03.备战高考阅读理解之说明文（教师版+学生版）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考阅读理解之说明文
)
一、命题趋势
科普类说明文选材通常是各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空生物心理考古等领域话题。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此这方面说明文是试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。所以科普类说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐?而科普类文章往往具有跨学科?行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握?
二、题型概述
高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普说明文着重揭示自然界潜在的奥秘、生物生存背景和产品工艺原理，多解释性、定义性、说明性长句，甚至可能会出现多种从句叠现的现象，因此阅读科普说明文时同学们一定要保持冷静，始终以平静的心态阅读原文，解答试题。同时应认真分析长句句子结构和逻辑关系。试题核心考查点：①
注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象?
②
有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用?
③
能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析?解决实际问题的能力?
三、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)是对原文中某一短语或句子的转换说法，一定要对照原文，做出正确理解。
(2)说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常用设问方式，解题时应特别注意，因此多以How
do/does...defend
themselves(itself)为标题。
(3)科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What
does
the
underlined
word
mean？或What
is
the
meaning
of
the
underlined
word？为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。
2．干扰选项的特点
(1)断章取义，只是片面的理解很容易出现偏差。
(2)出现生词会比较多，一定要理解上下句的句意。
解题技法
审题口诀：
说明文章是“素描”，无情无议只介绍。
阐明事理遵顺序，客观叙述不作造。
不管题干如何问，原文材料是依靠。
相关语句提信息，比对成功不动摇。
科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以
及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨大意题等,其中以主旨大意和推理判断题居多。
从词汇角度来看,在科普类文章中,词汇的意义具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看,其结构较复杂,长难句较多,语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等结构。科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有:①总分式。在说明事物或事理时,段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系,表现为由总到分或由分到总;②承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程,或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排,前后相互承接;③递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明,各层之间的关系由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普类文章的命题方式外,还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。
[方法1]　细节理解题
说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。
【典例】　
When
a
leafy
plant
is
under
attack,
it
doesn't
sit
quietly.Back
in
1983,
two
scientists,
Jack
Schultz
and
Ian
Baldwin,
reported
that
young
maple
trees
getting
bitten
by
insects
send
out
a
particular
smell
that
neighboring
plants
can
get.These
chemicals
come
from
the
injured
parts
of
the
plant
and
seem
to
be
an
alarm.What
the
plants
pump
through
the
air
is
a
mixture
of
chemicals
known
as
volatile
organic
compounds,VOCs
for
short.
Scientists
have
found
that
all
kinds
of
plants
give
out
VOCs
when
being
attacked.It's
a
plant's
way
of
crying
out.But
is
anyone
listening？Apparently.Because
we
can
watch
the
neighbors
react.
Some
plants
pump
out
smelly
chemicals
to
keep
insects
away.But
others
do
double
duty.They
pump
out
perfumes
designed
to
attract
different
insects
who
are
natural
enemies
to
the
attackers.Once
they
arrive,
the
tables
are
turned.The
attacker
who
was
lunching
now
becomes
lunch.
In
study
after
study，it
appears
that
these
chemical
conversations
help
the
neighbors.The
damage
is
usually
more
serious
on
the
first
plant，but
the
neighbors，relatively
speaking，stay
safer
because
they
heard
the
alarm
and
knew
what
to
do.
Does
this
mean
that
plants
talk
to
each
other？Scientists
don't
know.Maybe
the
first
plant
just
made
a
cry
of
pain
or
was
sending
a
message
to
its
own
branches,
and
so,
in
effect,
was
talking
to
itself.Perhaps
the
neighbors
just
happened
to
“overhear”
the
cry.So
information
was
exchanged,
but
it
wasn't
a
true,
intentional
back
and
forth.
Charles
Darwin,
over
150
years
ago,
imagined
a
world
far
busier,
noisier
and
more
intimate
(亲密的)
than
the
world
we
can
see
and
hear.Our
senses
are
weak.There's
a
whole
lot
going
on.
[语篇解读]：植物受到攻击时会自卫吗？它们受到攻击时，一旁其他植物会伸出援手吗？植物也会彼此交谈吗？或许这篇文章会为你解开这些疑惑，让你对植物世界有一个全新认识。
What
does
a
plant
do
when
it
is
under
attack?
A．It
makes
noises.
B．It
gets
help
from
other
plants.
C．It
stands
quietly.
D．It
sends
out
certain
chemicals.
[解析]　细节理解题。本题问的是一株植物受到攻击后会做什么？结合第一段的“Back
in
1983，two
scientists，Jack
Schultz
and
Ian
Baldwin，reported
that
young
maple
trees
getting
bitten
by
insects
send
out
a
particular
smell
that
neighboring
plants
can
get.These
chemicals
come
from
the
injured
parts
of
the
plant
and
seem
to
be
an
alarm.”和第二段的“Scientists
have
found
that
all
kinds
of
plants
give
out
VOCs
when
being
attacked.”可知，D项符合题意。
[答案]　D
[方法2]　主旨大意题
说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、段落大意及阅读人群、文章出处等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。
【典例】　
①Risk
is
something
we
face
daily.
However,
some
people
are
obviously
more
willing
to
take
risks
than
others.
②Biologists
appear
to
have
discovered
a
physical
reason
that
explains
why
some
people
are
risk-takers.
Dopamine
is
a
neurotransmitter,
a
chemical
that
spreads
signals
between
nerve
cells.
It
is
linked
to
the
brains
reward
system
and
is
the
chemical
that
makes
us
feel
good,
and
scientists
believe
it
to
be
linked
to
risk-taking.
Our
nerve
cells
have
dopamine
receptors(接收器)
which
control
the
amount
of
dopamine
that
each
cell
receives.
But
not
all
receptors
may
be
active.
When
a
person
has
few
active
receptors
to
control
the
amount
of
dopamine
that
is
received,
a
cell
can
become
flooded
resulting
in
an
extreme
feeling
of
happiness.
......
④Dopamine
gives
us
a
biological
reason
for
risk-taking,
but
scientists
believe
there
may
be
psychological
reasons
too.
Sensation-seeking
is
a
personality
characteristic
that
describes
the
desire
to
find
activities
that
bring
us
pleasure.
In
1964,
psychologist
Marvin
Zuckerman
created
the
sensation-seeking
scale.
His
40-item
questionnaire,
still
used
today,
was
given
to
people
who
were
active
in
seeking
new
activities,
and
to
people
who
were
more
satisfied
with
a
quiet
life.
While
risk-taking
is
not
a
characteristic
in
itself,
it
is
very
much
associated
with
sensation-seeking,
as
a
high
sensation-seeker
does
not
evaluate
risk
in
the
same
way
that
a
low
sensation-seeker
does.
A
desire
to
achieve
pleasure
means
that
there
is
a
greater
willingness
to
take
more
risks.
⑤There
are
both
biological
and
psychological
explanations
as
to
why
some
people
may
choose
to
take
more
risks
than
others.
However,
none
of
these
explanations
are
definitive.
[语篇解读]：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了导致人们更愿意冒险的两方面原因：生物原因——多巴胺；心理原因——对快乐的渴望。
What
can
be
concluded
from
paragraph
4?
A.
The
longing
for
pleasure
may
lead
to
risk
taking.
B.
A
willingness
to
take
more
risks
can
be
cultivated.
C.
The
sensation-seeking
scale
can
help
to
evaluate
risk.
D.
High
sensation-seekers
are
more
common
than
low
ones.
[解析]段落主旨判断题。根据第四段内容，特别是“Dopamine
gives
us
a
biological
reason
for
risk
-
taking,
but
scientists
believe
there
may
be
psychological
reasons
too”可知，科学家认为多巴胺是我们愿意冒险的生物原因，也可能有导致我们冒险行为的心理原因，再根据“a
desire
to
achieve
pleasure
means
that
there
is
a
greater
willingness
to
take
more
risks.”可知，渴望获得快乐就是这个心理原因，由此可知，对快乐的渴望可能会导致冒险。
[答案]
A
[方法3]　标题判断题
科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What
would
be
the
best
title
for
this
passage?
What
can
be
a
suitable
title
for
the
text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。
【典例】　
Earth’s
geologic
ages—time
periods
defined
by
evidence
in
rock
layers—
typically
last
more
than
three
million
years.
We’re
barely
11,500
years
into
the
current
age,
the
Holocene.
But
a
new
paper
argues
that
we’ve
already
entered
a
new
one—the
Anthropocene,
or
“new
man”,
age.
The
name
isn’t
brand-new.
Nobel
Prize
winner
Paul
Crutzen,
a
co-author
of
the
paper,
coined
it
in
2002
to
reflect
the
changes
since
the
industrial
revolution.
The
paper,
however,
is
part
of
new
push
to
formalize
the
Anthropocene
age.
.........
If
the
concept
of
the
Anthropocene
age
is
to
be
formalized,
scientists
will
first
have
to
identify
and
define
a
boundary
line,
or
marker,
that’s
set
in
stone.
“The
key
thing
is
thinking
about
how—thousands
of
years
in
the
future—geologists
might
come
back
and
actually
recognize
in
the
deposit
record
the
beginning
of
the
Anthropocene,”
explained
Alan
Haywood
of
the
University
of
Leeds
in
the
U.K.
“It’s
not
as
straightforward
as
you
might
think.
The
marker
has
to
be
very
precise,
and
it
has
to
be
recognized
in
many
different
parts
of
the
world,”
said
Haywood,
who
wasn’t
involved
in
the
new
study.
.........
The
push
for
a
formal
declaration
of
the
Anthropocene
age
is
about
more
than
just
scientific
curiosity.
The
move,
the
scientists
write
in
the
latest
issue
of
the
journal
Environmental
Science
&
Technology,
“might
be
used
as
encouragement
to
slow
carbon
emissions
and
biodiversity
(生物多样性)
loss”
or
“as
evidence
on
protection
measures.”
Just
as
Haywood
said,
by
underlining
how
much
we’re
changing
the
environment,
the
formalization
would
be
“a
very
powerful
statement”.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
A.
Humans
Are
Destroying
the
Earth,
Geologists
Warn
B.
Too
Early
to
Set
Things
in
Stone,
Authorities
Say
C.
More
Evidence
Is
Needed,
Universities
Require
D.
A
New
Earth
Age
May
Begin,
Scientists
Argue
[语篇解读]：本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要讲述一篇新的论文认为我们也许已经进入了一个新的时代——人类世，或者“新人类”时代。
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段But
a
new
paper
argues
that
we’ve
already
entered
a
new
one—the
Anthropocene,
or
“new
man”,
age.及全文内容可知，文章主要叙述一篇新的论文认为我们也许已经进入了一个新的时代——人类世，或者“新人类”时代。
[答案]
D
[方法4]　推理判断题
为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。
【典例】
Parallel
worlds
exist
and
interact
with
our
world,
say
physicists.
Quantum
mechanics
(量子力学),
though
firmly
tested,
is
so
weird
and
anti-intuitive
that
physicist
Richard
Feynman
once
remarked,
“I
think
I
can
safely
say
nobody
understands
quantum
mechanics.”
Attempts
to
explain
some
of
the
bizarre
(奇异的)
consequences
of
quantum
theory
have
led
to
some
mind-bending
ideas,
such
as
the
Copenhagen
interpretation
and
the
many-worlds
interpretation.
Now
there’s
a
new
theory
on
the
block,
called
the
“many
interacting
worlds”
hypothesis
(假设)
(MIW),
and
the
idea
is
just
as
profound
as
it
sounds.
The
theory
suggests
not
only
parallel
worlds
exist,
but
that
they
interact
with
our
world
on
the
quantum
level
and
are
thus
detectable.
Though
still
speculative
(推测的),
the
theory
may
help
to
finally
explain
some
of
the
bizarre
consequences
inherent
in
quantum
mechanics.
The
theory
is
a
spinoff
of
the
many-worlds
interpretation
in
quantum
mechanics—an
assumption
that
all
possible
alternative
histories
and
futures
are
real,
each
representing
an
actual,
though
parallel,
world.
One
problem
with
the
many-worlds
interpretation,
however,
has
been
that
it
is
fundamentally
untestable,
since
observations
can
only
be
made
in
our
world.
Happenings
in
these
proposed
“parallel”
worlds
can
thus
only
be
imagined.
MIW,
however,
says
otherwise.
It
suggests
that
parallel
worlds
can
interact
on
the
quantum
level,
and
in
fact
that
they
do.
“The
idea
of
parallel
universes
in
quantum
mechanics
has
been
around
since
1957,”
explained
Howard
Wiseman,
a
physicist
at
Griffith
University
in
Brisbane,
Australia,
and
one
of
the
physicists
to
come
up
with
MIW.
“In
the
well-known
‘Many-Worlds
Interpretation’,
each
universe
branches
into
a
bunch
of
new
universes
every
time
a
quantum
measurement
is
made.
All
possibilities
are
therefore
realized
—
in
some
universes
the
dinosaur-killing
asteroid
(小行星)
missed
Earth.
In
others,
Australia
was
colonized
by
the
Portuguese.”
“But
critics
question
the
reality
of
these
other
universes,
since
they
do
not
influence
our
universe
at
all,”
he
added.
“On
this
score,
our
‘Many
Interacting
Worlds’
approach
is
completely
different,
as
its
name
implies.”
Wiseman
and
colleagues
have
proposed
that
there
exists
“a
universal
force
of
repulsion
between
‘nearby’(i.e.
similar)
worlds,
which
tends
to
make
them
more
dissimilar.”
Quantum
effects
can
be
explained
by
factoring
in
this
force,
they
propose.
When
asked
about
whether
their
theory
might
imply
that
humans
could
someday
interact
with
other
worlds,
Wiseman
said:
“It’s
not
part
of
our
theory.
But
the
idea
of
human
interactions
with
other
universes
is
no
longer
pure
fantasy.”
What
might
your
life
look
like
if
you
made
different
choices?
Maybe
one
day
you'll
be
able
to
look
into
one
of
these
alternative
worlds
and
find
out.
[语篇解读]：这是一篇科普类新闻报道。报道了科学家对量子力学MIW理论学说的观点。
According
to
paragraph
3-5,
the
new
theory
"MIW"
differs
from
the
previous
one
in
that
______.
A.
MIW
develops
from
quantum
mechanics
B.
MIW
suggests
the
interaction
can
be
detected
C.
The
previous
one
is
based
on
profound
foundation
D.
The
previous
one
proves
that
MIW
is
imagined
【解析】推理判断题。由第四段“The
theory
is
a
spinoff
of
the
many-worlds
interpretation
in
quantum
mechanics”可知，这个理论是量子力学中多世界解释的一个分支。由第二段“Attempts
to
explain
some
of
the
bizarre
(奇异的)
consequences
of
quantum
theory
have
led
to
some
mind-bending
ideas,
such
as
the
Copenhagen
interpretation
and
the
many-worlds
interpretation.可知，试图解释量子理论的一些奇怪的后果已经导致了一些令人难以置信的想法，例如哥本哈根解释和多世界解释。”所以哥本哈根解释和多世界解释是根据解释量子理论的一些奇怪的后果而产生的,
而MIW理论由量子力学发展而来。故判断出根据第3-5段，新的理论MIW与以前的不同之处在于MIW由量子力学发展而来。
[答案]
A
The
last
sentence
of
the
last
paragraph
implies
that
_______________________.
A.
someday
humans
may
live
in
different
universes
in
one
lifetime
B.
humans
may
make
different
choices
simultaneously
(同时地)
and
live
in
different
universes
C.
humans
may
live
again
from
the
beginning
if
they
regret
their
life
in
this
universe
D.
life
would
be
more
unexpected,
but
all
you
expect
may
be
true
in
other
universes
【解析】推理判断题。由最后段“Maybe
one
day
you'll
be
able
to
look
into
one
of
these
alternative
worlds
and
find
out.”可知，也许有一天你会看到这些可替代的世界之一，并可以弄清楚他们的情况。所以判断出它暗示人类与其他宇宙的互动不再是纯粹的幻想，人类可能同时做出不同的选择，并生活在不同的宇宙中。从而揭示平行世界是存在的，并与我们的世界相互作用。
[答案]
B
[方法5]　代词指代判断题
科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them
等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生裉据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。
【典例】
His
black?and?white
pictures
present
a
world
almost
lost
in
time.These
pictures
show
people
seemingly
pushed
into
a
world
that
they
were
unprepared
for.These
local
citizens
now
have
to
balance
their
traditional
self?supporting
hunting
lifestyle
with
the
lifestyle
offered
by
the
modern
French
Republic，which
brings
with
it
not
only
necessary
state
welfare，but
also
alcoholism，betrayal
and
even
suicide.
What
does
the
underlined
world
“it”
in
the
last
paragraph
refer
to?
A．The
modern
French
lifestyle.
B．The
self?supporting
hunting.
C．The
uncivilized
world.
D．The
French
Republic.
[解析]　分析画线词所在句的句子结构可知，which
brings
with
it
not
only
necessary
state
welfare，but
also
alcoholism，betrayal
and
even
suicide为非限制性定语从句，修饰the
lifestyle
offered
by
the
modern
French
Republic，故it指的是“法国现代的生活方式”。
[答案]　A
[方法6]　生词词义或句意猜测题
科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What
does
the
underlined
word
mean?或What
is
the
meaning
of
the
underlined
word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。
【典例】
......
Researchers
at
Vanderbilt
University
and
Albert
Einstein
College
of
Medicine
asked
34
men
and
women
to
complete
a
questionnaire
about
their
risk
taking
to
assess
whether
they
seek
new
opportunities
or
are
cautious
in
life.
The
results
of
the
research
were
consistent
with
similar
studies
carried
out
with
rats,
and
had
the
same
outcome.
It
concluded
that
people
who
are
risk-takers
have
fewer
dopamine
receptors
than
people
who
are
not.
The
underlined
phrase
“consistent
with”
is
closest
to
“__________”
in
meaning.
A.
contrary
to
B.
in
agreement
with
C.
at
the
cost
of
D.
persistent
in
[解析]　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“and
had
the
same
outcome.”可知，这个研究的结果与对老鼠进行的结果相同，这说明两个研究的结果一致，由此可知画线词词义为“与…一致”。
[答案]　B
【典例】
Is
Paperless
Office
Really
Paperless?
A
rising
economy
increased
paper
sales
by
6
to
7
percent
each
year
in
the
early
to
mid-1990s,
and
the
convenience
of
desktop
printing
allowed
office
workers
to
print
anything
and
everything.
In
2004,
Merilyn
Dunn,
a
communications
supplies
director,
said
that
plain
white
office
paper
would
see
less
than
a
4
percent
growth
rate,
a
primary
reason
for
which
is
that
some
47
percent
of
the
workforce
entered
the
job
market
after
computers
had
already
been
introduced
to
offices.
For
office
innovators,
the
dream
of
paperless
office
is
an
example
of
high-tech
arrogance
(傲慢).
Today’s
office
service
is
overwhelmed
by
more
newspapers
than
ever
before.
After
decades
of
development,
the
American
government
can
finally
get
rid
of
the
madness
on
paper.
In
the
past,
the
demand
for
paper
has
been
far
ahead
of
growth
in
the
American
economy,
but
the
sales
have
slowed
markedly
over
the
past
two
to
three
years,
despite
the
good
economic
conditions.
“Old
habits
are
hard
to
break,”
says
Ms.
Dunn.
“There
are
some
functions
that
paper
serves
where
a
screen
display
doesn’t
work.
Those
functions
are
both
its
strength
and
its
weakness.”
Analysts
attribute
the
decline
to
such
factors
as
advances
in
digital
databases
and
communication
systems.
Escaping
our
eagerness
for
paper,
however,
will
be
anything
but
an
easy
affair.
......
What
does
the
last
sentence
in
Para.
3
mean?
A.
We
have
to
look
at
paper
consumption
from
different
angles.
B.
There
is
little
chance
that
paper
consumption
will
fall
in
the
digital
age.
C.
Paper
consumption
will
be
greatly
reduced
in
the
digital
age.
D.
People
are
no
longer
so
addicted
to
paper
in
the
digital
age.
[语篇解读]：本文是一篇社会类说明文。随着信息化的发展，越来越多的公司实行无纸化办公，但是，无纸化办公真的无纸吗？
[解析]句意理解题。根据文章第三段Analysts
attribute
the
decline
to
such
factors
as
advances
in
digital
databases
and
communication
systems.
Escaping
our
craving
for
paper,
however,
will
be
anything
but
an
easy
affair.可知，分析人士认为纸张的下降归因于数字数据库和通信系统的进步等因素。然而，要摆脱对纸张的迫切需要绝非易事。所以这句话可以理解为：在数字时代，纸张消费下降的可能性很小。
[答案]　B
[方法7]篇章结构题
对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：最常见的提问方式是：The
sentence
in
paragraph
means
_______.;
The
example
of
in
para.is
used
to
illustrate/show______
.Which
of
the
following
best
shows
the
structure
of
the
passage?
【典例】
The
Indian
government
may
use
3D
paintings
as
virtual
speed-breakers
on
major
highways
arid
roads,
in
an
attempt
to
check
speeding
and
careless
driving,
and
eventually
make
its
deadly
roads
a
little
safer.
“We
are
trying
out
3D
paintings
used
as
virtual
speed
breakers
to
avoid
unnecessary
requirements
of
speed
breakers,”
India's
transport
minister
Nitin
Gadkari
tweeted.
The
visual
illusions
are
supposed
to
encourage
drivers
to
slow
down
automatically.
Earlier
this
month,
India
had
ordered
the
removal
of
all
speed
breakers
from
highways,
which
are
considered
to
be
a
danger
to
safety
for
high-speed
vehicles.
India
has
the
highest
number
of
road
accident
deaths
in
the
world.
According
to
the
World
Health
Organisation,
over
200,00
people
are
killed
by
road
accidents
due
to
poor
application
of
road
safety
laws.
This
is
considerably
higher
than
its
official
figures
of
141,526
for
2014.
The
use
of
visual
illusions
as
speed
breakers
was
first
pioneered
in
the
American
city
of
Philadelphia
in
2008,
as
part
of
a
campaign
against
speeding
motorists.
The
technique
has
also
been
tried
out
in
China
to
create
floating
3D
crossings.
In
India,
cities
such
as
Ahmedabad
and
Chennai
have
already
experimented
with
3D
zebra
crossings
in
the
last
one
year.
In
Ahmedabad
for
instance,
two
artists,
mother
and
daughter
have
painted
3D
crosswalks
in
the
first
few
months
of
this
year.
The
artists
say
their
motto
is
“to
increase
the
attention
of
drivers”,
and
that
the
concept
has
been
successfully
tested
in
zones
where
accidents
easily
occur
on
a
highway.”
However,
critics
argue
that
once
drivers
know
that
these
speed
breakers
arc
visual
illusions,
they
may
ignore
them.
Others
also
point
out
that
India's
decision
does
not
consider
the
safety
of
a
large
number
of
walkers.
In
the
end,
the
new
policy
may
be
just
one
step
towards
improving
road
safety.
The
author
explains
the
experiment
of
3D
zebra
crossings
in
India
by
________.
A.
giving
examples
B.
analyzing
causes
C.
providing
figures
D.
making
comparisons
[语篇解读]：本文叙述了印度政府决定用3D图画作为主要路段的减速器，目的是使危险的路段变得安全，但有人也对此种方法的有效性表示怀疑。
[解析]篇章结构题。根据第五段In
Ahmedabad
for
instance,
two
artists,
mother
and
daughter
have
painted
3D
crosswalks
in
the
first
few
months
of
this
year....可知作者通过举例来解释印度3D斑马线的实验。
【答案】A
Reading
Comprehension
A
If
a
woman
has
an
extra
piece
of
cake,
don’t
blame
it
on
greed,
blame
it
on
her
brain.
Scientists
have
found
that
women’s
brains
react
to
food
very
differently—and
much
more
strongly—than
men’s.
Academics
found
that
decades
of
dieting
pressure
on
women
and
advertising
have
programmed
certain
parts
of
the
female
brain
to
react
strongly
when
faced
with
any
kind
of
food.
Men,
on
the
other
hand,
are
not
usually
as
obsessive
about
what
they
eat.
Dr.
Rudolf
Uher
and
his
colleagues
at
the
Institute
of
Psychiatry
in
King’s
College
London
used
brain
scanning
technology,
known
as
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(FMRI),
to
look
at
the
brains
of
eighteen
men
and
women.
The
volunteers
were
given
images
of
food
to
look
at,
as
well
as
food
to
taste.
Their
brain
reactions
were
observed
by
the
scientists.They
found
that
the
female
brains
reacted
much
more
strongly
than
those
of
males.
The
same
reaction
did
not
happen
when
they
were
shown
non-food
images.
The
team
believe
this
means
women
think
more
about
food
than
men
tend
to
do.
Dr.
Uher
said,
“This
could
be
related
to
biological
differences
between
men
and
women.
But
the
more
likely
explanation
is
that
women
have
a
more
complicated
reaction
to
food
because
of
social
pressure.
Professor
Carey
Cooper,
psychology
and
health
professor
at
Lancaster
University,
said,
“For
centuries
women
have
had
a
providing
role
—
preparing
and
cooking
food
for
their
families.
And
it
is
part
of
that
rule
to
make
sure
the
food
is
safe.
They
will
therefore
be
much
more
sensitive
to
food
than
men
are,
and
I
would
not
be
surprised
if
that
was
now
built
into
their
DNA.
If
the
female
brain
reacts
to
food
because
it
historically
has
developed
neural
pathways
to
do
this,
then
food
will
be
the
way
they
express
their
stress.
Food
actually,
is
a
comfort
for
women.”
But
other
experts
have
said
that
more
research
must
be
done
before
the
results
can
be
proved.
American
scientist
Angelo
del
Parigi
of
the
John
B.
Pierce
Laboratory
in
New
Haven,
Connecticut,
said,
“Looking
at
an
FMRI
alone
cannot
make
sure
whether
the
stronger
reaction
in
women
is
due
to
innate
(天生的)
differences
or
a
learned
process.
1.
Dr.Uher
and
his
colleagues
carried
out
the
research
by
comparing
____
A.
FMRI’s
effectiveness
on
women
and
men
B.
volunteers’
reaction
to
different
kinds
of
food
C.
volunteers’
reaction
to
food
before
and
after
meals
D.
women’s
and
men’s
reaction
to
different
images
of
food
2.
In
Dr.
Uher’s
opinion,
women
react
more
strongly
to
food
than
men
most
probably
because
they
are
____　.
A.
told
to
do
so
for
a
long
time
B.
influenced
by
advertisements
C.
forced
by
powerful
social
influences
D.
born
to
do
so
due
to
biological
reasons
3.
According
to
Professor
Carey
Cooper,
women
_______.
A.
turn
to
food
when
they
feel
sad
B.
are
stressed
because
of
food
safety
C.
accept
their
social
role
from
the
heart
D.
are
satisfied
with
preparing
food
for
their
families
4.
What
was
Angelo
del
Parigi’s
attitude
towards
the
research
results?
A.
Surprised.
B.
Uninterested.
C.
Doubtful.
D.
Curious.
【答案】1.
D
2.
C
3.
A
4.
C
【解析】如果一名女子有一块吃不下的蛋糕，不要责备她贪婪，这是由于她的大脑在作怪。科学家们发现女性的大脑对食物的反应很不同。最可能的解释是女人们的社交压力造成她们对失望的复杂反应。
1.
细节理解题。根据第五段“They
found
that
the
female
brains
reacted
much
more
strongly
than
those
of
males.”及第六段中的“The
same
reaction
did
not
happen
when
they
were
shown
non-food
images.”可知,Uher博士比较了男性和女性在面对不同图片时大脑的反应是否一样。故选D。
2.
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“But
the
more
likely
explanation
is
that
women
have
a
more
complicated
reaction
to
food
because
of
social
pressure.”可知最可能的解释是女人们的社交压力造成她们对失望的复杂反应。答案是C。
3.
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的food
will
be
the
way
they
express
their
stress.
Food
actually,
is
a
comfort
for
women可知，食物带给女性安慰，因此女性伤心难过时候会吃东西。故选A。
4.
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Looking
at
an
fMRI
alone
cannot
make
sure
whether
the
stronger
reaction
in
women
is
due
to
innate
(天生的)
differences
or
a
learned
process.”可以看出,Angelo
del
Parigi对Uher博士的研究结果持怀疑的态度。A.
Surprised.
惊讶的；
B.
Uninterested.不感兴趣的；C.
Doubtful.
怀疑的；
D.
Curious
好奇的.
故选C。
B
You're
walking
down
a
quiet
street
and
suddenly
you
hear
some
footsteps.
Undoubtedly,
it
means
that
there's
someone
around.
But
have
you
ever
wondered
why
it
occurs
to
us
that
it's
someone
else's
footsteps,
not
ours?
According
to
a
new
study
published
in
the
journal
Nature
in
September,
this
phenomenon
arises
from
a
function
in
our
brain
to
ignore
the
noise
we
make
ourselves.
In
order
to
explore
how
our
brain
does
this,
a
group
of
scientists
carried
out
an
experiment
with
mice
at
Duke
University.
The
research
centered
on
an
intuition
(直觉)
--
that
we
are
usually
unaware
of
the
sound
of
our
own
footsteps
--
as
a
vehicle
for
understanding
larger
neural（神经系统的）
phenomena:
how
this
behavior
reveals
the
ability
to
monitor,
recognize,
and
remember
the
sound
of
one's
own
movements
in
relation
to
those
of
their
larger
environments.
In
the
experiment,
researchers
controlled
the
sounds
a
group
of
mice
could
hear,
reported
Science
Daily.
During
the
first
several
days,
the
mice
would
hear
the
same
sound
each
time
they
took
a
step.
This
was
just
like
"running
on
a
tiny
piano
with
each
key
playing
exactly
the
same
note",
senior
study
author
Richard
Mooney,
a
professor
of
neurobiology
at
Duke
University,
told
Live
Science.
Scientists
found
that
their
auditory
cortex(听觉皮层)
--
the
area
of
the
brain
that
processes
sound
--
became
active
at
first
but
decreased
its
response
to
the
sound
after
two
or
three
minutes
when
the
mice
became
familiar
with
it.
"It's
almost
like
they
were
wearing
special
headphones
that
could
filter
(过滤)
out
the
sound
of
their
own
movements,"
David
Schneider,
an
assistant
professor
at
the
Center
for
Neural
Science
at
New
York
University,
told
HuffPost.
But
once
the
sound
changed,
their
auditory
cortex
became
active
again.
This
suggests
that
the
"sensory
filter"
in
a
mouse's
brain
could
help
it
detect
new
sounds
or
abnormal
noise
in
the
environment
easily
after
tuning
out
familiar
sounds.
"For
mice,
this
is
really
important,"
said
Schneider.
"They
are
prey
animals,
so
they
really
need
to
be
able
to
listen
for
a
cat
creeping
up
on
them,
even
when
they're
walking
and
making
noise.
Being
able
to
ignore
the
sounds
of
one's
own
movements
is
likely
important
for
humans
as
well.
But
the
ability
to
predict
the
sounds
of
our
own
actions
is
also
important
for
more
complex
human
behaviors
such
as
speaking
or
playing
an
instrument.
"When
we
learn
to
speak
or
to
play
music,
we
predict
what
sounds
we're
going
to
hear
--
such
as
when
we
prepare
to
strike
keys
on
a
piano
--
and
we
compare
this
to
what
we
actually
hear,"
explains
Schneider.
"We
use
mismatches
between
expectation
and
experience
to
change
how
we
play
--
and
we
get
better
over
time
because
our
brain
is
trying
to
minimize
these
errors."
5.
What
can
be
discovered
about
mice
in
the
experiment?
A.
Their
brain
responds
inactively
to
the
familiar
sounds.
B.
They
are
able
to
detect
sounds
other
animals
don't
notice.
C.
They
cannot
identify
different
sounds
except
their
own
footsteps.
D.
Different
areas
of
their
brain
are
responsible
for
different
sounds.
6.
What’s
the
function
of
the
sensory
filter?
A.
Getting
used
to
abnormal
or
unfamiliar
sounds.
B.
Ignoring
the
sounds
made
by
our
companions.
C.
Identifying
the
sounds
from
a
larger
environment.
D.
Being
sensitive
to
the
sounds
of
our
own
movement.
7.
Why
can
a
good
symphony
conductor
immediately
recognize
it
when
a
wrong
note
is
played?
A.
He
has
the
ability
to
match
the
wrong
note
with
the
instrument
player.
B.
He
has
an
intuition
that
he
should
ignore
the
sound
of
his
own
movement.
C.
He
has
a
low
expectation
and
knows
where
players
are
likely
to
make
errors.
D.
He
has
a
good
prediction
of
how
each
note
should
be
played
in
the
orchestra.
8.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
A.
Noise-filtering
ability
ensures
us
a
quiet
and
undisturbed
environment.
B.
The
ability
to
ignore
familiar
noises
helps
to
detect
potential
dangers.
C.
The
activeness
of
auditory
cortex
determines
our
activity
performance.
D.
Sound-predicting
ability
seems
not
so
important
for
humans
as
for
animals.
答案：5.
A
6.
C
7.
D
8.
B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。本文主要说明了根据9月份发表在《自然》杂志上的一项新研究表明人类拥有忽视熟悉的噪音的能力，即忽略我们自己发出的噪音。文章说明了得出这一结论的实验过程，实验结果说明能够忽略自己动作的声音对人类来说很重要。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段的句子：This
suggests
that
the
"sensory
filter"
in
a
mouse's
brain
could
help
it
detect
new
sounds
or
abnormal
noise
in
the
environment
easily
after
tuning
out
familiar
sounds.（这表明老鼠大脑中的“感觉过滤器”可以帮助它在排除熟悉的声音后，很容易地检测到新的声音或环境中的异常噪音。）可知，实验的结果发现他们的大脑对熟悉的声音反应迟钝。故选A。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中This
suggests
that
the
“sensory
filter”
in
a
mouse’s
brain
could
help
it
detect
new
sounds
or
abnormal
noise
in
the
environment
easily
after
tuning
out
familiar
sounds.（这表明，老鼠大脑中的“感觉过滤器”可以帮助它在排除熟悉的声音后，更容易地检测到环境中的新声音或异常噪音。）可见，这种过滤器可以识别大环境中的声音。故选C。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段句子：Being
able
to
ignore
the
sounds
of
one's
own
movements
is
likely
important
for
humans
as
well.
But
the
ability
to
predict
the
sounds
of
our
own
actions
is
also
important.（能够忽略自己动作的声音对人类来说也很重要。但是预测自己动作声音的能力对于更复杂的人类行为来说也很重要。）可推知，一个好的交响乐指挥家在一个错误的音符被演奏时，能立即识别出它，因为他能很好地预测出每个音符在管弦乐队中应该如何演奏。故选D。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中You’re
walking
down
a
quiet
street
and
suddenly
you
hear
some
footsteps.
Undoubtedly,
it
means
that
there’s
someone
around.
But
have
you
ever
wonder
why
it
occurs
to
us
that
it's
someone
else’s
footsteps,
not
ours?（你走在一条安静的街道上，突然听到一些脚步声。毫无疑问，这意味着周围有人。但你有没有想过为什么我们会想到这是别人的脚步声，而不是我们的？）可以判断出,如果人类有忽视熟悉噪音的能力，有助于发现潜在危险。故选B。
C
New
research
in
monkeys
may
provide
a
clue
about
how
the
brain
manages
vast
amounts
of
information
and
remembers
what
it
needs.
The
researchers
found
that
when
monkeys
were
taught
to
remember
computer
clip
art
pictures,
their
brains
reduced
the
level
of
detail
by
sorting
the
pictures
into
categories
for
recall,
such
as
images
that
contained
people,
buildings,
flowers,
and
animals.
The
categorizing
cells
were
found
in
the
hippocampus,
an
area
of
the
brain
that
processes
sensory
information
into
memory.
In
the
experiment
each
monkey
was
shown
one
clip
art
picture,
and
after
a
delay
of
one
to
30
seconds,
picked
the
original
out
of
two
to
six
different
images
to
get
a
juice
reward.
By
recording
cell
activity
during
hundreds
of
these
trials
in
which
the
pictures
were
all
different,
the
researchers
noticed
that
certain
cells
were
more
active
when
the
pictures
contained
similar
features,
such
as
images
of
people—but
not
other
objects.
They
found
that
different
cells
coded
images
that
fitted
different
categories.
The
category
cells
grouped
images
based
on
common
features—a
strategy
to
improve
memory.
For
example,
the
same
cell
responded
to
both
tulips
and
daisies
because
they
are
both
flowers.
“While
such
categorization
is
a
highly
efficient
memory
process,
it
may
also
have
a
downside,”
said
Deadwyler
PhD.
“When
the
trials
included
more
than
one
picture
with
people
in
it,
instead
of
different
images,
the
monkeys
often
confused
the
image
with
a
picture
of
other
people.”
So
learning
more
about
how
the
brain
remembers
could
have
far-reaching
benefits.
“If
we
can
understand
in
advance
how
the
brain
works
when
decisions
are
made,
we
can
predict
when
the
brain
will
make
a
mistake,
and
correct
it,”
said
Tim
Pons,
PhD.
“This
finding
about
how
large
amounts
of
information
are
processed
by
the
brain
will
help
us
to
ultimately
achieve
that
goal.”
9.
The
purpose
of
the
experiments
on
monkeys
is
to
find
out
　　　　.?
A.how
the
brain
processes
amounts
of
information
into
memory
B.the
area
of
the
brain
that
processes
sensory
information
into
memory
C.how
the
monkeys
respond
to
different
things
D.what
the
monkeys
most
likely
remember
10.
The
research
indicates
numerous
information
can
be
remembered
more
easily
by
　　　　.?
A.remembering
the
details
B.separating
it
into
categories
C.showing
a
lot
of
pictures
D.remembering
all
features
11.
According
to
the
research,
which
of
the
following
images
may
confuse
the
monkeys?
A.Books,
toys
and
cars.
B.Plants,
animals
and
people.
C.Tulips,
daisies
and
roses.
D.People,
buildings
and
flowers.
12.What
can
we
learn
from
the
last
paragraph?
A.Further
study
on
how
the
brain
remembers
has
more
benefits.
B.Categorization
is
the
best
way
to
improve
memory.
C.We
can
predict
when
the
brain
will
make
a
mistake.
D.How
the
brain
remembers
has
been
found
out.
【答案】9.
A
10.
B
11.
C
12.
A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过对猴子做实验来研究大脑如何进行记忆。科学家指出,进一步研究大脑如何进行记忆会有更多的好处。
9.A　细节理解题。根据第一段“New
research
in
monkeys
may
provide
a
clue
about
how
the
brain
manages
vast
amounts
of
information
and
remembers
what
it
needs.”可知,对猴子的新研究或许可以为大脑如何管理大量信息和记住它所需要的东西提供线索。故选A项。
10.B　细节理解题。根据第四段“‘While
such
categorization
is
a
highly
efficient
memory
process,
it
may
also
have
a
downside,’
said
Deadwyler
PhD.”可知,研究表明分类记忆可使大量的信息更容易被记住。故选B项。
11.C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘When
the
trials
included
more
than
one
picture
with
people
in
it,
instead
of
different
images,
the
monkeys
often
confused
the
image
with
a
picture
of
other
people.’”
可知,当实验中包含了多个人的图片而不是不同的图片时,猴子经常混淆不同人之间的图片。据此推断,猴子分不清同类事物。C项“郁金香、雏菊和玫瑰”都是花,故选C项。
12.A　细节理解题。根据最后一段“So
learning
more
about
how
the
brain
remembers
could
have
far-reaching
benefits.”可知,进一步研究大脑如何进行记忆会有更多的好处。故选A项。
D
Frederic
Mishkin,
who’s
been
a
professor
at
Columbia
Business
School
for
almost
30
years,
is
good
at
solving
problems
and
expressing
ideas.
Whether
he’s
standing
in
front
of
a
lecture
hall
or
engaged
in
a
casual
conversation,
his
hands
are
always
waving
and
pointing.
When
he
was
in
graduate
school,
one
of
his
professors
was
so
annoyed
by
this
constant
gesturing
that
he
made
the
young
economist
sit
on
his
hands
whenever
he
visited
the
professor’s
office.
It
turns
out,
however,
that
Mishkin’s
professor
had
it
exactly
wrong.
Gesture
doesn’t
prevent
but
promotes
clear
thought
and
speech.
Research
demonstrates
that
the
movements
we
make
with
our
hands
when
we
talk
form
a
kind
of
second
language,
adding
information
that’s
absent
from
our
words.
It’s
learning’s
secret
code:
Gesture
reveals
what
we
know.
It
reveals
what
we
don’t
know.
What’s
more,
the
agreement
(or
lack
of
agreement)
between
what
our
voices
say
and
how
our
hands
move
offers
a
clue
to
our
readiness
to
learn.
Many
of
the
studies
establishing
the
importance
of
gesture
to
learning
have
been
conducted
by
Susan
Goldin-Meadow,
a
professor
of
psychology
at
the
University
of
Chicago.
“We
change
our
minds
by
moving
our
hands,”
writes
Goldin-Meadow
in
a
review
of
this
work.
Particularly
significant
are
what
she
calls
“mismatches”
between
oral
expression
and
physical
gestures.
A
student
might
say
that
a
heavier
ball
falls
faster
than
a
light
one,
for
example,
but
make
a
gesture
indicating
that
they
fall
at
the
same
rate,
which
is
correct.
Such
differences
indicate
that
we’re
moving
from
one
level
of
understanding
to
another.
The
thoughts
expressed
by
hand
motions
are
often
our
newest
and
most
advanced
ideas
about
the
problem
we’re
working
on;
we
can’t
yet
absorb
these
concepts
into
language,
but
we
can
capture
them
in
movement.
Goldin-Meadow’s
more
recent
work
strews
not
only
that
gesture
shows
our
readiness
to
learn,
but
that
it
actually
helps
to
bring
learning
about.
It
does
so
in
two
ways.
First,
it
elicits
(引出)
helpful
behavior
from
others
around
us.
Goldin-Meadow
has
found
that
adults
respond
to
children’s
speech-gesture
mismatches
by
adjusting
their
way
of
instruction.
Parents
and
teachers
apparently
receive
the
signal
that
children
are
ready
to
learn,
and
they
act
on
it
by
offering
a
greater
variety
of
problem-solving
techniques.
The
act
of
gesturing
itself
also
seems
to
quicken
learning,
bringing
new
knowledge
into
consciousness
and
aiding
the
understanding
of
new
concepts.
A
2007
study
by
Susan
Wagner
Cook,
an
assistant
professor
of
psychology
at
the
University
of
Iowa,
reported
that
third-graders
who
were
asked
to
gesture
while
learning
algebra
(代数)
were
nearly
three
times
more
likely
to
remember
what
they’d
learned
than
classmates
who
did
not
gesture.
13.
According
to
Paragraph
1,
Frederic
Mishkin
was
asked
to
sit
on
his
hands
because
________.
A.
he
could
litter
express
his
ideas
that
way
B.
he
always
pointed
his
finger
at
his
professor
C.
his
professor
did
not
like
his
gesturing
D.
his
gestures
prevented
his
professor
from
thinking
14.
How
is
gesturing
important
in
acquiring
knowledge?
A.
It
draws
tasteful
responses
from
others
and
increases
learning
speed.
B.
It
promotes
second
language
learning
and
quickens
thinking
C.
It
provides
significant
clues
for
solving
academic
problems.
D.
It
reduces
students’
reliance
on
teachers’
instruction.
15.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
about
gesture-speech
mismatches?
A.
They
can
stimulate
our
creativity.
B.
Instructors
should
make
full
use
of
them.
C.
Teachers
can
hardly
explain
new
concepts
without
them.
D.
They
serve
as
a
stepping
stone
to
solving
real
life
problems.
16.
What
could
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
Hand
Motions,
a
Second
Language
B.
Gesturing:
Signal
of
Understanding
C.
New
Uses
of
Gesturing
D.
The
Secret
Code
of
Learning
【答案】13.
C
14.
A
15.
B
16.
D
【解析】
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了手势是如何在学习中发挥作用的。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的When
he
was
in
graduate
school,
one
of
his
professors
was
so
annoyed
by
this
constant
gesturing
that
he
made
the
young
economist
sit
on
his
hands
whenever
he
visited
the
professor’s
office.（当他还在读研的时候，他的一位教授对这种不断的打手势很是恼火，以至于每当他去教授的办公室时，那位教授总是让这位年轻的经济学家坐着不动）可知，弗雷德里克·米什金被要求坐着不动，因为他的教授不喜欢他不断的作手势。故选C。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的Goldin-Meadow
has
found
that
adults
respond
to
children’s
speech-gesture
mismatches
by
adjusting
their
way
of
instruction.
Parents
and
teachers
apparently
receive
the
signal
that
children
are
ready
to
learn,
and
they
act
on
it
by
offering
a
greater
variety
of
problem-solving
techniques.
The
act
of
gesturing
itself
also
seems
to
quicken
learning,
bringing
new
knowledge
into
consciousness
and
aiding
the
understanding
of
new
concepts.（戈尔丁-戈尔丁-梅多发现，成年人通过调整他们的教学方式来应对孩子的言语姿势不匹配。家长和老师显然收到了孩子准备学习的信号，他们通过提供多种多样的解决问题的技巧来对此采取行动。手势本身似乎也能加速学习，将新知识带入意识，帮助理解新概念）可知，在获取知识的过程中，打手势很重要，它能从别人那里得到有品位的回应，提高学习速度。故选A。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Goldin-Meadow
has
found
that
adults
respond
to
children’s
speech-gesture
mismatches
by
adjusting
their
way
of
instruction.（戈尔丁-梅多发现，成年人通过调整他们的教学方式来应对孩子的言语姿势不匹配。家长和老师显然收到了孩子准备学习的信号）可推知，戈尔丁发现，成人通过调整他们的教学方式对孩子的语言姿势错配做出反应，即教师应该充分利用这些手势。故选B。
【16题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段中的It’s
learning’s
secret
code:
Gesture
reveals
what
we
know.
It
reveals
what
we
don’t
know.
What’s
more,
the
agreement
(or
lack
of
agreement)
between
what
our
voices
say
and
how
our
hands
move
offers
a
clue
to
our
readiness
to
learn.（它是学习的密码：手势揭示我们所知道的。它揭示了我们所不知道的。更重要的是，我们的声音和我们的手如何移动之间的一致性(或缺乏一致性)为我们准备学习提供了线索）可知，本文主要介绍了手势是如何在学习中发挥作用的，它是学习的密码。由此可知，D项The
Secret
Code
of
Learning（学习密码）适合做本文最佳标题。故选D。
Reading
Comprehension
A
5G,
the
fifth
generation
of
wireless,
promises
lightning-fast
download
speeds
and
could
lay
the
foundation
for
high-tech
advancements
like
self-driving
cars.
But
like
many
new
technologies,
it's
causing
concern
about
potential
health
issues.
The
first
generation
of
wireless
introduced
mobile
phones,
and
2G
brought
texting.
3G
laid
the
groundwork
for
smartphones,
and
4G
allowed
video
streaming
and
more.
5G
is
expected
to
download
data
20
times
faster
than
its
predecessor
(前任),
and
some
experts
argue
it
could
be
much
faster.
Too
much
of
a
good
thing?
It’s
not
just
about
streaming
data
faster,
it’s
about
streaming
more
of
it.
On
a
5G
network,
a
user
can
download
a
movie
instantly,
and
data
will
flow
between
connected
objects
without
delay.
The
amount
of
data
people
use
on
mobile
devices
has
gone
up
40
times
since
2010
and
is
only
expected
to
increase.
5G
networks
are
wireless
companies’
attempts
to
satisfy
that
demand.
Uncertain
effects
The
untested
nature
of
5G,
and
the
extensiveness
of
its
infrastructure
(基础设施),
has
some
worried
that
the
increased
exposure
could
have
serious
health
effects.
Wireless
safety
advocates
(倡议人士)
have
called
for
more
studies
on
the
effects
of
the
exposure,
and
one
group
is
trying
to
stop
the
installment
of
5G
networks
in
Chicago’s
neighborhoods.
The
federal
government
has
safety
rules
that
wireless
companies
must
obey
that
limit
human
exposure
to
radio
waves,
including
frequencies
used
with
5G.
Wireless
industry
association
CTIA
says
typical
exposure
to
5G
infrastructure
is
comparable
to
Bluetooth
devices
and
baby
monitors,
and
there
is
no
scientific
evidence
of
negative
health
effects.
Still,
assurances
from
government
agencies
and
industry
operators
are
not
enough
for
Chicago
resident
Judy
Blake.
Additional
studies
on
5G’s
health
impacts
likely
wouldn’t
soothe
her
either.
She
said,
“People
can’t
choose
whether
or
not
to
be
exposed
to
this
radiation.”
“I
don’t
need
another
test.
The
only
test
that’s
going
to
happen
now
is
people’s
lives,
”said
Blake,
67.
Only
time
will
tell?
Though
little
is
known
about
the
long-term
health
impact
of
the
millimeter
waves
that
5G
operates
on,
some
research
has
shown
short-term
exposure
could
be
problematic,
said
Joel
Moskowitz,
a
public
health
expert
at
the
University
of
California
at
Berkeley.
The
eyes
and
sweat
glands
(腺体)
are
among
several
body
parts
studies
have
shown
could
be
at
risk,
Moskowitz
said.
Insects
and
plant
life
could
also
be
affected,
he
added.
The
millimeter
waves
used
in
5G
are
absorbed
by
the
upper
layers
of
skin,
potentially
causing
the
temperature
of
the
skin
to
rise,
said
Suresh
Borkar,
senior
lecturer
in
the
Department
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
at
the
Illinois
Institute
of
Technology.
The
effects
of
extended
rises
in
skin
temperature
“become
a
big
unknown,”
he
said.
This
isn’t
the
first
time
people
will
come
into
contact
with
millimeter
waves:
They’re
also
used
in
airport
body
scanners,
said
Lav
Varshney,
assistant
professor
of
electrical
and
computer
engineering
at
the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign.
Still,
it’s
the
first
time
the
high-frequency
waves
will
be
used
on
such
a
scale,
and
concerns
surrounding
new
technologies
are
common
throughout
history.
“When
cars
first
started
replacing
horse-drawn
carriages,
people
were
afraid
of
what
the
health
impacts
of
traveling
at
high
speeds
would
be,”
Varshney
said.
“There
has
always
been
occurrence
of
this
fear.”
Which
of
the
following
is
TRUE
according
to
the
passage?
5G
is
faster
but
not
safe
to
human
beings.
5G
features
faster
and
more
in
transferring.
5G
can
meet
people’s
any
demand
in
theory.
5G
just
makes
little
impact
on
people’s
health.
2.What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
Millimeter
waves
certainly
affect
people’s
health
seriously.
Millimeter
waves
will
cause
the
skin’s
temperature
to
rise.
It’s
obvious
that
many
scientists
object
to
5G
technology.
It’s
hard
to
say
whether
millimeter
waves
do
damage
to
health.
3.
The
word
soothe
in
the
last
but
7
paragraphs
most
probably
means
______.
to
make
somebody
feel
calm
or
less
worried.
to
make
somebody
feel
happy
or
more
excited.
to
make
somebody
feel
disappointed
or
less
satisfactory.
to
make
somebody
feel
inspired
or
more
energetic.
4.The
best
title
for
this
passage
is
______.
5G’s
Advantages
and
Disadvantages
The
Development
of
Wireless
5G
Health
Concern
5G
Future
Prediction
答案：BDAC
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。文章介绍了5G以及人们对5G网络是否会影响健康问题发表了看法。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中5G,
the
fifth
generation
of
wireless,
promises
lightning-fast
download
speeds
and
could
lay
foundation
for
high-tech
advancements
like
self-driving
cars.
第五代无线网络5G承诺闪电般的下载速度，并可能为自动驾驶汽车等高科技进步奠定基础。可知5G网络会更快、更便捷。第二段中5G
is
expected
to
download
data
20
times
faster
than
its
predessor，and
some
experts
argue
it
could
be
much
faster.
5G下载数据的速度预计将比其前任快20倍，一些专家认为它可能会快得多。可知5G的特点是传输更快、更便捷。故选B项。
2题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中This
isn't
the
first
time
people
will
come
into
contact
with
millimeter
waves:
They're
also
used
in
airport
body
scanners,
said
Lav
Varshney,
assistant
professor
of
electrical
and
computer
engineering
at
the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign.
Still,
it's
the
first
time
the
high-
frequency
waves
will
he
used
on
such
a
scale,
and
concerns
surrounding
new
technologies
are
common
throughout
history.
伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校的电子与计算机工程助理教授拉夫·瓦什尼说，这并不是人们第一次接触毫米波：机场的人体扫描仪也使用毫米波。尽管如此，这是他第一次如此大规模地使用高频电波，历史上人们对新技术的担忧也是屡见不鲜。可知，对于毫米波对人类健康的影响其实还没有明确的证据，很难说是否对身体有害。故选D项。
【3题详解】
词义猜测题。根据本段中Still,
assurances
from
government
agencies
and
industry
operators
are
not
enough
for
Chicago
resident
Judy
Blake.
…She
said,
“People
can't
choose
whether
or
not
to
be
exposed
to
this
radiation.”不过，政府机构和行业运营商的保证对芝加哥居民朱迪?布莱克来说还不够。……她说，“人们不能选择是否暴露在这种辐射下。”
以及下一句“I
don’t
need
another
test.
The
only
test
that’s
going
to
happen
now
is
people’s
lives,”
said
Blake,
67.“我不需要再做一次检查。现在唯一的考验就是人们的生活。”67岁的布莱克说。可知，布莱克所说的话是表达她的担忧和不安，因此soothe应该是“使某人感到平静或不那么担心。”故选A项。
【4题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句But
like
many
new
technologies,
it's
causing
concern
about
potential
health
issues.
但与许多新技术一样，它也引发了人们对潜在健康问题的担忧。以及最后一段中“When
cars
first
started
replacing
horse-drawn
carriages,
people
were
afraid
of
what
the
health
impacts
of
traveling
at
high
speeds
would
be,”
Varshney
said.
“There
has
always
been
occurrence
of
this
fear.”
瓦尔什尼说:“当汽车刚开始取代马车的时候，人们担心高速行驶会对健康造成什么影响。”“这种恐惧总是会发生。”可知，本文的中心是围绕5G是否对人类健康有影响的担忧展开的，最佳标题应该是“5
G的健康担忧”。故选C项。
(
B
)
Learning
a
second
language
is
tricky
at
any
age
(and
it
only
gets
tougher
the
longer
you
wait
to
open
that
dusty
French
book).
Now,
in
a
new
study,
scientists
have
pinpointed
the
exact
age
at
which
your
chances
of
reaching
fluency
in
a
second
language
seem
to
plummet:
10.
The
study,
published
in
the
journal
Cognition,
found
that
it’s
“nearly
impossible”
for
language
learners
to
reach
native-level
fluency
if
they
start
learning
a
second
tongue
after
10.
But
that
doesn’t
seem
to
be
because
language
skills
go
downhill.
“It
turns
out
you’re
still
learning
fast.
It’s
just
that
you
run
out
of
time,
because
your
ability
to
learn
starts
dropping
at
around
17
or
18
years
old,”
says
study
co-author
Joshua
Hartshorne,
an
assistant
professor
of
psychology
at
Boston
College.
Kids
may
be
better
than
adults
at
learning
new
languages
for
many
reasons.
Children’s
brains
are
more
plastic
than
those
of
adults,
meaning
they’re
better
able
to
adapt
and
respond
to
new
information.
“All
learning
involves
the
brain
changing,”
Hartshorne
says,
“and
children’s
brains
seem
to
be
a
lot
more
skilled
at
changing.”
Kids
may
also
be
more
willing
to
try
new
things
(and
to
potentially
look
foolish
in
the
process)
than
adults
are.
Their
comparatively
new
grasp
on
their
native
tongue
may
also
be
advantageous.
Unlike
adults,
who
tend
to
default
(默认)
to
the
rules
and
patterns
of
their
first
language,
kids
may
be
able
to
approach
a
new
one
with
a
blank
slate
(石板).
These
findings
may
seem
discouraging,
but
it
was
heartening
for
scientists
to
learn
that
the
critical
period
for
fluent
language
acquisition
might
be
longer
than
they
previously
thought.
Some
scientists
believed
that
the
brief
window
closes
shortly
after
birth,
while
others
stretched
it
only
to
early
pared
to
those
estimates,
17
or
18
—
when
language
learning
ability
starts
to
drop
off
—
seems
relatively
old.
“People
fared
better
when
they
learned
by
immersion
(沉浸),
rather
than
simply
in
a
classroom.
And
moving
to
a
place
where
your
desired
language
is
spoken
is
the
best
way
to
learn
as
an
adult.
If
that’s
not
an
option,
you
can
mimic
an
immersive
environment
by
finding
ways
to
have
conversations
with
native
speakers
in
their
own
communities,”
Hartshorne
says.
By
doing
so,
it’s
possible
to
become
conversationally
proficient
—
even
without
the
advantage
of
a
child’s
brain.
5.
The
word
“plummet”
in
paragraph
1
is
closest
in
meaning
to
“__________”.
A.
plunge
B.
rise
C.
end
D.
vary
6.
What
can
be
inferred
from
Joshua
Hartshorne’s
words?
A.
Age
10-18
is
the
best
time
to
learn
a
second
language.
B.
Children
are
too
young
to
grasp
a
second
language.
C.
Communicating
with
native
speakers
enables
you
to
master
all
the
language
skills.
D.
Adults
go
beyond
the
critical
period
for
learning
a
second
language.
7.
What
might
be
the
reason
why
adults
can’t
reach
native-level
fluency
in
a
second
language?
A.
Adults
are
less
influenced
by
their
mother
tongues.
B.
Adults
are
only
too
willing
to
experience
something
awkward
in
the
process.
C.
Adults
spend
more
time
responding
to
new
information.
D.
Adults
prefer
an
immersive
environment
to
a
classroom
in
learning
a
second
language
.
8.
The
passage
is
mainly
about
__________.
A.
the
approaches
to
learning
a
second
language
B.
the
best
age
to
learn
a
second
language
C.
why
kids
learn
a
second
language
more
easily
than
adults
D.
whether
adults
can
learn
a
second
language
like
their
younger
selves
答案：63-66
?
ADCC
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了为什么孩子比成年人学第二语言更容易。
【5题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“Learning
a
second
language
is
tricky
at
any
age
(and
it
only
gets
tougher
the
longer
you
wait
to
open
that
dusty
French
book).”可知，学习第二语言在任何年龄段都是很难的（而且你等的时间越长就越难打开那本满是灰尘的法语书），因此此处承接等的时间越长，学习与研究会变的越难这一话题，说明随着年龄的增长，语言学习能力开始下降，此处说的是科学家们已经确定了你读第二语言流利程度下降的确切年龄：10岁，由此可知画线词词义为“下降”，故A项正确。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的““It’s
just
that
you
run
out
of
time,
because
your
ability
to
learn
starts
dropping
at
around
17
or
18
years
old,”
says
study
co-author
Joshua
Hartshorne,
an
assistant
professor
of
psychology
at
Boston
College.”可知，“这项研究的合著者、波士顿学院心理学助理教授乔舒亚·哈特肖恩说：“只是你错过了最佳时期，因为你的学习能力在17或18岁左右就开始下降”，由此可知，人一旦到了十七八岁成年的时候就过了学习第二语言的关键时期，故D项正确。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Children’s
brains
are
more
plastic
than
those
of
adults,
they’re
better
able
to
adapt
and
respond
to
new
information.
”可知，儿童的大脑比成人的大脑更具可塑性，他们能够更好地适应和应对新的信息，由此可知，成年人花更多的时间对新信息做出反应，这可能使他们学习第二语言不能达到母语的流利程度，故C项正确。
【8题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第三段中的“Kids
may
be
better
than
adults
at
learning
new
languages
for
many
reasons.”可知，本文主要介绍了为什么孩子比成年人学第二语言更容易，故C项正确。
(C)
Getting
active
in
midlife
could
be
as
good
for
you
as
starting
young
when
it
comes
to
reducing
the
risk
of
an
early
death,
researchers
have
suggested.
But
experts
say
the
study
also
shows
that
the
benefits
fade
once
exercise
declines.
“If
you
maintain
an
active
lifestyle
or
participate
in
some
sort
of
exercise
from
youth
to
middle
age,
you
can
reduce
your
risk
for
dying,”
said
Dr.
Pedro
Saint-Maurice,
the
lead
author
of
the
research.
“If
you
are
not
active
and
you
get
to
your
40s-50s
and
you
decide
to
become
active,
you
can
still
enjoy
a
lot
of
those
benefits.”
The
study
was
based
on
data
from
more
than
300,000
Americans
aged
50-71
who
undertook
a
questionnaire
(问卷)
in
the
late-1990s.
They
were
asked
to
recall
the
extent
of
their
moderate
to
vigorous
leisure
exercise
at
different
stages
of
their
life.
Researchers
then
used
national
records
to
track
who
died
in
the
years
up
to
the
end
of
2016.
After
taking
into
account
factors
including
age,
sex,
smoking
and
diet,
the
team
found
that
those
who
were
exercising
into
middle
age
had
a
lower
risk
of
death
than
those
who
had
never
carried
out
any
leisure
exercise.
However,
when
the
team
looked
at
different
patterns
in
the
way
people
were
active
over
their
life,
it
found
a
surprise.
Men
and
women
who
started
exercising
at
the
age
of
40-50
reduced
their
risk
of
death
from
any
cause
by
about
35%.
The
benefit
was
similar
to
that
seen
for
people
who
reached
and
maintained
similar
activity
from
their
teens
or
20s
onwards.
However,
the
study
found
that
the
protective
effect
of
exercise
did
not
last
forever.
People
whose
levels
of
leisure
exercise
decreased
by
middle
age
had
no
difference
in
the
risk
of
an
early
death
to
those
who
had
always
been
couch
potatoes.
“If
you
have
been
active
and
you
slowly
decrease
your
exercise
participation
as
you
age,
you
lose
a
lot
of
the
benefits
that
we
know
are
associated
with
exercise,”
Saint-Maurice
said.
But
the
study
has
limitations,
including
that
it
is
based
on
individuals
recalling
how
active
they
were
many
years
before.
What’s
more,
the
research
looked
only
at
death
records,
not
other
aspects
of
health
such
as
levels
of
sickness
and
disease.
Nonetheless,
he
said,
the
message
was
positive.
“This
adds
to
the
growing
body
of
evidence
about
the
importance
of
physical
activity
and
exercise
across
the
life
course,
and
indicates
that
it
is
never
too
late
to
start.”
9.
Which
of
the
following
is
TRUE
about
the
study?
A.
The
study
took
about
two
decades
to
complete.
B.
The
study
involved
around
30,000
elderly
Americans.
C.
Questionnaires
and
interviews
were
the
sources
of
data.
D.
The
participants
in
the
study
took
regular
physical
exercise.
10.
According
to
the
passage,
what
does
“a
surprise”
(Para.
3)
refer
to?
A.
The
earlier
you
exercise,
the
greater
your
health
benefits
will
be.
B.
Participating
in
exercise
from
youth
to
middle
age
benefits
one’s
health
greatly.
C.
The
benefit
of
getting
active
in
midlife
is
similar
to
that
of
starting
young.
D.
The
benefits
of
exercising
in
midlife
will
decline
once
you
stop
exercising.
11.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
____________.
A.
an
active
lifestyle
will
not
necessarily
bring
positive
health
benefits
B.
participants’
memories
may
affect
the
reliability
of
the
study
result
C.
people
exercising
from
their
teens
can
maintain
health
forever
D.
women
benefit
more
from
vigorous
exercise
than
men
do
12.
Which
of
the
following
might
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
Exercise
has
its
limitations,
studies
show
B.
Getting
active
when
young,
experts
suggest
C.
Health
benefits
fade
with
age,
doctors
warn
D.
Never
too
old
to
start,
researchers
say
【答案】ACBD
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，中年时期锻炼起来可能和年轻开始一样有益，四五十岁开始锻炼仍然可以享受到很多好处。提出开始锻炼的时间永远都不晚。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中The
study
was
based
on
data
from
more
than
300,000
Americans
aged
50
-
71
who
undertook
a
questionnaire（问卷）in
the
late-1990s.这项研究基于30多万50—71岁的美国人的数据，他们在上世纪90年代末进行了一项问卷调查。以及Researchers
then
used
national
records
to
track
who
died
in
the
years
up
to
the
end
of
2016.
然后，研究人员利用国家记录追踪到2016年底的死亡人数。可知，这项研究花了大约20年时间才完成。故选A项。
【10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第四段中The
benefit
was
similar
to
that
seen
for
people
who
reached
and
maintained
similar
activity
from
their
teens
or
20s
onwards.
这种益处与那些从十几岁或二十几岁就开始进行锻炼并保持类似活动的人所能看到的相似。由研究结果，可知，“a
surprise”指的是在中年活动起来的好处与年轻时开始活动的好处相似。故选C项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中But
the
study
has
limitations,
including
that
it
is
based
on
individuals
recalling
how
active
they
were
many
years
before.
但这项研究也有局限性，包括它是基于个人回忆他们多年前有多活跃。可知，从文章中可以推断，参与者的记忆可能会影响研究结果的可靠性。故选B项。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中Getting
active
in
midlife
could
be
as
good
for
you
as
starting
young
when
it
comes
to
reducing
the
risk
of
an
early
death,
researchers
have
suggested.
研究人员表示，在减少早逝风险方面，中年活跃起来可能和年轻开始一样有益。以及最后一段中“This
adds
to
the
growing
body
of
evidence
about
the
importance
of
physical
activity
and
exercise
across
he
life
course,
and
indicates
that
it
is
never
too
late
to
start.”“越来越多的证据表明，体育活动和锻炼在人的一生中非常重要，这进一步证明了这一点，并表明无论何时开始都不晚。”通读全文，可知，本文主要是讲述了研究人员发现中年时期锻炼起来可能和年轻开始一样有益，四五十岁开始锻炼仍然可以享受到很多好处。开始锻炼的时间永远都不晚。因此本文的最佳标题“研究人员说，开始锻炼永远不晚”符合题意。故选D项。
（D）
Escaping
predators
(食肉动物),
digestion
and
other
animal
activities—including
those
of
humans—require
oxygen.
But
that
essential
ingredient
is
no
longer
so
easy
for
marine
life
to
obtain,
several
new
studies
reveal.
In
the
past
decade
ocean
oxygen
levels
have
taken
a
dive—an
alarming
trend
that
is
linked
to
climate
change,
says
Andreas
Oschlies,
an
oceanographer
at
the
Helmholtz
Center
for
Ocean
Research
in
Germany,
whose
team
tracks
ocean
oxygen
levels
worldwide.
“We
were
surprised
by
the
intensity
of
the
changes
we
saw,
how
rapidly
oxygen
is
going
down
in
the
ocean
and
how
large
the
effects
on
marine
ecosystems
are,”
he
says.
It
is
no
surprise
to
scientists
that
warming
oceans
are
losing
oxygen,
but
the
scale
of
the
drop
calls
for
urgent
attention.
Oxygen
levels
in
some
tropical
(热带的)
regions
have
dropped
by
an
astonishing
40
percent
in
the
last
50
years,
some
recent
studies
reveal.
Levels
have
dropped
less
significantly
elsewhere,
with
an
average
loss
of
2
percent
globally.
A
warming
ocean
loses
oxygen
for
two
reasons:
First,
the
warmer
a
liquid
becomes,
the
less
gas
it
can
hold.
That
is
why
carbonated
drinks
go
flat
faster
when
left
in
the
sun.
Second,
as
polar
sea
ice
melts,
it
forms
a
layer
of
water
above
colder,
more
salty
sea
waters.
This
process
creates
a
sort
of
lid
that
can
keep
currents
from
mixing
surface
water
down
to
deeper
depths.
And
because
all
oxygen
enters
the
surface,
less
mixing
means
less
of
it
at
depth.
Ocean
animals
large
and
small,
however,
respond
to
even
slight
changes
in
oxygen
by
seeking
refuge
in
higher
oxygen
zones
or
by
adjusting
behavior,
Oschlies
and
others
in
his
field
have
found.
These
adjustments
can
expose
animals
to
new
predators
or
force
them
into
food-scarce
regions.
Climate
change
already
poses
serious
problems
for
marine
life,
such
as
ocean
acidification,
but
deoxygenation
is
the
most
pressing
issue
facing
sea
animals
today,
Oschlies
says.
After
all,
he
says,
“they
all
have
to
breathe.”
Aside
from
food
web
problems,
animals
face
various
other
physiological
challenges
as
their
bodies
adjust
to
lower
oxygen
levels.
Chinese
shrimp
(虾)
move
their
tails
less
vigorously
to
preserve
energy
in
lower
oxygen
environments.
Some
creatures,
such
as
jellyfishes,
are
more
tolerant
of
low
oxygen
than
others
are.
But
all
animals
will
feel
the
impact
of
deoxygenation
because
they
all
have
evolved
their
oxygen
capacity
for
a
reason,
says
Oschlies.
“Any
drop
in
oxygen
is
going
to
damage
survivability
and
performance,”
he
says.
13.
According
to
the
first
two
paragraphs,
what
worries
scientists
the
most?
A.
The
worsening
deoxygenation
in
the
warming
ocean.
B.
The
survival
of
predators
and
various
marine
animals.
C.
The
alarmingly
changeable
oxygen
levels
in
the
ocean.
D.
The
lack
of
attention
to
the
warming
of
tropical
oceans.
14.
Which
of
the
following
is
a
reason
for
the
oxygen
loss
in
the
ocean?
A.
Polar
ice
melting
consumes
much
oxygen
in
the
ocean.
B.
Global
warming
reduces
the
amount
of
oxygen
in
the
air.
C.
The
surface
polar
ice
water
prevents
oxygen
going
down.
D.
Salty
water
holds
less
gas
in
the
increasingly
warmer
ocean.
15.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
A.
Ocean
deoxygenation
changes
some
animals’
natural
territories.
B.
Ocean
acidification
is
more
serious
a
problem
than
deoxygenation.
C.
Not
all
ocean
animals
are
bothered
by
the
decreasing
oxygen
levels.
D.
Some
animals
reduce
their
movements
in
order
to
absorb
more
oxygen.
16.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
The
Oxygen
Levels
of
Marine
Life
B.
Ocean
Warming
Affects
Food
Web
C.
The
Survivability
of
Ocean
Animals
D.
The
Ocean
Is
Running
Out
of
Breath
答案：
ACAD
解析：
这是一篇说明文。短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势。文章还介绍了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段“It
is
no
surprise
to
scientists
that
warming
oceans
are
losing
oxygen,
but
the
scale
of
the
drop
calls
for
urgent
attention.
Oxygen
levels
in
some
tropical
(热带的)
regions
have
dropped
by
an
astonishing
40
percent
in
the
last
50
years,
some
recent
studies
reveal.
Levels
have
dropped
less
significantly
elsewhere,
with
an
average
loss
of
2
percent
globally.”可知，对于科学家来说，变暖的海洋正在失去氧气并不奇怪，但这种下降的规模需要紧急关注。一些最近的研究表明，在过去的50年里，一些热带地区的氧气含量下降了惊人的40%。其他地区的降中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考阅读理解之说明文
)
一、命题趋势
科普类说明文选材通常是各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空生物心理考古等领域话题。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此这方面说明文是试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。所以科普类说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐?而科普类文章往往具有跨学科?行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握?
二、题型概述
高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普说明文着重揭示自然界潜在的奥秘、生物生存背景和产品工艺原理，多解释性、定义性、说明性长句，甚至可能会出现多种从句叠现的现象，因此阅读科普说明文时同学们一定要保持冷静，始终以平静的心态阅读原文，解答试题。同时应认真分析长句句子结构和逻辑关系。试题核心考查点：①
注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象?
②
有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用?
③
能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析?解决实际问题的能力?
三、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)是对原文中某一短语或句子的转换说法，一定要对照原文，做出正确理解。
(2)说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常用设问方式，解题时应特别注意，因此多以How
do/does...defend
themselves(itself)为标题。
(3)科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What
does
the
underlined
word
mean？或What
is
the
meaning
of
the
underlined
word？为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。
2．干扰选项的特点
(1)断章取义，只是片面的理解很容易出现偏差。
(2)出现生词会比较多，一定要理解上下句的句意。
解题技法
审题口诀：
说明文章是“素描”，无情无议只介绍。
阐明事理遵顺序，客观叙述不作造。
不管题干如何问，原文材料是依靠。
相关语句提信息，比对成功不动摇。
科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以
及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨大意题等,其中以主旨大意和推理判断题居多。
从词汇角度来看,在科普类文章中,词汇的意义具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看,其结构较复杂,长难句较多,语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等结构。科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有:①总分式。在说明事物或事理时,段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系,表现为由总到分或由分到总;②承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程,或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排,前后相互承接;③递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明,各层之间的关系由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普类文章的命题方式外,还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。
[方法1]　细节理解题
说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。
【典例】　
When
a
leafy
plant
is
under
attack,
it
doesn't
sit
quietly.Back
in
1983,
two
scientists,
Jack
Schultz
and
Ian
Baldwin,
reported
that
young
maple
trees
getting
bitten
by
insects
send
out
a
particular
smell
that
neighboring
plants
can
get.These
chemicals
come
from
the
injured
parts
of
the
plant
and
seem
to
be
an
alarm.What
the
plants
pump
through
the
air
is
a
mixture
of
chemicals
known
as
volatile
organic
compounds,VOCs
for
short.
Scientists
have
found
that
all
kinds
of
plants
give
out
VOCs
when
being
attacked.It's
a
plant's
way
of
crying
out.But
is
anyone
listening？Apparently.Because
we
can
watch
the
neighbors
react.
Some
plants
pump
out
smelly
chemicals
to
keep
insects
away.But
others
do
double
duty.They
pump
out
perfumes
designed
to
attract
different
insects
who
are
natural
enemies
to
the
attackers.Once
they
arrive,
the
tables
are
turned.The
attacker
who
was
lunching
now
becomes
lunch.
In
study
after
study，it
appears
that
these
chemical
conversations
help
the
neighbors.The
damage
is
usually
more
serious
on
the
first
plant，but
the
neighbors，relatively
speaking，stay
safer
because
they
heard
the
alarm
and
knew
what
to
do.
Does
this
mean
that
plants
talk
to
each
other？Scientists
don't
know.Maybe
the
first
plant
just
made
a
cry
of
pain
or
was
sending
a
message
to
its
own
branches,
and
so,
in
effect,
was
talking
to
itself.Perhaps
the
neighbors
just
happened
to
“overhear”
the
cry.So
information
was
exchanged,
but
it
wasn't
a
true,
intentional
back
and
forth.
Charles
Darwin,
over
150
years
ago,
imagined
a
world
far
busier,
noisier
and
more
intimate
(亲密的)
than
the
world
we
can
see
and
hear.Our
senses
are
weak.There's
a
whole
lot
going
on.
[语篇解读]：植物受到攻击时会自卫吗？它们受到攻击时，一旁其他植物会伸出援手吗？植物也会彼此交谈吗？或许这篇文章会为你解开这些疑惑，让你对植物世界有一个全新认识。
What
does
a
plant
do
when
it
is
under
attack?
A．It
makes
noises.
B．It
gets
help
from
other
plants.
C．It
stands
quietly.
D．It
sends
out
certain
chemicals.
[解析]　细节理解题。本题问的是一株植物受到攻击后会做什么？结合第一段的“Back
in
1983，two
scientists，Jack
Schultz
and
Ian
Baldwin，reported
that
young
maple
trees
getting
bitten
by
insects
send
out
a
particular
smell
that
neighboring
plants
can
get.These
chemicals
come
from
the
injured
parts
of
the
plant
and
seem
to
be
an
alarm.”和第二段的“Scientists
have
found
that
all
kinds
of
plants
give
out
VOCs
when
being
attacked.”可知答案。
[答案]　
[方法2]　主旨大意题
说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、段落大意及阅读人群、文章出处等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。
【典例】　
①Risk
is
something
we
face
daily.
However,
some
people
are
obviously
more
willing
to
take
risks
than
others.
②Biologists
appear
to
have
discovered
a
physical
reason
that
explains
why
some
people
are
risk-takers.
Dopamine
is
a
neurotransmitter,
a
chemical
that
spreads
signals
between
nerve
cells.
It
is
linked
to
the
brains
reward
system
and
is
the
chemical
that
makes
us
feel
good,
and
scientists
believe
it
to
be
linked
to
risk-taking.
Our
nerve
cells
have
dopamine
receptors(接收器)
which
control
the
amount
of
dopamine
that
each
cell
receives.
But
not
all
receptors
may
be
active.
When
a
person
has
few
active
receptors
to
control
the
amount
of
dopamine
that
is
received,
a
cell
can
become
flooded
resulting
in
an
extreme
feeling
of
happiness.
......
④Dopamine
gives
us
a
biological
reason
for
risk-taking,
but
scientists
believe
there
may
be
psychological
reasons
too.
Sensation-seeking
is
a
personality
characteristic
that
describes
the
desire
to
find
activities
that
bring
us
pleasure.
In
1964,
psychologist
Marvin
Zuckerman
created
the
sensation-seeking
scale.
His
40-item
questionnaire,
still
used
today,
was
given
to
people
who
were
active
in
seeking
new
activities,
and
to
people
who
were
more
satisfied
with
a
quiet
life.
While
risk-taking
is
not
a
characteristic
in
itself,
it
is
very
much
associated
with
sensation-seeking,
as
a
high
sensation-seeker
does
not
evaluate
risk
in
the
same
way
that
a
low
sensation-seeker
does.
A
desire
to
achieve
pleasure
means
that
there
is
a
greater
willingness
to
take
more
risks.
⑤There
are
both
biological
and
psychological
explanations
as
to
why
some
people
may
choose
to
take
more
risks
than
others.
However,
none
of
these
explanations
are
definitive.
[语篇解读]：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了导致人们更愿意冒险的两方面原因：生物原因——多巴胺；心理原因——对快乐的渴望。
What
can
be
concluded
from
paragraph
4?
A.
The
longing
for
pleasure
may
lead
to
risk
taking.
B.
A
willingness
to
take
more
risks
can
be
cultivated.
C.
The
sensation-seeking
scale
can
help
to
evaluate
risk.
D.
High
sensation-seekers
are
more
common
than
low
ones.
[解析]段落主旨判断题。根据第四段内容，特别是“Dopamine
gives
us
a
biological
reason
for
risk
-
taking,
but
scientists
believe
there
may
be
psychological
reasons
too”可知，科学家认为多巴胺是我们愿意冒险的生物原因，也可能有导致我们冒险行为的心理原因，再根据“a
desire
to
achieve
pleasure
means
that
there
is
a
greater
willingness
to
take
more
risks.”可知，渴望获得快乐就是这个心理原因，由此可知，对快乐的渴望可能会导致冒险。
[答案]
[方法3]　标题判断题
科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What
would
be
the
best
title
for
this
passage?
What
can
be
a
suitable
title
for
the
text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。
【典例】　
Earth’s
geologic
ages—time
periods
defined
by
evidence
in
rock
layers—
typically
last
more
than
three
million
years.
We’re
barely
11,500
years
into
the
current
age,
the
Holocene.
But
a
new
paper
argues
that
we’ve
already
entered
a
new
one—the
Anthropocene,
or
“new
man”,
age.
The
name
isn’t
brand-new.
Nobel
Prize
winner
Paul
Crutzen,
a
co-author
of
the
paper,
coined
it
in
2002
to
reflect
the
changes
since
the
industrial
revolution.
The
paper,
however,
is
part
of
new
push
to
formalize
the
Anthropocene
age.
.........
If
the
concept
of
the
Anthropocene
age
is
to
be
formalized,
scientists
will
first
have
to
identify
and
define
a
boundary
line,
or
marker,
that’s
set
in
stone.
“The
key
thing
is
thinking
about
how—thousands
of
years
in
the
future—geologists
might
come
back
and
actually
recognize
in
the
deposit
record
the
beginning
of
the
Anthropocene,”
explained
Alan
Haywood
of
the
University
of
Leeds
in
the
U.K.
“It’s
not
as
straightforward
as
you
might
think.
The
marker
has
to
be
very
precise,
and
it
has
to
be
recognized
in
many
different
parts
of
the
world,”
said
Haywood,
who
wasn’t
involved
in
the
new
study.
.........
The
push
for
a
formal
declaration
of
the
Anthropocene
age
is
about
more
than
just
scientific
curiosity.
The
move,
the
scientists
write
in
the
latest
issue
of
the
journal
Environmental
Science
&
Technology,
“might
be
used
as
encouragement
to
slow
carbon
emissions
and
biodiversity
(生物多样性)
loss”
or
“as
evidence
on
protection
measures.”
Just
as
Haywood
said,
by
underlining
how
much
we’re
changing
the
environment,
the
formalization
would
be
“a
very
powerful
statement”.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
A.
Humans
Are
Destroying
the
Earth,
Geologists
Warn
B.
Too
Early
to
Set
Things
in
Stone,
Authorities
Say
C.
More
Evidence
Is
Needed,
Universities
Require
D.
A
New
Earth
Age
May
Begin,
Scientists
Argue
[语篇解读]：本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要讲述一篇新的论文认为我们也许已经进入了一个新的时代——人类世，或者“新人类”时代。
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段But
a
new
paper
argues
that
we’ve
already
entered
a
new
one—the
Anthropocene,
or
“new
man”,
age.及全文内容可知，文章主要叙述一篇新的论文认为我们也许已经进入了一个新的时代——人类世，或者“新人类”时代。
[答案]
[方法4]　推理判断题
为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。
【典例】
Parallel
worlds
exist
and
interact
with
our
world,
say
physicists.
Quantum
mechanics
(量子力学),
though
firmly
tested,
is
so
weird
and
anti-intuitive
that
physicist
Richard
Feynman
once
remarked,
“I
think
I
can
safely
say
nobody
understands
quantum
mechanics.”
Attempts
to
explain
some
of
the
bizarre
(奇异的)
consequences
of
quantum
theory
have
led
to
some
mind-bending
ideas,
such
as
the
Copenhagen
interpretation
and
the
many-worlds
interpretation.
Now
there’s
a
new
theory
on
the
block,
called
the
“many
interacting
worlds”
hypothesis
(假设)
(MIW),
and
the
idea
is
just
as
profound
as
it
sounds.
The
theory
suggests
not
only
parallel
worlds
exist,
but
that
they
interact
with
our
world
on
the
quantum
level
and
are
thus
detectable.
Though
still
speculative
(推测的),
the
theory
may
help
to
finally
explain
some
of
the
bizarre
consequences
inherent
in
quantum
mechanics.
The
theory
is
a
spinoff
of
the
many-worlds
interpretation
in
quantum
mechanics—an
assumption
that
all
possible
alternative
histories
and
futures
are
real,
each
representing
an
actual,
though
parallel,
world.
One
problem
with
the
many-worlds
interpretation,
however,
has
been
that
it
is
fundamentally
untestable,
since
observations
can
only
be
made
in
our
world.
Happenings
in
these
proposed
“parallel”
worlds
can
thus
only
be
imagined.
MIW,
however,
says
otherwise.
It
suggests
that
parallel
worlds
can
interact
on
the
quantum
level,
and
in
fact
that
they
do.
“The
idea
of
parallel
universes
in
quantum
mechanics
has
been
around
since
1957,”
explained
Howard
Wiseman,
a
physicist
at
Griffith
University
in
Brisbane,
Australia,
and
one
of
the
physicists
to
come
up
with
MIW.
“In
the
well-known
‘Many-Worlds
Interpretation’,
each
universe
branches
into
a
bunch
of
new
universes
every
time
a
quantum
measurement
is
made.
All
possibilities
are
therefore
realized
—
in
some
universes
the
dinosaur-killing
asteroid
(小行星)
missed
Earth.
In
others,
Australia
was
colonized
by
the
Portuguese.”
“But
critics
question
the
reality
of
these
other
universes,
since
they
do
not
influence
our
universe
at
all,”
he
added.
“On
this
score,
our
‘Many
Interacting
Worlds’
approach
is
completely
different,
as
its
name
implies.”
Wiseman
and
colleagues
have
proposed
that
there
exists
“a
universal
force
of
repulsion
between
‘nearby’(i.e.
similar)
worlds,
which
tends
to
make
them
more
dissimilar.”
Quantum
effects
can
be
explained
by
factoring
in
this
force,
they
propose.
When
asked
about
whether
their
theory
might
imply
that
humans
could
someday
interact
with
other
worlds,
Wiseman
said:
“It’s
not
part
of
our
theory.
But
the
idea
of
human
interactions
with
other
universes
is
no
longer
pure
fantasy.”
What
might
your
life
look
like
if
you
made
different
choices?
Maybe
one
day
you'll
be
able
to
look
into
one
of
these
alternative
worlds
and
find
out.
[语篇解读]：这是一篇科普类新闻报道。报道了科学家对量子力学MIW理论学说的观点。
According
to
paragraph
3-5,
the
new
theory
"MIW"
differs
from
the
previous
one
in
that
______.
A.
MIW
develops
from
quantum
mechanics
B.
MIW
suggests
the
interaction
can
be
detected
C.
The
previous
one
is
based
on
profound
foundation
D.
The
previous
one
proves
that
MIW
is
imagined
【解析】推理判断题。由第四段“The
theory
is
a
spinoff
of
the
many-worlds
interpretation
in
quantum
mechanics”可知，这个理论是量子力学中多世界解释的一个分支。由第二段“Attempts
to
explain
some
of
the
bizarre
(奇异的)
consequences
of
quantum
theory
have
led
to
some
mind-bending
ideas,
such
as
the
Copenhagen
interpretation
and
the
many-worlds
interpretation.可知，试图解释量子理论的一些奇怪的后果已经导致了一些令人难以置信的想法，例如哥本哈根解释和多世界解释。”所以哥本哈根解释和多世界解释是根据解释量子理论的一些奇怪的后果而产生的,
而MIW理论由量子力学发展而来。故判断出根据第3-5段，新的理论MIW与以前的不同之处在于MIW由量子力学发展而来。
[答案]
The
last
sentence
of
the
last
paragraph
implies
that
_______________________.
A.
someday
humans
may
live
in
different
universes
in
one
lifetime
B.
humans
may
make
different
choices
simultaneously
(同时地)
and
live
in
different
universes
C.
humans
may
live
again
from
the
beginning
if
they
regret
their
life
in
this
universe
D.
life
would
be
more
unexpected,
but
all
you
expect
may
be
true
in
other
universes
【解析】推理判断题。由最后段“Maybe
one
day
you'll
be
able
to
look
into
one
of
these
alternative
worlds
and
find
out.”可知，也许有一天你会看到这些可替代的世界之一，并可以弄清楚他们的情况。所以判断出它暗示人类与其他宇宙的互动不再是纯粹的幻想，人类可能同时做出不同的选择，并生活在不同的宇宙中。从而揭示平行世界是存在的，并与我们的世界相互作用。
[答案]
[方法5]　代词指代判断题
科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them
等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生裉据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。
【典例】
His
black?and?white
pictures
present
a
world
almost
lost
in
time.These
pictures
show
people
seemingly
pushed
into
a
world
that
they
were
unprepared
for.These
local
citizens
now
have
to
balance
their
traditional
self?supporting
hunting
lifestyle
with
the
lifestyle
offered
by
the
modern
French
Republic，which
brings
with
it
not
only
necessary
state
welfare，but
also
alcoholism，betrayal
and
even
suicide.
What
does
the
underlined
world
“it”
in
the
last
paragraph
refer
to?
A．The
modern
French
lifestyle.
B．The
self?supporting
hunting.
C．The
uncivilized
world.
D．The
French
Republic.
[解析]　分析画线词所在句的句子结构可知，which
brings
with
it
not
only
necessary
state
welfare，but
also
alcoholism，betrayal
and
even
suicide为非限制性定语从句，修饰the
lifestyle
offered
by
the
modern
French
Republic，故it指的是“法国现代的生活方式”。
[答案]　
[方法6]　生词词义或句意猜测题
科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What
does
the
underlined
word
mean?或What
is
the
meaning
of
the
underlined
word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。
【典例】
......
Researchers
at
Vanderbilt
University
and
Albert
Einstein
College
of
Medicine
asked
34
men
and
women
to
complete
a
questionnaire
about
their
risk
taking
to
assess
whether
they
seek
new
opportunities
or
are
cautious
in
life.
The
results
of
the
research
were
consistent
with
similar
studies
carried
out
with
rats,
and
had
the
same
outcome.
It
concluded
that
people
who
are
risk-takers
have
fewer
dopamine
receptors
than
people
who
are
not.
The
underlined
phrase
“consistent
with”
is
closest
to
“__________”
in
meaning.
A.
contrary
to
B.
in
agreement
with
C.
at
the
cost
of
D.
persistent
in
[解析]　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“and
had
the
same
outcome.”可知，这个研究的结果与对老鼠进行的结果相同，这说明两个研究的结果一致，由此可知画线词词义为“与…一致”。
[答案]　
【典例】
Is
Paperless
Office
Really
Paperless?
A
rising
economy
increased
paper
sales
by
6
to
7
percent
each
year
in
the
early
to
mid-1990s,
and
the
convenience
of
desktop
printing
allowed
office
workers
to
print
anything
and
everything.
In
2004,
Merilyn
Dunn,
a
communications
supplies
director,
said
that
plain
white
office
paper
would
see
less
than
a
4
percent
growth
rate,
a
primary
reason
for
which
is
that
some
47
percent
of
the
workforce
entered
the
job
market
after
computers
had
already
been
introduced
to
offices.
For
office
innovators,
the
dream
of
paperless
office
is
an
example
of
high-tech
arrogance
(傲慢).
Today’s
office
service
is
overwhelmed
by
more
newspapers
than
ever
before.
After
decades
of
development,
the
American
government
can
finally
get
rid
of
the
madness
on
paper.
In
the
past,
the
demand
for
paper
has
been
far
ahead
of
growth
in
the
American
economy,
but
the
sales
have
slowed
markedly
over
the
past
two
to
three
years,
despite
the
good
economic
conditions.
“Old
habits
are
hard
to
break,”
says
Ms.
Dunn.
“There
are
some
functions
that
paper
serves
where
a
screen
display
doesn’t
work.
Those
functions
are
both
its
strength
and
its
weakness.”
Analysts
attribute
the
decline
to
such
factors
as
advances
in
digital
databases
and
communication
systems.
Escaping
our
eagerness
for
paper,
however,
will
be
anything
but
an
easy
affair.
......
What
does
the
last
sentence
in
Para.
3
mean?
A.
We
have
to
look
at
paper
consumption
from
different
angles.
B.
There
is
little
chance
that
paper
consumption
will
fall
in
the
digital
age.
C.
Paper
consumption
will
be
greatly
reduced
in
the
digital
age.
D.
People
are
no
longer
so
addicted
to
paper
in
the
digital
age.
[语篇解读]：本文是一篇社会类说明文。随着信息化的发展，越来越多的公司实行无纸化办公，但是，无纸化办公真的无纸吗？
[解析]句意理解题。根据文章第三段Analysts
attribute
the
decline
to
such
factors
as
advances
in
digital
databases
and
communication
systems.
Escaping
our
craving
for
paper,
however,
will
be
anything
but
an
easy
affair.可知，分析人士认为纸张的下降归因于数字数据库和通信系统的进步等因素。然而，要摆脱对纸张的迫切需要绝非易事。所以这句话可以理解为：在数字时代，纸张消费下降的可能性很小。
[答案]　
[方法7]篇章结构题
对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：最常见的提问方式是：The
sentence
in
paragraph
means
_______.;
The
example
of
in
para.is
used
to
illustrate/show______
.Which
of
the
following
best
shows
the
structure
of
the
passage?
【典例】
The
Indian
government
may
use
3D
paintings
as
virtual
speed-breakers
on
major
highways
arid
roads,
in
an
attempt
to
check
speeding
and
careless
driving,
and
eventually
make
its
deadly
roads
a
little
safer.
“We
are
trying
out
3D
paintings
used
as
virtual
speed
breakers
to
avoid
unnecessary
requirements
of
speed
breakers,”
India's
transport
minister
Nitin
Gadkari
tweeted.
The
visual
illusions
are
supposed
to
encourage
drivers
to
slow
down
automatically.
Earlier
this
month,
India
had
ordered
the
removal
of
all
speed
breakers
from
highways,
which
are
considered
to
be
a
danger
to
safety
for
high-speed
vehicles.
India
has
the
highest
number
of
road
accident
deaths
in
the
world.
According
to
the
World
Health
Organisation,
over
200,00
people
are
killed
by
road
accidents
due
to
poor
application
of
road
safety
laws.
This
is
considerably
higher
than
its
official
figures
of
141,526
for
2014.
The
use
of
visual
illusions
as
speed
breakers
was
first
pioneered
in
the
American
city
of
Philadelphia
in
2008,
as
part
of
a
campaign
against
speeding
motorists.
The
technique
has
also
been
tried
out
in
China
to
create
floating
3D
crossings.
In
India,
cities
such
as
Ahmedabad
and
Chennai
have
already
experimented
with
3D
zebra
crossings
in
the
last
one
year.
In
Ahmedabad
for
instance,
two
artists,
mother
and
daughter
have
painted
3D
crosswalks
in
the
first
few
months
of
this
year.
The
artists
say
their
motto
is
“to
increase
the
attention
of
drivers”,
and
that
the
concept
has
been
successfully
tested
in
zones
where
accidents
easily
occur
on
a
highway.”
However,
critics
argue
that
once
drivers
know
that
these
speed
breakers
arc
visual
illusions,
they
may
ignore
them.
Others
also
point
out
that
India's
decision
does
not
consider
the
safety
of
a
large
number
of
walkers.
In
the
end,
the
new
policy
may
be
just
one
step
towards
improving
road
safety.
The
author
explains
the
experiment
of
3D
zebra
crossings
in
India
by
________.
A.
giving
examples
B.
analyzing
causes
C.
providing
figures
D.
making
comparisons
[语篇解读]：本文叙述了印度政府决定用3D图画作为主要路段的减速器，目的是使危险的路段变得安全，但有人也对此种方法的有效性表示怀疑。
[解析]篇章结构题。根据第五段In
Ahmedabad
for
instance,
two
artists,
mother
and
daughter
have
painted
3D
crosswalks
in
the
first
few
months
of
this
year....可知作者通过举例来解释印度3D斑马线的实验。
【答案】
Reading
Comprehension
A
If
a
woman
has
an
extra
piece
of
cake,
don’t
blame
it
on
greed,
blame
it
on
her
brain.
Scientists
have
found
that
women’s
brains
react
to
food
very
differently—and
much
more
strongly—than
men’s.
Academics
found
that
decades
of
dieting
pressure
on
women
and
advertising
have
programmed
certain
parts
of
the
female
brain
to
react
strongly
when
faced
with
any
kind
of
food.
Men,
on
the
other
hand,
are
not
usually
as
obsessive
about
what
they
eat.
Dr.
Rudolf
Uher
and
his
colleagues
at
the
Institute
of
Psychiatry
in
King’s
College
London
used
brain
scanning
technology,
known
as
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(FMRI),
to
look
at
the
brains
of
eighteen
men
and
women.
The
volunteers
were
given
images
of
food
to
look
at,
as
well
as
food
to
taste.
Their
brain
reactions
were
observed
by
the
scientists.They
found
that
the
female
brains
reacted
much
more
strongly
than
those
of
males.
The
same
reaction
did
not
happen
when
they
were
shown
non-food
images.
The
team
believe
this
means
women
think
more
about
food
than
men
tend
to
do.
Dr.
Uher
said,
“This
could
be
related
to
biological
differences
between
men
and
women.
But
the
more
likely
explanation
is
that
women
have
a
more
complicated
reaction
to
food
because
of
social
pressure.
Professor
Carey
Cooper,
psychology
and
health
professor
at
Lancaster
University,
said,
“For
centuries
women
have
had
a
providing
role
—
preparing
and
cooking
food
for
their
families.
And
it
is
part
of
that
rule
to
make
sure
the
food
is
safe.
They
will
therefore
be
much
more
sensitive
to
food
than
men
are,
and
I
would
not
be
surprised
if
that
was
now
built
into
their
DNA.
If
the
female
brain
reacts
to
food
because
it
historically
has
developed
neural
pathways
to
do
this,
then
food
will
be
the
way
they
express
their
stress.
Food
actually,
is
a
comfort
for
women.”
But
other
experts
have
said
that
more
research
must
be
done
before
the
results
can
be
proved.
American
scientist
Angelo
del
Parigi
of
the
John
B.
Pierce
Laboratory
in
New
Haven,
Connecticut,
said,
“Looking
at
an
FMRI
alone
cannot
make
sure
whether
the
stronger
reaction
in
women
is
due
to
innate
(天生的)
differences
or
a
learned
process.
1.
Dr.Uher
and
his
colleagues
carried
out
the
research
by
comparing
____
A.
FMRI’s
effectiveness
on
women
and
men
B.
volunteers’
reaction
to
different
kinds
of
food
C.
volunteers’
reaction
to
food
before
and
after
meals
D.
women’s
and
men’s
reaction
to
different
images
of
food
2.
In
Dr.
Uher’s
opinion,
women
react
more
strongly
to
food
than
men
most
probably
because
they
are
____　.
A.
told
to
do
so
for
a
long
time
B.
influenced
by
advertisements
C.
forced
by
powerful
social
influences
D.
born
to
do
so
due
to
biological
reasons
3.
According
to
Professor
Carey
Cooper,
women
_______.
A.
turn
to
food
when
they
feel
sad
B.
are
stressed
because
of
food
safety
C.
accept
their
social
role
from
the
heart
D.
are
satisfied
with
preparing
food
for
their
families
4.
What
was
Angelo
del
Parigi’s
attitude
towards
the
research
results?
A.
Surprised.
B.
Uninterested.
C.
Doubtful.
D.
Curious.
【答案】
B
You're
walking
down
a
quiet
street
and
suddenly
you
hear
some
footsteps.
Undoubtedly,
it
means
that
there's
someone
around.
But
have
you
ever
wondered
why
it
occurs
to
us
that
it's
someone
else's
footsteps,
not
ours?
According
to
a
new
study
published
in
the
journal
Nature
in
September,
this
phenomenon
arises
from
a
function
in
our
brain
to
ignore
the
noise
we
make
ourselves.
In
order
to
explore
how
our
brain
does
this,
a
group
of
scientists
carried
out
an
experiment
with
mice
at
Duke
University.
The
research
centered
on
an
intuition
(直觉)
--
that
we
are
usually
unaware
of
the
sound
of
our
own
footsteps
--
as
a
vehicle
for
understanding
larger
neural（神经系统的）
phenomena:
how
this
behavior
reveals
the
ability
to
monitor,
recognize,
and
remember
the
sound
of
one's
own
movements
in
relation
to
those
of
their
larger
environments.
In
the
experiment,
researchers
controlled
the
sounds
a
group
of
mice
could
hear,
reported
Science
Daily.
During
the
first
several
days,
the
mice
would
hear
the
same
sound
each
time
they
took
a
step.
This
was
just
like
"running
on
a
tiny
piano
with
each
key
playing
exactly
the
same
note",
senior
study
author
Richard
Mooney,
a
professor
of
neurobiology
at
Duke
University,
told
Live
Science.
Scientists
found
that
their
auditory
cortex(听觉皮层)
--
the
area
of
the
brain
that
processes
sound
--
became
active
at
first
but
decreased
its
response
to
the
sound
after
two
or
three
minutes
when
the
mice
became
familiar
with
it.
"It's
almost
like
they
were
wearing
special
headphones
that
could
filter
(过滤)
out
the
sound
of
their
own
movements,"
David
Schneider,
an
assistant
professor
at
the
Center
for
Neural
Science
at
New
York
University,
told
HuffPost.
But
once
the
sound
changed,
their
auditory
cortex
became
active
again.
This
suggests
that
the
"sensory
filter"
in
a
mouse's
brain
could
help
it
detect
new
sounds
or
abnormal
noise
in
the
environment
easily
after
tuning
out
familiar
sounds.
"For
mice,
this
is
really
important,"
said
Schneider.
"They
are
prey
animals,
so
they
really
need
to
be
able
to
listen
for
a
cat
creeping
up
on
them,
even
when
they're
walking
and
making
noise.
Being
able
to
ignore
the
sounds
of
one's
own
movements
is
likely
important
for
humans
as
well.
But
the
ability
to
predict
the
sounds
of
our
own
actions
is
also
important
for
more
complex
human
behaviors
such
as
speaking
or
playing
an
instrument.
"When
we
learn
to
speak
or
to
play
music,
we
predict
what
sounds
we're
going
to
hear
--
such
as
when
we
prepare
to
strike
keys
on
a
piano
--
and
we
compare
this
to
what
we
actually
hear,"
explains
Schneider.
"We
use
mismatches
between
expectation
and
experience
to
change
how
we
play
--
and
we
get
better
over
time
because
our
brain
is
trying
to
minimize
these
errors."
5.
What
can
be
discovered
about
mice
in
the
experiment?
A.
Their
brain
responds
inactively
to
the
familiar
sounds.
B.
They
are
able
to
detect
sounds
other
animals
don't
notice.
C.
They
cannot
identify
different
sounds
except
their
own
footsteps.
D.
Different
areas
of
their
brain
are
responsible
for
different
sounds.
6.
What’s
the
function
of
the
sensory
filter?
A.
Getting
used
to
abnormal
or
unfamiliar
sounds.
B.
Ignoring
the
sounds
made
by
our
companions.
C.
Identifying
the
sounds
from
a
larger
environment.
D.
Being
sensitive
to
the
sounds
of
our
own
movement.
7.
Why
can
a
good
symphony
conductor
immediately
recognize
it
when
a
wrong
note
is
played?
A.
He
has
the
ability
to
match
the
wrong
note
with
the
instrument
player.
B.
He
has
an
intuition
that
he
should
ignore
the
sound
of
his
own
movement.
C.
He
has
a
low
expectation
and
knows
where
players
are
likely
to
make
errors.
D.
He
has
a
good
prediction
of
how
each
note
should
be
played
in
the
orchestra.
8.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
A.
Noise-filtering
ability
ensures
us
a
quiet
and
undisturbed
environment.
B.
The
ability
to
ignore
familiar
noises
helps
to
detect
potential
dangers.
C.
The
activeness
of
auditory
cortex
determines
our
activity
performance.
D.
Sound-predicting
ability
seems
not
so
important
for
humans
as
for
animals.
答案：
C
New
research
in
monkeys
may
provide
a
clue
about
how
the
brain
manages
vast
amounts
of
information
and
remembers
what
it
needs.
The
researchers
found
that
when
monkeys
were
taught
to
remember
computer
clip
art
pictures,
their
brains
reduced
the
level
of
detail
by
sorting
the
pictures
into
categories
for
recall,
such
as
images
that
contained
people,
buildings,
flowers,
and
animals.
The
categorizing
cells
were
found
in
the
hippocampus,
an
area
of
the
brain
that
processes
sensory
information
into
memory.
In
the
experiment
each
monkey
was
shown
one
clip
art
picture,
and
after
a
delay
of
one
to
30
seconds,
picked
the
original
out
of
two
to
six
different
images
to
get
a
juice
reward.
By
recording
cell
activity
during
hundreds
of
these
trials
in
which
the
pictures
were
all
different,
the
researchers
noticed
that
certain
cells
were
more
active
when
the
pictures
contained
similar
features,
such
as
images
of
people—but
not
other
objects.
They
found
that
different
cells
coded
images
that
fitted
different
categories.
The
category
cells
grouped
images
based
on
common
features—a
strategy
to
improve
memory.
For
example,
the
same
cell
responded
to
both
tulips
and
daisies
because
they
are
both
flowers.
“While
such
categorization
is
a
highly
efficient
memory
process,
it
may
also
have
a
downside,”
said
Deadwyler
PhD.
“When
the
trials
included
more
than
one
picture
with
people
in
it,
instead
of
different
images,
the
monkeys
often
confused
the
image
with
a
picture
of
other
people.”
So
learning
more
about
how
the
brain
remembers
could
have
far-reaching
benefits.
“If
we
can
understand
in
advance
how
the
brain
works
when
decisions
are
made,
we
can
predict
when
the
brain
will
make
a
mistake,
and
correct
it,”
said
Tim
Pons,
PhD.
“This
finding
about
how
large
amounts
of
information
are
processed
by
the
brain
will
help
us
to
ultimately
achieve
that
goal.”
9.
The
purpose
of
the
experiments
on
monkeys
is
to
find
out
　　　　.?
A.how
the
brain
processes
amounts
of
information
into
memory
B.the
area
of
the
brain
that
processes
sensory
information
into
memory
C.how
the
monkeys
respond
to
different
things
D.what
the
monkeys
most
likely
remember
10.
The
research
indicates
numerous
information
can
be
remembered
more
easily
by
　　　　.?
A.remembering
the
details
B.separating
it
into
categories
C.showing
a
lot
of
pictures
D.remembering
all
features
11.
According
to
the
research,
which
of
the
following
images
may
confuse
the
monkeys?
A.Books,
toys
and
cars.
B.Plants,
animals
and
people.
C.Tulips,
daisies
and
roses.
D.People,
buildings
and
flowers.
12.What
can
we
learn
from
the
last
paragraph?
A.Further
study
on
how
the
brain
remembers
has
more
benefits.
B.Categorization
is
the
best
way
to
improve
memory.
C.We
can
predict
when
the
brain
will
make
a
mistake.
D.How
the
brain
remembers
has
been
found
out.
【答案】
D
Frederic
Mishkin,
who’s
been
a
professor
at
Columbia
Business
School
for
almost
30
years,
is
good
at
solving
problems
and
expressing
ideas.
Whether
he’s
standing
in
front
of
a
lecture
hall
or
engaged
in
a
casual
conversation,
his
hands
are
always
waving
and
pointing.
When
he
was
in
graduate
school,
one
of
his
professors
was
so
annoyed
by
this
constant
gesturing
that
he
made
the
young
economist
sit
on
his
hands
whenever
he
visited
the
professor’s
office.
It
turns
out,
however,
that
Mishkin’s
professor
had
it
exactly
wrong.
Gesture
doesn’t
prevent
but
promotes
clear
thought
and
speech.
Research
demonstrates
that
the
movements
we
make
with
our
hands
when
we
talk
form
a
kind
of
second
language,
adding
information
that’s
absent
from
our
words.
It’s
learning’s
secret
code:
Gesture
reveals
what
we
know.
It
reveals
what
we
don’t
know.
What’s
more,
the
agreement
(or
lack
of
agreement)
between
what
our
voices
say
and
how
our
hands
move
offers
a
clue
to
our
readiness
to
learn.
Many
of
the
studies
establishing
the
importance
of
gesture
to
learning
have
been
conducted
by
Susan
Goldin-Meadow,
a
professor
of
psychology
at
the
University
of
Chicago.
“We
change
our
minds
by
moving
our
hands,”
writes
Goldin-Meadow
in
a
review
of
this
work.
Particularly
significant
are
what
she
calls
“mismatches”
between
oral
expression
and
physical
gestures.
A
student
might
say
that
a
heavier
ball
falls
faster
than
a
light
one,
for
example,
but
make
a
gesture
indicating
that
they
fall
at
the
same
rate,
which
is
correct.
Such
differences
indicate
that
we’re
moving
from
one
level
of
understanding
to
another.
The
thoughts
expressed
by
hand
motions
are
often
our
newest
and
most
advanced
ideas
about
the
problem
we’re
working
on;
we
can’t
yet
absorb
these
concepts
into
language,
but
we
can
capture
them
in
movement.
Goldin-Meadow’s
more
recent
work
strews
not
only
that
gesture
shows
our
readiness
to
learn,
but
that
it
actually
helps
to
bring
learning
about.
It
does
so
in
two
ways.
First,
it
elicits
(引出)
helpful
behavior
from
others
around
us.
Goldin-Meadow
has
found
that
adults
respond
to
children’s
speech-gesture
mismatches
by
adjusting
their
way
of
instruction.
Parents
and
teachers
apparently
receive
the
signal
that
children
are
ready
to
learn,
and
they
act
on
it
by
offering
a
greater
variety
of
problem-solving
techniques.
The
act
of
gesturing
itself
also
seems
to
quicken
learning,
bringing
new
knowledge
into
consciousness
and
aiding
the
understanding
of
new
concepts.
A
2007
study
by
Susan
Wagner
Cook,
an
assistant
professor
of
psychology
at
the
University
of
Iowa,
reported
that
third-graders
who
were
asked
to
gesture
while
learning
algebra
(代数)
were
nearly
three
times
more
likely
to
remember
what
they’d
learned
than
classmates
who
did
not
gesture.
13.
According
to
Paragraph
1,
Frederic
Mishkin
was
asked
to
sit
on
his
hands
because
________.
A.
he
could
litter
express
his
ideas
that
way
B.
he
always
pointed
his
finger
at
his
professor
C.
his
professor
did
not
like
his
gesturing
D.
his
gestures
prevented
his
professor
from
thinking
14.
How
is
gesturing
important
in
acquiring
knowledge?
A.
It
draws
tasteful
responses
from
others
and
increases
learning
speed.
B.
It
promotes
second
language
learning
and
quickens
thinking
C.
It
provides
significant
clues
for
solving
academic
problems.
D.
It
reduces
students’
reliance
on
teachers’
instruction.
15.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
about
gesture-speech
mismatches?
A.
They
can
stimulate
our
creativity.
B.
Instructors
should
make
full
use
of
them.
C.
Teachers
can
hardly
explain
new
concepts
without
them.
D.
They
serve
as
a
stepping
stone
to
solving
real
life
problems.
16.
What
could
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
Hand
Motions,
a
Second
Language
B.
Gesturing:
Signal
of
Understanding
C.
New
Uses
of
Gesturing
D.
The
Secret
Code
of
Learning
【答案】
Reading
Comprehension
A
5G,
the
fifth
generation
of
wireless,
promises
lightning-fast
download
speeds
and
could
lay
the
foundation
for
high-tech
advancements
like
self-driving
cars.
But
like
many
new
technologies,
it's
causing
concern
about
potential
health
issues.
The
first
generation
of
wireless
introduced
mobile
phones,
and
2G
brought
texting.
3G
laid
the
groundwork
for
smartphones,
and
4G
allowed
video
streaming
and
more.
5G
is
expected
to
download
data
20
times
faster
than
its
predecessor
(前任),
and
some
experts
argue
it
could
be
much
faster.
Too
much
of
a
good
thing?
It’s
not
just
about
streaming
data
faster,
it’s
about
streaming
more
of
it.
On
a
5G
network,
a
user
can
download
a
movie
instantly,
and
data
will
flow
between
connected
objects
without
delay.
The
amount
of
data
people
use
on
mobile
devices
has
gone
up
40
times
since
2010
and
is
only
expected
to
increase.
5G
networks
are
wireless
companies’
attempts
to
satisfy
that
demand.
Uncertain
effects
The
untested
nature
of
5G,
and
the
extensiveness
of
its
infrastructure
(基础设施),
has
some
worried
that
the
increased
exposure
could
have
serious
health
effects.
Wireless
safety
advocates
(倡议人士)
have
called
for
more
studies
on
the
effects
of
the
exposure,
and
one
group
is
trying
to
stop
the
installment
of
5G
networks
in
Chicago’s
neighborhoods.
The
federal
government
has
safety
rules
that
wireless
companies
must
obey
that
limit
human
exposure
to
radio
waves,
including
frequencies
used
with
5G.
Wireless
industry
association
CTIA
says
typical
exposure
to
5G
infrastructure
is
comparable
to
Bluetooth
devices
and
baby
monitors,
and
there
is
no
scientific
evidence
of
negative
health
effects.
Still,
assurances
from
government
agencies
and
industry
operators
are
not
enough
for
Chicago
resident
Judy
Blake.
Additional
studies
on
5G’s
health
impacts
likely
wouldn’t
soothe
her
either.
She
said,
“People
can’t
choose
whether
or
not
to
be
exposed
to
this
radiation.”
“I
don’t
need
another
test.
The
only
test
that’s
going
to
happen
now
is
people’s
lives,
”said
Blake,
67.
Only
time
will
tell?
Though
little
is
known
about
the
long-term
health
impact
of
the
millimeter
waves
that
5G
operates
on,
some
research
has
shown
short-term
exposure
could
be
problematic,
said
Joel
Moskowitz,
a
public
health
expert
at
the
University
of
California
at
Berkeley.
The
eyes
and
sweat
glands
(腺体)
are
among
several
body
parts
studies
have
shown
could
be
at
risk,
Moskowitz
said.
Insects
and
plant
life
could
also
be
affected,
he
added.
The
millimeter
waves
used
in
5G
are
absorbed
by
the
upper
layers
of
skin,
potentially
causing
the
temperature
of
the
skin
to
rise,
said
Suresh
Borkar,
senior
lecturer
in
the
Department
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
at
the
Illinois
Institute
of
Technology.
The
effects
of
extended
rises
in
skin
temperature
“become
a
big
unknown,”
he
said.
This
isn’t
the
first
time
people
will
come
into
contact
with
millimeter
waves:
They’re
also
used
in
airport
body
scanners,
said
Lav
Varshney,
assistant
professor
of
electrical
and
computer
engineering
at
the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign.
Still,
it’s
the
first
time
the
high-frequency
waves
will
be
used
on
such
a
scale,
and
concerns
surrounding
new
technologies
are
common
throughout
history.
“When
cars
first
started
replacing
horse-drawn
carriages,
people
were
afraid
of
what
the
health
impacts
of
traveling
at
high
speeds
would
be,”
Varshney
said.
“There
has
always
been
occurrence
of
this
fear.”
Which
of
the
following
is
TRUE
according
to
the
passage?
5G
is
faster
but
not
safe
to
human
beings.
5G
features
faster
and
more
in
transferring.
5G
can
meet
people’s
any
demand
in
theory.
5G
just
makes
little
impact
on
people’s
health.
2.What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
Millimeter
waves
certainly
affect
people’s
health
seriously.
Millimeter
waves
will
cause
the
skin’s
temperature
to
rise.
It’s
obvious
that
many
scientists
object
to
5G
technology.
It’s
hard
to
say
whether
millimeter
waves
do
damage
to
health.
3.
The
word
soothe
in
the
last
but
7
paragraphs
most
probably
means
______.
to
make
somebody
feel
calm
or
less
worried.
to
make
somebody
feel
happy
or
more
excited.
to
make
somebody
feel
disappointed
or
less
satisfactory.
to
make
somebody
feel
inspired
or
more
energetic.
4.The
best
title
for
this
passage
is
______.
5G’s
Advantages
and
Disadvantages
The
Development
of
Wireless
5G
Health
Concern
5G
Future
Prediction
答案：
(
B
)
Learning
a
second
language
is
tricky
at
any
age
(and
it
only
gets
tougher
the
longer
you
wait
to
open
that
dusty
French
book).
Now,
in
a
new
study,
scientists
have
pinpointed
the
exact
age
at
which
your
chances
of
reaching
fluency
in
a
second
language
seem
to
plummet:
10.
The
study,
published
in
the
journal
Cognition,
found
that
it’s
“nearly
impossible”
for
language
learners
to
reach
native-level
fluency
if
they
start
learning
a
second
tongue
after
10.
But
that
doesn’t
seem
to
be
because
language
skills
go
downhill.
“It
turns
out
you’re
still
learning
fast.
It’s
just
that
you
run
out
of
time,
because
your
ability
to
learn
starts
dropping
at
around
17
or
18
years
old,”
says
study
co-author
Joshua
Hartshorne,
an
assistant
professor
of
psychology
at
Boston
College.
Kids
may
be
better
than
adults
at
learning
new
languages
for
many
reasons.
Children’s
brains
are
more
plastic
than
those
of
adults,
meaning
they’re
better
able
to
adapt
and
respond
to
new
information.
“All
learning
involves
the
brain
changing,”
Hartshorne
says,
“and
children’s
brains
seem
to
be
a
lot
more
skilled
at
changing.”
Kids
may
also
be
more
willing
to
try
new
things
(and
to
potentially
look
foolish
in
the
process)
than
adults
are.
Their
comparatively
new
grasp
on
their
native
tongue
may
also
be
advantageous.
Unlike
adults,
who
tend
to
default
(默认)
to
the
rules
and
patterns
of
their
first
language,
kids
may
be
able
to
approach
a
new
one
with
a
blank
slate
(石板).
These
findings
may
seem
discouraging,
but
it
was
heartening
for
scientists
to
learn
that
the
critical
period
for
fluent
language
acquisition
might
be
longer
than
they
previously
thought.
Some
scientists
believed
that
the
brief
window
closes
shortly
after
birth,
while
others
stretched
it
only
to
early
pared
to
those
estimates,
17
or
18
—
when
language
learning
ability
starts
to
drop
off
—
seems
relatively
old.
“People
fared
better
when
they
learned
by
immersion
(沉浸),
rather
than
simply
in
a
classroom.
And
moving
to
a
place
where
your
desired
language
is
spoken
is
the
best
way
to
learn
as
an
adult.
If
that’s
not
an
option,
you
can
mimic
an
immersive
environment
by
finding
ways
to
have
conversations
with
native
speakers
in
their
own
communities,”
Hartshorne
says.
By
doing
so,
it’s
possible
to
become
conversationally
proficient
—
even
without
the
advantage
of
a
child’s
brain.
5.
The
word
“plummet”
in
paragraph
1
is
closest
in
meaning
to
“__________”.
A.
plunge
B.
rise
C.
end
D.
vary
6.
What
can
be
inferred
from
Joshua
Hartshorne’s
words?
A.
Age
10-18
is
the
best
time
to
learn
a
second
language.
B.
Children
are
too
young
to
grasp
a
second
language.
C.
Communicating
with
native
speakers
enables
you
to
master
all
the
language
skills.
D.
Adults
go
beyond
the
critical
period
for
learning
a
second
language.
7.
What
might
be
the
reason
why
adults
can’t
reach
native-level
fluency
in
a
second
language?
A.
Adults
are
less
influenced
by
their
mother
tongues.
B.
Adults
are
only
too
willing
to
experience
something
awkward
in
the
process.
C.
Adults
spend
more
time
responding
to
new
information.
D.
Adults
prefer
an
immersive
environment
to
a
classroom
in
learning
a
second
language
.
8.
The
passage
is
mainly
about
__________.
A.
the
approaches
to
learning
a
second
language
B.
the
best
age
to
learn
a
second
language
C.
why
kids
learn
a
second
language
more
easily
than
adults
D.
whether
adults
can
learn
a
second
language
like
their
younger
selves
答案：
(C)
Getting
active
in
midlife
could
be
as
good
for
you
as
starting
young
when
it
comes
to
reducing
the
risk
of
an
early
death,
researchers
have
suggested.
But
experts
say
the
study
also
shows
that
the
benefits
fade
once
exercise
declines.
“If
you
maintain
an
active
lifestyle
or
participate
in
some
sort
of
exercise
from
youth
to
middle
age,
you
can
reduce
your
risk
for
dying,”
said
Dr.
Pedro
Saint-Maurice,
the
lead
author
of
the
research.
“If
you
are
not
active
and
you
get
to
your
40s-50s
and
you
decide
to
become
active,
you
can
still
enjoy
a
lot
of
those
benefits.”
The
study
was
based
on
data
from
more
than
300,000
Americans
aged
50-71
who
undertook
a
questionnaire
(问卷)
in
the
late-1990s.
They
were
asked
to
recall
the
extent
of
their
moderate
to
vigorous
leisure
exercise
at
different
stages
of
their
life.
Researchers
then
used
national
records
to
track
who
died
in
the
years
up
to
the
end
of
2016.
After
taking
into
account
factors
including
age,
sex,
smoking
and
diet,
the
team
found
that
those
who
were
exercising
into
middle
age
had
a
lower
risk
of
death
than
those
who
had
never
carried
out
any
leisure
exercise.
However,
when
the
team
looked
at
different
patterns
in
the
way
people
were
active
over
their
life,
it
found
a
surprise.
Men
and
women
who
started
exercising
at
the
age
of
40-50
reduced
their
risk
of
death
from
any
cause
by
about
35%.
The
benefit
was
similar
to
that
seen
for
people
who
reached
and
maintained
similar
activity
from
their
teens
or
20s
onwards.
However,
the
study
found
that
the
protective
effect
of
exercise
did
not
last
forever.
People
whose
levels
of
leisure
exercise
decreased
by
middle
age
had
no
difference
in
the
risk
of
an
early
death
to
those
who
had
always
been
couch
potatoes.
“If
you
have
been
active
and
you
slowly
decrease
your
exercise
participation
as
you
age,
you
lose
a
lot
of
the
benefits
that
we
know
are
associated
with
exercise,”
Saint-Maurice
said.
But
the
study
has
limitations,
including
that
it
is
based
on
individuals
recalling
how
active
they
were
many
years
before.
What’s
more,
the
research
looked
only
at
death
records,
not
other
aspects
of
health
such
as
levels
of
sickness
and
disease.
Nonetheless,
he
said,
the
message
was
positive.
“This
adds
to
the
growing
body
of
evidence
about
the
importance
of
physical
activity
and
exercise
across
the
life
course,
and
indicates
that
it
is
never
too
late
to
start.”
9.
Which
of
the
following
is
TRUE
about
the
study?
A.
The
study
took
about
two
decades
to
complete.
B.
The
study
involved
around
30,000
elderly
Americans.
C.
Questionnaires
and
interviews
were
the
sources
of
data.
D.
The
participants
in
the
study
took
regular
physical
exercise.
10.
According
to
the
passage,
what
does
“a
surprise”
(Para.
3)
refer
to?
A.
The
earlier
you
exercise,
the
greater
your
health
benefits
will
be.
B.
Participating
in
exercise
from
youth
to
middle
age
benefits
one’s
health
greatly.
C.
The
benefit
of
getting
active
in
midlife
is
similar
to
that
of
starting
young.
D.
The
benefits
of
exercising
in
midlife
will
decline
once
you
stop
exercising.
11.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
____________.
A.
an
active
lifestyle
will
not
necessarily
bring
positive
health
benefits
B.
participants’
memories
may
affect
the
reliability
of
the
study
result
C.
people
exercising
from
their
teens
can
maintain
health
forever
D.
women
benefit
more
from
vigorous
exercise
than
men
do
12.
Which
of
the
following
might
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
Exercise
has
its
limitations,
studies
show
B.
Getting
active
when
young,
experts
suggest
C.
Health
benefits
fade
with
age,
doctors
warn
D.
Never
too
old
to
start,
researchers
say
【答案】
（D）
Escaping
predators
(食肉动物),
digestion
and
other
animal
activities—including
those
of
humans—require
oxygen.
But
that
essential
ingredient
is
no
longer
so
easy
for
marine
life
to
obtain,
several
new
studies
reveal.
In
the
past
decade
ocean
oxygen
levels
have
taken
a
dive—an
alarming
trend
that
is
linked
to
climate
change,
says
Andreas
Oschlies,
an
oceanographer
at
the
Helmholtz
Center
for
Ocean
Research
in
Germany,
whose
team
tracks
ocean
oxygen
levels
worldwide.
“We
were
surprised
by
the
intensity
of
the
changes
we
saw,
how
rapidly
oxygen
is
going
down
in
the
ocean
and
how
large
the
effects
on
marine
ecosystems
are,”
he
says.
It
is
no
surprise
to
scientists
that
warming
oceans
are
losing
oxygen,
but
the
scale
of
the
drop
calls
for
urgent
attention.
Oxygen
levels
in
some
tropical
(热带的)
regions
have
dropped
by
an
astonishing
40
percent
in
the
last
50
years,
some
recent
studies
reveal.
Levels
have
dropped
less
significantly
elsewhere,
with
an
average
loss
of
2
percent
globally.
A
warming
ocean
loses
oxygen
for
two
reasons:
First,
the
warmer
a
liquid
becomes,
the
less
gas
it
can
hold.
That
is
why
carbonated
drinks
go
flat
faster
when
left
in
the
sun.
Second,
as
polar
sea
ice
melts,
it
forms
a
layer
of
water
above
colder,
more
salty
sea
waters.
This
process
creates
a
sort
of
lid
that
can
keep
currents
from
mixing
surface
water
down
to
deeper
depths.
And
because
all
oxygen
enters
the
surface,
less
mixing
means
less
of
it
at
depth.
Ocean
animals
large
and
small,
however,
respond
to
even
slight
changes
in
oxygen
by
seeking
refuge
in
higher
oxygen
zones
or
by
adjusting
behavior,
Oschlies
and
others
in
his
field
have
found.
These
adjustments
can
expose
animals
to
new
predators
or
force
them
into
food-scarce
regions.
Climate
change
already
poses
serious
problems
for
marine
life,
such
as
ocean
acidification,
but
deoxygenation
is
the
most
pressing
issue
facing
sea
animals
today,
Oschlies
says.
After
all,
he
says,
“they
all
have
to
breathe.”
Aside
from
food
web
problems,
animals
face
various
other
physiological
challenges
as
their
bodies
adjust
to
lower
oxygen
levels.
Chinese
shrimp
(虾)
move
their
tails
less
vigorously
to
preserve
energy
in
lower
oxygen
environments.
Some
creatures,
such
as
jellyfishes,
are
more
tolerant
of
low
oxygen
than
others
are.
But
all
animals
will
feel
the
impact
of
deoxygenation
because
they
all
have
evolved
their
oxygen
capacity
for
a
reason,
says
Oschlies.
“Any
drop
in
oxygen
is
going
to
damage
survivability
and
performance,”
he
says.
13.
According
to
the
first
two
paragraphs,
what
worries
scientists
the
most?
A.
The
worsening
deoxygenation
in
the
warming
ocean.
B.
The
survival
of
predators
and
various
marine
animals.
C.
The
alarmingly
changeable
oxygen
levels
in
the
ocean.
D.
The
lack
of
attention
to
the
warming
of
tropical
oceans.
14.
Which
of
the
following
is
a
reason
for
the
oxygen
loss
in
the
ocean?
A.
Polar
ice
melting
consumes
much
oxygen
in
the
ocean.
B.
Global
warming
reduces
the
amount
of
oxygen
in
the
air.
C.
The
surface
polar
ice
water
prevents
oxygen
going
down.
D.
Salty
water
holds
less
gas
in
the
increasingly
warmer
ocean.
15.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
A.
Ocean
deoxygenation
changes
some
animals’
natural
territories.
B.
Ocean
acidification
is
more
serious
a
problem
than
deoxygenation.
C.
Not
all
ocean
animals
are
bothered
by
the
decreasing
oxygen
levels.
D.
Some
animals
reduce
their
movements
in
order
to
absorb
more
oxygen.
16.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
The
Oxygen
Levels
of
Marine
Life
B.
Ocean
Warming
Affects
Food
Web
C.
The
Survivability
of
Ocean
Animals
D.
The
Ocean
Is
Running
Out
of
Breath
答案：
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