Unit
1
People
of
Achievement
Section
A
Reading
and
Thinking
学习目标
1.掌握本节单词、词组。
2.了解屠呦呦人物生平及事迹。
3.发展不同学习技能，解决不同的阅读问题。
知识运用
1.
vital
词性：____________
意思：_____________
be
vital
to/
for
对……至关重要
It
is
vital
to
do
sth.
做某事是至关重要的
It
is
vital
that…
……是至关重要的
（that从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“should+动词原形”）
It
is
vital
that
we
(should)
help
children
set
correct
moral
values.
我们帮助孩子树立正确的道德价值观是至关重要的。
练习：It
is
for
a
journalist
____________
(keep)
accurate
records.
2.
commit
词性：____________
意思：_____________
词性：____________
意思：_____________
commit
sb./
oneself
to
(doing)
sth.
承诺/保证做某事
committed
adj.
尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的
be
committed
to
致力于；委身于
commitment
n.
承诺；投入；委托
make
a
commitment
做出承诺
He
has
committed
a
crime
and
should
be
sent
to
prison.
他犯了罪，应该被送进监狱。
练习：He
has
committed
himself
_________
the
cause
of
education.
3.
evaluate
词性：____________
意思：_____________
evaluate
one's
ability
评估某人的能力
evaluation
n.
评估，估算
I
can't
evaluate
his
ability
without
seeing
his
work.
没有看到他的工作状况，我无法评估他的工作能力。
练习：It
is
widely
acknowledged
that
students
should
__________
(evaluate)
in
terms
of
overall
quality.
4.
distinct
词性：____________
意思：_____________
It
is
distinct
that…
很明显……
be
distinct
from…in…
在……方面与……不同
（=
be
different
from
…in…）
The
two
posters
are
distinct
from
each
other
in
style.
这两张海报在风格上截然不同。
练习：There
is
a
fine
__________
(distinct)
between
the
two
words.
5.
obtain
词性：____________
意思：_____________
词性：____________
意思：_____________
obtain
…from/out
of/
through…
从……中得到……
We
obtained
knowledge
through
books.
我们从书本中获得知识。
练习：You
should___________（获得允许）from
the
headteacher
before
you
leave
school.
6.
acknowledge
词性：____________
意思：_____________
acknowledge
doing/having
done
sth.
承认做了某事
acknowledge
…as/
to
be…
认为……是……
It
is
widely/
generally
acknowledged
that
普遍认为……
I
gratefully
acknowledge
financial
support
from
several
local
businesses.
我对几家本地企业的资助表示感谢。
练习：_____________________(普遍认为……)
getting
up
early
is
beneficial
to
health.
7.
defeat
词性：____________
意思：_____________
词性：____________
意思：_____________
a
narrow
defeat
惜败
suffer
a
defeat
遭遇失败
be
defeated
by
被……打败
The
last
question
on
the
paper
defeated
me.
试卷上最后一道题把我难住了。
练习：They
________________
(遭遇失败)
in
the
battle.
8.
apparently
词性：____________
意思：_____________
apparent
adj.
显而易见的，显然的；表面上的
It
is
apparent/
obvious
that…
……是显而易见的
He
stopped,
apparently
lost
in
thought.
他停下来，显然陷入了深思。
练习：As
is
__________
(apparent)
indicated
in
the
table,
the
house
prices
have
dropped.
9.
insist
词性：____________
意思：_____________
insist
on
doing
sth.
坚持做某事
insist
that…
坚持要求……；坚持说……
（insist后接
that从句时，有两种情况：①表示“坚持，坚决要求”时，从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可省略。②表示“坚持说，坚持认为”时，从句用虚拟语气。）
He
insisted
on
making
a
voyage
after
graduating
from
college.
他坚持大学毕业以后去航海。
练习：The
man
insisted
__________
finding
a
taxi
for
me
even
though
I
told
him
I
lived
nearby.
阅读探究
1.
What
kind
of
person
makes
great
discoveries?
2.
Which
is
more
important
for
making
a
great
discovery,
talent
or
effort?
3.
After
reading
the
text,
find
some
descriptive
words
about
Tu
Youyou.
句型梳理
1.
They
then
tried
boiling
fresh
wormwood,
and
using
the
liquid
obtained
from
this
to
treat
malaria,
but
this
did
not
work
either.
然后，他们试着把新鲜的青蒿煮开，用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但这也不管用。
句式分析
句中
and
连接前后两个并列的动名词短语
boiling
fresh
wormwood和
using
the
liquid
作宾语，obtained
from
this
是过去分词短语作定语，修饰
liquid.
重点语法
过去分词（短语）作定语
单个的过去分词作定语时，常放在被修饰词之前；过去分词短语作定语时，常放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
I
was
requested
to
carry
out
a
plan
supported
by
most
people.
＝I
was
requested
to
carry
out
a
plan
which
was
supported
by
most
people.
我被要求执行一个多数人支持的计划。
注意：
①有些单个的过去分词，在习惯上往往放在被修饰词之后。
There
is
little
time
left.
Let's
hurry
up.
剩余的时间不多了，咱们抓紧吧。
②过去分词修饰代词时，应放在被修饰词之后。
Nothing
reported
in
the
newspaper
interested
him.
报纸上没什么报道使他感兴趣。
③有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置的意义不同。试比较：
This
is
a
used
car.
这是一辆二手汽车。
The
method
used
is
very
efficient.
所用的方法很有效。
误区警示
①不及物动词：只表示完成，不表示被动。
fallen
leaves
落叶
the
risen
sun升起的太阳
②
及物动词：表示被动或完成。
deeply
moved
people
深受感动的人们
the
broken
glass
碎了的杯子
练习：He
is
a
teacher
________
(love)
by
his
students.
2.
Upon
hearing
that
she
had
been
awarded
the
Nobel
Prize,
she
said,
"The
honour
is
not
just
mine.
.
.
"
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这个荣誉不仅仅属于我……”
句式分析
“介词upon+动词-ing形式”构成介词短语，在句中作时间状语。
upon
一……就……
Upon
receiving
a
phone
call
from
his
wife
saying
she
had
a
fall,
Mr.
Green
immediately
rushed
home
from
his
office.
一接到妻子的电话说她摔了一跤，格林先生就立即从办公室赶回家了。
重点语法
upon还可换作介词on,
表示一件事紧接着另一件事而发生。这种用法常见于正式的文体，依据语境，可译作“在……的时候；当……时；一……就……”
On
arriving
at
the
stadium,
the
athletes
began
to
work
out.
一到体育场，运动员们就开始训练。
注意：
用作连词表示“一……就……”的名词词组：
the
moment
/the
instant
/the
minute
/the
second
后接从句
练习：Upon
_________
(appear)
on
the
field,
the
deer
was
shot
by
the
hunter.
答案
知识运用
1.
to
keep
2.
to
3.
be
evaluated
4.
distinction
5.
obtain
permission
6.
It
is
widely/generally
acknowledged
that
7.
suffered
a
defeat
8.
apparently
9.
on
阅读探究
1.
I
think
if
a
person
is
careful,
hardworking,
patient,
persistent,
committed
or
talented,
he/she
is
bound
to
make
great
discoveries.
2.
In
my
opinion,
effort
is
more
important
than
talent
for
making
a
great
discovery.
It
takes
a
long
time
for
people
to
come
to
know
things.
If
a
person
does
not
make
efforts,
he
does
not
have
the
patience
to
carry
on.
Even
if
he
is
very
talented,
he
will
achieve
nothing.
3.
committed;
patient
句型梳理
1.
loved
2.
appearing
PAGEUnit
1
People
of
Achievement
Section
B
Learning
about
Language
学习目标
1、学会本节单词、短语。
2、掌握本节语法重点。
重点词汇
1.
circumstance
词性_______
意思________
in/under
the
circumstance
在这种情况下；既然如此
under
any
circumstance
在任何情况下；无论如何
in/under
no
circumstance
决不；无论如何都不
You
should
fit
your
style
of
living
to
your
circumstance.
你应当让你的生活方式适应环境。
练习：Due
to
__________
(circumstance)
beyond
our
control
the
lecture
was
put
off.
语法解析
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉后也不会影响对全句的理解，它与先行词之间往往用逗号隔开。
The
summer
holiday,
which
we're
looking
forward
to,
is
drawing
near.
我们所期盼的暑假即将到来。
一、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：
关系代词
which,
who,
whom,
whose,
as
关系副词when,
where等
Water,
which
is
a
clear
liquid,
has
many
uses.
水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
He
will
put
off
the
picnic
until
May
1st,
when
he
will
be
free.
他将把野餐推迟到5月1日，那时他将有空。
关系词在句中所作成分：
关系代词：主语、宾语、表语、定语
关系副词：状语
The
boy,
whose
father
is
an
engineer,
studies
very
hard.
这个男孩，他的爸爸是一位工程师，学习很努力。
Once
more
I
am
in
Boston,
where
I
have
not
been
for
years.
我再次来到波士顿，我多年没来了。
二、as的用法
as
也可以作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
（1）as
引导限制性定语从句时，主要用在固定搭配
such.
.
.as,
the
same
.
.
.
as中。
He
is
not
the
same
man
as
he
was.
他和以前不一样了。
（2）
as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代主句的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，常译为“正如”。
Smoking
is
harmful
to
one's
health,
as
is
known
to
us
all.
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
（3）as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前。
As
I
have
pointed
out,
it
is
important
to
include
vegetables
in
our
diet.
正如我所指出的，蔬菜在日常饮食中很重要。
（4）as引导的非限制性定语从句常可看作固定结构，如：
as
is
known
to
us
众所周知
as
is
reported
正如所提及的那样
as
we
all
know
众所周知
as
has
been
said
before
正如之前所说
三、使用非限制性定语从句时的注意事项
（1）that
不能引导非限制性定语从句。
在非限制性定语从句中，用who,
whom指代人，用which
指代物。
She
was
very
fond
of
speaking
French,
which
indeed
she
spoke
well.
她很喜欢讲法语，而且讲得确实很好。
（2）当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。
They
went
to
London,
where
they
lived
for
six
months.
他们去了伦敦，在那儿住了六个月。
（3）非限制性定语从句可以补充说明整个主句。
In
the
presence
of
so
many
people
he
was
a
little
tense,
which
was
understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。
（4）非限制性定语从句表原因时，不用why引导，而用
for
which
代替
why。
I
had
told
them
the
reason,
for
which
I
didn't
attend
the
meeting.
我已经告诉了他们我没有参加会议的原因。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
（1）形式不同
限制性定语从句与主句之间无逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。
This
is
the
best
passage
that
I
have
ever
read.
这是我读过的最好的文章。
I
read
a
passage
last
night,
which
is
very
interesting.
我昨天晚上读了一篇文章，它非常有趣。
（2）作用不同
限制性定语从句可以修饰名词或代词，与先行词关系密切，若缺少，句意则不完整。非限制性定语从句修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，对先行词仅起补充说明作用，若缺少，句意仍相对完整。
Do
you
remember
the
man
who
taught
us
English?
你记得教我们英语的那个人吗？
She
and
her
family
bicycle
to
work,
which
helps
them
keep
fit.
她和家人都骑车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。
可通过以下两个例句对比理解两者的区别：
His
brother
who
is
19
years
old
is
serving
in
the
army
now.
他的一个19岁的哥哥正在部队服役。
(他有不止一个哥哥）
His
brother,
who
is
19
years
old,
is
serving
in
the
army
now.
他的哥哥今年19岁，正在部队服役。
(他只有一个哥哥）
（3）翻译不同
限制性定语从句的句子一般先译从句，后译先行词，即把从句放在先行词前，译为“……的＋先行词”。非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译主句，后译从句，形成两个分句。
He
is
the
man
who
lives
next
to
me.
他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。
He
is
a
warm-hearted
man,
who
lives
next
to
me.
他是个热心肠的人，住在我的隔壁。
（4）关系词不同
关系代词
that
不能引导非限制性定语从句。在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；在非限制性定语从句中，所有关系词都不可省略。
Mr.
White,
whom
you
met
yesterday,
is
one
of
my
old
friends.
你昨天遇到的怀特先生是我的一个老朋友。
(非限制性定语从句，whom在从句中作宾语，不能省略）
五、特殊结构“名词／代词＋of
+
which/whom”
There
are
30
chairs
in
the
hall,
most
of
which
are
new.
大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
六、关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的选择
关键是判断句子结构：
非限制性定语从句一选关系代词
并列句一选人称代词或指示代词
He
came
late
again
and
this
made
his
boss
angry.
他又迟到了，这使他的老板很生气。
This
is
my
smart
phone
and
it
was
bought
yesterday.
这是我昨天买的智能手机。
I
met
Professor
Xu,
who
told
me
the
result
of
the
election.
我遇到了许教授，他告诉了我选举的结果。
练习：1.
The
course
normally
attracts
about
100
students
per
year,
of
_________up
to
half
will
be
from
abroad.
2.
Now
Irene
Astbury
works
from
9am
to
5pm
daily
at
the
pet
shop
in
Macclesfield,
________she
opened
with
her
late
husband
Les.
3.
Mathematical
models
have
also
revealed
that
food
webs
may
be
unstable,
__________
small
changes
of
top
predators
can
lead
to
big
effects
throughout
entire
ecosystems.
4.
That
summer,
__________the
other
teams
enjoyed
their
vacations,
we
met
every
day
and
practised
passing
and
kicking
the
football.
5.
Kate,
___________sister
I
shared
a
room
with
when
we
were
at
college,
has
gone
to
work
in
Australia.
6.
We
will
put
off
the
picnic
in
the
park
until
next
week,
__________the
weather
may
be
better.
答案
重点词汇
1.
circumstance
语法解析
1.
whom
2.
which
3.
where
4.
when
5.
whose
6.
when
PAGEUnit
1
People
of
Achievement
Section
C
Reading
for
Writing
学习目标
1、学会本节单词、短语。
2、学会写人物介绍。
词汇运用
1.
found
词性：____________
意思：_____________
be
founded
on
建立在……基础上；（建筑物）建立在……上
The
People's
Republic
of
China
was
founded
in
1949.
中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
2.
extraordinary
词性：____________
意思：_____________
an
extraordinary
memory
非凡的记忆力
extraordinary
ideas
离奇的想法
3.
consequence
词性：____________
意思：_____________
accept/
take
the
consequence
承担后果
in
consequence/
as
a
consequence
因此，所以
in
consequence
of/
as
a
consequence
of
因为，作为……的结果
Taking
risks
can
have
serious
consequences.
冒险可能会产生严重后果。
4.
encounter
词性：____________
意思：_____________
have
an
encounter
with
与……相遇
come
across
偶然遇到；偶然发现
We
encountered
a
variety
of
difficulties
in
the
first
week.
我们在第一周遇到各种各样的困难。
5.
sum
词性：____________
意思：_____________
词性：____________
意思：_____________
sum
up
总结；概括
sum
into/to
共计
to
sum
up
=in
sum
总之
句型解析
1.
He
made
numerous
contributions
to
the
world,
the
most
well-known
being
the
general
theory
of
relativity
and
the
famous
formula
E=mc2.
他对世界做出了许多贡献，最著名的是广义相对论和著名的公式E=mc2
。
句式分析
本句是一个简单句，the
most
well-known
being
the
general
theory
of
relativity
and
the
famous
formula
E=mc2是独立主格结构，对前文进行解释说明。
独立主格结构
有时现在分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，有时还可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况或解释整个句子。独立主格结构的构成：
（1）
名词＋现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）
Weather
permitting,
they
will
go
on
an
outing
to
the
beach
tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
（2）
名词＋过去分词（表示被动或已经完成）
Enough
time
given,
she
will
surely
do
the
job
better.
如果给她足够的时间，她一定会把工作做得更好。
（3）名词＋不定式（表示即将发生）
Here
are
the
first
three
volumes,
the
fourth
one
to
come
out
next
month.
这是前三卷，第四卷下个月出版。
（4）
名词＋形容词／副词／介词短语／名词短语
Her
face
pale
with
anger,
she
rose
to
go
away.
她气得脸色苍白，站起来要走。
The
summer
vacation
over,
the
students
returned
to
school.
暑假结束了，学生们回到了学校。
2.
He
had
a
thick
moustache
and
long
white
hair,
which
sometimes
stood
on
end
as
though
he
had
just
received
an
electric
shock.
他胡须浓密，有时白发挺立，就像刚遭了电击一样。
句式分析
本句是复合句，which
引导的是非限制性定语从句，对hair
进行修饰限定。定语从句中
as
though
he
had
just
received
an
electric
shock是as
though
引导的状语从句，使用了虚拟语气。
as
though仿佛，好像（＝as
if)
（1）as
though/if可置于look,
seem,
feel
等连系动词后引导表语从句，也可以引导方式状语从句。
It
seemed
as
though
he
didn't
care
about
everything
around
him.
看起来他好像不在乎周围的一切。
(表语从句）
He
talks
to
them
as
if
they
were
children.
他同他们说话，就当他们是孩子一样。
(方式状语从句）
（2）as
though/if引导的从句常用虚拟语气表示所述的情况与事实不符。
与现在事实不符
过去式（be
动词用were）
He
talks
as
though
he
knew
all
about
it.
与过去事实不符
had+过去分词
He
kept
working
as
if
nothing
had
happened.
与将来事实不符
would/could/might
+动词原形
It
looks
as
though
it
might
rain.
（3）as
though/if
引导的从句有时也可以用陈述语气，表示说话者认为从句所述的情况是事实。
He
looked
as
though
he
was
about
to
burst
into
tears.
他看上去好像要哭起来了。
as
though/if引导的从句有时可用省略形式。结构：as
though/if+分词／不定式／形容词／介词短语等。
She
stood
at
the
door
as
though/if
waiting
for
someone.
她站在门口，好像在等人。
写作天地
假定你是李华。最近你市电子科技博物馆正在征集我国古代科学家的英文简介，请你写一篇英语短文介绍我国古代科学家郭守敬，内容包括：
（1）基本信息：我国古代著名天文学家、数学家和工程师；出生于现河北邢台；生于1231年，卒于1316年。
（2）主要成就及发明：负责修建大都至通州运河；制订《授时历》，
通行360多年，是当时世界上最先进的一种历法；著有十四种天文历法著作。
注意：
（1）词数80左右；
（2）可以适当增加细节，以使内容充实、行文连贯。
参考词汇：运河canal
《授时历》Shoushi
Calendar
天文历法
astronomical
calendar
答案
One
Possible
Version:
Guo
Shoujing,
one
of
the
top
ancient
Chinese
scientists,
was
born
in
Xingtai,
Hebei
Province
in
1231
and
passed
away
in
1316,
who
lived
in
the
best
years
of
the
Yuan
Dynasty.
As
an
outstanding
astronomer,
engineer
and
mathematician,
he
greatly
influenced
the
development
of
science
in
China.
He
was
in
charge
of
building
the
Dadu-Tongzhou
canal
of
the
Yuan
Dynasty,
which
improved
the
north-south
traffic.
At
the
same
time,
he
invented
Shoushi
Calendar,
which
was
applied
to
calculating
the
accurate
length
of
the
year.
The
calendar,
used
for
more
than
360
years,
was
considered
the
most
advanced
calendar
in
the
world
at
that
time.
What's
more,
he
created
14
kinds
of
masterpieces
on
the
astronomical
calendar.
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