(共46张PPT)
专题九 动词的时态和语态
1.六种基本时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时和现在完成时)的构成和用法;
2.一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态的构成和用法。
安徽中考每年都有涉及动词时态的考查,其中以一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时以及现在完成时为主;而语态的考查以一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时及含有情态动词的被动语态为主。题目内容涉及社会生活的各个方面。设题形式以单项填空为主,有时也涉及单词拼写。考查动词的时态和语态的题目中通常有明显的时间标志词。
考点1 一般现在时
1.一般现在时的结构:
主语+am/is/are/do/does+其他。
2.一般现在时的用法:
用法
例句
表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常与often,
usually,
always,
sometimes,
every
day,
once
a
week,
every
five
minutes,
on
Sunday(s)等时间状语连用。
We
often
have
lunch
at
12
o’clock.我们经常在12点吃午饭。
表示客观真理、客观存在、科学事实、格言及谚语等。
The
earth
goes
around
the
sun.地球绕着太阳转。
表示主语具备的特征、性格和能力等。
Mike
has
a
good
sense
of
humor.迈克很有幽默感。
在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中,主句若用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll
go
with
you
if
you
are
free
tomorrow.如果你明天有空的话,我就和你一起去。
在含有宾语从句的复合句中,如果从句是客观事实、真理等,不论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时。
My
father
told
me
light
travels
faster
than
sound.我的爸爸告诉我光的传播速度比声音的传播速度快。
表示按计划、安排、时刻表等将要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来。这类动词常表示位置的移动,如come,
go,
leave,
arrive,
start,
begin,
finish等。
The
train
leaves
at
six
tomorrow
morning.火车明天早上6点出发。
考点2 一般过去时
1.一般过去时的结构:
主语+was/were/did+其他。
2.一般过去时的用法:
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态,也可表示过去一段时间内经常性、习惯性的动作或行为,常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如a
moment
ago,
just
now,
yesterday,
last
week等。例如:
I
watched
a
football
match
last
night.我昨晚看了一场足球比赛。
He
smoked
many
cigarettes
a
day
until
he
gave
up.他没有戒烟之前,抽烟抽得很凶。
考点3 一般将来时
1.一般将来时的结构:
主语+am/is/are
going
to+do+其他;
主语+will/shall+do+其他。
2.一般将来时的用法:
(1)表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,
next
day/week/month/year,
soon,
in
three
days,
the
day
after
tomorrow,
in
the
future等。例如:
The
rain
will
stop
soon.雨很快就要停了。
We
shall
go
there
at
five.我们5点钟去那里。
(2)“be
going
to+动词原形”表示事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将要发生的事情(有一个先兆),意为“打算;就要”。例如:
We’re
going
to
meet
outside
the
school
gate.我们打算在校门口见面。
(3)“be
doing”结构表示按计划即将发生的动作,常用这种结构的动词有go,come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay,live,fly等表示位置移动的动词。例如:
I’m
leaving
for
Beijing.我即将前往北京。
在含有时间状语从句、条件状语从句和让步状语从句的复合句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。
考点4 现在进行时
1.现在进行时的结构:
主语+am/is/are+doing+其他。
2.现在进行时的用法:
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,
right
now
等时间状语或look,
listen,
smell等标志词连用。例如:
They
are
playing
basketball
now.现在,他们正在打篮球。
Listen!
She
is
singing
an
English
song.听!她正在唱英文歌。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作或所处的状态,常与at
present,
this
week,
these
days等连用。例如:
We
are
making
model
planes
these
days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。
(3)有时可用来表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,即用现在进行时代替一般将来时,动词一般多为表示位置移动的动词,如
go,
come,
leave,
arrive等。例如:
I’m
flying
Beijing
next
week.下周我将坐飞机去北京。
有些表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词在句中不能用现在进行时,而应用一般现在时,如see,
know,
want,
like,
hear,
have,
think,
hope,
hate
等。
考点5 过去进行时
1.过去进行时的结构:
主语+was/were+doing+其他。
2.过去进行时的用法:
用法
例句
表示在过去某一时间点正在进行或发生的动作,往往与表示过去的时间状语连用,如then,at
that
time,at
this
time
yesterday等。
What
were
you
doing
at
this
time
last
week?上周的这个时候你在干什么?
表示与过去发生的某事同时发生的动作,即一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行。此时与when,while引导的时间状语从句连用。
When
the
teacher
came
in,
they
were
talking.老师进来时,他们正在讲话。
表示在过去某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。
They
were
swimming
from
two
to
three
yesterday
afternoon.昨天下午2点到3点他们在游泳。
考点6 现在完成时
1.现在完成时的结构:
主语+have/has+done+其他。
2.现在完成时的用法:
用法
例句
表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常和just,already,yet
等副词连用。
Mr.
Wang
has
just
come
back
from
America.王先生刚从美国回来。
表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在(可能会延续下去),常与“since+时间点”,“for+时间段”表示一段时间的状语连用;还可以与up
to
now,so
far等表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语连用。
Mr.
Wang
has
lived
here
since
1983.自1983年以来,王先生就一直住在这里。
I
haven’t
heard
from
him
up
to
now.到目前为止,我没有收到他的来信。
用在含有in
the
past
few
years/months/weeks/days,over
the
past
few
years,during
the
last
three
months,for
the
last
few
centuries,through
centuries等时间状语的句子中。
There
has
been
too
much
rain
in
San
Francisco
in
the
past
few
months.在过去的几个月里,旧金山的雨水太多了。
用在固定句型“It/This
is+序数词/最高级+名词+that从句”中。
This
is
the
first
time
that
I
have
visited
China.这是我第一次来中国参观。
This
is
the
most
interesting
film
I
have
ever
seen.这是我看过的最有趣的一部电影。
3.注意事项:
英语中有些动词的动作是不能延续的,这些动词叫非延续性动词或短暂性动词。在现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用(否定句除外),如“for+时间段”,“since+过去的某一时间点/表示一般过去时的时间状语从句”等,也不能用于how
long提问的疑问句中。此时需要将非延续性动词改为相对应的延续性动词或表示状态动词,初中常见此类词的转换总结如下:?
borrow/lend→keep buy→have
open→be
open
close→be
closed
die→be
dead
fall
asleep→be
asleep
leave→be
away
wake
up→be
awake
lose→not
have
join→be
in/be
a
member
of
finish/end/stop→be
over
begin/start→be
on
get
married
(to
sb.)→be
married
(to
sb.)
catch/get
a
cold→have
a
cold
arrive
in/at/come
to/go
to/move
to/reach/get
to+某地→be
in/at+某地
考点7 被动语态
1.不同时态中被动语态的构成:
时态
被动语态的构成
例句
一般
现在时
am/is/are+done
We
are
not
allowed
to
go
out.我们不允许外出。
一般
过去时
was/were+done
A
tiger
was
killed
by
the
hunter.一只老虎被猎人杀死了。
一般
将来时
am/is/are
going
to
be+done
will/shall
be+done
Some
old
buildings
are
going
to
be
put
down.一些旧的楼房将被推倒。
A
plan
will
be
made
by
me.我将制定一项计划。
现在
完成时
have/has
been+done
The
bridge
has
been
built
already.那座桥已经被建好了。
2.被动语态的用法:
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者。
(2)强调动作的承受者而不强调动作的执行者。
(3)借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
3.注意事项:
注意事项
例句
接双宾语的动词的被动语态:有些动词带有两个宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语,需要在间接宾语之前加上介词to或for。常带双宾语的词有tell,show,lend,pass等。
He
often
tells
us
interesting
stories.他经常给我们讲有趣的故事。(主动语态)
Interesting
stories
are
often
told
to
us
by
him.有趣的故事经常由他讲给我们听。(被动语态)
接复合宾语的动词的被动语态:在主动语态中,某些动词之后常带有复合宾语,即宾语和宾语补足语,且这个宾语补足语由省略了to的动词不定式来充当,但在被动语态中,to要还原,不能省略(但let除外)。常见有这种用法的动词有make,see,hear,watch,feel,notice等。
I
often
hear
her
sing
this
song.我经常听她唱这首歌。(主动语态)
She
is
often
heard
to
sing
this
song.她经常被听到唱这首歌。(被动语态)
不及物动词和动词短语,如happen,last,take
place,come
out,come
true,run
out
等,无被动形式,用主动形式表示被动意义。
How
do
the
newspapers
come
out?这些报纸是如何出版的呢?
一些系动词没有被动形式,如look,sound,taste,smell,feel等,用主动形式表示被动意义。
Your
reason
sounds
reasonable.你的理由听起来合理。
在need,want,require等词或be
worth后面跟动名词时,用主动形式表示被动意义。
The
clock
needs
mending.=The
clock
needs
to
be
mended.这台钟需要修理一下。
The
book
is
well
worth
reading.这本书很值得一读。
考点8 易混淆的知识点辨析
1.have
been
to,have
gone
to和have
been
in
易混点
用法
例句
have
been
to
意为“曾经去过某地”,暗含目前已不在该地,仅表示当事人的一种经历,常与ever,just,twice等词连用。后面跟here,there,home,abroad等表示地点的副词时,要去掉to。
He
has
been
to
Shanghai.他去过上海。(人已经回来)
I
have
been
here
twice.我来过这里两次。
have
gone
to
意为“到某地去了”,暗含已离开原地去了某地,但是否到达某地尚不确定,可能在去的途中,也可能已经到达目的地。
He
has
gone
to
Shanghai.他已经去了上海。(人不在原地)
have
been
in
意为“在某地待了多久”,常与for,since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。
I
have
been
in
Shanghai
for
three
years.我已经在上海待了三年了。(人还在上海)
2.一般过去时和现在完成时
(1)两种时态的意义和用法不同。
一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或某段时间,不强调对现在的影响,只是表达一个过去的动作;而现在完成时侧重于过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响。例如:
I
saw
the
film
three
days
ago.三天前我看了这部电影。(强调三天前看的电影,不涉及现在的情况)
I
have
seen
the
film.我已经看过这部电影了。(隐含已经知道其内容或不想再去看的意思)
(2)两种时态有不同的时间状语。
一般过去时常与确定的过去时间状语连用,如“一段时间+ago”,
just
now,
yesterday,
last
week等;而现在完成时常与already,
yet,
just,
ever,
never,
before,
“for+一段时间”,“since+过去的某一时间点/表示一般过去时的时间状语从句”等连用。现在完成时一般不与确定的时间状语连用。例如:
She
lived
here
two
years
ago.两年前她住在这里。(只强调过去的情况)
She
has
lived
here
since
two
years
ago.她从两年前就一直住在这里。(强调她现在还住在这里)
Ⅰ.单项填空
1.I
can
guess
you
were
in
a
hurry
just
now.
You
your
sweater
inside
out.(
D
)?
A.had
worn
B.wore
C.were
wearing
D.are
wearing
2.—We
want
to
sit
at
the
table
near
the
window.
—I’m
sorry,
but
it
already.(
C
)?
A.has
taken
B.took
C.has
been
taken
D.was
taken
3.—When
will
you
hand
in
your
book
report?
—Sorry,
I’m
not
sure.
I writing
it
yet.(
D
)?
A.didn’t
finish
B.don’t
finish
C.hadn’t
finished
D.haven’t
finished
4.—Do
you
know
if
Jack
will
drive
to
London
this
weekend?
—Jack?
Never!
He driving
so
far.(
D
)?
A.has
hated
B.will
hate
C.hated
D.hates
5.—Food
safety
is
very
important.
—So
some
rules
to
stop
people
from
polluting
food.
(
B
)?
A.must
make
B.must
be
made
C.must
made
D.be
made
6.—Why
have
you
bought
so
much
food?
—My
good
friends
to
stay
with
me
for
the
weekend.
(
A
)?
A.are
coming
B.have
come
C.come
D.will
have
come
7.—You
have
found
your
lost
umbrella,
haven’t
you?
—Yes.
I
it
behind
the
door
this
afternoon.(
C
)?
A.have
found
B.will
find
C.found
D.am
finding
8.—Look,
what
an
old
bridge!
It
looks
so
special!
—Yeah,
it nearly
500
years
ago.(
B
)?
A.was
building
B.was
built
C.has
built
D.is
building
9.I my
hometown
for
a
long
time.
I
really
miss
it.
(
D
)?
A.left
B.went
away
from
C.have
left
D.have
been
away
from
10.—I
wonder
whether
Brazil
will
win
the
match
later
tonight.
—Go
to
bed
first.
I
will
wake
you
up
as
soon
as
the
match .
(
A
)?
A.starts
B.started
C.will
start
D.is
starting
11.—What
do
you
think
of
the
new
foreign
teacher,
Thomson?
—Pretty
good.
I
think
he a
great
job
so
far.(
C
)?
A.does
B.did
C.has
done
D.was
done
12.—I
didn’t
see
you
at
the
beginning
of
the
party
last
night.
—I on
my
biology(生物)
report
at
that
time.
(
C
)?
A.worked
B.work
C.was
working
D.am
working
13.—Do
you
hear
a
fire
last
night??
—Yes,
it
was
put
out
by
the
firemen
in
no
time.(
B
)
A.breaks
out
B.broke
out
C.is
broken
out
D.was
broken
out
14.—Don’t
forget
to
bring
my
new
books
tomorrow
afternoon.
—No,
I .(
D
)?
A.do
B.don’t
C.will
D.won’t
15.—It
seems
that
you
are
happy.
Why?
—I
met
an
old
friend
of
mine
while
I on
the
street.
(
C
)?
A.will
walk
B.walk
C.was
walking
D.am
walking
Ⅱ.单词拼写
1.It
is
so
cold
that
the
ground
has
been
frozen (冻)
hard.?
2.Jack
solved (解决)
the
difficult
problem
with
the
help
of
his
good
friend
yesterday.?
3.She
has
hid (隐藏)
her
diary
where
nobody
can
find
it.?
4.I
like
the
suit,
but
the
jacket
doesn’t
fit (适合)
me.?
5.Red
lanterns
are
often
hung (悬挂)
along
the
streets
during
the
Spring
Festival.?
6.I
heard (收到)
from
my
friend
ten
days
ago.?
7.The
trees
shake
when
a
train
passes (经过).?
8.Ms.Wang
told
her
students
that
the
sun
rises (升起)
in
the
east.?
9.In
Switzerland,some
of
the
old
clothes
are
sold (卖)
in
charity
shops.?
10.Why
are
you
lying (躺着)
in
bed
on
such
a
fine
day??