
B.against
C.through
D.by
10.—Is
Mount
Huang
the
highest
mountain
in
Anhui?
—I
think
so.
It
is
about
1,864
meters
　　　　sea
level.
(　
B
　)?
A.under
B.above
C.past
D.along
11.You
may
take
anything
you
like
　　　　this
bag.
It
doesn’t
belong
to
me.(　
A
　)?
A.except
B.besides
C.without
D.against
12.I’ve
ordered
some
flowers
for
Grandma
and
they
will
arrive
　　　　two
hours.(　
A
　)?
A.in
B.after
C.over
D.for
13.—Look!
There
is
a
cat
here.
How
could
it
get
in
the
bedroom?
—Maybe　　　　
the
window.(　
D
　)?
A.across
B.along
C.among
D.through
14.—Excuse
me,
is
there
a
computer
room
in
your
school?
—Yes.
It’s　　　　the
fifth
floor.(　
A
　)?
A.on
B.in
C.at
D.to
15.—Excuse
me,
sir.
Are
you
sure
the
umbrella
in
your
hand
belongs
to
you?
—Oh,
sorry.
I
took
it　　　　.Mine
is
over
there
under
the
chair.(　
C
　)?
A.at
once
B.on
time
C.by
mistake
D.in
all
16.—What
did
you
get
for
your
birthday,
Tony?
—An
iPad,　　　　my
aunt.(　
B
　)?
A.to
B.from
C.with
D.for