07.备战高考英语阅读理解之判断推理题解题方法（教师版+学生版）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
（一）、题型概述
英语阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图直接表达
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是推理判断题。推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题，要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。推理判断题涉及的范围很广，主要包括细节推断、预测推断、对文章来源或读者对象的推断、写作意图推断以及态度倾向推断等。
（二）、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)在文章中可以找到信息支持，并且可以推断出正确选项。
(2)大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。
2．干扰项的特点
(1)颠倒是非：选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。
(2)照搬原文：原文里有相关的直接信息，不需要经过推断。
(3)推理过度：把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。
(4)无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推断。
（三）、解题过程中应该注意的问题
推理判断题考查考生根据字面
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题。不论做哪一类推理判断题，指导思想都是要以文字信息为依据，不能浮于表面，但也不能做多步推理。21·cn·jy·com
（四）、命题方式
推理判断题常见的命题形式：
1．细节推断题
(1)It
can
be
inferred/concluded
from
the
passage
that
.
(2)The
author
strongly
suggests
that
.
(3)The
writer
implies
but
not
directly
states
that
.
(4)The
writer/author
indicates/suggests/implies
that
.
2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题
(1)The
passage
would
most
likely
be
found
in
.
(2)In
which
of
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e
following
publications
would
this
passage
most
likely
come
from?
(3)Where
is
the
passage
most
likely
to
have
been
taken
from?
3．写作意图类推断题
(1)What
is
the
main
purpose
of
the
author
in
writing
this
passage?
(2)The
purpose
of
the
passage
is
to
get
people
to
.
(3)The
writer
writes
the
last
paragraph
in
order
to
.
4．态度倾向类推断题
(1)The
attitude
of
the
author
towards...is
.
(2)What’s
the
writer’s
attitude
towards...?
(3)What
does
the
author
think
about...?
（五）、技法点拨
1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。考生只有把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可以判断正确答案。
典题印证
Other
organizatio
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ns
such
as
banks
ask
customers
to
sign
long
contracts
they
may
not
read
or
understand,
but
Miller
believes
social
media
requires
special
attention
because
it
is
so
new.
“We
still
don’t
know
how
significant
the
long-term
impact
is
going
to
be
of
unwise
things
that
kids
put
on
social
media
that
come
back
and
bite
them
in
20
years’
time,”
he
says.
Andrew
Miller
thinks
s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ocial
media
needs
more
attention
than
banks
mainly
because
_______.
A.
their
users
consist
largely
of
kids
under
20
years
old
B.
the
language
in
their
contracts
is
usually
harder
to
understand21
cnjy
com
C.
the
info
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)rmation
they
collected
could
become
more
valuable
in
future
D.
it
remains
unknown
how
users’
data
will
be
taken
advantage
of
答案　D
[解析]
推理判断题。根据段后一句“
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)We
still
don’t
know
how
significant
the
long-term
impact
is
going
to
be
of
unwise
things
that
kids
put
on
social
media
that
come
back
and
bite
them
in
20
years’
time,”
he
says.可知我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。
2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题
考生本身要具备一定的常识，
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。如要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。
典题印证
EU
members’
state
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
have
agreed
to
ban
a
toxic
substance
widely
found
in
clothing
because
it
poses
an
“acceptable
risk”
to
the
environment.
Countries
voted
in
favor
of
extending
existing
restrictions
on
nonylphenol
ethoxylates
(NPE)
to
imports
of
clothing
and
other
textile
products.
The
measure
is
intend
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ed
to
protect
species
in
water.
Use
of
NPE
in
textile
manufacture
in
Europe
was
banned
over
10
years
ago
but
the
substance
is
still
released
into
the
water
environment
through
imported
textiles
being
washed.
...........
A
2011
study
by
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)Greenpeace
found
NPE
in
two-thirds
of
clothes
tested,
including
items
sold
by
big-name
brands
such
as
Adidas,
H&M,
Lacoste,
and
Ralph
Lauren.
The
NGO
(Non-Governmental
Organizations)
argued
that
although
concentrations
of
NPE
found
in
the
clothes
were
low,
the
chemical’s
existence
in
the
environment
posed
a
risk.
..........
Which
section
of
the
website
does
the
text
come
from?
A.
Lifestyle.
B.
Technology.
C.
Business.
D.
Environment.
答案　D
[解析]
推理判断题。这是一篇说明文。本
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)文主要讲述了欧盟禁止在织物中使用一种对环境有害的物质NPE，这种物质在织物清洗时会释放到水中，影响水环境，进而影响水中鱼类的生长。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第一段的EU
members'
states
have
agreed
to
ban
a
toxic
substance
widely
found
in
clothing
because
it
poses
an
''acceptable
risk''
to
the
environment.(欧盟的成员国已经同意禁止一种广泛存在于服装中的有毒物质，因为它对环境构成了“可接受的风险”)可知，本文主要讲述了欧盟禁止在织物中使用一种对环境有害的物质NPE，这种物质在织物清洗时会释放到水中，影响水环境，进而影响水中鱼类的生长。由此推测本文很有可能出现在网页的环境相关的板块。D.
Environment.(环境)符合以上说法，故选D项。
3．写作意图类推断题
要求根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。
典题印证
If
you
are
a
frui
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)t
grower—or
would
like
to
become
one—take
advantage
of
Apple
Day
to
see
what’s
around.It’s
called
Apple
Day
but
in
practice
it’s
more
like
Apple
Month.The
day
itself
is
on
October
21，but
since
it
has
caught
on，events
now
spread
out
over
most
of
October
around
Britain.21教育名师原创作品
Visiting
an
apple
even
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)t
is
a
good
chance
to
see，and
often
taste，a
wide
variety
of
apples.To
people
who
are
used
to
the
limited
choice
of
apples
such
as
Golden
Delicious
and
Royal
Gala
in
supermarkets，it
can
be
quite
an
eye
opener
to
see
the
range
of
classical
apples
still
in
existence，such
as
Decio
which
was
grown
by
the
Romans.Although
it
doesn’t
taste
of
anything
special，it’s
still
worth
a
try，as
is
the
knobbly(多疙瘩的)
Cat’s
Head
which
is
more
of
a
curiosity
than
anything
else.
There
are
also
va
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)rieties
developed
to
suit
specific
local
conditions.One
of
the
very
best
varieties
for
eating
quality
is
Orleans
Reinette，but
you’ll
need
a
warm，sheltered
place
with
perfect
soil
to
grow
it，so
it’s
a
pipe
dream
for
most
apple
lovers
who
fall
for
it.
At
the
events，you
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)can
meet
expert
growers
and
discuss
which
ones
will
best
suit
your
conditions，and
because
these
are
family
affairs，children
are
well
catered
for
with
apple?themed
fun
and
games.
Apple
Days
are
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
being
held
at
all
sorts
of
places
with
an
interest
in
fruit,
including
stately
gardens
and
commercial
orchards．If
you
want
to
have
a
real
orchard
experience，try
visiting
the
National
Fruit
Collection
at
Brogdale,
near
Faversham
in
Kent.
What
is
the
author’s
purpose
in
writing
the
text?
A．To
show
how
to
grow
apples.
B．To
introduce
an
apple
festival.
C．To
help
people
select
apples.
D．To
promote
apple
research.
答案　B
[解析]　写作意图题。根
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)据第一段第一句“If
you
are
a
fruit
grower—or
would
like
to
become
one—take
advantage
of
Apple
Day
to
see
what’s
around.”和最后一段最后一句“If
you
want
to
have
a
real
orchard
experience，try
visiting
the
National
Fruit
Collection
at
Brogdale，near
Faversham
in
Kent.”可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日——Apply
Day，并推荐人们参加这个节日。21·世纪
教育网
4．态度倾向类推断题
考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：(1)中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)等；(2)褒义词：positive(积极的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，admiring(赞赏的)等；(3)贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的，消极的)，disappointed(失望的)等。
典题印证
The
college
years
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)are
supposed
to
be
a
time
for
important
growth
in
autonomy(自主性)
and
the
development
of
adult
identity.However，now
they
are
becoming
an
extended
period
of
adolescence，during
which
many
of
today’s
students
are
not
shouldered
with
adult
responsibilities.
For
previous
g
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)enerations，college
was
a
decisive
break
from
parental
control;
guidance
and
support
needed
to
come
from
people
of
the
same
age
and
from
within.In
the
past
two
decades，however，continued
connection
with
and
dependence
on
family，thanks
to
cell
phones，email
and
social
media，have
increased
significantly.Some
parents
go
so
far
as
to
help
with
coursework.Instead
of
promoting
the
idea
of
college
as
a
passage
from
the
shelter
of
the
family
to
autonomy
and
adult
responsibility，universities
have
given
in
to
the
idea
that
they
should
provide
the
same
environment
as
that
of
the
home.www.21-cn-jy.com
What’s
the
author’s
at
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)titude
toward
continued
parental
guidance
to
college
students?
A．Sympathetic.
B．Disapproving.
C．Supportive.
D．Neutral.
答案　B
[解析]　观点态度题。文章第一段作者说现在
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)的大学生没有承担起成人的责任，第二段作者分析了原因，指出由于父母的引导延伸到了大学导致学生自主能力的缺失。
附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
positive
肯定的,积极的passive
被动的，消极的negative
消极的
supportive
支持的disapproving
不赞成的critical
批评的
conservative
保守的suspicious
可疑的，怀疑的
puzzled/
confused
困惑的
subjective
主观的
objective
客观的
neutral
中立的
concerned
关心的，有关的
optimistic
乐观的pessimistic
悲观的
indifferent
漠不关心的
unconcerned
不关心的
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
1．细节推断题
片段节选
Our
own
experien
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ce
working
together
on
health，development，and
energy
the
last
twenty
years
has
been
one
of
the
most
rewarding
parts
of
our
lives.It
has
changed
who
we
are
and
continues
to
fuel
our
optimism
about
how
much
the
lives
of
the
poorest
people
will
improve
in
the
years
ahead.21cnjy.com
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
last
paragraph?
A．The
author
believes
the
lives
of
the
poorest
will
get
better.21
cnjy
com
B．Much
more
progress
will
be
made
in
the
near
future.
C．The
work
on
health
is
the
most
valuable
experience.
D．People’s
efforts
have
been
materially
rewarded.
答案　A
[解析]　推理判断题。根据
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)本段最后提到的“It
has
changed
who
we
are
and
continues
to
fuel
our
optimism
about
how
much
the
lives
of
the
poorest
people
will
improve
in
the
years
ahead.”知穷人的生活将会变更好。
片段节选
Many
amusics
are
ha
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ppy
when
their
condition
is
finally
diagnosed
(诊断).
For
years,
Margaret
felt
embarrassed
about
her
problem
with
music.
Now
she
knows
that
she
is
not
alone.
There
is
a
name
for
her
condition.
That
makes
it
easier
for
her
to
explain.
“When
people
invite
me
to
a
concert,
I
just
say,
‘No
thanks,
I’m
amusic,’”
says
Margaret.
“I
just
wish
I
had
learned
to
say
that
when
I
was
seventeen
and
not
seventy.”
In
the
last
paragraph,
Margaret
expressed
her
wish
that
__________.
A.
her
problem
with
music
had
been
diagnosed
earlier
B.
she
were
seventeen
years
old
rather
than
seventy
C.
her
problem
could
be
easily
explained
D.
she
were
able
to
meet
other
amusics
答案：A
[解析]：细节判断题。根据关键词last
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
paragraph，定位最后一段，找到Margaret说的那句话―I
just
wish
I
had
learned
to
say
that
when
I
was
seventeen
and
not
seventy（我只是希望我十七岁而不是七十岁的时候学会说那句话啊），这是一个虚拟语气的句子，说明希望早点诊断此疾病。
片段节选
Unselfish
beha
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)vior
was
considered
more
morally
right
than
selfish,
but
both
behaviors
were
judged
to
be
more
moral
and
less
deserving
of
punishment
if
the
majority
exhibited
them
than
if
they
were
uncommon.
The
commonness
of
the
selfish
behavior
also
affected
the
participants'
willingness
to
themselves
pay
to
punish
selfishness.
It
can
be
concluded
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)at
the
participants
in
the
experiments
are
punished
if
_________.
A.
they
can’t
play
"public
goods
game"
B.
invest
the
money
to
benefit
group
members
C.
they
behave
differently
from
the
majority
D.
they
keep
the
money
for
themselves
答案：C
2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题
片段节选
Lakelander·2
hours
ago
Today，a
man
talk
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ed
very
loud
on
his
phone
on
a
train
between
Malvern
and
Reading，making
many
passengers
upset.I
wonder
how
he
would
react
if
I
were
to
read
my
newspaper
out
loud
on
the
train.I
have
never
had
the
courage
to
do
it，though.
Pak50·57
minutes
ago
Why
not
give
it
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)try?
Perhaps
you
should
take
lessons
on
a
musical
instrument.The
late
musician
Dennis
Brain
is
said
to
have
asked
a
fellow
train
passenger
to
turn
off
his
radio.When
his
request
was
refused，he
took
out
his
French
horn(号)
and
started
to
practise.
　Angie
O’Edema·42
minutes
ago
I
don’t
see
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)how
musical
instruments
can
help
improve
manners
in
public.Don’t
do
to
others
what
you
wouldn’t
like
to
be
done
to
yourself.Once，a
passenger
next
to
me
talked
out
loud
on
his
mobile
phone.I
left
my
seat
quietly，giving
him
some
privacy
to
finish
his
conversation.He
realized
this
and
apologised
to
me.When
his
phone
rang
again
later，he
left
his
seat
to
answer
it.You
see，a
bit
of
respect
and
cooperation
can
do
the
job
better.2·1·c·n·j·y
Taodas·29
minutes
ago
I
did
read
my
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
newspaper
out
loud
on
a
train，and
it
turned
out
well.The
guy
took
it
in
good
part，and
we
chatted
happily
all
the
way
to
Edinburgh.
Sophie76·13
minutes
ago
I
have
not
tried
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
reading
my
newspaper
out
loud
on
a
train，but，several
years
ago，I
read
some
chapters
from
Harry
Potter
to
my
bored
and
noisy
children.Several
passengers
seemed
to
appreciate
what
I
did.【版权所有：21教育】
Where
is
the
passage
most
probably
taken
from?
A．A
webpage.
B．A
newspaper.
C．A
novel.
D．A
report.
答案　A
[解析]　文章出处题。根据文章的写作风格以及每个帖子的时间提示可知，应该最有可能来自于网页。
3．写作意图类推断题
片段节选
WE
COMBAT
ANIMAL
DISEASES
TOGETHER!
We
want
to
prevent
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)serious
animal
diseases
such
as
foot
and
mouth
disease,
classical
swine
fever
and
African
swine
fever
from
spreading
to
Finland.
These
and
other
animal
diseases
can
be
transmitted
from
one
country
to
another
by
animals
or
by
meat
and
dairy
products
even
if
they
are
packed
for
personal
consumption
or
intended
as
gifts.
Travelers
like
you
play
an
important
role
in
preventing
the
spread
of
animal
diseases.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Don’t
bring
meat,
meat
products,
milk
and
dairy
products
from
non-EU
countries
to
Finland!
A
ban
on
perso
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)nal
imports
applies
to
meat
and
dairy
products
brought
into
Finland
by
travelers
or
ordered
and
sent
through
the
post.
The
ban
applies
to
food
stuffs
intended
for
personal
consumption
or
as
gifts
and
to
pet
food.
If
you
have
food
products
of
animal
origin
with
you,
throw
them
in
a
waste
container
in
the
point
of
entry
or
contact
Customs!
Whom
is
this
notice
intended
for?
A.
Food
importers
in
Finland.
B.
Travelers
to
Finland.
C.
Citizens
in
E
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)U
countries.
D.
Medical
staff
from
non-EU
countries.
答案　B
[解析]
写作意图类推断题。该应用文是芬兰
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)食品管理局发出的一封共同抵御动物疾病，特别是非洲猪瘟的通知，并对人们进行了建议和指引。本题要求判断文章所面向的读者群体，这是一篇由政府官方管理机构发出的通知，综合全文，特别是第一段末尾部分“…even
if
they
are
packed
for
personal
consumption
or
intended
as
gifts.
Travelers
like
you
play
an
important
role
in
preventing
the
spread
of
animal
diseases.”提到，即使你是私人肉制品消费或是把相关动物产品买来当礼物，也有传播动物疾病的风险，像你这样的（普通）旅行者在防控动物疾病传播中扮演了十分重要的角色，所以这篇文章是写给来芬兰旅游的人（travelers）看的，故选B。
4．态度倾向类推断题
片段节选
Scientist
can’t
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)foresee
the
possible
effects
of
GE
foods,
yet
we
eat
them
every
day
without
even
knowing
it.
We
already
have
enough
food,
so
why
create
more
that
could
be
potentially
harmful
to
us,
to
the
Earth
and
to
all
wildlife?
I
think
that
the
benefits
are
amazing,
but
until
we
know
for
sure
how
these
foods
will
affect
us,
they
are
not
worth
the
risk.
What’s
the
author’s
attitude
towards
genetic
engineering?
A.welcom
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ing
B.disapproving
C.unconcerned
D.optimistic
答案
B
[解析]　态度推理判断题。文章最后一段结尾表明作者态度，即在没有充分了解GE食品对我们影响之前，作者觉得没必要冒险。
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
Reading
Comprehension
(A)
Flu
is
killing
u
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s.
The
usual
response
to
the
annual
flu
is
not
enough
to
fight
against
the
risks
we
currently
face,
let
alone
prepare
us
for
an
even
deadlier
widespread
flu
that
most
experts
agree
will
come
in
the
future.
Yes,
we
have
an
annual
vaccine
(疫苗),
and
everyone
qualified
should
get
it
without
question.
The
reality,
however,
is
that
less
than
half
Americans
get
the
flu
vaccines.
And
the
flu
vaccines
we
have
are
only
60%
effective
in
the
best
years
and
10%
effective
in
the
worst
years.
We
urgently
need
a
much
more
effective
flu
vaccine.
In
the
U.S.
alone,
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)seasonal
flu
can
cause
up
to
36
million
infections,
three-quarters
of
a
million
hospitalizations
and
56,000
deaths.
We
are
not
investing
the
resources
needed
to
protect
ourselves,
our
loved
ones
and
our
communities.
Why
not?
We
haven’t
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)been
hit
by
a
truly
destructive
widespread
disease
in
a
long
time.
So
as
individuals,
we
let
down
our
guard
as
our
leaders
quietly
defund
and
destaff
the
services
we
need
to
protect
us.21世纪教育网版权所有
The
risk
of
con
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)tinued
foot
dragging
is
huge.
In
a
severe
widespread
disease,
the
U.S.
health
care
system
could
be
defeated
in
just
weeks.
Millions
of
people
would
be
infected
by
the
virus,
and
would
die
in
the
weeks
and
months
following
the
initial
outbreak.
21教育网
The
cost
of
pre
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)venting
epidemics
(流行病)
is
roughly
a
tenth
of
what
it
costs
to
cope
with
them
when
they
hit.
In
2012,
a
call
was
issued
for
an
annual
billion-dollar
U.S.
commitment
to
the
development
of
a
universal
flu
vaccine.
Six
years
later,
the
search
for
a
universal
vaccine
remains
seriously
underfunded.
www-2-1-cnjy-com
The
simple
reason
lies
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
in
our
collective
satisfaction.
As
soon
as
headlines
about
the
flu
are
gone,
hospitals
are
emptied
of
flu
patients,
and
school
and
workplace
absence
rates
decline,
we
go
back
to
business
as
usual.
Leading
scientists
an
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)d
public
health
officials
have
the
capability
to
keep
us
much
safer
from
flu.
They
need
your
quick
and
decisive
support
to
succeed.
Your
action
today
may
be
a
matter
of
life
and
death
for
you
and
your
loved
ones.
1.
The
problem
of
the
current
flu
vaccines
is
that
_____.
A.
they
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)re
not
available
every
year
B.
most
Americans
are
not
allowed
to
get
them
C.
not
everyone
i
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
qualified
for
them
D.
many
people
still
catch
flu
after
getting
them
2.
What
does
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e
author
mean
by
“continued
foot
dragging”
in
Paragraph
4?
A.
Hospitals
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)cannot
meet
the
needs
of
patients
during
flu
outbreaks.
B.
The
le
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)aders
continue
to
drag
the
feet
of
the
patients
infected
with
flu.
C.
Individuals
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)aren’t
alert
enough
to
the
underinvestment
in
flu
prevention.
D.
Flu
will
certain
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ly
become
a
severe
widespread
disease
in
the
near
future.
3.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
A.
Science
is
c
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)urrently
not
so
developed
as
to
keep
us
safer
from
flu.
B.
The
death
rate
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
from
flu
is
much
higher
than
that
from
other
diseases.
C.
The
general
pub
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)lic
is
partially
to
blame
for
the
neglect
of
flu
prevention.
D.
Develo
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ping
a
universal
flu
vaccine
will
cost
more
than
dealing
with
flu.
4.
The
author
wrote
the
passage
mainly
to
_____.
A.
teach
people
more
effective
ways
to
fight
against
flu
B.
call
on
people
to
take
flu
outbreaks
far
more
seriously
C.
encourage
medical
scientists
to
develop
more
flu
vaccines
D.
urge
the
government
to
publicize
the
risks
of
widespread
flu
【答案】DCCB
[解析]
本文是一篇说明文。作者讲述了流感的严重性及预防流感存在的问题，呼吁人们更加重视流感的爆发。
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)The
reality,
however,
is
that
less
than
half
Americans
get
the
flu
vaccines.
And
the
flu
vaccines
we
have
are
only
60%
effective
in
the
best
years
and
10%
effective
in
the
worst
years.
We
urgently
need
a
much
more
effective
flu
vaccine.可知，目前的流感疫苗有效率低，许多人接种后仍然会感染流感。故选D。
【2题详解】
词语猜测题。根据第三段We
haven’t
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
been
hit
by
a
truly
destructive
widespread
disease
in
a
long
time.
So
as
individuals,
we
let
down
our
guard
as
our
leaders
quietly
defund
and
destaff
the
services
we
need
to
protect
us.（我们很长一段时间没有受到一种真正具有破坏性的广泛传播的疾病的袭击。因此，作为个人，我们放松了警惕，因为我们的领导人悄悄地剥夺了我们需要保护自己的服务资金。）和第四段第一句The
risk
of
continued
foot
dragging
is
huge.（继续拖拖拉拉的风险是巨大的。）由此推知，“continued
foot
dragging”的意思是“个人对流感预防投资不足不够警觉。”故选C。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段We
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)re
not
investing
the
resources
needed
to
protect
ourselves,
our
loved
ones
and
our
communities.和第三段中So
as
individuals,
we
let
down
our
guard
as
our
leaders
quietly
defund
and
destaff
the
services
we
need
to
protect
us.The
cost
of
preventing
epidemics
(流行病）可知，公众没有投入必要的资源保护自己和家人，对资源投入放松了警惕，对流感预防的忽视应负部分责任。故选C。
【4题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段Leading
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
scientists
and
public
health
officials
have
the
capability
to
keep
us
much
safer
from
flu.
They
need
your
quick
and
decisive
support
to
succeed.
Your
action
today
may
be
a
matter
of
life
and
death
for
you
and
your
loved
ones.可知，作者写这篇文章主要是呼吁人们更加重视流感的爆发。故选B。
(B)
With
the
arr
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ival
of
the
technological
age,
it
has
become
increasingly
difficult
to
be
a
knowledgeable
person:
There
is
just
too
much
information
to
know
something
about
everything.
So
what
should
an
educated
person
be
in
the
twenty-first
century?
It
isn’t
always
clear
whether
one
should
try
to
become
a
specialist
or
a
generalist
in
today’s
world.
In
the
1960s,
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
most
American
colleges
and
universities
offered
a
generalist
approach
to
education.
In
response
to
student
protests,
universities
began
offering
many
innovative
courses,
such
as
Asian
Studies
and
African
Studies.
Students
began
“doing
their
own
thing,”
taking
courses
in
just
about
every
subject
imaginable.
But
as
university
students
began
to
focus
on
more
and
more
of
these
less
common
subject
areas,
critics
began
to
air
their
opinions.
They
believed
that
much
of
education
had
become
useless.
Employers
also
began
to
make
comment
about
the
quality
of
college
graduates,
saying
that
as
jacks-of-all-trades,
they
could
“function”
in
most
areas
of
life
but
might
never
“expert”
in
any.
As
a
result,
the
college
degree
of
the
1960s
was
looked
down
on
by
many.
From
the
1970s
through
the
1990s,
with
new
technologies
creating
new
job
opportunities,
an
emphasis
on
specialization
appeared
in
American
education.
More
vocational
courses
were
offered
in
colleges
and
universities,
especially
as
computer-programming
jobs
became
available.
Many
more
business
schools
were
established,
allowing
more
and
more
graduates
to
enter
fields
that
offered
specialized
jobs
with
high
salaries,
such
as
investment
banking
and
stock
trading.
But
with
the
media
coverage
of
the
crimes
committed
by
insider-information
spreader
on
Wall
Street,
even
the
reputation
of
the
MBA
degree
was
soiled.The
more
narrowly
focused
approach
to
professional
education
also
seemed
to
fail.
One
of
the
puzz
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)les
of
the
twenty-first
century
is
whether
to
approach
modern
education
in
terms
of
the
generalist
or
the
specialist.
Some
universities
require
all
students
to
take
common
courses
from
a
broad
range
of
subjects,
appealing
to
the
generalist
approach
to
education.
Yet
choosing
the
core
courses
in
light
of
today’s
explosion
in
information
and
multicultural
student
populations
has
not
been
an
easy
task.
How
does
one
select
what
it
is
that
everyone
should
know?
Other
universities
continue
to
tailor
their
courses
to
the
more
immediate
professional
needs
of
their
students,
appealing
to
the
specialist
approach
to
education.
But
without
a
core
curriculum,
students
often
lack
the
shared
knowledge
necessary
to
participate
effectively
in
an
integrated（综合的）society.
5.In
the
1960s,
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)the
college
degree
was
viewed
as
nonsense
because
___________.
A.
students
did
their
own
things
without
care
about
reality
B.
too
general
an
approach
failed
to
meet
social
expectations
C.
some
innovative
courses
focused
on
too
neglected
subjects
D.
the
generalist
approach
was
adopted
in
most
US
universities
6.
The
crime
on
the
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)Wall
Street
is
mentioned
in
the
passage
in
order
to
prove
___________.
A.
specialists
with
high
salaries
took
risks
B.
the
MBA
degree
was
not
worthy
of
its
name
C.
specialist
approach
to
education
was
far
from
perfect
D.
jobs
like
computer-programming
were
more
practicable
7.
The
author’s
at
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)titude
toward
the
college
education
in
the
21st
century
is
___________.
A.
positive
B.
negative
C.
neutral
D.
ironic
8.
What
might
be
the
best
title
for
this
passage?
A.
History
of
College
Educational
Approaches
B.
College
Preparatory
Education
for
the
Changing
World
C.
Generalization
or
Specialization,
A
Hard
Choice
for
Universities
D.
Difference
Between
Generalist
Education
and
Specialist
Education
【答案】BCBC
[解析]
本文是一篇科教类
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)阅读，主要讲述了随着技术时代的到来，越来越难成为一个知识渊博的人：只有太多的信息才能了解一切事情，那么二十一世纪的受过教育的人应该怎么办？并不总是明确是否应该尝试成为当今世界的专家或通才．
解答
5．B．推理判断题．根据Bu
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)t
with
the
media
coverage
of
the
crimes
committed
by
insider-information
spreader
on
Wall
Street，even
the
reputation
of
the
MBA
degree
was
soiled．The
more
narrowly
focused
approach
to
professional
education
also
seemed
to
fail．可知，在1960年代，大学文凭被视为无稽之谈，因为未能满足社会的期望．故选B．
6．C．细节理解题．根据But
w
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ith
the
media
coverage
of
the
crimes
committed
by
insider-information
spreader
on
Wall
Street，even
the
reputation
of
the
MBA
degree
was
soiled．The
more
narrowly
focused
approach
to
professional
education
also
seemed
to
fail．可知，采用华尔街犯罪的例子是为了说明专家的方法来教育远非完美．故选C．
7．B．推理判断题．根据全文内容，尤其是
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)One
of
the
puzzles
of
the
twenty-first
century
is
whether
to
approach
modern
education
in
terms
of
the
generalist
or
the
specialist．可以看出，作者对21世纪的教育持消极的态度．故选B．
8．C．主旨大意题．阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了泛化或专业化，是大学教育的一个艰难的选择．故选C．
点评:
本文是一篇科教类阅读，题目
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)涉及多道词义猜测题，主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题．做题时应仔细阅读原文，把握文章主要内容，联系文章上下文内容并结合所给选项含义，从中选出正确答案，一定要做到有理有据，切忌胡乱猜测．
(C)
Is
a
mouse
that
can
s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)peak
acceptable?
How
about
a
dog
with
human
hands
or
feet?
Scientists,
the
people
with
the
know-how
to
make
such
things
happen,
are
now
thinking
about
whether
such
experiments
are
morally
right
or
not.
On
Nov.
10,
Britain’s
Academy
of
Medical
Sciences
launched
a
study
on
the
use
of
animals
with
human
materials
in
scientific
research.
The
work
is
expected
to
take
at
least
a
year,
but
its
leaders
hope
it
will
lead
to
guidelines
for
scientists
in
Britain
and
around
the
world
on
how
far
they
can
go
mixing
human
genes
into
animals
in
search
of
ways
to
fight
human
diseases.
“Do
these
cons
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)tructs
(构想)
challenge
our
idea
of
what
it
is
to
be
human?”
asked
Martin
Bobrow,
a
professor
of
medical
genetics
at
Cambridge
University
and
chair
of
a
14-member
group
looking
into
the
issue.
“It
is
important
that
we
consider
these
questions
now
so
that
appropriate
boundaries
are
recognized.”
Using
human
ma
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)terial
in
animals
is
not
new.
Scientists
have
already
created
monkeys
that
have
a
human
form
of
the
Huntingdon’s
gene
so
they
can
study
how
the
disease
develops;
and
mice
with
livers
(肝)
made
from
human
cells
are
being
used
to
study
the
effects
of
new
drugs.
However,
scienti
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)sts
say
the
technology
to
put
ever
greater
amounts
of
human
genetic
material
into
animals
is
spreading
quickly
around
the
world
---
raising
the
possibility
that
some
scientists
in
some
places
may
want
to
go
further
than
is
morally
acceptable.
Last
year
in
Britain
there
was
a
lively
debate
over
new
laws
allowing
the
creation
of
human-animal
embryos
(胚胎)
for
experiments.
On
one
side
of
the
debate
were
religious
groups,
who
claimed
that
such
science
interferes
with
nature.
Opposing
them
were
scientists
who
pointed
out
that
such
experiments
were
vital
to
research
cures
for
diseases.
The
experts
will
publi
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)sh
reports
after
the
end
of
the
study,
in
which
they
will
give
definitions
for
animal
embryos
with
human
genes
or
cells,
look
at
safety
and
animal
welfare
issues,
and
consider
the
right
legal
framework
to
work
within.
9.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“they”
in
Paragraph
2
refer
to?
A.
Scientist
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
in
Britain
and
around
the
world.
B.
Leaders
of
the
research.
C.
Guidelines
for
scientists.
D.
Scientific
experiments.
10.
Scientis
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ts
do
research
of
mixing
human
genes
into
animals
in
order
to
________.
A.
test
new
drugs
on
animals
B.
to
find
ways
to
fight
human
diseases
C.
prove
the
research
is
morally
acceptable
D.
create
monkeys
and
mice
with
livers
made
from
human
cells
11.
We
can
infer
from
the
passage
that
________.
A.
the
experts
will
release
reports
after
the
study
B.
scient
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ists
have
never
doubted
the
use
of
animals
with
human
materials
C.
the
creation
of
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)human-animal
embryos
for
experiments
is
legal
in
Britain
D.
religiou
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
groups
hold
that
cures
for
diseases
have
to
be
done
through
experiments
12.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
Morally
Right
or
Not?
B.
A
Debate
about
New
Laws
C.
Cures
for
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
Diseases
D.
Animal
Embryos
with
Human
Genes
【答案】ABCA
[解析]
本文是一篇科教类阅读，文章主要讲的是人们正在讨论将人与动物的基因混合是否符合伦理．
9题答案：A考查细节推理，根
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)据原文第二段but
its
leaders
hope
it
will
lead
to
guidelines
for
scientists
in
Britain
and
around
the
world
on
how
far
they
can
go
mixing
human
genes
into
animals
in
search
of
ways
to
fight
human
diseases．但是该研究的领导者们希望它（研究）能为英国及全世界的科学家在他们混合人类基因与动物基因从而找到抵抗人类疾病的道路上能走多远提供引导．可知they指的是前面的scientists
in
Britain
and
around
the
world，故本题答案为A选项．
10题答案：B考查细节推理，根据原文
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)第二段的
how
far
they
can
go
mixing
human
genes
into
animals
in
search
of
ways
to
fight
human
diseases．在混合人类基因与动物基因以希望找到抵抗人类疾病的道路上他们能走多远．可知本题答案为B选项．
11题答案：C考查细节推理，根据文章最
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)后一段Last
year
in
Britain
there
was
a
lively
debate
over
new
laws
allowing
the
creation
of
human-animal
embryos
（胚胎）
for
experiments．去年在英国有一场就新法律允许"人与动物胚胎的制作用于试验合法化"的激烈辩论．可知本题答案为C选项．
12题答案：A考查主旨大意，文章主要讲的是人们正在讨论将人与动物的基因混合是否符合伦理，故本题答案为A选项．
点评:
本文是一篇科教类阅读，题目涉及多
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对
性找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案．推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案．
D
Hollywood’s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)theory
that
machines
with
evil(邪恶)
minds
will
drive
armies
of
killer
robots
is
just
silly.
The
real
problem
relates
to
the
possibility
that
artificial
intelligence(AI)
may
become
extremely
good
at
achieving
something
other
than
what
we
really
want.
In
1960
a
well-known
mathematician
Norbert
Wiener,
who
founded
the
field
of
cybernetics（控制论）,
put
it
this
way:
“If
we
use,
to
achieve
our
purposes,
a
mechanical
agency
with
whose
operation
we
cannot
effectively
interfere,
we
had
better
be
quite
sure
that
the
purpose
put
into
the
machine
is
the
purpose
which
we
really
desire.”
A
machine
with
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)specific
purpose
has
another
quality,
one
that
we
usually
associate
with
living
things:
a
wish
to
preserve
its
own
existence.
For
the
machine,
this
quality
is
not
in-born,
nor
is
it
something
introduced
by
humans;
it
is
a
logical
consequence
of
the
simple
fact
that
the
machine
cannot
achieve
its
original
purpose
if
it
is
dead.
So
if
we
send
out
a
robot
with
the
single
instruction
of
fetching
coffee,
it
will
have
a
strong
desire
to
secure
success
by
disabling
its
own
off
switch
or
even
killing
anyone
who
might
interfere
with
its
task.
If
we
are
not
careful,
then,
we
could
face
a
kind
of
global
chess
match
against
very
determined,
super
intelligent
machines
whose
objectives
conflict
with
our
own,
with
the
real
world
as
the
chessboard.
The
possibili
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ty
of
entering
into
and
losing
such
a
match
should
concentrate
the
minds
of
computer
scientists.
Some
researchers
argue
that
we
can
seal
the
machines
inside
a
kind
of
firewall,
using
them
to
answer
difficult
questions
but
never
allowing
them
to
affect
the
real
world.
Unfortunately,
that
plan
seems
unlikely
to
work:
we
have
yet
to
invent
a
firewall
that
is
secure
against
ordinary
humans,
let
alone
super
intelligent
machines.
Solving
the
sa
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)fety
problem
well
enough
to
move
forward
in
AI
seems
to
be
possible
but
not
easy.
There
are
probably
decades
in
which
to
plan
for
the
arrival
of
super
intelligent
machines.
But
the
problem
should
not
be
dismissed
out
of
hand,
as
it
has
been
by
some
AI
researchers.
Some
argue
that
humans
and
machines
can
coexist
as
long
as
they
work
in
teams—yet
that
is
not
possible
unless
machines
share
the
goals
of
humans.
Others
say
we
can
just
“switch
them
off”
as
if
super
intelligent
machines
are
too
stupid
to
think
of
that
possibility.
Still
others
think
that
super
intelligent
AI
will
never
happen.
On
September
11,
1933,
famous
physicist
Ernest
Rutherford
stated,
with
confidence,
“Anyone
who
expects
a
source
of
power
in
the
transformation
of
these
atoms
is
talking
moonshine.”
However,
on
September
12,
1933,
physicist
Leo
Szilard
invented
the
neutron-induced(中子诱导)
nuclear
chain
reaction.
13.
Paragraph
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)1
mainly
tells
us
that
artificial
intelligence
may
.
A.
run
out
of
human
control
B.
satisfy
human’s
real
desires
C.
command
armies
of
killer
robots
D.
work
faster
than
a
mathematician
14.
Machines
wi
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)th
specific
purposes
are
associated
with
living
things
partly
because
they
might
be
able
to________________.
A.
prevent
themselves
from
being
destroyed
B
achieve
their
original
goals
independently
C.
do
anything
successfully
with
given
orders
D.
beat
humans
in
international
chess
matches
15.
According
to
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)some
researchers,
we
can
use
firewalls
to
__________________.
A.
help
super
intelligent
machines
work
better
B.
be
secure
against
evil
human
beings
C.
keep
machines
from
being
harmed
D.
avoid
robots’affecting
the
world
16.
What
does
the
au
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)thor
think
of
the
safety
problem
of
super
intelligent
machines?
A.
It
will
disappear
with
the
development
of
AI.
B.
It
will
get
worse
with
human
interference.
C.
It
will
be
solved
but
with
difficulty.
D.
It
will
stay
for
a
decade.
【答案】A
A
D
C
【解析】：本文主要介绍了人工智能，它会给我们的生活带来什么样的影响。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段The
real
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)problem
relates
to
the
possibility
that
artificial
intelligence(AI)
may
become
extremely
good
at
achieving
something
other
than
what
we
really
want.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。【来源：21cnj
y.co
m】
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段第一句A
machin
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e
with
a
specific
purpose
has
another
quality,
one
that
we
usually
associate
with
living
things:
a
wish
to
preserve
its
own
existence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。【出处：21教育名师】
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段usi
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ng
them
to
answer
difficult
questions
but
never
allowing
them
to
affect
the
real
world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，故选D。2-1-c-n-j-y
【16题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)Solving
the
safety
problem
well
enough
to
move
forward
in
AI
seems
to
be
possible
but
not
easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。
点评:
推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。
高考阅读理解专题之判断推理题解题方法
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
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2
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2
页）
HYPERLINK
"http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
"
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
（一）、题型概述
英语阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图直接表达
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是推理判断题。推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题，要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。推理判断题涉及的范围很广，主要包括细节推断、预测推断、对文章来源或读者对象的推断、写作意图推断以及态度倾向推断等。
（二）、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)在文章中可以找到信息支持，并且可以推断出正确选项。
(2)大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。
2．干扰项的特点
(1)颠倒是非：选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。
(2)照搬原文：原文里有相关的直接信息，不需要经过推断。
(3)推理过度：把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。
(4)无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推断。
（三）、解题过程中应该注意的问题
推理判断题考查考生根据字面
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题。不论做哪一类推理判断题，指导思想都是要以文字信息为依据，不能浮于表面，但也不能做多步推理。21·cn·jy·com
（四）、命题方式
推理判断题常见的命题形式：
1．细节推断题
(1)It
can
be
inferred/concluded
from
the
passage
that
.
(2)The
author
strongly
suggests
that
.
(3)The
writer
implies
but
not
directly
states
that
.
(4)The
writer/author
indicates/suggests/implies
that
.
2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题
(1)The
passage
would
most
likely
be
found
in
.
(2)In
which
of
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e
following
publications
would
this
passage
most
likely
come
from?
(3)Where
is
the
passage
most
likely
to
have
been
taken
from?
3．写作意图类推断题
(1)What
is
the
main
purpose
of
the
author
in
writing
this
passage?
(2)The
purpose
of
the
passage
is
to
get
people
to
.
(3)The
writer
writes
the
last
paragraph
in
order
to
.
4．态度倾向类推断题
(1)The
attitude
of
the
author
towards...is
.
(2)What’s
the
writer’s
attitude
towards...?
(3)What
does
the
author
think
about...?
（五）、技法点拨
1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。考生只有把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可以判断正确答案。
典题印证
Other
organizatio
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ns
such
as
banks
ask
customers
to
sign
long
contracts
they
may
not
read
or
understand,
but
Miller
believes
social
media
requires
special
attention
because
it
is
so
new.
“We
still
don’t
know
how
significant
the
long-term
impact
is
going
to
be
of
unwise
things
that
kids
put
on
social
media
that
come
back
and
bite
them
in
20
years’
time,”
he
says.
Andrew
Miller
thinks
s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ocial
media
needs
more
attention
than
banks
mainly
because
_______.
A.
their
users
consist
largely
of
kids
under
20
years
old
B.
the
language
in
their
contracts
is
usually
harder
to
understand21
cnjy
com
C.
the
info
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)rmation
they
collected
could
become
more
valuable
in
future
D.
it
remains
unknown
how
users’
data
will
be
taken
advantage
of
2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题
考生本身要具备一定的常识，
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。如要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。
典题印证
EU
members’
state
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
have
agreed
to
ban
a
toxic
substance
widely
found
in
clothing
because
it
poses
an
“acceptable
risk”
to
the
environment.
Countries
voted
in
favor
of
extending
existing
restrictions
on
nonylphenol
ethoxylates
(NPE)
to
imports
of
clothing
and
other
textile
products.
The
measure
is
intend
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ed
to
protect
species
in
water.
Use
of
NPE
in
textile
manufacture
in
Europe
was
banned
over
10
years
ago
but
the
substance
is
still
released
into
the
water
environment
through
imported
textiles
being
washed.
...........
A
2011
study
by
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)Greenpeace
found
NPE
in
two-thirds
of
clothes
tested,
including
items
sold
by
big-name
brands
such
as
Adidas,
H&M,
Lacoste,
and
Ralph
Lauren.
The
NGO
(Non-Governmental
Organizations)
argued
that
although
concentrations
of
NPE
found
in
the
clothes
were
low,
the
chemical’s
existence
in
the
environment
posed
a
risk.
..........
Which
section
of
the
website
does
the
text
come
from?
A.
Lifestyle.
B.
Technology.
C.
Business.
D.
Environment.
3．写作意图类推断题
要求根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。
典题印证
If
you
are
a
frui
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)t
grower—or
would
like
to
become
one—take
advantage
of
Apple
Day
to
see
what’s
around.It’s
called
Apple
Day
but
in
practice
it’s
more
like
Apple
Month.The
day
itself
is
on
October
21，but
since
it
has
caught
on，events
now
spread
out
over
most
of
October
around
Britain.21教育名师原创作品
Visiting
an
apple
even
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)t
is
a
good
chance
to
see，and
often
taste，a
wide
variety
of
apples.To
people
who
are
used
to
the
limited
choice
of
apples
such
as
Golden
Delicious
and
Royal
Gala
in
supermarkets，it
can
be
quite
an
eye
opener
to
see
the
range
of
classical
apples
still
in
existence，such
as
Decio
which
was
grown
by
the
Romans.Although
it
doesn’t
taste
of
anything
special，it’s
still
worth
a
try，as
is
the
knobbly(多疙瘩的)
Cat’s
Head
which
is
more
of
a
curiosity
than
anything
else.
There
are
also
va
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)rieties
developed
to
suit
specific
local
conditions.One
of
the
very
best
varieties
for
eating
quality
is
Orleans
Reinette，but
you’ll
need
a
warm，sheltered
place
with
perfect
soil
to
grow
it，so
it’s
a
pipe
dream
for
most
apple
lovers
who
fall
for
it.
At
the
events，you
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)can
meet
expert
growers
and
discuss
which
ones
will
best
suit
your
conditions，and
because
these
are
family
affairs，children
are
well
catered
for
with
apple?themed
fun
and
games.
Apple
Days
are
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
being
held
at
all
sorts
of
places
with
an
interest
in
fruit,
including
stately
gardens
and
commercial
orchards．If
you
want
to
have
a
real
orchard
experience，try
visiting
the
National
Fruit
Collection
at
Brogdale,
near
Faversham
in
Kent.
What
is
the
author’s
purpose
in
writing
the
text?
A．To
show
how
to
grow
apples.
B．To
introduce
an
apple
festival.
C．To
help
people
select
apples.
D．To
promote
apple
research.
4．态度倾向类推断题
考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：(1)中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)等；(2)褒义词：positive(积极的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，admiring(赞赏的)等；(3)贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的，消极的)，disappointed(失望的)等。
典题印证
The
college
years
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)are
supposed
to
be
a
time
for
important
growth
in
autonomy(自主性)
and
the
development
of
adult
identity.However，now
they
are
becoming
an
extended
period
of
adolescence，during
which
many
of
today’s
students
are
not
shouldered
with
adult
responsibilities.
For
previous
g
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)enerations，college
was
a
decisive
break
from
parental
control;
guidance
and
support
needed
to
come
from
people
of
the
same
age
and
from
within.In
the
past
two
decades，however，continued
connection
with
and
dependence
on
family，thanks
to
cell
phones，email
and
social
media，have
increased
significantly.Some
parents
go
so
far
as
to
help
with
coursework.Instead
of
promoting
the
idea
of
college
as
a
passage
from
the
shelter
of
the
family
to
autonomy
and
adult
responsibility，universities
have
given
in
to
the
idea
that
they
should
provide
the
same
environment
as
that
of
the
home.www.21-cn-jy.com
What’s
the
author’s
at
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)titude
toward
continued
parental
guidance
to
college
students?
A．Sympathetic.
B．Disapproving.
C．Supportive.
D．Neutral.
附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
positive
肯定的,积极的passive
被动的，消极的negative
消极的
supportive
支持的disapproving
不赞成的critical
批评的
conservative
保守的suspicious
可疑的，怀疑的
puzzled/
confused
困惑的
subjective
主观的
objective
客观的
neutral
中立的
concerned
关心的，有关的
optimistic
乐观的pessimistic
悲观的
indifferent
漠不关心的
unconcerned
不关心的
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
1．细节推断题
片段节选
Our
own
experien
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ce
working
together
on
health，development，and
energy
the
last
twenty
years
has
been
one
of
the
most
rewarding
parts
of
our
lives.It
has
changed
who
we
are
and
continues
to
fuel
our
optimism
about
how
much
the
lives
of
the
poorest
people
will
improve
in
the
years
ahead.21cnjy.com
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
last
paragraph?
A．The
author
believes
the
lives
of
the
poorest
will
get
better.21
cnjy
com
B．Much
more
progress
will
be
made
in
the
near
future.
C．The
work
on
health
is
the
most
valuable
experience.
D．People’s
efforts
have
been
materially
rewarded.
片段节选
Many
amusics
are
ha
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ppy
when
their
condition
is
finally
diagnosed
(诊断).
For
years,
Margaret
felt
embarrassed
about
her
problem
with
music.
Now
she
knows
that
she
is
not
alone.
There
is
a
name
for
her
condition.
That
makes
it
easier
for
her
to
explain.
“When
people
invite
me
to
a
concert,
I
just
say,
‘No
thanks,
I’m
amusic,’”
says
Margaret.
“I
just
wish
I
had
learned
to
say
that
when
I
was
seventeen
and
not
seventy.”
In
the
last
paragraph,
Margaret
expressed
her
wish
that
__________.
A.
her
problem
with
music
had
been
diagnosed
earlier
B.
she
were
seventeen
years
old
rather
than
seventy
C.
her
problem
could
be
easily
explained
D.
she
were
able
to
meet
other
amusics
片段节选
Unselfish
beha
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)vior
was
considered
more
morally
right
than
selfish,
but
both
behaviors
were
judged
to
be
more
moral
and
less
deserving
of
punishment
if
the
majority
exhibited
them
than
if
they
were
uncommon.
The
commonness
of
the
selfish
behavior
also
affected
the
participants'
willingness
to
themselves
pay
to
punish
selfishness.
It
can
be
concluded
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)at
the
participants
in
the
experiments
are
punished
if
_________.
A.
they
can’t
play
"public
goods
game"
B.
invest
the
money
to
benefit
group
members
C.
they
behave
differently
from
the
majority
D.
they
keep
the
money
for
themselves
2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题
片段节选
Lakelander·2
hours
ago
Today，a
man
talk
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ed
very
loud
on
his
phone
on
a
train
between
Malvern
and
Reading，making
many
passengers
upset.I
wonder
how
he
would
react
if
I
were
to
read
my
newspaper
out
loud
on
the
train.I
have
never
had
the
courage
to
do
it，though.
Pak50·57
minutes
ago
Why
not
give
it
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)try?
Perhaps
you
should
take
lessons
on
a
musical
instrument.The
late
musician
Dennis
Brain
is
said
to
have
asked
a
fellow
train
passenger
to
turn
off
his
radio.When
his
request
was
refused，he
took
out
his
French
horn(号)
and
started
to
practise.
　Angie
O’Edema·42
minutes
ago
I
don’t
see
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)how
musical
instruments
can
help
improve
manners
in
public.Don’t
do
to
others
what
you
wouldn’t
like
to
be
done
to
yourself.Once，a
passenger
next
to
me
talked
out
loud
on
his
mobile
phone.I
left
my
seat
quietly，giving
him
some
privacy
to
finish
his
conversation.He
realized
this
and
apologised
to
me.When
his
phone
rang
again
later，he
left
his
seat
to
answer
it.You
see，a
bit
of
respect
and
cooperation
can
do
the
job
better.2·1·c·n·j·y
Taodas·29
minutes
ago
I
did
read
my
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
newspaper
out
loud
on
a
train，and
it
turned
out
well.The
guy
took
it
in
good
part，and
we
chatted
happily
all
the
way
to
Edinburgh.
Sophie76·13
minutes
ago
I
have
not
tried
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
reading
my
newspaper
out
loud
on
a
train，but，several
years
ago，I
read
some
chapters
from
Harry
Potter
to
my
bored
and
noisy
children.Several
passengers
seemed
to
appreciate
what
I
did.【版权所有：21教育】
Where
is
the
passage
most
probably
taken
from?
A．A
webpage.
B．A
newspaper.
C．A
novel.
D．A
report.
3．写作意图类推断题
片段节选
WE
COMBAT
ANIMAL
DISEASES
TOGETHER!
We
want
to
prevent
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)serious
animal
diseases
such
as
foot
and
mouth
disease,
classical
swine
fever
and
African
swine
fever
from
spreading
to
Finland.
These
and
other
animal
diseases
can
be
transmitted
from
one
country
to
another
by
animals
or
by
meat
and
dairy
products
even
if
they
are
packed
for
personal
consumption
or
intended
as
gifts.
Travelers
like
you
play
an
important
role
in
preventing
the
spread
of
animal
diseases.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Don’t
bring
meat,
meat
products,
milk
and
dairy
products
from
non-EU
countries
to
Finland!
A
ban
on
perso
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)nal
imports
applies
to
meat
and
dairy
products
brought
into
Finland
by
travelers
or
ordered
and
sent
through
the
post.
The
ban
applies
to
food
stuffs
intended
for
personal
consumption
or
as
gifts
and
to
pet
food.
If
you
have
food
products
of
animal
origin
with
you,
throw
them
in
a
waste
container
in
the
point
of
entry
or
contact
Customs!
Whom
is
this
notice
intended
for?
A.
Food
importers
in
Finland.
B.
Travelers
to
Finland.
C.
Citizens
in
E
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)U
countries.
D.
Medical
staff
from
non-EU
countries.
4．态度倾向类推断题
片段节选
Scientist
can’t
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)foresee
the
possible
effects
of
GE
foods,
yet
we
eat
them
every
day
without
even
knowing
it.
We
already
have
enough
food,
so
why
create
more
that
could
be
potentially
harmful
to
us,
to
the
Earth
and
to
all
wildlife?
I
think
that
the
benefits
are
amazing,
but
until
we
know
for
sure
how
these
foods
will
affect
us,
they
are
not
worth
the
risk.
What’s
the
author’s
attitude
towards
genetic
engineering?
A.welcom
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ing
B.disapproving
C.unconcerned
D.optimistic
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
Reading
Comprehension
(A)
Flu
is
killing
u
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s.
The
usual
response
to
the
annual
flu
is
not
enough
to
fight
against
the
risks
we
currently
face,
let
alone
prepare
us
for
an
even
deadlier
widespread
flu
that
most
experts
agree
will
come
in
the
future.
Yes,
we
have
an
annual
vaccine
(疫苗),
and
everyone
qualified
should
get
it
without
question.
The
reality,
however,
is
that
less
than
half
Americans
get
the
flu
vaccines.
And
the
flu
vaccines
we
have
are
only
60%
effective
in
the
best
years
and
10%
effective
in
the
worst
years.
We
urgently
need
a
much
more
effective
flu
vaccine.
In
the
U.S.
alone,
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)seasonal
flu
can
cause
up
to
36
million
infections,
three-quarters
of
a
million
hospitalizations
and
56,000
deaths.
We
are
not
investing
the
resources
needed
to
protect
ourselves,
our
loved
ones
and
our
communities.
Why
not?
We
haven’t
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)been
hit
by
a
truly
destructive
widespread
disease
in
a
long
time.
So
as
individuals,
we
let
down
our
guard
as
our
leaders
quietly
defund
and
destaff
the
services
we
need
to
protect
us.21世纪教育网版权所有
The
risk
of
con
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)tinued
foot
dragging
is
huge.
In
a
severe
widespread
disease,
the
U.S.
health
care
system
could
be
defeated
in
just
weeks.
Millions
of
people
would
be
infected
by
the
virus,
and
would
die
in
the
weeks
and
months
following
the
initial
outbreak.
21教育网
The
cost
of
pre
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)venting
epidemics
(流行病)
is
roughly
a
tenth
of
what
it
costs
to
cope
with
them
when
they
hit.
In
2012,
a
call
was
issued
for
an
annual
billion-dollar
U.S.
commitment
to
the
development
of
a
universal
flu
vaccine.
Six
years
later,
the
search
for
a
universal
vaccine
remains
seriously
underfunded.
www-2-1-cnjy-com
The
simple
reason
lies
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
in
our
collective
satisfaction.
As
soon
as
headlines
about
the
flu
are
gone,
hospitals
are
emptied
of
flu
patients,
and
school
and
workplace
absence
rates
decline,
we
go
back
to
business
as
usual.
Leading
scientists
an
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)d
public
health
officials
have
the
capability
to
keep
us
much
safer
from
flu.
They
need
your
quick
and
decisive
support
to
succeed.
Your
action
today
may
be
a
matter
of
life
and
death
for
you
and
your
loved
ones.
1.
The
problem
of
the
current
flu
vaccines
is
that
_____.
A.
they
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)re
not
available
every
year
B.
most
Americans
are
not
allowed
to
get
them
C.
not
everyone
i
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
qualified
for
them
D.
many
people
still
catch
flu
after
getting
them
2.
What
does
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e
author
mean
by
“continued
foot
dragging”
in
Paragraph
4?
A.
Hospitals
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)cannot
meet
the
needs
of
patients
during
flu
outbreaks.
B.
The
le
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)aders
continue
to
drag
the
feet
of
the
patients
infected
with
flu.
C.
Individuals
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)aren’t
alert
enough
to
the
underinvestment
in
flu
prevention.
D.
Flu
will
certain
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ly
become
a
severe
widespread
disease
in
the
near
future.
3.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
A.
Science
is
c
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)urrently
not
so
developed
as
to
keep
us
safer
from
flu.
B.
The
death
rate
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
from
flu
is
much
higher
than
that
from
other
diseases.
C.
The
general
pub
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)lic
is
partially
to
blame
for
the
neglect
of
flu
prevention.
D.
Develo
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ping
a
universal
flu
vaccine
will
cost
more
than
dealing
with
flu.
4.
The
author
wrote
the
passage
mainly
to
_____.
A.
teach
people
more
effective
ways
to
fight
against
flu
B.
call
on
people
to
take
flu
outbreaks
far
more
seriously
C.
encourage
medical
scientists
to
develop
more
flu
vaccines
D.
urge
the
government
to
publicize
the
risks
of
widespread
flu
(B)
With
the
arr
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ival
of
the
technological
age,
it
has
become
increasingly
difficult
to
be
a
knowledgeable
person:
There
is
just
too
much
information
to
know
something
about
everything.
So
what
should
an
educated
person
be
in
the
twenty-first
century?
It
isn’t
always
clear
whether
one
should
try
to
become
a
specialist
or
a
generalist
in
today’s
world.
In
the
1960s,
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
most
American
colleges
and
universities
offered
a
generalist
approach
to
education.
In
response
to
student
protests,
universities
began
offering
many
innovative
courses,
such
as
Asian
Studies
and
African
Studies.
Students
began
“doing
their
own
thing,”
taking
courses
in
just
about
every
subject
imaginable.
But
as
university
students
began
to
focus
on
more
and
more
of
these
less
common
subject
areas,
critics
began
to
air
their
opinions.
They
believed
that
much
of
education
had
become
useless.
Employers
also
began
to
make
comment
about
the
quality
of
college
graduates,
saying
that
as
jacks-of-all-trades,
they
could
“function”
in
most
areas
of
life
but
might
never
“expert”
in
any.
As
a
result,
the
college
degree
of
the
1960s
was
looked
down
on
by
many.
From
the
1970s
through
the
1990s,
with
new
technologies
creating
new
job
opportunities,
an
emphasis
on
specialization
appeared
in
American
education.
More
vocational
courses
were
offered
in
colleges
and
universities,
especially
as
computer-programming
jobs
became
available.
Many
more
business
schools
were
established,
allowing
more
and
more
graduates
to
enter
fields
that
offered
specialized
jobs
with
high
salaries,
such
as
investment
banking
and
stock
trading.
But
with
the
media
coverage
of
the
crimes
committed
by
insider-information
spreader
on
Wall
Street,
even
the
reputation
of
the
MBA
degree
was
soiled.The
more
narrowly
focused
approach
to
professional
education
also
seemed
to
fail.
One
of
the
puzz
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)les
of
the
twenty-first
century
is
whether
to
approach
modern
education
in
terms
of
the
generalist
or
the
specialist.
Some
universities
require
all
students
to
take
common
courses
from
a
broad
range
of
subjects,
appealing
to
the
generalist
approach
to
education.
Yet
choosing
the
core
courses
in
light
of
today’s
explosion
in
information
and
multicultural
student
populations
has
not
been
an
easy
task.
How
does
one
select
what
it
is
that
everyone
should
know?
Other
universities
continue
to
tailor
their
courses
to
the
more
immediate
professional
needs
of
their
students,
appealing
to
the
specialist
approach
to
education.
But
without
a
core
curriculum,
students
often
lack
the
shared
knowledge
necessary
to
participate
effectively
in
an
integrated（综合的）society.
5.In
the
1960s,
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)the
college
degree
was
viewed
as
nonsense
because
___________.
A.
students
did
their
own
things
without
care
about
reality
B.
too
general
an
approach
failed
to
meet
social
expectations
C.
some
innovative
courses
focused
on
too
neglected
subjects
D.
the
generalist
approach
was
adopted
in
most
US
universities
6.
The
crime
on
the
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)Wall
Street
is
mentioned
in
the
passage
in
order
to
prove
___________.
A.
specialists
with
high
salaries
took
risks
B.
the
MBA
degree
was
not
worthy
of
its
name
C.
specialist
approach
to
education
was
far
from
perfect
D.
jobs
like
computer-programming
were
more
practicable
7.
The
author’s
at
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)titude
toward
the
college
education
in
the
21st
century
is
___________.
A.
positive
B.
negative
C.
neutral
D.
ironic
8.
What
might
be
the
best
title
for
this
passage?
A.
History
of
College
Educational
Approaches
B.
College
Preparatory
Education
for
the
Changing
World
C.
Generalization
or
Specialization,
A
Hard
Choice
for
Universities
D.
Difference
Between
Generalist
Education
and
Specialist
Education
(C)
Is
a
mouse
that
can
s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)peak
acceptable?
How
about
a
dog
with
human
hands
or
feet?
Scientists,
the
people
with
the
know-how
to
make
such
things
happen,
are
now
thinking
about
whether
such
experiments
are
morally
right
or
not.
On
Nov.
10,
Britain’s
Academy
of
Medical
Sciences
launched
a
study
on
the
use
of
animals
with
human
materials
in
scientific
research.
The
work
is
expected
to
take
at
least
a
year,
but
its
leaders
hope
it
will
lead
to
guidelines
for
scientists
in
Britain
and
around
the
world
on
how
far
they
can
go
mixing
human
genes
into
animals
in
search
of
ways
to
fight
human
diseases.
“Do
these
cons
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)tructs
(构想)
challenge
our
idea
of
what
it
is
to
be
human?”
asked
Martin
Bobrow,
a
professor
of
medical
genetics
at
Cambridge
University
and
chair
of
a
14-member
group
looking
into
the
issue.
“It
is
important
that
we
consider
these
questions
now
so
that
appropriate
boundaries
are
recognized.”
Using
human
ma
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)terial
in
animals
is
not
new.
Scientists
have
already
created
monkeys
that
have
a
human
form
of
the
Huntingdon’s
gene
so
they
can
study
how
the
disease
develops;
and
mice
with
livers
(肝)
made
from
human
cells
are
being
used
to
study
the
effects
of
new
drugs.
However,
scienti
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)sts
say
the
technology
to
put
ever
greater
amounts
of
human
genetic
material
into
animals
is
spreading
quickly
around
the
world
---
raising
the
possibility
that
some
scientists
in
some
places
may
want
to
go
further
than
is
morally
acceptable.
Last
year
in
Britain
there
was
a
lively
debate
over
new
laws
allowing
the
creation
of
human-animal
embryos
(胚胎)
for
experiments.
On
one
side
of
the
debate
were
religious
groups,
who
claimed
that
such
science
interferes
with
nature.
Opposing
them
were
scientists
who
pointed
out
that
such
experiments
were
vital
to
research
cures
for
diseases.
The
experts
will
publi
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)sh
reports
after
the
end
of
the
study,
in
which
they
will
give
definitions
for
animal
embryos
with
human
genes
or
cells,
look
at
safety
and
animal
welfare
issues,
and
consider
the
right
legal
framework
to
work
within.
9.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“they”
in
Paragraph
2
refer
to?
A.
Scientist
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
in
Britain
and
around
the
world.
B.
Leaders
of
the
research.
C.
Guidelines
for
scientists.
D.
Scientific
experiments.
10.
Scientis
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ts
do
research
of
mixing
human
genes
into
animals
in
order
to
________.
A.
test
new
drugs
on
animals
B.
to
find
ways
to
fight
human
diseases
C.
prove
the
research
is
morally
acceptable
D.
create
monkeys
and
mice
with
livers
made
from
human
cells
11.
We
can
infer
from
the
passage
that
________.
A.
the
experts
will
release
reports
after
the
study
B.
scient
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ists
have
never
doubted
the
use
of
animals
with
human
materials
C.
the
creation
of
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)human-animal
embryos
for
experiments
is
legal
in
Britain
D.
religiou
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
groups
hold
that
cures
for
diseases
have
to
be
done
through
experiments
12.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
Morally
Right
or
Not?
B.
A
Debate
about
New
Laws
C.
Cures
for
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
Diseases
D.
Animal
Embryos
with
Human
Genes
D
Hollywood’s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)theory
that
machines
with
evil(邪恶)
minds
will
drive
armies
of
killer
robots
is
just
silly.
The
real
problem
relates
to
the
possibility
that
artificial
intelligence(AI)
may
become
extremely
good
at
achieving
something
other
than
what
we
really
want.
In
1960
a
well-known
mathematician
Norbert
Wiener,
who
founded
the
field
of
cybernetics（控制论）,
put
it
this
way:
“If
we
use,
to
achieve
our
purposes,
a
mechanical
agency
with
whose
operation
we
cannot
effectively
interfere,
we
had
better
be
quite
sure
that
the
purpose
put
into
the
machine
is
the
purpose
which
we
really
desire.”
A
machine
with
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)specific
purpose
has
another
quality,
one
that
we
usually
associate
with
living
things:
a
wish
to
preserve
its
own
existence.
For
the
machine,
this
quality
is
not
in-born,
nor
is
it
something
introduced
by
humans;
it
is
a
logical
consequence
of
the
simple
fact
that
the
machine
cannot
achieve
its
original
purpose
if
it
is
dead.
So
if
we
send
out
a
robot
with
the
single
instruction
of
fetching
coffee,
it
will
have
a
strong
desire
to
secure
success
by
disabling
its
own
off
switch
or
even
killing
anyone
who
might
interfere
with
its
task.
If
we
are
not
careful,
then,
we
could
face
a
kind
of
global
chess
match
against
very
determined,
super
intelligent
machines
whose
objectives
conflict
with
our
own,
with
the
real
world
as
the
chessboard.
The
possibili
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ty
of
entering
into
and
losing
such
a
match
should
concentrate
the
minds
of
computer
scientists.
Some
researchers
argue
that
we
can
seal
the
machines
inside
a
kind
of
firewall,
using
them
to
answer
difficult
questions
but
never
allowing
them
to
affect
the
real
world.
Unfortunately,
that
plan
seems
unlikely
to
work:
we
have
yet
to
invent
a
firewall
that
is
secure
against
ordinary
humans,
let
alone
super
intelligent
machines.
Solving
the
sa
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)fety
problem
well
enough
to
move
forward
in
AI
seems
to
be
possible
but
not
easy.
There
are
probably
decades
in
which
to
plan
for
the
arrival
of
super
intelligent
machines.
But
the
problem
should
not
be
dismissed
out
of
hand,
as
it
has
been
by
some
AI
researchers.
Some
argue
that
humans
and
machines
can
coexist
as
long
as
they
work
in
teams—yet
that
is
not
possible
unless
machines
share
the
goals
of
humans.
Others
say
we
can
just
“switch
them
off”
as
if
super
intelligent
machines
are
too
stupid
to
think
of
that
possibility.
Still
others
think
that
super
intelligent
AI
will
never
happen.
On
September
11,
1933,
famous
physicist
Ernest
Rutherford
stated,
with
confidence,
“Anyone
who
expects
a
source
of
power
in
the
transformation
of
these
atoms
is
talking
moonshine.”
However,
on
September
12,
1933,
physicist
Leo
Szilard
invented
the
neutron-induced(中子诱导)
nuclear
chain
reaction.
13.
Paragraph
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)1
mainly
tells
us
that
artificial
intelligence
may
.
A.
run
out
of
human
control
B.
satisfy
human’s
real
desires
C.
command
armies
of
killer
robots
D.
work
faster
than
a
mathematician
14.
Machines
wi
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)th
specific
purposes
are
associated
with
living
things
partly
because
they
might
be
able
to________________.
A.
prevent
themselves
from
being
destroyed
B
achieve
their
original
goals
independently
C.
do
anything
successfully
with
given
orders
D.
beat
humans
in
international
chess
matches
15.
According
to
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)some
researchers,
we
can
use
firewalls
to
__________________.
A.
help
super
intelligent
machines
work
better
B.
be
secure
against
evil
human
beings
C.
keep
machines
from
being
harmed
D.
avoid
robots’affecting
the
world
16.
What
does
the
au
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)thor
think
of
the
safety
problem
of
super
intelligent
machines?
A.
It
will
disappear
with
the
development
of
AI.
B.
It
will
get
worse
with
human
interference.
C.
It
will
be
solved
but
with
difficulty.
D.
It
will
stay
for
a
decade.
高考阅读理解专题之判断推理题解题方法
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