UNIT
1
ART
书面通知
本单元写作项目是写一份展览会的通知，符合正式通知的写作范畴。
[基本框架]
1．开头(beginning)——写通知的目的
2．主体(body)——详细介绍
3．结尾(ending)——表达谢意
[常用词块]
1．have
a
better
understanding
of更好地理解
2．around
the
corner即将到来
3．in
advance提前
4．one
after
another相继地，按顺序地
5．make/offer
an
apology
to
sb.
for
sth.因某事向某人认错或道歉
6．attract
one's
attention引起注意
[常用语句]
★精彩开头
All
teachers
and
students
will
be
required
to...全体师生务必要……
Notice
is
hereby
given
that...兹通知……
Our
school/The
Student
Union
will/is
going
to
hold...我们学校/学生会将要举行……
★正文佳句
1．The
significance
of
this
event
is
to
promote
traditional
Chinese
culture.
这项活动的重要性在于弘扬中国传统文化。
2．The
exhibition
will
be
held
on
the
meeting
hall
of
our
school.
展览将在我们学校会议厅举行。
3．By
the
exhibition，we
can
broaden
our
view
and
gain
knowledge
of
Chinese
culture.
通过这次展览，我们能够开阔视野，获得关于中国的文化知识。
★余味结尾
1．Everybody
is
expected
to
attend
it.
希望所有人参加。
2．Be
sure
to
attend
it
on
time.
确保准时参加。
3．Please/Do
be
present
on
time.
请按时出席。
假如你是学生会主席，请根据下面表格，用英语写一则关于春游的通知。
参加者
高中一、二年级的学生
活动内容
1.去博物馆看《人与自然》的展览；2.参观泉山植物园。
集合地点
学校大门口
集合时间
1.4月25日上午乘校车前往；2.早上7：00集合，7：20出发。
注意事项
1.参观展览时保持安静，并认真记笔记，准备回来后讨论；2.参加者在本周四前到学生会报名。
注意：1.通知必须包括表内所列内容，可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
2．词数：80左右。
3．通知时间：4月24日
4．参考词汇：植物园the
botanical
garden；报名sign
up
for；学生会the
Student
Union
【参考范文】
Notice
The
students
of
Senior
Grade
One
and
Grade
Two
will
go
out
for
a
visit
on
April
25.
We'll
first
go
to
the
museum
to
see
an
exhibition
of
Man
and
Nature.When
you're
in
the
exhibition
hall
you
should
keep
silent
and
make
careful
notes
because
we'll
have
a
discussion
after
we
come
back.
After
that
we
plan
to
visit
the
botanical
garden
on
the
Quanshan
Hill.
Our
school
bus
will
take
us
there.It
will
leave
at
7：20.Please
gather
at
our
school
gate
at
7：00
a．m.
Those
who
want
to
take
part
in
the
activity
should
sign
up
for
it
at
the
Student
Union
before
Thursday.
The
Student
Union
April
24
PAGEUNIT
1
ART
1．Art
is
a
lie
that
makes
us
realize
the
truth.
—Picasso
艺术是让我们意识到真理的谎言。
——毕加索
2．The
test
of
a
real
comedian
is
whether
you
laugh
at
him
before
he
opens
his
mouth.
—G.J.
Nathan
检验一个人是不是真正的喜剧家就看你是否在他未开口时就笑。
——内森
3．Speech
was
given
to
man
to
express
his
thought.
—Molière
语言赋予人类是为了表达思想。
——莫里哀
4．No
man
ever
yet
became
great
by
imitation.
—Samuel
Johnson
没有人能通过模仿别人而成名。
——塞缪尔·约翰逊
5．The
eye
is
the
painter
and
the
ear
the
singer.
—Emerson
眼睛是画家，耳朵是歌唱家。
——爱默生
Nature
contains
the
elements，in
colour
and
form，of
all
pictures，as
the
keyboard
contains
the
notes
of
all
music.
But
the
artist
is
born
to
pick，and
choose，and
group
with
science，these
elements，that
the
result
may
be
beautiful—as
the
musician
gathers
his
notes，and
forms
his
chords，until
he
brings
forth
from
chaos
glorious
harmony.
To
say
to
the
painter，that
Nature
is
to
be
taken
as
she
is，is
to
say
to
the
player，that
he
may
sit
on
the
piano...The
dignity
of
the
snow?capped
mountain
is
lost
in
distinctness，but
the
joy
of
the
tourist
is
to
recognize
the
traveller
on
the
top.
The
desire
to
see，for
the
sake
of
seeing，is，with
the
mass，alone
the
one
to
be
gratified，hence
the
delight
in
detail.
Chinese
realistic
painting
is
often
very
colorful
and
with
a
lot
of
details，it
involves
first
drawing
a
basic
outline
of
the
object
with
a
thin
brush
in
black
and
then
meticulously
coloring
in
the
detail
with
specialized
brushes.
A
famous
example
of
this
style
is
the
painting
from
the
Song
Dynasty
by
the
artist
Zhang
Xuan
called
“Court
Ladies
Preparing
Newly
Woven
Silk”.
It
depicts
an
annual
celebration
where
the
court
ladies
would
prepare
silk，therefore
opening
a
window
to
the
past.
See
how
all
the
court
ladies
are
performing
different
tasks，and
how
each
has
been
painted
to
express
their
individual
character.
Unlike
realistic
painting，ink?wash
painting
is
based
on
one
color，black
calligraphy
ink.
These
paintings
stunning
in
that
details
are
added
by
having
different
shades
of
black.
A
great
example
of
ink?wash
technique
done
by
Chen
Rong
is
“Nine
Dragons”，which
plays
on
the
Chinese
mythology
of
the
nine
sons
of
the
dragon
king，the
painting
style
itself
focuses
on
the
forces
of
nature
based
on
Daoism(道家思想)．This
painting
is
so
famous
that
it
can
even
be
found
in
mosaics
or
painted
on
walls
in
China.
Chinese
painting
is
amazing
because
like
its
characters，it's
a
series
of
strokes
that
work
together.
Before
you
start
painting，you
must
have
already
formed
the
complete
image
in
your
head.
[探索发现]
1．Which
dynasty
was
the
“Court
Ladies
Preparing
Newly
Woven
Silk”
painted
in?
In
the
Song
Dynasty.
2．What
should
you
do
before
you
paint
a
Chinese
painting?
Forming
the
complete
image
in
your
head.UNIT
1
ART
阅读教材P8中的材料，选出最佳选项
1．Which
is
not
included
in
our
new
exhibition?
A．Ink
wash
paintings.
B．Bronze
bowls.
C．Ceramic
vases.
D．Western
sculptures.
2．Tang
Yin
lived
in
the
Dynasty.
A．Song
B．Tang
C．Ming
D．Qing
3．According
to
the
passage，which
one
is
not
true?
A．The
bronze
objects
displayed
on
the
exhibition
was
created
by
Emperor
Qianlong.
B．Trade
along
the
Silk
Road
boomed
in
the
seventh
century.
C．You
can
not
go
to
the
exhibition
on
Monday.
D．You
can
not
take
drink
into
the
museum.
[答案] 1—3 DCA
Words
and
Phrases
representative
adj.
典型的；有代表性的
n．代表
[教材原句P6]
These
pictures
are
representatives
of
ink
wash
animation
films.
这些图片是水墨动画电影的代表。
[例1] Employees
from
each
department
elect
a
representative.
每个部门的员工选举一名代表。
[例2] Is
a
questionnaire
answered
by
500
people
truly
representative
of
the
population
as
a
whole?
由500人参加的问卷调查能真正代表所有民众吗？
[造句]
他似乎想当然地认为他应该以代表的身份发言。
He
seemed
to
take
it
for
granted
that
he
should
speak
as
a
representative.
[知识拓展]
represent
vt.
代表；表现；描绘
represent...as...
把……描绘成……
represent
sb.
to
be/as
宣称某人为/是……
represent
sth.
to
sb.
向某人说明某事，向某人传达某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①This
kind
of
medical
treatment
represents(represent)
a
significant
advance
in
the
field
of
cancer
research.
②He
represented
himself
as
a
philosopher.
③I
couldn't
be
present
myself，but
I
sent
my
representative(represent)
to
the
meeting.
[小片段填空]
The
representative
put
forward
a
representative
problem
about
the
project.He
represented
himself
as
one
of
the
best
experts
in
that
field.(represent)
decline
n.
(数量、价格、质量等的)减少；下降；衰落
vi.&vt.
减少；下降；衰落；谢绝
[教材原句P6]
an
explanation
of
the
decline
in
ink
wash
animation
水墨动画的衰落的解释
[例1] The
company
reported
a
small
decline
in
its
profits.
公司报告其利润略有减少。
[例2] Her
health
was
declining
rapidly.
她的健康状况迅速恶化。
[造句]
他们的发言人拒绝对这些指控加以评论。
Their
spokesman
declined
to
comment
on
the
allegations.
[知识拓展]
(1)decline(from...)to...
(从……)下降/减少到……
decline
by
下降/减少了……
decline
doing/to
do
sth.
婉言拒绝做某事
(2)fall/go
into
a
decline
开始衰落，衰弱下去；走下坡路
a
decline
in
……的下降
in
decline＝on
the
decline
在下降，在衰退
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Since
the
beginning
of
2014，the
price
of
worldwide
milk
products
has
declined
by
3.8%.
②Industry
in
Britain
has
been
on
the
decline
since
the
1970s.
③He
declined
going/to
go(go)
to
the
party
with
her.
[小片段填空]
He
declined
the
invitation
of
the
company.He
said
that
the
company
was
on
the
decline．Their
sales
volume
has
declined
by
30
percent.(decline)
recognition
n.
承认；认出；赞誉
[教材原句P8]
In
time，he
gained
recognition
as
one
of
the
greatest
artists
China
has
ever
known.
随着时间的推移，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。
[例1] He
glanced
briefly
towards
her
but
there
was
no
sign
of
recognition.
他瞥了她一眼，但似乎没认出她来。
[例2] There
is
a
general
recognition
of
the
urgent
need
for
reform.
人们普遍认识到迫切需要改革。
[造句]
她的工作得到极少的赞誉。
She
gained
minimal
recognition
for
her
work.
[知识拓展]
(1)beyond
recognition
认不出来
(2)recognise
vt.
辨认出；承认；认可
recognise
sb./sth.
as...
承认……是……
be
recognised
as...
被公认为……
recognise
that...
承认……；意识到……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Everyone
recognised
him
to
be/as
the
lawful
heir.
②It
was
recognised(recognise)
that
this
solution
could
only
be
temporary.
guarantee
vt.
保证；确保；肯定……必然发生
n．保证；保修单；担保物
[教材原句P8]
We
guarantee
that
“From
Shang
to
Qing:
Chinese
Art
Through
the
Ages”
will
transport
you
to
another
time
with
its
amazing
collection
of
works.
我们保证“从商朝到清朝：中国艺术历久弥新”将您带到有着惊人的作品收藏的另一个时代。
[例1] He
gave
me
a
guarantee
that
it
would
never
happen
again.
他向我保证这种事情绝不会再发生。
[例2] The
television
comes
with
a
year's
guarantee.
这台电视机有一年的保修期。
[造句]
我们不能保证我们的所有航班均不误点。
We
cannot
guarantee
(that)
our
flights
will
never
be
delayed.
[知识拓展]
(1)guarantee
sb.
sth.(＝ensure
sb.
sth.)
保证某人得到某物
guarantee
to
do
sth.
保证做某事
guarantee
that...
确保……
guarantee
sth.
for
some
time
对……保修多久
(2)give
sb.
a
guarantee
that...
向某人保证……
under
guarantee
在保修期内
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I
guarantee
to
be(be)
here
tomorrow.
Trust
me!
②I
guarantee
that
you'll
enjoy
yourself.
③This
insurance
guarantees
you
against
loss
in
case
of
fire.
[小片段助记]
The
goods
sold
by
this
company
was
under
guarantee，so
the
manager
guaranteed
to
fix
it
as
soon
as
possible.
worthy
adj.值得……的；有价值的
[教材原句P10]
If
you
are
not
interested
in
works
of
art
by
classical
masters，contemporary
art
by
representative
artists
is
also
worthy
of
your
attention.
如果你对古典大师的艺术作品不感兴趣，当代艺术的代表性也值得你关注。
[例1] A
number
of
the
report's
findings
are
worthy
of
note.
这份报告里有些调查结果值得注意。
[例2] They
thought
the
feminist
label
was
too
worthy.
他们觉得女权主义者这个称谓太抬举她们了。
[造句]
我们为人民而死，就是死得其所。
When
we
die
for
the
people,
it
is
a
worthy
death.
[知识拓展]
be
worthy
of＋n.
值得……
be
worthy
of
being
done/be
worthy
to
be
done
某事值得被做……
It
is/was
worthwhile
doing/to
do
sth.
做某事是值得的
be
worth＋n.
值得……，值……
be
worth
doing
某事值得被做
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He
who
does
his
duty
is
worthy
of
praising(praise)．
②I
don't
think
it
worthwhile
to
devote/devoting(devote)
so
much
time
to
discussing
the
matter.
③He
notes
down
everything
that's
worth
remembering(remember).
Sentence
Pattern
be
thought
to...句型
[教材原句P8]Some
of
the
items
on
display
are
thought
to
have
come
from
the
collection
of
Emperor
Qianlong
(1711－1799)，a
great
admirer
of
Shang
Dynasty
bronze.
一些展品被认为是出自殷商青铜的崇拜者乾隆皇帝的收藏。
句式分析：sb./sth.
be
said/thought/believed...to
do据说/据认为/据信……
上述结构可以转换为以下结构：
It
is
said
that...据说……
It
is
thought
that...据认为……
It
is
believed
that...人们相信……
[例1] It
is
said
that
his
child
is
lost.
据说他的孩子不见了。
[例2] He
is
often
thought
to
help
people
in
need.
人们常认为他能帮助有需要的人。
[造句]
人们相信他们能够提前完成这项任务。
It's
believed
that
they
can
finish
the
task
ahead
of
time.
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He
is
believed
to
have
associated(associate)
with
the
mafia(秘密犯罪集团)．
②It's
long
been
thought
that
chillies
can
help
us
lose
weight.
词义猜测题
阅读理解经常考查词义猜测题，要求考生根据对上下文的理解概括出生词或短语的词义。考生做此类题型时，首先要找到所猜测词所在文章的位置，然后在理解文章大意的基础之上，对此词前后句反复研读，最后根据前后句猜测出词义。
[例题分析]
The
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
system，developed
at
University
College
London
and
set
to
be
piloted
in
NHS
hospitals
later
this
year，will
screen
“at
risk”
patients
so
doctors
can
take
early
action
to
prevent
death
or
serious
illness.
Prof
Young，a
consultant
surgeon
at
Southend
University
Hospital，said:
“I
am
so
excited
about
this
form
of
technology.”
◆What
does
the
underlined
phrase
“screen”
in
paragraph
mean?
A．Comfort.
B．Treat.
C．Spot.
D．Nurse.
C [根据段落中的“so
doctors
can
take
early
action
to
prevent
death
or
serious
illness”以便医生能够及早采取行动，预防死亡或严重疾病，可以猜测出，人工智能将用于对高危病人进行“筛查”，此处screen意为筛查，故选C。]
[即学即练]
快速阅读猜测下列句子中的划线词的含义
The
only
thing
left
was
the
solid
pieces
of
marble
that
had
been
on
the
top
of
the
furniture.
After
an
hour
of
searching，one
of
the
volunteers
ran
up
to
her
and
found
the
Bible
while
clearing
through
ruins.
She
had
tears
streaming
down
her
cheeks.
It
had
flown
about
ten
feet
from
the
dresser.
Surprisingly，while
many
books
had
been
destroyed
beyond
recognition，the
Bible
was
still
intact，even
though
it
had
sat
in
the
rain
for
days.
“It
was
a
miracle，”
says
Lewis.
◆What
does
the
underlined
word
“intact”
probably
mean?
A．Unfolded.
B．New.
C．Undamaged.
D．Fragile.
[答案] C
PAGEUNIT
1
ART
1．real
adj.
真实的；实际存在的；非凭空想象的；真的→reality
n.
事实→realist
n.
现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者→realism
n．逼真；现实主义；务实作风→realistic
adj.
现实的；逼真的
2．human
n．人→humanity
n．人性；人道；(统称)人类→humanistic
adj.人文主义的
3．influence
n．影响
v．影响→influential
adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的
4．emerge
vi.&vt.出现；浮现；暴露→emergence
n．出现；兴起
5．sculpt
v.
雕刻；雕塑；使具有某种形状→sculptor
n.
雕刻家；雕塑家→sculpture
n.
雕像；雕刻品；雕刻术
rank
n．(尤指较高的)地位；级别；军衔；行列
v.
把……分等级；排列；使排成行
①She
was
not
used
to
mixing
with
people
of
high
social
rank.
级别
②He
was
soon
promoted
to
the
rank
of
captain.
军衔
③The
tasks
have
been
ranked
in
order
of
difficulty.
分等级
④The
report
ranks
the
UK
20th
out
of
22
advanced
nations.
排列
Words
and
Phrases
[教材原句P2]In
particular，his
paintings
are
set
apart
from
other
paintings
by
their
realistic
human
faces
and
deep
emotional
impact.
尤其是他的绘画作品，更是以其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他绘画作品中脱颖而出。
(1)in
particular尤其；特别
[例1] Why
should
he
notice
her
car
in
particular?
他为什么会特别注意到她的车？
[例2] He
loves
science
fiction
in
particular.
他特别喜欢科幻小说。
[造句] 他的发言是泛指一般情况，不是针对某一个人的。
His
statement
refers
to
people
in
general，not
to
anyone
in
particular.
[知识拓展]
in
particular＝particularly
特别；尤其
be
particular
about
对……挑剔；对……讲究
be
particular
to...
为……所特有
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I
enjoyed
the
play，particularly(particular)
the
second
half.
②Don't
be
too
particular
about
what
you
eat
and
wear；pay
more
attention
to
your
study
and
work.
③This
kind
of
plant
is
particular
to
Asia.
(2)set
apart
from使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
[例1] Her
clear
and
elegant
writing
sets
her
apart
from
other
journalists.
她的文章清丽典雅，比其他记者高出一筹。
[例2] His
strong
views
about
life
set
him
apart
from
most
other
Americans.
他有关生活的强烈观点，使他有别于大多数其他美国人。
[造句]
这样做让你在众多的候选人中脱颖而出。
Doing
so
can
set
you
apart
from
other
candidates.
[知识拓展]
set
apart
for
把(某物)留给……
set
about
着手，开始做
set
off
出发，启程，引起，使(炸弹等)爆炸
set
out
出发，开始做
set
aside
节省，保留
set
up
建立，树立
set
down
写下，放下
set
free
释放
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Try
to
set
aside
some
time
every
day
for
exercise.
②I'll
set
off/out
early
to
avoid
the
traffic
jams.
③They
want
to
set
up
their
own
company.
[名师点津]
set
about表示“开始做某事”时，后跟动名词作宾语；set
out表示“着手/开始做某事”时，后跟不定式作宾语。
[小片段助记]
After
ten
years
in
prison，he
was
set
free.He
set
down
what
he
experienced
in
prison.He
set
about
publishing
his
experience.
concentrate...on...把……集中于……
[教材原句P2]As
a
result，painters
concentrated
less
on
religious
themes.
因此，画家对宗教题材的关注较少。
[例1] It
was
up
to
him
to
concentrate
on
his
studies
and
make
something
of
himself.
是否能专心学习并取得一定成就要靠他自己。
[例2] This
helps
you
to
be
aware
of
time
and
concentrates
your
mind
on
the
immediate
task.
这有助于你掌握时间，全神贯注于眼前的任务。
[造句]
假如你不更加专心地工作，你将被解雇。
If
you
don't
concentrate
more
on
your
work
you'll
be
dismissed.
[知识拓展]
(1)concentrate
on
(doing)
sth.
专心(做)某事
concentrate
one's
attention/effort/thoughts
on/upon...
集中注意力/努力/思想于……
(2)concentration
n.
专心；专注
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They
will
concentrate
on
teaching(teach)
the
basics
of
reading
and
writing.
②He
tried
to
concentrate
his
attention
on
his
chemical
experiment.
③I
knew
that
concentration(concentrate)
was
the
first
requirement
for
learning.
influential
adj.
有很大影响力的；有支配力的
[教材原句P2]
Influential
painters
such
as
Leonardo
da
Vinci
(1452－1519)，Michelangelo
(1475－1564)，and
Raphael
(1483－1520)
built
upon
Giotto
and
Masaccio's
innovations
to
produce
some
of
the
greatest
art
that
Europe
had
ever
seen.
一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇(1452－1519)、米开朗基罗(1475－1564)和拉斐尔(1483－1520)
，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
[例1] The
Mid?Autumn
Festival
is
an
influential
festival
observed
by
us.
中秋节是我们过的一个有很大影响力的节日。
[例2] We
can
brainstorm
a
list
of
the
most
influential
individuals
in
the
company.
我们可以集体讨论，列出该公司中最有影响的人员的名单。
[造句]
他是现代爵士乐最有影响力的表演者之一。
He
is
one
of
the
most
influential
performers
of
modern
jazz.
[知识拓展]
influence
n．
影响，作用，感化力；势力
v.
影响
have
influence
on
对……有影响
have
influence
over
有左右……的力量
under
the
influence
of
在……影响下
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Listening
to
the
music
has
a
calming
influence
on
her.
②His
parents
no
longer
have
any
real
influence
over
him.
emerge
vi.&vt.
出现；浮现；暴露
[教材原句P3]
From
this，Impressionism
emerged
in
France.
自此以后，印象派在法国出现了。
[例1] Richard
was
waiting
outside
the
door
as
she
emerged.
她出现的时候，理查德正在门外等着。
[例2] Mr.Shevardnadze
emerged
as
a
major
figure
in
the
reform
movement.
谢瓦尔德纳泽先生逐渐成为改革运动的重要人物。
[造句]
这就造成了新疾病出现的机会。
This
creates
opportunities
for
new
diseases
to
emerge.
[知识拓展]
(1)emerge
from
出现；暴露(问题、意见等)
It
emerges
that...
暴露/出现……
(2)emergence
n.
出现；兴起
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①More
and
more
international
exchanges
emerge
from
under
the
trend
of
globalization.
②Language
emerges
and
develops
with
the
emergence(emerge)
and
development
of
society.
③It
emerged
that
the
driver
of
the
car
had
been
drunk.
convey
vt.表达；传递(思想、感情等)；传送
[教材原句P3]
In
this
work，Monet's
aim
was
to
convey
the
light
and
movement
in
the
scene—the
subjective
impression
the
scene
gave
him—but
not
a
detailed
record
of
the
scene
itself.
在他的作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光和运动——场景给他的主观印象，但不是对场景本身的详细记录。
[例1] A
wire
is
used
to
convey
an
electric
current.
电线是用来导电的。
[例2] Pipes
convey
hot
water
from
the
boiler
to
the
radiators.
管道把热水从锅炉输送到暖气片。
[造句]
当你见到他时，不要忘记帮我向他问好。
Don't
forget
to
convey
my
regards
when
you
see
him.
[知识拓展]
convey
sth.
to
sb.
向某人传达/传递某物
convey
sb./sth.
from
A
to
B
把某人/某物从A地运送到B地
convey
one's
feelings/meanings
表达感情/意思
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The
old
farmer
determined
to
convey
his
farm
to
his
son
before
death.
②Your
baggage
will
be
conveyed
by
helicopter
from
the
airport
to
your
hotel.
focus
on
关注；聚焦于
[教材原句P3]
While
many
Impressionists
painted
scenes
of
nature
or
daily
life，others，such
as
Renoir
(1841－1919)，focused
on
people.
当许多印象派画家描绘自然或日常生活的场景时，其他人，如雷诺阿，则关注于人。
[例1] The
talks
will
focus
on
economic
development
of
the
region.
会谈将着重讨论该地区的经济发展。
[例2] What
I'm
going
to
do
in
this
lecture
is
focus
on
something
very
specific.
我在今天的讲座中将主要探讨一些非常具体的问题。
[造句]
这里我想着重讲一个问题。
Here
I
would
like
to
focus
on
one
question
in
particular.
[知识拓展]
focus
v．
集中；聚焦
n.
中心点；焦点
focus...on/upon...
把……集中于……
bring...into
focus
使……成为焦点
in
focus
对准焦点；清晰
out
of
focus
没对准焦点；不清晰
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They
focus
not
on
how
famous
they
are
but
on
what
they
love
to
do
or
whatever
made
them
famous
in
the
first
place.
②The
children's
faces
are
badly
out
of
focus
in
the
photograph.
③The
programme
was
intended
to
focus
attention
on
global
economy.
[图形助记]
[小片段助记]
Global
warming
is
the
focus
of
the
meeting
to
be
held
tomorrow.Experts
from
different
countries
will
focus
on
a
possible
solution
to
this
problem.In
fact
many
scientists
are
focusing
their
attention
on
this
research.
fond
adj.
喜爱
[教材原句P3]
Why
are
you
fond
of
it?
你为什么喜欢它？
[例1] Over
the
years，I
have
grown
quite
fond
of
her.
经过这么多年，我越来越喜欢她了。
[例2] He
is
fond
of
playing
football.
他喜欢踢足球。
[造句]
我们已经喜欢上了这座房子，不想搬家。
We
had
grown
fond
of
the
house
and
didn't
want
to
leave.
[知识拓展]
be
fond
of
喜爱；喜欢
be
into
doing
sth.
喜欢，对……有兴趣
enjoy
doing
sth.
喜欢做……
be
crazy
about
着迷于……，迷恋上……
go
in
for
爱好，参加
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I'm
15
and
I'm
fond
of
singing(sing)．
②I
enjoy
reading(read)
history
novels
while
my
cousin
is
crazy
about
cartoons
such
as
Snow
White
and
Mickey
Mouse.
③Jessie
is
into
collecting
stamps
and
has
a
large
collection
of
stamps.
Sentence
Patterns
while引导让步状语从句
[教材原句P2]While
his
paintings
still
had
religious
themes，they
showed
real
people
in
a
real
environment.
虽然他的画仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示了真实环境中的真实人物。
句式分析：句中的while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然”，相当于although。
[例1] While
I
see
what
you
say，I
can't
agree
with
you.
虽然我能理解你说的话，但是我不能同意你。
[例2] While
the
work
was
difficult，it
was
interesting.虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。
[造句] 虽然他很爱他的学生，但是他对他们要求很严格。
While
he
loves
his
students，he
is
strict
with
them.
[知识拓展]
(1)while还可以作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候；在……期间”；
(2)while可以作并列连词，连接并列句，意为“然而”。
[翻译] ①Jim
Coulters
will
mind
the
store
while
I'm
away(我不在的时候)．
②I
like
playing
football
while
you
like
playing
basketball(然而你喜欢打篮球)．
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Stand
still
while
I
take
your
photograph.
②Sarah
and
I
had
a
great
time
while
the
kids
were
away.
not...but...不是……，而是……
[教材原句P3]He
sought
to
show
not
just
the
outer
image
of
his
subjects，but
their
inner
warmth
and
humanity
as
well.
他不仅要表现他主题的外在形象，还要表现他们内心的温暖和人性。
句式分析：句中的not...but...表示“不是……，而是……”，连接两个并列的句子成分，当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词必须与靠近的主语的人称和数保持一致。
[例1] Reading
is
fun，not
because
the
writer
is
telling
you
something，but
because
it
makes
your
mind
work.
读书之所以有趣，不是因为作者告诉了你什么，而是因为书本促使你思考。
[例2] I
did
it
not
because
I
liked
it
but
because
I
had
to
do
it.
我做这事不是因为我喜欢它，而是因为我必须做。
[造句]
不是他说的话而是他做的事令人难忘。
It
is
not
the
words
he
says
but
the
things
he
does
are
unforgettable.
[知识拓展]
除了not...but...用就近原则，常见的还有：either...or...；neither...not...；not
only...but
also...等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Either
Tom
or
Mary
decides(decide)
to
take
part
in
the
competition.
②Not
only
his
friends
but
also
Tom
wants(want)
to
go
to
the
cinema.
While
painters
as
early
as
Da
Vinci
had
used
oil，this
technique
reached
its
height
with
Rembrandt(1606－1669)，who
gained
a
reputation
as
a
master
of
shadow
and
light.
[分析] while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词Rembrandt。
[翻译] 尽管早在达·芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗(1606－1669)使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
教材
高考
1.Thus，artists
were
not
interested
in
painting
realistic
scenes.
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Another
way
of
setting
realistic
goals
is
to
analyze
your
short
and
long
term
objectives，...
2.While
many
Impressionists
painted
scenes
of
nature
or
daily
life，others，such
as
Renoir
(1841－1919)，focused
on
people.
(2019·浙江卷)If
praise
is
sincere
and
focused
on
the
effort
not
the
outcome，you
can
give
it
as
often
as
your
child
does
something
that
deserves
a
verbal
reward.
3.Why
are
you
fond
of
it？
(2019·江苏卷)We
are
so
fond
of
our
high
intelligence
that
we
assume
that
when
it
comes
to
brain
power，more
must
be
better.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．What
makes
his
parents
worry
is
not
his
grades
but
that
he
hasn't
any
interest
in
learning.
2．While
I
am
willing
to
help，I
do
not
have
much
time
available.
3．I'm
not
particular
about
food.
I
like
to
eat
all
kinds
of
food.
4．We
set
about
preparing(prepare)
for
the
party
one
week
ago.
5．It's
the
sort
of
work
that
calls
for
a
high
level
of
concentration(concentrate)．
6．It
has
emerged
that
he
stole
the
money.
7．The
government
conveyed
this
piece
of
land
to
a
company.
8．I
think
it
is
time
you
woke
up
and
focused
your
thoughts
on
more
worldly
matters.
9．Sheila's
fond
of
telling
other
people
what
to
do.
10．Teenage
idols
have
a
strong
influence
on
our
children.
Ⅱ.短语填空
in
particular；set
apart
from；as
a
result；focus
on；concentrate
on；be
fond
of
1．Please
concentrate
on
the
business
at
hand
and
don't
drag
in
irrelevant
issues.
2．The
government
appears
to
have
miscalculated
and
bills
are
higher
as
a
result．
3．I
have
had
a
lot
of
comments
about
that
carving
in
particular．
4．Others
are
fond
of
titles
and
honors，but
I
am
not.
5．Graf's
natural
athleticism
set
her
apart
from
other
tennis
players.
6．Business
managers
are
focused
on
increasing
their
personal
wealth
by
any
available
means.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Art
is
influenced
by
the
customs
and
faith
of
a
people.
There
are
so
many
different
styles
of
Western
art
1.that
it
would
be
impossible
to
describe
all
of
them
in
such
a
short
text.
2.Consequently(consequent)，it
will
tell
about
only
the
most
important
ones.
During
the
Middle
Ages
the
main
aim
of
painters
was
to
represent
3.religious(religion)
themes.
Artists
were
not
interested
4.in
showing
nature
and
people
but
5.creating(create)
a
feeling
of
respect
and
love
for
God.
In
the
Renaissance
new
ideas
and
values
replaced
those
6.held(hold)
in
the
Middle
Ages
when
people
paid
more
attention
to
humans.
One
of
the
most
important
7.discoveries(discover)
during
this
period
was
8.how
to
draw
things
in
perspective.
Then
in
Modern
Art，the
painter
does
not
attempt
9.to
paint(paint)
objects
as
we
see
them
with
our
eyes
but
concentrates
10.on
certain
qualities
of
the
object.
PAGEUNIT
1
ART
速读教材P2－3课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及。
1．During
the
Middle
Ages，artists
were
interested
in
painting
realistic
scenes.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
2．During
the
Renaissance，artists
focused
more
on
religious
themes.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
3．Masaccio
was
a
famous
artist
in
the
Middle
Ages.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
4．Rembrandt
gained
a
reputation
as
a
master
of
shadow
and
light.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
5．In
the
early
20th
century，paintings
were
needed
to
preserve
what
people
looked
like.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
[答案] 1—5 BBBAB
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．to
purchase
accurate
pictures
of
themselves
B．to
convey
the
light
and
movement
in
the
scene
C．to
describe
them
all
in
a
short
text
D．to
ask
the
question，“What
is
art？”
E．to
teach
people
about
Christianity
1．As
there
have
been
so
many
different
styles
of
Western
art，it
is
impossible
.
2．During
the
Middle
Ages，the
purpose
of
Western
art
was
．
3．Kings，nobles，and
people
of
high
rank
wanted
and
the
people
they
loved.
4．In
this
work，Monet's
aim
was
．
5．What
they
attempted
to
do
was
no
longer
show
reality，but
instead
．
[答案] 1—5 CEABD
Ⅲ.表格填空
A
SHORT
HISTORY
OF
WESTERN
PAINTING
Periods
Themes
Artistic
Characteristics
The
Middle
Ages(5th
to
the
15th
century)
1.religion
to
paint
in
a(n)2．unrealistic
way
The
Renaissance(14th
to
17th
century)
to
show
3.
people
and
the
world
around
us
to
adopt
a
more
4.humanistic
attitude
of
life；to
draw
things
in
5.perspective
and
oil
paints
developed
Impressionism(late
19th
to
early
20th
century)
to
show
scenes
of
6.
nature
or
daily
life
to
show
not
just
the
7.
outer
image
of
subjects，but
their
inner
8.
warmth
and
humanity
Modern
Art(20thcentury
to
today)
not
to
show
9.reality
to
paint
in
a(n)10.abstract
or
realistic
way
细读教材P2－3课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Part
1(Para.1)
A．The
Renaissance
2．Part
2(Para.
2)
B．The
Middle
Ages
3．Part
3(Paras.
3～5)
C．Introduction
4．Part
4(Paras.
6～7)
D．Modern
Art
5．Part
5(Para.
8)
E．Impressionism
[答案] 1—5 CBAED
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．The
painters
during
the
Middle
Ages
mainly
．
A．showed
people
as
they
really
were
B．looked
at
their
environment
in
new
ways
C．expressed
their
respect
and
love
for
nature
D．represented
religious
themes
2．According
to
the
text，the
painters
during
the
Renaissance
．
①adopted
a
more
humanistic
attitude
to
life
②discovered
the
rules
of
perspective
③developed
oil
paints
④broke
away
from
the
traditional
style
of
painting
A．①③④
B．②③④
C．①②④
D．①②③
3．Who
was
first
to
use
perspective
in
his
paintings
in
1428?
A．Bondone.
B．Roman
and
Greek
painters.
C．Masaccio.
D．The
Impressionists.
4．Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
true
about
Impressionism?
A．It
appeared
in
the
early
20th
century.
B．It
was
the
beginning
of
modern
art.
C．Its
painters
were
the
first
ones
to
work
outdoors.
D．It
was
not
accepted
at
first.
[答案] 1—4 DDCA
Ⅲ.读后续写微技能
读后续写微技能——描述发展变化
A．阅读课文中含有描述发展变化的语句。
1．This
began
to
change
in
the
13th
century
with
Giotto
di
Bondone
(1267－1337)．
2．New
ideas
and
values
gradually
replaced
old
ones
from
the
Middle
Ages.
B．判断下列语句中哪个不是描述发展变化的语句。
1．An
important
breakthrough
during
this
period
was
the
use
of
perspective
by
Masaccio
(1401－1428)．
2．Another
innovation
was
the
use
of
oil
paints.
3．While
many
Impressionists
painted
scenes
of
nature
or
daily
life，others，such
as
Renoir(1841－1919)，focused
on
people.
[答案] 1、2
PAGEUNIT
1
ART
不定式作表语
【观察例句】
1．Perhaps
the
best
way
to
understand
Western
art
is
to
look
at
the
development
of
Western
painting
over
the
centuries.
2．During
the
Middle
Ages，the
purpose
of
Western
art
was
to
teach
people
about
Christianity.
3．In
this
work，Monet's
aim
was
to
convey
the
light
and
movement
in
the
scene.
4．What
they
attempted
to
do
was
no
longer
show
reality，but
instead
to
ask
the
question，“What
is
art？”
【归纳用法】
一、不定式作表语的用法
1．表目的
The
purpose
of
education
is
to
develop
a
fine
personality
in
children.
教育的目的是发展儿童完美的品格。
2．表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或语言。
You
must
speak
out，if
we
are
to
remain
friends.
如果我们还想继续做朋友的话，你就必须痛痛快快地把话都说出来。
3．用于第一人称问句，表示征求意见。
What
am
I
to
say
if
they
ask
me
the
question?
要是他们问我这个问题，我该怎么回答呢？
4．表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等。
They
are
to
marry
next
week.
他们将在下周结婚。(安排)
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①His
ambition
is
to
become
(become)
a
famous
novelist.
②Our
most
important
task
now
is
to
make
(make)
a
plan.
③The
function
of
Louis
Sullivan's
architecture
was
to
provide(provide)
large
uninterrupted
floor
areas
and
to
allow
ample
light
into
the
interior.
二、不定式和现在分词作表语的区别
1．动词不定式作表语，通常表示具体的或将来的动作。
Our
first
assignment
was
to
read
two
short
stories.
我们的首要任务是读两篇短篇故事。
2．现在分词作表语，表示抽象的一般行为。
My
work
is
teaching
Chinese.
我的工作是教语文。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①The
most
important
thing
is
to
negotiate
(negotiate)
with
them
about
the
future
of
the
plant.
②What
we
expect
from
you
is
working(work)
hard
rather
than
hardly
working.
三、不定式作表语to的省略
1．当主语thing这个词被动词不定式修饰时，作表语的不定式符号“to”可以省略。
The
thing
for
us
to
do
is
accept
the
challenge.
我们要做的事情就是要接受挑战。
2．当主语是带有动词“do”的由“what”引导的主语从句时，其表语的动词不定式符号“to”可以省略。
What
they
want
to
do
is
have
a
good
sleep.
他们想要做的就是好好睡一觉。
3．当句子主语被动词“do”作谓语的定语从句修饰的anything，all，all
that，the
only
thing，the
only
way，或者thing前面有序数词first，second，last等修饰时，其表语动词不定式的符号“to”可以省略。
The
only
thing
you
have
to
do
is
press
the
button.
你要做的唯一的事情就是按一下按钮。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．My
work
is
to
clean(clean)
the
room
every
day.
2．To
do
two
things
at
a
time
is
to
do(do)
neither.
3．The
next
step
is
to
make(make)
sure
that
you
know
exactly
what
is
required.
4．You
must
be
patient
and
persistent
if
you
are
to
succeed(succeed)．
5．What
am
I
to
do(do)
if
I
have
no
money?
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
I
am
a
manager
of
a
small
company.
My
job
is
1.to
manage(manage)
the
daily
work
of
the
company.
One
day，I
was
2.to
leave(leave)
the
company
when
I
found
a
little
boy
was
3.to
slip(slip)
into
the
building
of
the
company.
I
stopped
him
and
asked
what
he
was
4.to
do(do).
He
explained
that
he
was
5.to
see(see)
the
process
of
how
our
product
was
worked
6.out.
I
told
him
it
was
too
late
7.to
do(do)
that
and
he
could
come
earlier
next
day
and
I
would
show
him
8.around
our
company
in
person.
The
boy
waved
goodbye
9.to
me
and
left
happily.
I
thought
all
he
had
to
do
was
10.study(study)
hard
at
school.
PAGEUNIT
1
ART
Ⅰ.匹配词义
a．匹配下列单词词义
( )1.precise
A．vt.购买；采购
( )2.breakthrough
B．n.名誉；名声
( )3.reputation
C．adj.准确的；精确的
( )4.purchase
D．n.重大进展；突破
( )5.subjective
E．adj.主观的
[答案] 1—5 CDBAE
b．匹配下列短语词义
( )1.set
apart
from
A．关注；聚焦于
( )2.in
particular
B．喜爱；喜欢
( )3.as
a
result
C．尤其；特别
( )4.focus
on
D．使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
( )5.be
fond
of
E．结果
[答案] 1—5 DCEAB
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．realistic
adj.
现实的；逼真的
2．dimension
n.
维；规模；范围
3．influential
adj.
有很大影响力的；有支配力的
4．noble
adj.
崇高的；宏伟的；高贵的
n.
贵族成员；出身高贵的人
5．rank
n.
地位；级别；行列
vt.&vi.
把……分等级；使排成行
6．sunrise
n.
日出
7．outer
adj.
外表的；外边的；外围的
8．subsequent
adj.
随后的；后来的；之后的
9．sculpture
n.
雕像；雕刻品；雕刻术
10．visual
adj.
视觉的；视力的
Ⅰ.选词填空
precise；subsequent；subjective；primitive；convey；breakthrough；mythology；purchase；reputation；photography
1．Everyone's
opinion
is
bound
to
be
subjective．
2．His
tone
conveyed
his
real
feelings
more
truly
than
his
words.
3．In
Greek
mythology，Zeus
was
the
ruler
of
Gods
and
men.
4．If
you
are
not
satisfied
with
your
purchase
we
will
give
you
a
full
refund.
5．She
soon
acquired
a
reputation
as
a
first?class
cook.
6．Scientists
have
made
a
breakthrough
in
their
treatment
of
that
disease.
7．Can
you
give
a
more
precise
definition
of
the
word?
8．Primitive
man
hunted
wild
animals
with
crude
stone
implements.
9．Developments
on
this
issue
will
be
dealt
with
in
a
subsequent
report.
10．Did
you
see
the
film
about
Antarctica?
The
photography
was
superb!
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．It
is
not
realistic(realism)
to
expect
people
to
spend
so
much
money.
2．Religious
values
can
often
differ
greatly
from
humanistic(humanity)
morals.
3．She
is
one
of
the
most
influential(influence)
figures
in
local
politics.
4．The
emergence(emerge)
of
the
new
idea
encouraged
us.
5．Exploring
outer(out)
space
is
a
challenge
to
mankind.
6．He
studied
sculpture(sculptor)
because
he
enjoyed
working
with
clay.
1．As
there
have
been
so
many
different
styles
of
Western
art，it
is
impossible
to
describe
them
all
in
a
short
text.
由于西方艺术的风格千差万别，不可能用一个简短的文稿来描述它们。
2．While
his
paintings
still
had
religious
themes，they
showed
real
people
in
a
real
environment.
虽然他的画仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示了真实环境中的真实人物。
3．With
their
deep
colours
and
realism，some
of
the
best
oil
paintings
look
like
photographs.
有着深沉的色彩和写实，一些最好的油画看起来像照片。
4．After
that，paintings
were
no
longer
needed
to
preserve
what
people
and
the
world
looked
like.
在那之后，不再需要绘画来保存人类和世界的面貌。
5．What
they
attempted
to
do
was
no
longer
show
reality，but
instead
to
ask
the
question，“What
is
art？”
他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题：“什么是艺术？”
名师圈点
①precise
adj.准确的；精确的
②definition
n．定义
③Christianity
基督教
④realistic
adj.现实的；逼真的
⑤scene
n．场景；场面
⑥work
n．著作
⑦primitive
adj.发展水平低的；原始的；远古的
⑧two?dimensional
adj.二维的
⑨character
n．人物；角色
⑩Giotto
di
Bondone乔托·迪·邦多纳(1267—1337)，意大利画家、雕塑家与建筑师，被认定为是意大利文艺复兴时期的开创者，被誉为“欧洲绘画之父”。
?in
particular
特别；尤其
?set
apart
from使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
?impact
n．影响
?replace
v．代替；取代
?as
a
result结果
?concentrate
on集中于
?adopt
vt.采用，采纳；收养
?humanistic
adj.人文主义的
?breakthrough
n．突破；重大进展
?perspective
n．透视法
influential
adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的
innovation
n．创新
realism
n．现实主义
photograph
n．照片
photography
n．照相术；摄影
as
early
as早在
height
n．高；高度
reputation
n．名誉；名声
shadow
n．影；阴影
emphasis
n．重点
shift
vt.转移；挪动
noble
n．贵族成员；出身高贵的人
purchase
vt.购买；采购
accurate
adj.精确的；准确的
historical
adj.历史的
mythology
n．神话；虚幻的想法
client
n．委托人；当事人；客户
no
longer不再
preserve
v．保存；保留
emerge
vi.&vt.出现；浮现；暴露
convey
vt.表达；传递；传送
subjective
adj.主观的
detailed
adj.详细的；详尽的
focus
on注意；集中于；聚焦于
black?and?white
photograph
黑白照片
seek
v．寻找；寻求
outer
adj.外边的；外围的
subsequent
adj.随后的；后来的；之后的
analyse
v．分析
exist
v．存在
Cubism
n．立体主义
quality
n．质量；品质
原文呈现
A
SHORT
HISTORY
OF
WESTERN
PAINTING
What
is
Western
art?
It
is
hard
to
give
a
precise①
definition②.As
there
have
been
so
many
different
styles
of
Western
art，it
is
impossible
to
describe
them
all
in
a
short
text.
Perhaps
the
best
way
to
understand
Western
art
is
to
look
at
the
development
of
Western
painting
over
the
centuries.
The
Middle
Ages(from
the
5th
to
the
15th
century)
During
the
Middle
Ages，the
purpose
of
Western
art
was
to
teach
people
about
Christianity③.
Thus，artists
were
not
interested
in
painting
realistic④
scenes⑤.
Their
works⑥
were
often
primitive⑦
and
two?dimensional⑧，and
the
main
characters⑨
were
often
made
much
larger
than
everyone
else
to
show
their
importance.
This
began
to
change
in
the
13th
century
with
Giotto
di
Bondone
(1267－1337)⑩.
While
his
paintings
still
had
religious
themes，they
showed
real
people
in
a
real
environment.[1]
In
particular?，his
paintings
are
set
apart
from?
other
paintings
by
their
realistic
human
faces
and
deep
emotional
impact?.
[1]while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”。
The
Renaissance(from
the
14th
to
the
17th
century)
New
ideas
and
values
gradually
replaced?
old
ones
from
the
Middle
Ages.
As
a
result?，painters
concentrated
less
on?
religious
themes.
They
began
to
adopt?
a
more
humanistic?
attitude
to
life.
An
important
breakthrough?
during
this
period
was
the
use
of
perspective?
by
Masaccio(1401－1428).
Influential
painters
such
as
Leonardo
da
Vinci(1452－1519)，Michelangelo(1475－1564)，and
Raphael(1483－1520)
built
upon
Giotto
and
Masaccio's
innovations
to
produce
some
of
the
greatest
art
that
Europe
had
ever
seen.
Another
innovation
was
the
use
of
oil
paints.
With
their
deep
colours
and
realism，some
of
the
best
oil
paintings
look
like
photographs.
While
painters
as
early
as
Da
Vinci
had
used
oil，this
technique
reached
its
height
with
Rembrandt(1606－1669)，who
gained
a
reputation
as
a
master
of
shadow
and
light.
In
subject
matter，the
emphasis
increasingly
shifted
from
religious
themes
to
people
and
the
world
around
us.
Kings，nobles，and
people
of
high
rank
wanted
to
purchase
accurate
pictures
of
themselves
and
the
people
they
loved.
Others
wanted
paintings
showing
important
historical
events
or
stories
from
mythology.
Finally，most
clients
wanted
paintings
that
were
beautiful
and
interesting
to
look
at.
Impressionism(late
19th
to
early
20th
century)
The
development
of
Western
art
slowed
until
the
invention
of
photography
in
the
mid?19th
century.
After
that，paintings
were
no
longer
needed
to
preserve
what
people
and
the
world
looked
like.[2]
Hence，painters
had
to
find
a
new
way
of
looking
at
their
art.
From
this，Impressionism
emerged
in
France.
The
name
of
this
new
movement
came
from
the
painting
by
Claude
Monet(1840－1926)
called
Impression，Sunrise.
In
this
work，Monet's
aim
was
to
convey
the
light
and
movement
in
the
scene—the
subjective
impression
the
scene
gave
him—but
not
a
detailed
record
of
the
scene
itself.
[2]what引导宾语从句，作preserve的宾语。
While
many
Impressionists
painted
scenes
of
nature
or
daily
life，others，such
as
Renoir
(1841－1919)，focused
on
people.
Unlike
the
cold，black?and?white
photographs
of
that
time
period，Renoir's
paintings
are
full
of
light，shadow，colour，and
life.
He
sought
to
show
not
just
the
outer
image
of
his
subjects，but
their
inner
warmth
and
humanity
as
well.
Modern
Art(from
the
20th
century
to
today)
After
Impressionism，subsequent
artists
began
to
ask，“What
do
we
do
next？”
Painters
such
as
Picasso
(1881－1973)
tried
to
analyse
the
shapes
which
existed
in
the
natural
world
but
in
a
new
way，with
Cubism.
Others
gave
their
paintings
a
realistic
but
dream?like
quality.
Still
others
turned
to
abstract
art.
What
they
attempted
to
do
was
no
longer
show
reality，but
instead
to
ask
the
question，“What
is
art？”
译文参考
西方绘画简史
什么是西方艺术？很难给出准确的定义。由于西方艺术的风格千差万别，不可能用一个简短的文稿来描述它们。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是观察西方绘画在几个世纪里的发展。
中世纪(从5世纪到15世纪)
在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是教给人们有关基督教的知识。因此，艺术家对写实的场景并不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物往往被塑造得比其他人都大得多，以显示他们的重要性。13世纪，随着乔托·迪·邦多纳(1267－1337)的出现，这种情况开始发生变化。虽然他的画仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示了真实环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的绘画作品，更是以其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他绘画作品中脱颖而出。
文艺复兴时期(从14世纪到17世纪)
新观念和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的旧观念和价值观。因此，画家对宗教题材的关注较少。他们开始对生活采取更加人道的态度。这一时期的一个重要突破是马萨乔(1401－1428)使用透视法。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇(1452－1519)、米开朗基罗(1475－1564)和拉斐尔(1483－1520)，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
另一个创新是使用油墨颜料。有着深沉的色彩和写实，一些最好的油画看起来像照片。尽管早在达·芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗(1606－1669)使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
在主题上，重点逐渐从宗教主题转移到我们周围的人和世界。国王、贵族和地位高的人都想购买自己和他们所爱的人的精确照片。其他人则希望画出一些重要的历史事件或神话故事。最后，大多数客户希望看到漂亮有趣的画。
印象主义(画派)(19世纪末20世纪初)
西方艺术的发展缓慢下来，直到19世纪中叶摄影术的发明。在那之后，不再需要绘画来保存人类和世界的面貌。因此，画家必须找到一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。自此以后，印象派在法国出现了。这一新运动的名字来自克劳德·莫奈(1840－1926)的画作《印象日出》。在他的作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光和运动——场景给他的主观印象，但不是对场景本身的详细记录。
当许多印象派画家描绘自然或日常生活的场景时，其他人，如雷诺阿(1841－1919)，则关注于人。与那个时期的黑白照片不同，雷诺阿的绘画不像充满了光、影、色和生命。他不仅要表现他主题的外在形象，还要表现他们内心的温暖和人性。
现代艺术(20世纪至今)
印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问：“我们下一步该怎么办？画家毕加索(1881－1973)试图以立体的方式分析自然界中存在的形态，但又以一种新的方式进行分析。其他人给他们的画一个现实的，但梦想般的质量。还有一些人转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题：“什么是艺术？”
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