Unit
1 Great
scientists
诺贝尔奖获得者——
The
Nobel
Prize
winner——Tu
Youyou
Tu
Youyou,
the
first
Chinese
woman
to
win
a
Nobel
Prize
in
science,
has
made
us
all
proud.
Tu,
born
in
1930,
discovered
artemisinin
(青蒿素),
a
drug
that
has
reduced
the
death
rate
for
patients
suffering
from
malaria
(疟疾).
“Artemisinin
is
a
gift
for
the
world
people
from
the
traditional
Chinese
medicine”.
It
is
of
great
importance
for
curing
malaria
and
other
infectious
diseases
and
for
protecting
the
health
of
the
world
people.
Tu's
winning
the
prize
shows
that
China
has
made
rapid
progress
in
scientific
and
technological
field
and
marks
a
great
contribution
of
traditional
Chinese
medicine
to
the
cause
of
human
health.
Tu
was
born
in
Ningbo,
Zhejiang
province,
China
on
30
December,
1930.
Tu
studied
at
Beijing
Medical
University
School
of
Pharmacy,
and
graduated
in
1955.
Later
Tu
was
trained
for
two
and
a
half
years
in
traditional
Chinese
medicine.
Tu
worked
at
the
Academy
of
Chinese
Medicine
in
Beijing
after
graduation.
She
was
promoted
to
a
researcher
in
1980
only
after
the
Chinese
economic
reform.
In
2011,
Tu
became
the
first
scientist
in
China
to
win
America's
Lasker
Award
(拉斯克奖)
for
her
achievements.
Currently
she
is
the
Chief
Scientist
in
the
Academy.
开启快乐学习之旅
中国女科学家屠呦呦获得了2015年度诺贝尔医学奖，从而成为首位获得诺贝尔科学奖的中国公民。她不怕吃苦、执着追求的精神值得我们学习，其淡泊名利、默默奉献的品质让我们感动。“十年磨一剑”，科学就需要这样的坚持和韧劲做支撑！
Section
Ⅰ Warming
Up
&
Reading
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．defeat
(vt.)打败；战胜；使受挫
(n.)失败
2．expert
(adj.)熟练的；经验或知识丰富的
(n.)专家；行家
3．attend
(vt.)照顾；护理；出席；参加
4．expose
(vt.)暴露；揭露；使曝光
5．cure
(n.)治愈；痊愈
(vt.)治愈；治疗
6．suspect
(vt.)认为；怀疑
(n.)被怀疑者；嫌疑犯
7．handle
(n.)柄；把手
(vt.)处理；操纵
8．link
(vt.&n.)连接；联系
9．blame
(vt.)责备；谴责；把……归咎于
(n.)过失；责备
10．victim
(n.)受害者
11．characteristic
(n.)特征；特性→character
(n.)(事物的)特性；性质；(人的)品质；性格
12．absorb
(vt.)吸收；吸引；使专心→absorbed
(adj.)全神贯注的；一心一意的
13．announce
(vt.)宣布；通告→announcement
(n.)宣告；宣布→announcer
(n.)播音员；宣告者
14．scientific
(adj.)科学的→science
(n.)科学→scientist
(n.)科学家
15．pollute
(vt.)污染；弄脏→pollution
(n.)污染
16．instruct
(vt.)命令；指示；教导→instruction
(n.)命令；指示
17．conclude
(vt.&vi.)结束；推断出→conclusion
(n.)结论；结束
18．challenge
(n.)挑战
(vt.)向……挑战→challenging
(adj.)具有挑战性的
Ⅱ.核心短语
1．put_forward
提出；推荐
2．draw_a_conclusion
得出结论
3．expose...to
使显露；暴露
4．of_sb.'s/sth.'s_day
在某人/某物存在的时候
5．face_a_challenge
面临挑战
6．mark...on...
在……上把……标出来
7．be
to
blame
该受责备；应负责
8．link...to...
将……和……联系或连接起来
9．look
into
调查
10．slow
down
减速；减缓
Ⅲ.经典句式
1．Neither
its
cause
nor
its
cure
was
understood.
人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。
2．So
many
thousands
of
terrified
people
died
every_time
there
was
an
outbreak.
因此，每次霍乱暴发时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。
3．In
two
particular
streets，the
cholera
outbreak
was
so
severe
that
more
than
500
people
died
in
ten
days.
在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
4．To
prevent
this
from
happening
again,
John
Snow
suggested_that
the
source
of
all
the
water
supplies
be_examined.
为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。
单词攻略
1.联想记单词
①虽然他是嫌疑犯(suspect)，但我们也要尊重(respect)他。
②不要责备(blame)这个瘸腿(lame)的人。
③不要跳(jump)到水泵(pump)上。
2．归类记单词：－ly结尾的形容词
deadly致命的；friendly友好的；lovely可爱的；lively活泼的；lonely孤独的；daily每日的；weekly每星期的；yearly每年的
3．名词动用
①defeat
n.
失败→vt.
击败
②challenge
n.
挑战→vt.
向……挑战
③suspect
n.
被怀疑者；嫌疑犯→vt.
认为；怀疑
④cure
n.
治愈；痊愈→vt.
治愈；治疗
4．名词后缀：－tion，－sion，－ment
①pollute
vt.
污染；弄脏→pollution
n.
污染
②instruct
vt.
命令；指示；教导→instruction
n.
命令；指示
③conclude
vt.
&
vi.
结束；推断出→conclusion
n.
结论；结束
④announce
vt.
宣布；通告→announcement
n.
宣告；宣布
课文预读
JOHN
SNOW①
DEFEATS②
“KING
CHOLERA③”
John
Snow
was
a
famous
doctor
in
London—so
expert④，
indeed,
that
he
attended⑤
Queen
Victoria⑥
as
her
personal
physician⑦.
But
he
became
inspired
when
he
thought
about
helping
ordinary
people
exposed
to⑧
cholera.
This
was
the
deadly⑨
disease
of
its
day⑩.
Neither
its
cause
nor
its
cure?
was
understood.
So
many
thousands
of
terrified
people
died
every
time?
there
was
an
outbreak?.
John
Snow
wanted
to
face
the
challenge?
and
solve
this
problem.
He
knew
that
cholera
would
never
be
controlled
until
its
cause
was
found.
He
became
interested
in
two
theories
that?
possibly
explained
how
cholera
killed
people.
The
first
suggested
that
cholera
multiplied?
in
the
air.
A
cloud
of?
dangerous
gas
floated
around
until
it
found
its
victims?.
The
second
suggested
that
people
absorbed?
this
disease
into
their
bodies
with
their
meals.
From
the
stomach
the
disease
quickly
attacked
the
body
and
soon
the
affected?
person
died.
①John
Snow约翰·斯诺(1813—1858)，英国医生
②defeat
[dI'fi?t]
vt.
打败；战胜；使受挫
③King
Cholera 1854年爆发于英国的一次严重霍乱
④expert
['ekspз?t]
adj.
熟练的
n.
专家；行家
⑤attend
[?'tend]
vt.
照顾；护理；参加
⑥Queen
Victoria维多利亚女王(1819—1901)
⑦physician
[fI'zI?n]
n.
医生；内科医师
⑧expose
[Ik'sp??z]．..to使……显露；暴露
过去分词短语exposed
to
cholera作后置定语，修饰people。
⑨deadly
['dedlI]
adj.
致命的
⑩of
its
day当时；那时。在句中作后置定语。
?cure
[kj??]
n.
治愈；痊愈
vt.
治愈；治疗
?every
time每次，用作连词，连接时间状语从句。
?outbreak
['a?tbreIk]
n.
爆发；发作(尤指疾病或战争)
?challenge
['t??lInd?]
n.
挑战
?that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词theories。
?multiply
v.
繁殖；成倍增加；乘
?a
cloud
of一团……
?victim
['vIktIm]
n.
受害者
?absorb
[?b'z??b]
vt.
吸收；吸引；使专心
absorb...into...将……吸入……
?过去分词affected在句中作定语，意为“受疾病侵袭的”。
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
[第1～2段译文]
约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。因此，每次霍乱暴发时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道在找到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。
对于霍乱是如何致人死亡的，当时有两种相对合理的看法，斯诺对这两种看法比较感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，它像一股危险的气体到处飘浮，直到找到宿主为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒带入体内的。疾病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，感染者很快就会死亡。
suspect
[s?'spekt]
vt.
认为；怀疑
['s?spekt]
n.
被怀疑者；嫌疑犯
hit
vt.
(厄运、灾难等)突然袭击；侵袭
enquiry
[In'kwaI?rI]
n.
询问
as在句中引导时间状语，意为“当……时候”。
neighbourhood
['neIb?h?d]
n.
附近；邻近
severe
[sI'vI?]
adj.
严重的；剧烈的；严厉的
so...that...“如此……以至于……”
be
determined
to
do下定决心做
[第3段译文]、约翰·斯诺推测第二种理论是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，约翰·斯诺就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，他就开始收集资料。在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心要查明原因。
mark...on...把……标在……上
where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places。
clue
[klu?]
n.
线索；提示
death
n.
死；死亡(人数)；死亡案例
pump
[p?mp]
n.
泵；抽水机
vt.
(用泵)抽(水)
Broad
Street牛津城的宽街，历史建筑群最密集的街道之一。
Cambridge
['keImbrId?]
Street剑桥大街
foresee
[f??'si?]
vt.
(foresaw,
foreseen)
预见；预知
investigation
n.
调查
It
seemed
that...好像……
blame
[bleIm]
vt.
责备；谴责
n.
过失；责备
be
to
blame应受责备；该受责备
look
into调查；了解
pollute
[p?'lu?t]
vt.
污染；弄脏
handle
['h?ndl]
n.
柄；把手
vt.
处理；操纵
so
that引导目的状语从句。
slow
down减缓；缓解
germ
[d?з?m]
n.
微生物；细菌
[第4～5段译文]
首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱病因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近?特别是16、37、38、40号?。约翰·斯诺还发现有些住宅?如宽街上的20号和21号以及剑桥大街上的8号和9号?却无人死亡。他以前没预见到这种情况，所以他进行了更进一步的调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥大街7号的酒馆里工作。酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵里抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。
接下来，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被从伦敦排放的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的百姓拆掉水泵的把手，这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。
supporting
adj.
有力的；(演员、角色)次要的；配角的
supporting
evidence有力的证据
link
[lI?k]
vt.
&
n.
连接；联系
link...to...将……和……联系或连接起来
who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词woman。
had
it
delivered(让人运送它)中it代指上文的water，have为使役动词，过去分词delivered作宾语补足语。
announce
[?'na?ns]
vt.
宣布；通告
with
certainty“肯定地”，作状语。
prevent...(from)
doing阻止……做……
be
examined为虚拟语气结构，其前省略了should。
instruct
[In'str?kt]
vt.
命令；指示；教导
instruct
sb.
to
do
sth.指导某人做某事
[第6～7段译文]
在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。她和她的女儿喝了这种水后，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个额外的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。
为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们接触被污染的水了。最后，“霍乱王”被击败了。
课文理解
Task
One：Fast
Reading
Ⅰ.The
text
mainly
tells
us
about________.
A．John
Snow,
a
famous
doctor,
who
had
two
theories
about
how
cholera
spread
B．John
Snow,
a
famous
doctor,
who
tested
the
two
theories,
found
the
cause
of
cholera
and
how
to
control
it
C．John
Snow,
as
a
famous
doctor,
warned
people
not
to
drink
the
polluted
water
D．John
Snow's
two
famous
theories
about
cholera
which
were
great
答案：B
Ⅱ.Read
the
passage
to
find
a
topic
sentence
for
each
paragraph
by
filling
in
the
blanks.
Para.1
What
1.causes
cholera?
Para.2
Which
theory
is
2.correct?
Para.3
3.Collect_data
on
those
who
fell
ill
or
died
and
where
they
lived.
Para.4
Plot
information
on
a
map
to
find
out
4.where_people_died_or_didn't.
Para.5
Find
out
where
they
got
their
water.
Analyse
the
water
to
see
5.if_it_was_the_cause_of_the_deaths.
Para.6
Find
other
6.evidence
to
support
the
analysis.
Para.7
It
was
certain
that
7.polluted_water
carried
the
disease.
Task
Two：Careful
Reading
Ⅰ.Judge
the
following
statements
true
(T)
or
false
(F)．
1．Cholera
would
never
be
controlled
even
if
its
cause
was
found.( F )
2．The
disease
attacked
the
body
quickly
from
the
stomach
and
soon
the
affected
person
died.( T )
3．John
Snow
began
to
collect
the
information
before
the
disease
spread.( F )
4．In
two
particular
streets,
over
500
people
died
in
10
days
when
another
outbreak
hit
London
in
1854.( T )
5．Deaths
of
the
woman
and
her
daughter
were
linked
to
the
Broad
Street
outbreak.( T )
Ⅱ.Read
the
text
and
then
choose
the
best
answer
according
to
the
text.
1．What
does
the
passage
mainly
talk
about?
A．John
Snow
was
a
famous
doctor
in
London.
B．The
reason
that
caused
the
deadly
disease
cholera.
C．John
Snow
solved
the
problem
of
cholera.
D．A
deadly
disease
in
history—cholera.
答案：C
2．Which
of
the
following
theories
did
John
Snow
believe
in?
A．A
cloud
of
dangerous
gas
would
float
around
until
it
found
its
victims.
B．People
absorbed
cholera
into
their
bodies
with
their
meals.
C．People
got
infected
with
cholera
because
of
cold
and
hunger.
D．Some
people
threw
medicine
to
the
drinking
water.
答案：B
3．Before
1854,
when
cholera
broke
out，________.
A．many
thousands
of
people
died
B．people
with
cholera
could
be
cured
C．John
Snow
began
to
know
its
cause
D．John
Snow
had
begun
his
enquiry
答案：A
4．How
did
he
find
out
the
cause
of
the
disease?
A．By
living
in
the
area
where
cholera
broke
out.
B．By
marking
a
map
where
all
the
dead
people
had
lived.
C．By
telling
the
terrified
people
how
to
prevent
it.
D．By
doing
many
experiments
in
his
lab.
答案：B
5．What
do
you
think
the
Londoners
would
do
with
the
unused
pumps
after
defeating
“King
Cholera”？
A．They
would
destroy
them.
B．They
would
reuse
them
after
cleaning.
C．They
would
desert
them
for
good.
D．They
would
look
for
a
new
water
source.
答案：B
Task
Three：Micro?writing
Read
the
text
carefully
and
fill
in
the
following
blanks.
John
Snow
was
a
well－known
doctor
in
London.
Cholera
was
the
1.deadly
(dead)
disease
of
its
day.
Neither
its
cause
2.nor
its
cure
was
understood.
So
many
thousands
of
terrified
people
died
every
time
there
was
an
outbreak.
At
that
time,
there
were
two
theories
3.explaining
(explain)
how
cholera
killed
people.
John
Snow
4.believed
(believe)
in
the
second
one.
As
the
disease
spread
quickly
through
the
poor
neighbourhoods,
he
began
5.to_gather
(gather)
the
information.
He
marked
6.on
a
map
where
all
the
dead
people
had
lived.
The
map
gave
a
valuable
clue
about
the
cause
of
the
disease.
That
was,
the
water
from
the
Broad
Street
pump
seemed
7.to_blame
(blame).
Furthermore,
he
found
the
water
came
from
the
8.polluted
(pollute)
river
from
London.
With
another
two
cases,
John
Snow
9.announced
(announce)
with
certainty
that
polluted
water
carried
the
disease
and
suggested
that
the
source
of
all
the
water
supplies
10.(should)_be_examined
(examine).
Finally
“King
Cholera”
was
defeated.
1
(教材P1)
Draw
a
conclusion.得出结论。
(1)in
conclusion 最后，总之
make
a
conclusion
下结论
arrive
at/come
to/draw/reach
a
conclusion
得出结论，告一段落
(2)conclude
vt.
&
vi.
结束；推断出
conclude...by/with...
以……结束
conclude...from...
从……中推断
[即学即用]
(1)Over
the
years
I've
come
to
a
conclusion
that
she's
a
very
great
musician.
这些年来，我得出的结论是她是一位非常伟大的音乐家。
(2)From
what
he
says
I
conclude
that
he
has
not
much
interest
in
it.
我从他所说的话来判断，他对此没有多大兴趣。
(3)It
is
reported
that
the
talks
between
the
two
countries
are
expected
to
conclude
on
Saturday.
据报道，这两国之间的会谈有望在星期六结束。
(4)语法填空
①More
research
is
needed
before
a
definite
conclusion
(conclude)
can
be
reached.
②In
conclusion,
I
would
like
to
thank
you
for
all
your
help.
③When
the
group
discussion
is
nearing
its
end,
make
sure
to
conclude
it
with
important
points.
④This
contest
will
last
one
and
a
half
months,
concluding
(conclude)
at
the
middle
of
December.
2
(教材P2)
JOHN
SNOW
DEFEATS
“KING
CHOLERA”
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
[即学即用]
(1)The
general
suffered
several
defeats
before
finally
beating
the
enemy.
那位将军遭受数次战败后，终于击败敌军。
(2)No
difficulty
can
defeat
this
brave
man
since
he
is
so
confident
and
capable.
没有困难可以击败这个勇敢的人，因为他很有信心并且很有能力。
(3)Although
he
was
defeated
in
the
boxing
match,
all
the
fans
knew
that
he
had
played
to
the
best
of
his
ability.
虽然在这场拳击赛中他被打败了，但是，所有的支持者都知道他已经尽了最大的努力。
(4)语法填空
①The
game
was
over
and
Italy
won
the
victory,
defeating
(defeat)
Australia.
②The
young
player
was_defeated
(defeat)
by
his
partner
in
the
game,
but
he
didn't
lose
heart.
③The
wounded
had
to
be
left
behind
when
the
defeated
(defeat)
army
left.
3
(教材P2)
John
Snow
was
a
famous
doctor
in
London—so
expert,
indeed,
that
he
attended
Queen
Victoria
as
her
personal
physician.
约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人医生。
attend
a
lecture/movie/meeting
听演讲/看电影/参加会议
attend
church
做礼拜
attend
a
wedding
参加婚礼
attend
to
处理，对付；照料；接待(客人)
[即学即用]
(1)She
is
now
crazy
about
classical
music
and
will
not
miss
any
chance
to
attend
a
concert
with
her
husband.
她现在对古典音乐着了迷，不会错过任何一次和她丈夫一同听音乐会的机会。
(2)Jane
can't
attend
the
meeting
at
3
o'clock
this
afternoon
because
she
will
be
teaching
a
class
at
that
time.
简不能参加今天下午3点钟的会议，因为那个时候她会在一个班教课。
(3)I'm
afraid
I
can't
go
to
your
party
tonight,
for
I
have
something
important
to
attend
to.
恐怕今晚我不能参加你们的聚会了，因为我有重要的事情要处理。
(4)语法填空
①He
made
an
apology
to
me
for
his
not
attending
(attend)
the
concert
on
time.
②Since
I
am
busy,
would
you
attend
to
the
matter
for
me?
(5)写出句中attend
to的意义
①I
may
be
late—I
have
one
or
two
things
to
attend
to.(处理；办理)
②Will
you
attend
to
the
shop
for
a
few
minutes
while
I
go
to
the
bank？(照顾；照看)
③I'm
too
busy.
I
can't
attend
to
you
now.(接待；招待)
4
(教材P2)
But
he
became
inspired
when
he
thought
about
helping
ordinary
people
exposed
to
cholera.
但当他一想到要帮助那些遭受霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。
expose...to... 把……暴露在……下
expose
sth./sb./oneself
(to...)
把……显露或暴露于……
be
exposed
to
暴露于；接触到
[即学即用]
(1)Don't
expose
your
skin
to
direct
sunlight,
or
you'll
get
sunburnt.
不要让你的皮肤直接暴露于阳光下，否则你会被晒伤。
(2)Exposing
students
to
good
art
and
music
is
a
good
thing.
让学生接触美好的艺术和音乐是一件好事。
(3)Via
the
Internet,
we
can
be
exposed
to
infinite
information.
通过因特网，我们可以接触到无限的信息。
(4)语法填空
①To
stay
warm
in
cold
weather,
cold－blooded
animals
must
expose
themselves
to
a
source
of
warmth
such
as
direct
sunlight.
②Some
people
think
we
shouldn't
expose
the
children
to
playing
(play)
computer
games.
③He
laughed,
exposing
(expose)
his
yellowing
broken
teeth.
5
(教材P2)
Neither
its
cause
nor
its
cure
was
understood.
人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。
(1)a
cure
for ……的治疗办法(药物等)
(2)cure
sb.
治愈，治好(病人)
cure
sb.
of
sth.
治好某人的……
[即学即用]
(1)Finding
a
cure
for
cancer
is
one
of
the
biggest
challenges
facing
medical
researchers.
寻找癌症的治疗方法是医学研究者们所面临的最大挑战之一。
(2)Doctors
are
now
able
to
cure
people
of
many
diseases
which
in
former
times
would
have
killed
them.
现在，医生能够治愈过去的许多不治之症。
(3)语法填空
①Scientists
have
so
far
failed
to
provide
a
cure
for
the
common
cold.
②Many
bad
habits
can
be
especially
difficult
to_cure
(cure)
because
they
are
likely
to
have
been
formed
at
a
very
young
age.
6
(教材P2)
The
second
suggested
that
people
absorbed
this
disease
into
their
bodies
with
their
meals.
第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒带入体内。
absorb
sb.'s
attention 吸引某人注意
absorb
oneself
in＝be/get
absorbed
in
全神贯注于……
be
absorbed
by
被……吞并；为……所吸收
[巧学助记]
[即学即用]
(1)Plants
absorb
carbon
dioxide
from
the
air
and
moisture
from
the
soil.
植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳，从土壤中汲取水分。
(2)The
surrounding
villages
have
been
absorbed
by
the
growing
city.
周围的村庄并入了日益扩展的城市中。
(3)She
was
so
absorbed
in
her
job
that
she
didn't
hear
anyone
knocking
at
the
door.
→So
absorbed
was
she
in
her
job
that
she
didn't
hear
anyone
knocking
at
the
door.
她工作非常专心，以至于有人敲门也没听到。
(4)语法填空
①Absorbed
(absorb)
in
painting,
John
didn't
notice
evening
approaching.
②When
he
came
back
three
hours
later,
they
were
still
sitting
on
the
sofa,
absorbing
(absorb)
themselves
in
conversation.
③Though
it
was
midnight,
she
found
her
daughter
completely
absorbed
(absorb)
in
her
homework.
7
(教材P2)
John
Snow
suspected
that
the
second
theory
was
correct
but
he
needed
evidence.
约翰·斯诺认为第二种说法是正确的，但是他需要证据。
suspect
sb./sth.
怀疑某人/某事
suspect
sb.
of
doing
sth.
怀疑某人做某事
suspect
sb.
to
be...
怀疑某人是……
suspect＋that从句
怀疑……
[即学即用]
(1)On
the
face
of
it,
he
seems
to
be
telling
the
truth
though
I
suspect
he's
hiding
something.
表面上看，他似乎说的是实话，然而我怀疑他有所隐瞒。
(2)The
manager
said
he
suspected
the
man
of
stealing
the
papers
all
along.
经理说他一直都怀疑是那个人偷了文件。
(3)It
was
reported
that
that
man
was
suspected
to
be
connected
with
the
crime.
据报道，那个人被怀疑与该犯罪事件有关。
(4)语法填空
①That
engineer
is
suspected
of
revealing
the
government
secret
to
the
enemy.
②The
fellow
suspected
(suspect)
of
killing
his
wife
was
finally
put
into
prison.
8
(教材P3)
With
this
extra
evidence
John
Snow
was
able
to
announce
with
certainty
that
polluted
water
carried
the
virus.
有了这个额外的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够断言这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。
(1)It
is
announced
that...
据宣布……/据通知……
announce
sth.to
sb./to
sb.sth.
向某人宣布某事
(2)announcement
n.
通告，宣告，通知
make
an
announcement
宣布
(3)announcer
n.
广播员，播音员
[温馨提示]
表示“向某人宣布某事”用announce
sth.to
sb./to
sb.sth.，而不能用announce
sb.sth.。
[即学即用]
(1)Mr
Wang,
teacher
of
Class
2,
announced
to
the
class
that
there
would
be
no
school
tomorrow.
二班的王老师向学生们宣布明天不上课。
(2)The
date
of
the
examination
will
be
announced
to
all
schools
later
in
the
year.
今年晚些时候将向所有学校宣布考试日期。
(3)It
was
announced
that
only
when
the
fire
was
under
control
would
the
residents
be
permitted
to
return
to
their
homes.
有通知规定，只有当火势得以控制后，才能允许居民们回家。
(4)语法填空
①After
the
president
made
an
official
announcement
(announce),
she
expressed
her
personal
opinion.
②The
judges
did
not
know
she
was
physically
disabled
until
the
first
prize
winner
was_announced
(announce)．
③I
had
just
finished
my
exam
paper
when
the
bell
rang,
announcing
(announce)
the
class
was
over.
blame
vt.
责备；谴责；把……归咎于
n．责怪，指责；过失
(教材P2)
It
seemed
that
the
water
was
to
blame.
看来水是罪魁祸首。
(1)blame
sb.for(doing)sth. 因(做)某事而指责某人
blame
sth.on
sb.
将某事归咎于某人
sb.be
to
blame
for
(doing)
sth.
某人因(做)某事应该受
到责备
(2)bear/take
the
blame
承担责任
put/lay
the
blame
for
sth.on
sb.
将某事归咎于某人
[即学即用]
(1)Many
children
are
afraid
of
being
blamed
for
making
mistakes
in
speaking
English.
许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。
(2)The
police
blamed
the
traffic
accident
on
Jack's
careless
driving.
→The
police
put/laid
the
blame
for
the
traffic
accident
on
Jack's
careless
driving.
警察把那起交通事故归咎于杰克的粗心驾驶。
(3)Don't
always
blame
your
own
failure
on
others.
Sometimes
you
yourself
are
to
blame.
不要总把失败归咎于他人，有时候该怪你自己。
(4)语法填空
①It
is
common
that
nowadays
some
students
put
the
blame
for
their
poor
performance
in
study
on
their
low
IQ.
②His
admission
that
he
was
to_blame
(blame)
for
the
accident
kept
the
others
from
being
punished.
10
(教材P3)
The
water
companies
were
instructed
not
to
expose
people
to
polluted
water
any
more.
自来水公司接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。
(1)instruct
sb.to
do
sth.
指示某人做某事
instruct
sb.in
(doing)
sth.
指导某人(做)某事
(2)instructive
adj.
指示性的；有教育意义的
(3)instruction
n.
(常用复数形式)用法说明，
操作指南；指示，命令；讲授
[即学即用]
(1)The
college
will
need
an
additional
teacher
to
instruct
the
students
in
cooking.
这所技术学校需要增加一名老师来向学生们传授烹饪技术。
(2)After
having
been
instructed
to
drive
out
of
town,
I
began
to
acquire
confidence.
在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始有了信心。
(3)I
want
you
to
instruct
them
that
they've
got
three
months
to
get
the
details
sorted
out.
我想让你告知他们，他们有3个月的时间来解决细节问题。
(4)语法填空
①The
scientist's
report
was
so
instructive
(instruct)
that
we
were
all
very
excited.
②In
the
case
of
an
emergency，follow
the
instructions
(instruct)
written
inside
the
elevator
and
try
to
keep
others
calm.
③A
fine
life
is
a
life
instructed
(instruct)
by
knowledge
and
stimulated
by
love.
put
forward
提出?建议、计划、理论等?；把……向前拨或移；推荐，提名，推举
(教材P1)
Who
put
forward
a
theory
about
black
holes?
谁提出了关于黑洞的理论？
put
up 挂起；举起；张贴
put
on
穿上；上演；假装
put
away
把……收好，存放；储蓄
put
an
end
to
结束
put
out
熄灭，扑灭
put
up
with
容忍，忍受
put
off
推迟
put
down
记下；镇压
[温馨提示]
在表示“提出”时，come
up
with和put
forward为及物动词短语，可以用于被动语态；而come
up是不及物动词短语，无被动语态。
[即学即用]
(1)An
interesting
suggestion
for
measuring
the
atmosphere
around
Mars
has
been
put
forward
(＝has
been
come
up
with)．
有人提出一条测定火星周围大气层的有趣的建议。
(2)My
watch
was
slow
so
I
put
it
forward
three
minutes.
我的手表慢了，因此我把它往前拨了3分钟。
(3)The
warm
weather
has
put
the
crops
forward
by
a
month.
暖和的天气使庄稼早熟了一个月。
(4)用put短语的适当形式填空
①Why
we
decided
to
put_off
the
meeting
was
that
our
headmaster
hadn't
come
back
from
Beijing.
②My
parents
wanted
me
to
be
a
doctor,
but
I
couldn't
put_up_with
all
those
years
of
study.
③You'd
better
put_forward
your
reasons
right
now.
We
have
no
time
to
waste.
④You
are
not
allowed
to
put_up
advertisements
on
this
wall
without
special
permission.
2
(教材P3)
In
another
part
of
London,
he
found
supporting
evidence
from
two
other
deaths
that
were
linked
to
the
Broad
Street
outbreak.
在伦敦的另外一个地区，他从另外两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。
link...to... 把……连接到……
link...with...
把……和……连接起来
[即学即用]
(1)The
two
towns
are
linked
to
each
other
by
a
railway.
这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来。
(2)This
old
Silk
Road
linked
China
with
the
West
in
ancient
time.
这条古老的丝绸之路在古时候把中国和西方连接了起来。
(3)Regular
air
traffic
links
the
city
to
the
rest
of
the
country.
定期班机把这座城市和全国其他地方连接起来了。
(4)The
highway
being
built
will
link_the_big_city_with_this_small_town.
正在修建的高速公路将把那座大城市和这个小镇连接起来。
(5)It's
possible
that
he
was_linked_to
the
case:
he
might
have
had
a
hand
in
planning
the
murder.
有可能他和这个案子有关：他可能参与计划了这起谋杀案。
(1)句中neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”，可连接两个平行结构。
①This
phenomenon
is
neither
good
nor
bad;
it
is
a
fact
of
college
life,
today
and
in
the
past.
这种现象既不是很好也不是很差；它就是现实中的大学生活，过去是这样，现在还是如此。
(2)neither...nor...连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于与谓语最近的主语，即：就近原则。
②Neither
my
wife
nor
my
parents
were
(be)able
to
persuade
my
daughter
to
change
her
mind
and
finally
she
joined
in
the
game.
我妻子和我父母都没能说服我女儿改变主意，最终她参加了这个比赛。
[名师点津] 连接并列成分作主语，符合就近原则的还有：
either...or... 或者……或者……
not...but...
不是……而是……
not
only...but(also)．..
不但……而且……
③Either
you
or
one
of
your
students
is
(be)
to
attend
the
meeting
that
is
due
tomorrow.
要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
④Not
you
but
I
am
(be)
to
blame
for
the
mistake.
不是你而是我该为此错误受到责备。
So
many
thousands
of
terrified
people
died
every
time
there
was
an
outbreak.
因此，每次霍乱暴发时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。
(1)every
time用作连词，意为“每次……”，引导时间状语从句。
①Every
time
light
moves
into
a
material
with
a
new
speed,
it
bends
and
scatters.
每次光线以新的速度进入某一物体，就会发生折射和散射。
②Something
is
learned
every
time
a
book
is
opened.
[谚语]开卷有益。
(2)含有time的时间名词短语作连词的还有：each
time
(每次)，(the)
next
time
(下次)，any
time
(随时)，(the)
last
time
(上次)，the
first
time
(第一次)。
③The_first_time
he
came
to
the
city,
he
decided
to
settle
there.
他第一次来到那个城市，他就决定在那里安家。
④You
are
welcome
to
come
back
any_time
you
want
to.
你什么时候想回来，我们都欢迎。
In
two
particular
streets,
the
cholera
outbreak
was
so
severe
that
more
than
500
people
died
in
ten
days.
在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
(1)so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”引导结果状语从句，此结构中so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词。其结构为：
so＋
①We
did
so
well
that
we
were
invited
to
share
our
idea
and
experience
with
all
the
students
of
our
school.
我们做得如此好，以至于我们被邀请与我们学校的所有学生分享我们的想法和经验。
②There
was
so_much_work
to
do
that
everybody
got
bored.
有这么多的工作要做，人人都感到厌烦了。
(2)such...that作“如此……以至于”，连接一个表示结果的状语从句时，与so...that意思相同，但用法不同。such后边要跟名词(这个名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带)，such...that的句型结构可分以下三种：
such＋a(n)＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋that...
such＋adj.＋可数名词复数＋that...
such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that...
③He
has
made
such
great
progress
that
the
teachers
are
pleased
with
him.
他进步得很快，老师们对他感到很满意。
④This
is
such
an
interesting
book
that
we
all
enjoy
reading
it.
＝This
is
so_interesting_a_book
that
we
all
enjoy
reading
it.这本书非常有趣，我们都喜欢看。
(3)当so或such位于句首时，主句应用部分倒装形式。
⑤So
difficult
is
the
article
that
I
can
hardly
understand
it.
这篇文章太难了，我几乎读不懂。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．So
it's
safe
to_conclude
(conclude)
that
it
is
reasonable
to
include
English
which
facilities
daily
communication.
2．Suspecting
(suspect)
the
traveler
of
carrying
drugs,
the
customs
official
stopped
him
and
went
through
his
suitcase.
3．His
son
is
very
naughty
and
has
formed
some
bad
habits.
I
think
he
should
cure
him
of
them.
4．When
linked
(link)
to
the
subway,
the
city
will
be
easy
to
get
access
to.
5．It
was_announced
(announce)
that
our
team
took
the
first
place.
6．I
tried
to
follow
the
instructions
(instruct),
but
I
got
confused.
7．Wounds
exposed
(expose)
to
the
air
heal
more
quickly.
8．Most
little
shops
have
been
absorbed
into
big
businesses
due
to
the
influence
of
the
global
financial
crisis.
9．That
year,
I
attended
(attend)
a
seminar
where
we
were
asked
to
create
a
project
that
would
touch
the
world.
10．They
had_defeated
(defeat)
their
enemies
before
they
could
get
help.
Ⅱ.选词填空
neither...nor...,
take
up
a
challenge,
so...that...,
every
time,
be
exposed
to,
put
forward,
be
absorbed
in,
be
blamed
for
1．Everyone
is
supposed
to
put_forward
some
suggestions
on
how
to
improve
our
environment
at
the
meeting.
2．Neither
he
nor
his
parents
are
going
to
travel
this
holiday
for
they
are
all
busy.
3．The
managing
director
was_blamed_for
the
accident,
although
it
was
not
really
his
fault.
4．He
was
so
absorbed_in
his
work
that
he
didn't
notice
a
visitor
came
in.
5．Are
you
going
to
take_up_a_challenge
of
lasting
a
whole
week
without
arguing?
6．Every_time
I
call
on
her,
she
is
always
busy
writing.
7．—Nowadays
more
and
more
people
would
like
to
live
in
the
countryside.
—Yeah.
You'd
be_exposed_to
a
lot
less
pollution
if
you
moved
to
a
village
with
pure
water
and
air.
8．Nowadays,
shopping
online
is
so
popular
that
it
has
become
a
part
of
our
life.
PAGEUnit
1
Great
scientists
Section
Ⅱ Learning
about
Language
&
Using
Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．spin
(v.)(使)旋转；纺(线或纱)
2．backward
(adv.
&
adj.)向后地(的)；相反地(的)
3．chart
(n.)图表
4．universe
(n.)宇宙；世界
5．construct
(vt.)建设；修建→construction
(n.)建设；建筑物
6．contribute
(vt.
&
vi.)捐献；贡献；捐助→contribution
(n.)贡献；捐款
7．enthusiastic
(adj.)热情的；热心的→enthusiasm
(n.)热情；热心
8．cautious
(adj.)小心的；谨慎的→caution
(n.)小心；谨慎
9．reject
(vt.)拒绝；不接受；抛弃→rejection
(n.)拒绝；拒绝接受；厌弃
10．creat
(vt.)创造→creative
(adj.)有创造力的；创造性的；独创的
11．positive
(adj.)积极的；肯定的→negative
(adj.)消极的；否定的
Ⅱ.核心短语
1．come_to_an_end
结束
2．apart_from
除……之外；此外
3．be
strict
with...
对……严格的
4．lead_to
通向；导致
5．make
sense
讲得通；有意义
6．at
times
有时
7．be
responsible
for
对……负责
8．make
room
for
为……腾地方
Ⅲ.经典句式
1．Only_if
you
put
the
sun
there
did
the
movements
of
the
other
planets
in
the
sky
make
sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
2．He
placed
a
fixed
sun
at
the
centre
of
the
solar
system
with_the_planets_going_round
it
and
only
the
moon
still
going
round
the
earth.
他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，行星都围绕太阳转动，只有月球仍然围绕地球转动。
1.名词后缀：－tion
①construct
vt.
建设；修建→construction
n.
建设；建筑物
②contribute
vt.
&
vi.
捐献；贡献；捐助→contribution
n.
贡献；捐款
③cautious
adj.
小心的；谨慎的→caution
n.
小心；谨慎
④reject
vt.
拒绝；不接受；抛弃→rejection
n.
拒绝；拒绝接受；厌弃
2．形容词后缀：－tive,
－ic
①creat
vt.
创造→creative
adj.
有创造力的；创造性的；独创的
②enthusiasm
n.
热情；热心→enthusiastic
adj.
热情的；热心的
3．归类记单词：－ward后缀表方向的词
backward
adv.
&
adj.
向后地(的)；相反地(的);
forward
adv.
&
adj.
向前地(的);
eastward
adv.
&
adj.
向东地(的);
westward
adv.
&
adj.
向西地(的);
northward
adv.
&
adj.
向北地(的);
southward
adv.
&
adj.
向南地(的)
课文预读
COPERNICUS'
REVOLUTIONARY①
THEORY
Nicolaus
Copernicus②
was
frightened
and
his
mind
was
confused③.
Although
he
had
tried
to
ignore
them,
all
his
mathematical
calculations
led
to④
the
same
conclusion:
that
the
earth
was
not
the
centre
of
the
solar
system⑤.
Only
if
you
put
the
sun
there
did⑥
the
movements⑦
of
the
other
planets
in
the
sky
make
sense⑧.
Yet
he
could
not
tell
anyone
about
his
theory
as
the
powerful
Christian
Church⑨
would
have
punished
him
for
even
suggesting
such
an
idea.
They
believed
God
had
made
the
world
and
for
that
reason⑩
the
earth
was
special
and
must
be
the
centre
of
the
solar
system.
①revolutionary
adj.
革命的；重大变革的
②Nicolaus
Copernicus
['nIk?l?s
k??'p??nIk?s]
尼古拉·哥白尼(波兰天文学家)
③confused
adj.
困惑的；烦恼的
④lead
to通向；导致
⑤the
solar
system太阳系
⑥only后接if引导的状语从句，主句使用部分倒装。
⑦movement
['mu?vm?nt]
n.
移动；运动；动作
⑧make
sense讲得通；有意义
⑨Christian
Church基督教教会
⑩reason
n.
[C，U]
原因；情理
哥白尼的革命性理论
[第1段译文]
尼古拉·哥白尼很恐惧，他的思绪很乱。虽然他尝试着不去理睬那些数字，然而，他的所有的数学计算都得出同样一个结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。然而他并不能向任何人讲述他的理论，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教教会势力的惩罚。他们认为上帝创造了世界，正是由于这个原因，地球才是特殊的，而且一定是太阳系的中心。
The
problem
arose?
because
astronomers
had
noticed
that
some
planets
in
the
sky
seemed
to
stop,
move
backward?
and
then
go
forward
in
a
loop?.
Others
appeared
brighter
at
times?
and
less
bright
at
others?.
This
was
very
strange
if?
the
earth
was
the
centre
of
the
solar
system
and
all
planets
went
round?
it.
?arise
vi.
(arose,
arisen)出现；发生；产生
?backward
['b?kw?d]
adv.
&
adj.
向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的)
move
backward向后移动
?in
a
loop呈环状
?at
times有时；不时
?at
others＝at
other
times在其他时间
?if引导条件状语从句。
?go
round＝go
around＝circle围绕……旋转
?long
and
hard良久而又苦苦地
?do指代上文的explain。
?work
on从事；研究
现在分词短语improving...作伴随状语。
until
he
felt
it
was
complete为时间状语从句。
[第2～3段译文]
问题的出现是因为天文学家已经注意到天空中的有些行星看似静止，有些向相反的方向运行，有些在做圆周运动。有时一些行星会显得比其他的行星更耀眼，而有些时候却显得比其他的暗。如果说地球是太阳系的中心并且所有行星都围绕着地球转的话，这些现象就非常奇怪了。
哥白尼努力地思考这些问题很长时间了，试图找到一个答案。他已经收集了那些星星的观察数据，并利用他全部的数学知识来解释它们。但只有他的新学说才能够做到这一点。因此，在1510年到1514年之间，他一直对此进行研究，渐渐地改进他的学说直到他感觉已经完善为止。
privately
['praIvItlI]
adv.
私下地；秘密地
fixed
adj.
固定的；不动的
with
the
planets
going
round...earth为with复合结构，作方式状语。
spin
[spIn]
vi.
&
vt.
(spun,
spun)(使)旋转；纺(线或纱)
brightness
['braItnIs]
n.
明亮；亮度；聪颖
enthusiastic
adj.
热情的；热心的
encourage
sb.to
do
sth.鼓励某人去做某事
cautious
['k????s]
adj.
小心的；谨慎的
so连接并列分句，表示因果关系。
as至句末为时间状语从句。
lie
vi.
(lay,
lain)
躺
[第4段译文]
1514年，哥白尼私下里给他的朋友们看了他的新理论。他对旧理论所做的改动是革命性的。他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动，只有月亮仍然围绕地球转动。他还认为，地球在围绕太阳运转的同时也在自转，这就解释了行星运行和星体亮度上的变化。他的朋友都热情高涨，鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而哥白尼却小心谨慎。他不想遭到基督教教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。
reject
[rI'd?ekt]
vt.拒绝；不接受；抛弃
现在分词短语saying
it
was
against
God's
idea...作方式状语。saying后跟两个宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句中含有who引导的定语从句who
supported
it，修饰people。
be
against反对；违背
be
for支持；赞同
basis
n.
[C]
基础
on
which
all
our
ideas...为定语从句，修饰the
basis。
universe
['ju?nIv??s]
n.
宇宙；世界
replace
vt.
取代
which引导定语从句，修饰先行词the
Christian
idea
of
gravity。
create
vt.
创造；产生；制造
[第5段译文]
当然他小心是正确的。基督教教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而任何支持这种理论的人都将受到打击。然而现在哥白尼的理论却是我们的宇宙观建立的基础。他的理论还取代了基督教教会对地球引力的看法，他们认为物体掉到地球上是因为上帝把地球设定为宇宙的中心。哥白尼证明这显然是错误的。今天人们可以看到他的理论和艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦、斯蒂芬·霍金的研究工作有着直接联系。
课文理解
Ⅰ.Read
the
text
and
then
find
out
the
main
idea
of
each
paragraph.
A．New
observations
didn't
agree
with
the
old
theory
about
the
earth.
B．Copernicus'
theory
is
the
basis
of
modern
science
about
the
universe.
C．Copernicus
was
puzzled
as
he
found
the
earth
was
not
the
centre
of
the
solar
system.
D．Copernicus'
new
theory
that
the
sun
was
the
centre
could
explain
all
the
phenomena.
E．Copernicus
improved
his
theory
by
collecting
observations
and
using
his
mathematical
knowledge.
Paragraph
1
C Paragraph
2
A
Paragraph
3
E Paragraph
4
D
Paragraph
5
B
Ⅱ.Fill
in
the
blanks
below
according
to
the
text.
1
(教材P4)Look
at
these
simple
verbs
and
make
another
construction
using
make＋a＋noun.
看这些简单动词并用“make＋a＋noun”构成另一个结构。
(be)
under
construction 正在建设中
construct
vt.
建设；修建
[即学即用]
①The
governments
are
speeding
up
the
construction
of
low－rent
housing.
政府部门正加快廉租房的建设。
②The
new
airport
being
constructed
lies
in
the
east
of
the
city.
＝The
new
airport
under_construction
lies
in
the
east
of
the
city.
正在修建的新机场位于该市的东部。
③They
are
planning
to_construct
(construct)
a
new
supermarket.
他们正在计划建造一个新的超市。
写出下列句中contribute的含义
①Many
people
contributed
(捐款)
money
to
the
poor
boy，which
contributed
(有助于)
to
his
returning
to
school.
A
writer
wrote
a
story
about
this
and
contributed
(投稿)
it
to
a
newspaper.
(1)contribute...to... 向……捐献/赠……；给……提供(忠告、建议)；投稿
contribute
to
有助于；促使；导致
(2)contribution
n.
贡献；捐款
make
a
contribution/contributions
to
(doing)
sth.
为……做贡献
[即学即用]
②Everyone
is
willing
to
contribute
food
and
clothes
to
the
homeless
people.
每个人都愿意为无家可归的人捐献食物和衣服。
③There
is
no
doubt
that
your
suggestion
will
help
contribute
to
solving
(solve)
the
problem.
毫无疑问你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。
④Last
week
we
visited
some
great
scientists,
who
made
great
contributions
(contribute)to
science.
上周，我们拜访了好几位科学家，他们对科学做出了卓越的贡献。
[名师点津] 以上短语contribute...to...；contribute
to和make
a
contribution/contributions
to中的to皆为介词。
[联想归纳] 表示“导致；促使”的其他词语还有：lead
to,
bring
about,
result
in,
cause等。
3
(教材P7)His
friends
were
enthusiastic
and
encouraged
him
to
publish
his
ideas,
but
Copernicus
was
cautious.
他的朋友都热情高涨，鼓励他把他的想法公布于世，而哥白尼却小心谨慎。
be
enthusiastic
about/of 对……有热情
be
enthusiastic
to
do
sth.
对做某事很热心/
非常喜欢做某事
enthusiasm
n.
热情；热心
[即学即用]
①The
retired
worker
is
very
enthusiastic
about
neighbourhood
affairs.
那个退休工人对邻里的事情很热情。
②She's
very
enthusiastic
to_read
(read)
the
novels
written
by
Mo
Yan.
她非常喜欢读莫言写的小说。
③Although
she's
a
beginner,
she
plays
with
great
enthusiasm
(enthusiastic)．
虽然她是个新手，但演奏时却充满了激情。
4
(1)be
cautious
of/about
(doing)
sth. 谨防……
(2)cautiously
adv.
细心地；谨慎地
caution
n.
细心；谨慎
with
caution
仔细地
[即学即用]
①Keller
is
cautious
about
making
predictions
for
the
success
of
the
program.
凯勒对预测该计划的成效很谨慎。
②The
old
man
stepped
down
the
stairs
with
caution.
＝The
old
man
stepped
down
the
stairs
cautiously
(cautious)．
这位老人谨慎地下了楼梯。
reject
vt.
拒绝；不接受?提议、建议等?；拒绝?雇用、录取等?；抛弃；?因质量不好而?废弃；扔掉
(教材P7)The
Christian
Church
rejected
his
theory,
saying
it
was
against
God's
idea
and
people
who
supported
it
would
be
attacked.
基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，谁支持这一理论谁就将受到攻击。
[即学即用]
写出下列句中reject的含义
①Unfortunately,
my
advice
was
rejected.拒绝/不接受
②Choose
the
good
apples
and
reject
the
bad
ones.扔掉
③It's
obvious
why
his
application
was
rejected.拒绝录取
[联想归纳] 表示“拒绝”的其他词语还有：refuse;
turn
down等。
1
(教材P4)Apart
from
the
construction
mentioned
above,
you
have
also
learned
the
following
phrases.
除了以上提到的结构，你们还学过下面的短语。
(1)除了……外(还)；此外(相当于in
addition
to或as
well
as)
①Apart
from
their
house
in
London,
they
also
have
a
villa
in
Spain.
他们在伦敦有一座房子，此外在西班牙还有一套别墅。
(2)除了……外(相当于except)
②I
hardly
know
anyone
in
the
village
apart_from_you.
除你之外，我几乎不认识村里的任何人。
(3)除了；只是(相当于except
for)
③Apart_from_a_few_faults,_he
is
a
faithful
friend.
除了有几个缺点外，他是一位值得信赖的朋友。
[易混辨析]
apart
from/besides/except/except
for
apart
from
既可以表示besides，也可以表示except或except
for
besides
“除了……之外还有……”，除去的东西包括在范围内，相当于in
addition
to/as
well
as
except
“除了……之外”，指从同类的人或物中排除
except
for
表示从整体情况来看，要排除其中的部分特殊情况
[即学即用]
选用上述词语填空
④Apart_from/Besides
English,
we
study
Russia
and
Spanish.
⑤Everything
was
perfect
except_for/apart_from
the
weather.
⑥You
can
have
any
of
the
cakes
except
this
one.
2
(教材P7)Only
if
you
put
the
sun
there
did
the
movements
of
the
other
planets
in
the
sky
make
sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
make
sense
of 理解；弄懂
make
no
sense
没道理；没意义
in
a
sense
从某种意义上说
a
sense
of
humor/beauty/direction/...
幽默感/审美观/方向感/……
There
is
no
sense
in
doing
sth.做某事没有道理
[即学即用]
①Read
this
sentence
carefully
to
see
if
it
makes
sense.
仔细阅读一下这个句子，看是否能讲得通。
②Can
you
make
sense
of
this
article?
你能理解这篇文章吗？
③There's
no
sense
in
buying
(buy)
that
expensive
coat
when
these
cheaper
ones
are
just
as
good.
没必要买那么贵的大衣，这些便宜点的也很好。
Only
if
you
put
the
sun
there
did
the
movements
of
the
other
planets
in
the
sky
make
sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
only放在句首修饰状语(通常是副词、介词短语或状语从句等)时，句子需要部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词be放在主语之前。
①Only
if
you
take
more
exercise
will
you
be
able
to
keep
fit.
只有多锻炼，你才能保持身体健康。
②Only_recently_have_I
had
time
to
read
the
book.
直到最近我才有时间读这本书。
③Only
in
this
way
can_we_make_a_great_contribution/great_contributions
to
our
family
and
our
society.
只有用这种方法我们才能为我们的家庭和社会做出巨大贡献。
[名师点津] 如果only修饰的不是状语，即使放在句首主句也不倒装。
④Only
those
who
accept
this
reality
can
lead
a
really
full
life.
只有那些接受这个现实的人才能过上真正丰富的生活。
He
placed
a
fixed
sun
at
the
centre
of
the
solar
system
with
the
planets
going
round
it...
他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动……
with
the
planets
going
round
it是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、伴随等。此外，此结构还可作后置定语。
①With
the
meal
over,
we
all
went
home.
吃完饭后，我们都回家了。
②With
a
lot
of
difficult
problems
to_settle
(settle),
the
new
manager
works
far
into
the
night
every
day.
由于有很多难题要解决，新经理每天工作到深夜。
③With
his
mother
helping
(help)
him,
he
is
getting
along
well
with
his
work.
在妈妈的帮助下，他的工作进展良好。
④With
the
key
lost
(lose),
he
had
to
wait
for
his
mother
outside
the
door.
钥匙丢了，他不得不在门外等妈妈。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Mary
was_rejected
(reject)
by
the
company
she
applied
to
last
year.
2．Apart
from
its
low
price,
the
advantage
of
this
car
lies
in
its
good
quality.
3．The
school
sets
its
job
as
preparing
students
to
make
a
contribution
(contribute)
to
society.
4．We
explained
our
plans
and
he
was
very
enthusiastic
(enthusiasm)
about
them.
5．I've
always
been
very
cautious
about/of
giving
my
address
and
telephone
number
to
strangers.
6．With
a
lot
of
homework
to_finish
(finish),
I
can't
go
skating
with
you.
7．We
must
be
strict
with
our
students
while
we
should
give
them
love
and
care
as
well.
Ⅱ.补全句子
1．We
contributed_a_lot_of_money_to
the
earthquake
fund
last
year.
去年我们向地震基金会捐赠了很多钱。
2．Can
you
make_sense_of
what
the
foreigner
said
just
now?
你能理解这位外国人刚才说的话吗？
3.
Only_if_you_study_hard_will_you
pass
the
final
examination.
只有努力学习，你才能通过期末考试。
4．He
lay
on
the
grass
with
his_eyes_looking_at_the_sky.
他躺在草地上，眼望天空。
5．All
the
staff
are_enthusiastic_about
the
project
which
will
benefit
them
greatly.
所有员工都很热衷于这个会给他们带来巨大利益的项目。
6．The
new
suspension
bridge
designed
by
the
famous
architect
is
under_construction/being_constructed
now.
这位著名的建筑师设计的新悬浮桥正在建设之中。
PAGEUnit
1
Great
scientists
Section
Ⅲ Grammar——过去分词作定语和表语
[语法图解]
[探究发现]
①But
he
became
inspired
when
he
thought
about
helping
ordinary
people
exposed
to
cholera.
②So
many
thousands
of
terrified
people
died
every
time
there
was
an
outbreak.
③He
became
interested
in
two
theories
that
possibly
explained
how
cholera
killed
people.
④From
the
stomach
the
disease
quickly
attacked
the
body
and
soon
the
affected
person
died.
⑤He
was
determined
to
find
out
why.
⑥He
found
that
it
came
from
the
river
polluted
by
the
dirty
water
from
London.
⑦He
immediately
told
the
astonished
people
in
Broad
Street
to
remove
the
handle
from
the
pump
so
that
it
could
not
be
used.
⑧With
this
extra
evidence
John
Snow
was
able
to
announce
with
certainty
that
polluted
water
carried
the
virus.
[我的发现]
(1)例句①②④⑥⑦⑧中的过去分词(短语)作定语。
(2)例句②④⑦⑧中为单个的过去分词作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的前面；例句①⑥中过去分词短语作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的后面。
(3)例句③⑤中的过去分词在句中作表语。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时的位置
(1)前置定语
一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词之前。
The
polluted
water
was
to
blame
for
the
spread
of
cholera.
被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。
The
recovered
animals
will
be
released
soon.
痊愈的动物会很快被释放。
[名师点津] ①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也可放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
There
are
few
tigers
left.
It
is
time
for
the
departments
concerned
to
take
measures
to
protect
them
from
dying
out.
剩余的老虎不多了，是相关部门采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。
②如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no与thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等，单个分词放在被修饰词的后面。
Is
there
anything
unsolved?
还有什么没解决的吗？
(2)后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
Last
Tuesday
in
a
mountainous
area,
there
were
a
total
of
173
sheep
killed
almost
immediately
(＝which
were
killed
almost
immediately)
when
lightning
struck.
上周二在一个山区，当雷击发生时有173只羊即刻被雷电击死。
[即时演练1]
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①The
time
spent
(spend)
on
business
matters
can
never
be
recovered.
②To
return
to
the
problem
of
water
pollution,
I'd
like
you
to
look
at
a
study
conducted
(conduct)
in
Australia
in
2012.
③The
adobe
dwellings
(土坯房)
built
(build)
by
the
Pueblo
Indians
of
the
American
Southwest
are
admired
by
even
the
most
modern
architects
and
engineers.
(2)同义句转换
①He
is
a
teacher
loved
by
his
students.
→He
is
a
teacher
who_is_loved_by_his_students.
②The
girl,
who
was
brought
up
by
her
uncle,
has
begun
to
work
now.
→The
girl,
brought_up_by_her_uncle,_has
begun
to
work
now.
2．过去分词作定语时的意义
(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。
Trucks
and
buses
were
driven
on
gas
carried
in
large
bags
on
the
roof.(表示被动)
卡车与公共汽车皆烧煤气，煤气装在车顶上的大袋中。
The
plan
put
forward
at
the
meeting
will
be
carried
out
soon.(表示被动和完成)
会上提出的计划将很快被执行。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。
Our
retired
soccer
coach
went
to
watch
us
play
a
game
last
week.
上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。
The
risen
sun
is
shining
brightly
in
the
morning.
早上已升起的太阳正明亮地闪耀。
[即时演练2] 选择填空
过去分词作定语有三种情况：
A．只表示被动
B．只表示完成
C．既表示被动又表示完成
请判断下列句子中加黑部分属于哪种情况
①America
is
a
developed
country.__B__
②I
found
it
hard
to
understand
the
English
spoken
by
the
native
villagers.__A__
③Is
there
anything
planned
for
the
weekend？__C__
3.过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别
意义形式
语态
时态
过去分词
被动
完成
现在分词
主动
进行
As
we
all
know,
China
is
a
developing
country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
The
visitor
came
from
a
developed
country.
这位游客来自一个发达国家。
[即时演练3] 用分词作定语补全句子
①Even
though
it
is
still
in
summer,
there
are
many_fallen_leaves
on
the
ground.
尽管仍是夏天，但地上有很多的落叶。
②Nowadays
there
are
a
lot
of
man?made
satellites
flying_in_space.
如今在太空中有许许多多人造卫星在飞行。
4．过去分词
(done)、现在分词的被动语态
(being
done)
与动词不定式的被动语态
(to
be
done)
作定语的区别
意义形式
语态
时态
done
被动
完成
being
done
被动
进行
to
be
done
被动
尚未发生
The
building
built
last
year
is
our
classroom
building.
去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The
building
being
built
now
is
our
classroom
building.
现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The
building
to
be
built
next
month
is
our
classroom
building.
下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
[即时演练4] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①The
cars
being_sold
(sell)
at
the
market
now
are
made
in
Guangzhou.
②Tsinghua
University,
founded
(found)
in
1911,
is
home
to
a
great
number
of
outstanding
figures.
③There
are
still
many
problems
to_be_solved
(solve)
before
we
are
ready
for
a
long
stay
on
the
moon.
二、过去分词作表语
1．过去分词作表语的用法
过去分词可放在连系动词be,
get,
feel,
remain,
seem,
look,
become等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态。
He
looked
worried
after
reading
the
letter.
看完信后，他显得很忧虑。
When
we
heard
of
it,
we
were
deeply
moved.
当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。
[即时演练5]
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①—Are
you
sure
you're
ready
for
the
test?
—No
problem.
I'm
well
prepared
(prepare)
for
it.
②We
got
a
little
sunburned/sunburnt
(sunburn),
but
the
day
had
been
so
relaxing
that
we
didn't
mind.
③While
waiting
for
the
opportunity
to
get
promoted
(promote),
Henry
did
his
best
to
perform
his
duty.
(2)补全句子
①Why
do
you
always
look_tired?
你为什么总是看上去很疲劳？
②I
was_disappointed
at
the
film
I
saw
last
night.
I
had
expected
it
to
be
better.
我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能好些。
2．过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别
过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The
cup
is
broken.
杯子破了。(系表结构)
The
cup
was
broken
by
Tom.
杯子是汤姆打破的。(被动语态)
[即时演练6] 对比翻译
①这本书写得很好。
The_book_is_well_written.
②这本书是他去年写的。
The_book_was_written_by_him_last_year.
3．感觉类及物动词的现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。
常用的这类词有：
We
were
surprised
at
what
he
said
at
the
meeting.
我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。
His
words
were
discouraging,
which
made
many
people
discouraged.
他的话令人泄气，使得很多人灰心丧气。
[即时演练7] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①The
frightened
look
on
her
face
suggested
that
she
was
frightened
by
the
frightening
scene.(frighten)
②The
news
was
exciting
and
they
were
all
excited
at
it.(excite)
③We
all
felt
encouraged
at
the
encouraging
news.(encourage)
④The
audience
were
all
moved
to
tears
by
the
moving
film.(move)
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．Jim
has
retired,
but
he
still
remembers
the
happy
time
spent
(spend)
with
his
students.
2．I
was
the
first
Western
TV
reporter
permitted
(permit)
to
film
a
special
unit
caring
for
pandas
rescued
from
starvation
in
the
wild.
3．A
study
of
travelers
conducted
(conduct)
by
the
website
TripAdvisor
names
Yangshuo
as
one
of
the
top
10
destinations
in
the
world.
4．We
were
very
shocked
when
we
heard
the
shocking
news.
(shock)
5．Studies
show
that
students
often
exposed
(expose)
to
too
much
pressure
tend
to
develop
mental
problems.
6．The
new
books
being_printed
(print)
in
the
factory
now
are
mainly
intended
for
children.
7．Most
of
the
artists
invited
(invite)
to
the
party
were
from
South
Africa.
8．When
I
got
home,
I
found
that
the
door
remained
locked
(lock)．
9．I
think
the
problem
just
now
referred
(refer)
to
is
an
important
one.
10．When
autumn
comes,
the
ground
is
covered
(cover)
with
fallen
(fall)
leaves.
Ⅱ.句型转换
1．He
didn't
turn
up
at
the
meeting
held
yesterday.
→He
didn't
turn
up
at
the
meeting
that/which
was
held
yesterday.(定语从句)
2．I
borrowed
a
novel
which
was
written
by
Mo
Yan
from
the
library.
→I
borrowed
a
novel
written
by
Mo
Yan
from
the
library.(过去分词作定语)
3．We
called
on
the
soldier
who
was
wounded
in
the
battle.
→We
called
on
the
soldier
wounded
in
the
battle.(过去分词作定语)
4．He
shows
an
interest
in
collecting
stamps.
→He
is
interested
in
collecting
stamps.(过去分词作表语)
5．What
she
said
puzzled
him.
→He
was/felt
puzzled
at
what
she
said.(过去分词作表语)
PAGEUnit
1
Great
scientists
Section
Ⅳ Writing——劝说信
劝说信是指以信件的形式表达自己的观点或立场，并期待对方认同或接受。
一、基本结构
第一部分：引入。写信人首先需要简要说明写信的主要目的。如果需要的话，也可以大致作一下自我介绍。
第二部分：阐述。这是说服性信函的主体和核心部分。写信人需要在这个部分有条理地列出自己的理由。理由要客观、真实、有说服力，要重点突出、层次分明。同时，要注意适当提高语言的力度，发挥语言的功力，以便更好地展现自己的立场。
第三部分：总结。可以用生动的语言重申自己的核心观点，或以情动人、引起共鸣，或升华延伸、画龙点睛。这部分应该注意语言的简练和冲击力，切忌冗杂拖拉的表达。
二、增分佳句
(一)劝说信开头常用句式——引入观点
1．Now
it
is
commonly
held
that...They
think...But
I
doubt
whether...
2．These
days
we
are
often
told
that...But
is
this
really
the
case...
3．Faced
with...,
quite
a
few
people
argue
that...,
but
I
conceive
it
differently.
4．Currently
there
is
a
widespread
concern
that...
5．Now
people
in
growing
numbers
are
coming
to
realise
that...
(二)劝说信主体常用句式——阐述理由
1．The
reason
for...is
that...
2．The
reasons
for...are
as
follows.
First,
...
Second,
...Last
but
not
least,
...
3．On
the
one
hand,
...；on
the
other
hand,
...
4．We
may
take
a
common
example
to
show...
5．A
recent
study
suggests/shows
that...
6．According
to
the
statistics
provided
by...,
it
can
be
seen
that...
7．There
is
good
evidence
to
show
that...
8．No
one
can
ignore
the
fact
that...
(三)劝说信结尾常用句式——总结
1．In
short,
...
2．In
conclusion,
...
3．As
far
as
I'm
concerned,
...
4．From
what
has
been
discussed
above/Taking
all
these
factors
into
consideration,
we
may
safely
arrive
at/come
to/reach
the
conclusion
that...
[题目要求]
假设你叫李华，请给Nicolaus
Copernicus(尼古拉·哥白尼)写一封信劝说他出版自己的理论著作，这样可以让每个人都了解他的理论，从而推动科学的发展。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear
Nicolaus
Copernicus，
I
am
a
student
studying
astronomy
__________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
第一步：审题构思很关键
一、审题
1．确定体裁：本文为应用文；
2．确定人称：本文的主要人称应为第二人称；
3．确定时态：主要使用一般将来时
和一般现在时。
二、构思
第一部分，引入：说明写信的目的是劝说哥白尼出版他的新理论。
第二部分，阐述：
1．当前理论盛行的原因；
2．发表新理论的压力及原因。
第三部分，总结：重申自己让哥白尼发表新理论的观点。
第二步：核心词汇想周全
1．theory
理论
2．publish
出版；发表
3．make_sense
讲得通
4．observe
观察
5．the_centre_of_the_universe
宇宙的中心
6．brightness
亮度
7．carry_out
进行
8．face_a_great_challenge
面临巨大的挑战
9．advance
进步
10．put_forward
提出
第三步：由词扩句雏形现
1．目前的理论讲不通。(主谓结构)
The_present_theory_doesn't_make_sense/makes_no_sense.
2．如果地球是宇宙的中心，行星的运动方式就不是您所观察的那样。(if引导的状语从句；定语从句；what引导的表语从句)
The_way_the_planets_move_is_not_what_you_have_observed_if_the_earth_is_the_centre_of_the_universe.
3．某些恒星的亮度似乎在改变，这也很奇怪。(It
is
also
strange
that...；seem
to
do)
It_is_also_strange_that_the_brightness_of_some_stars_seems_to_change.
4．太阳是太阳系的中心。(主系表结构)
The_sun_is_the_centre_of_the_solar_system.
5．您的观察很严格地进行了多年。(现在完成时的被动语态)
Your_observations_have_been_very_carefully_carried_out_over_many_years.
6．如果发表您的新理论，您将面临巨大的挑战。(主谓宾结构；if引导的状语从句)
You_will_face_a_great_challenge_if_you_publish_your_new_theory.
7．如果人们没有勇气提出自己的观点，科学就永远得不到进步。(if引导的状语从句)
Science_will_never_advance_if_people_don't_have_the_courage_to_put_forward_their_ideas.
8．别管人们怎么反对，时间将会证明您的观点是正确的。(no
matter引导的状语从句；that引导的宾语从句)
No_matter_how_people_oppose_it,_time_will_prove_that_your_idea_is_right.
第四步：句式升级造亮点
1．用副词strangely作状语改写句3
Strangely,_the_brightness_of_some_stars_seems_to_change.
2．用“The
challenge＋定语从句＋be＋表语”的形式改写句6
The_challenge_you_will_face_is_great_if_you_publish_your_new_theory.
3．用unless引导的状语从句改写句7
Science_will_never_advance_unless_people_have_the_courage_to_put_forward_their_ideas.
第五步：过渡衔接联成篇
Dear
Nicolaus
Copernicus，
I
am
a
student
studying
astronomy
and_I_am_dying_to_read_your_new_theory_about_the_solar_system._I_hope_you_will_publish_it_for_several_reasons.
The_present_theory_doesn't_make_sense._On_the_one_hand,_the_way_the_planets_move_is_not_what_you_have_observed_if_the_earth_is_the_centre_of_the_universe;_on_the_other_hand,_strangely,_the_brightness_of_some_stars_seems_to_change._So_the_sun_is_the_centre_of_the_solar_system.
Though_your_observations_have_been_very_carefully_carried_out_over_many_years,_the_challenge_you_will_face_is_great_if_you_publish_your_new_theory._However,_science_will_never_advance_unless_people_have_the_courage_to_put_forward_their_ideas._No_matter_how_people_oppose_it,_I_think,_time_will_prove_that_your_idea_is_right.
So_I_sincerely_hope_you_can_publish_your_new_theory.
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
PAGE
