中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考概要写作之说明文
)
（一）概要写作的考查能力
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
1.
快速阅读,准确把握文章主旨及各段主要内容的能力。
2.
熟练运用语法知识分析句子成分与结构的能力。主要体现在写作的语法结构和词汇的准确性。
3.
对固定短语和固定搭配的识记与再现能力。主要体现在不能出现和原文同样的句子。
4.
单词拼写能力。
（二）概要写作的评分参考
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：
对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
2.
应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
3.
上下文的连贯性；
4.
各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
（三）概要写作的备考建议
概要写作，其实我们考生并不陌生，在日常的英语教学中，教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打基础。除此之外，作为考生，还要注意以下几点：
1.
积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，即使有再好的写作技巧，如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识，也很难写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，以不变应万变。解构句子结构的能力,并重点培养对语篇的速读与关键信息的捕捉能力及对语篇的再造能力。
2.
进行适度地专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要点，找到概要写作的感觉，冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材，分类训练篇章结构的布局，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。
（四）说明文概要写作技巧
说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The
article
points
out
the
common
phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)
利弊对比类：The
article
compares
the
disadvantages/benefits
of
A
and
B.
A…while
B…
The
passage
discusses
the
impact
of
sth.
On
the
positive
side,…,
but
it
may
also…
研究显示类：The
study
reveals
that…;
The
purpose
of
the
report
is
to
show
that…
（五）说明文概要写作模板
说明文：phenomenon
/
problem
+
reason
+
solution
(cause
and
effect),
introduction
of
an
object
(how
it
is
made,
how
it
is
used,
how
it
may
change,
what
makes
it
new
or
significant)
（六）说明文概要写作样文展示
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of
the
passage
in
no
more
than
60
words.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.?
Wish
you
were
more
creative?
Just
pretend!
①
One
great
irony
about
our
collective
obsession
with
creativity
is
that
we
tend
to
frame
it
in
uncreative
ways.
That
is
to
say,
most
of
us
marry
creativity
to
our
concept
of
self:
Either
we’re
“creative”
or
we
aren’t,
without
much
of
a
middle
ground.
②
Dr.
Pillay,
a
tech
entrepreneur
and
an
assistant
professor
at
Harvard
University,
has
spent
a
good
chunk
of
his
career
subverting
(使放弃)
these
ideas.
He
believes
that
the
key
to
unlocking
your
creative
potential
is
to
defy
the
clichéd
advice
that
urges
you
to
“believe
in
yourself.”
In
fact,
you
should
do
the
opposite:
Believe
you
are
someone
else.
③
Dr.
Pillay
points
to
a
2016
study
demonstrating
the
impact
of
stereotypes
(固定思维)
on
one’s
behavior.
The
authors,
educational
psychologists
Denis
Dumas
and
Kevin
Dunbar,
divided
their
college-student
subjects
into
three
groups,
instructing
the
members
of
one
to
think
of
themselves
as
“eccentric
(古怪的)
poets”
and
the
members
of
another
to
imagine
they
were
“rigid
librarians”
(the
third
group
was
the
control).
The
researchers
then
presented
all
the
participants
with
ten
ordinary
objects,
including
a
fork,
a
carrot,
and
a
pair
of
pants,
and
asked
them
to
come
up
with
as
many
different
uses
as
possible
for
each
one.
Those
who
were
asked
to
imagine
themselves
as
eccentric
poets
came
up
with
the
widest
range
of
ideas,
whereas
those
in
the
rigid-librarian
group
had
the
fewest.
Meanwhile,
the
researchers
found
only
small
differences
in
students’
creativity
levels
across
academic
majors.
In
fact,
the
physics
majors
inhabiting
the
personas
of
eccentric
poets
came
up
with
more
ideas
than
the
art
majors
did.
④
These
results,
write
Dumas
and
Dunbar,
suggest
that
creativity
is
not
an
individual
trait
but
a
“malleable
(易适应的)
product
of
context
and
perspective.”
Everyone
can
be
creative,
as
long
as
he
or
she
feels
like
a
creative
person.
Dr.
Pillay’s
work
takes
this
a
step
further:
He
argues
that
simply
identifying
yourself
as
creative
is
less
powerful
than
taking
the
bold,
creative
step
of
imagining
you
are
somebody
else.
This
exercise,
which
he
calls
psychological
Halloweenism,
refers
to
the
conscious
action
of
inhabiting
another
persona.
An
actor
may
employ
this
technique
to
get
into
character,
but
anyone
can
use
it.
⑤
Unfortunately,
those
ideas
often
get
drowned
out
because
most
of
us
spend
way
too
much
time
worrying,
and
about
two
things
in
particular:
how
successful/unsuccessful
we
are
and
how
little
we’re
focusing
on
the
task
at
hand.
These
twin
worries
feed
on
each
other—an
unfocused
person
is
an
unsuccessful
one,
we
believe—and
so
we
don’t
allow
our
minds
to
wander
into
its
quietly
fertile
fields.
【解析指导】
1.
Main
idea
这是一篇说明文。哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士引用前人的实验结果，提出了训练创造力的方法——假装自己是另一个人。该实验证明，创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调节的产物。Pillay博士进而指出，创造力可以通过练习获得。文章详细介绍了该实验的过程、发现和结论。文章最后指出人们之所以不能产生有创意的点子，是因为人们过于在乎成功，过于专注眼前事，而让我们的大脑不能放松。
2.
Text
structure
全文可以划分为三个部分：
①第一部分：普通民众对是否具备创造力的观念。
②-④第二部分：哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士在前人实验结果的基础上提出了训练创造力的方法。
⑤第三部分：人们为什么不能产生有创意的点子。
3.
Mind
map
4..
Writing
procedure
Step
1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是讲述创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调节的产物。
创造力可以通过练习获得，并指出训练创造力的方法。
Step
2：划分要点。
本文分3个要点，提出主题——给出方法——解释原因。
Step
3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step
4：概括。
Summary
writing
Many
people
regard
themselves
either
creative
or
not
creative.
Yet,
experts
proved
creativity
is
not
a
personal
quality
and
could
be
gained
in
specified
situations.
Another
expert
believes
people
could
get
creative
by
pretending
to
be
someone
else.
But
most
people
fail
to
do
so
because
they
care
so
much
about
success,
forcing
themselves
to
focus
all
the
time.
(59
words)
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
In
fact，great
white
sharks
are
not
white.
The
name
is
thought
to
have
come
about
because
these
sharks
are
white
in
one
circumstance
when
they
are
lying
dead
on
the
deck
of
a
boat.
It
would
be
more
proper
to
call
this
species
the
“black
shark”．They
have
a
dark
upper
surface，which
means
their
prey(猎物)
are
difficult
to
spot
them
approaching
from
the
dark
depths.
Speaking
of
prey，they
have
been
recorded
dining
out
on
a
wide
range
of
species，including
whales，squid(鱿鱼)，turtles
and
occasionally
penguins.
“If
you
make
a
list
of
everything
that’s
been
found
in
a
white
shark’s
stomach，you’d
get
a
variety
of
things，”
says
marine
biologist
George
Burgess
of
the
University
of
Florida
in
Gainesville.But
what’s
clear
is
that
their
tastes
change
as
they
age.
“They
are
almost
just
fish－eaters
until
they
are
7，8，9
feet
long，”
says
Burgess.“As
they
get
bigger，they
will
begin
to
start
eating
mammal
prey
if
they
get
the
opportunity.”
These
older
sharks
prefer
seals，sea
lions
and
walruses.When
they
strike
from
below，at
speed，white
sharks
can
clear
the
surface
by
as
much
as
3
m.
To
locate
their
prey，white
sharks
use
almost
every
trick
in
the
book.“They
have
a
series
of
senses，”
says
Burgess.
In
a
1963
study，researchers
hung
a
speaker
over
the
edge
of
their
boat
off
Miami
to
see
if
they
could
attract
sharks
with
sound.
No
great
white
sharks
were
spotted
in
this
study，but
it’s
reasonable
to
assume
they
have
good
hearing
too.
As
a
great
white
shark
gets
closer
to
its
prey，its
sense
of
smell
begins
to
kick
in.A
study
of
the
brains
of
different
species
of
sharks
shows
that
the
great
white’s
olfactory
bulb
(嗅球)
is
especially
large.
Their
vision
is
not
bad，either.“They
see
particularly
well，”
says
Burgess.
They
also
have
two
less
familiar
senses.Their
lateral
lines，which
run
along
their
sides，can
detect
changes
in
water
pressure
that
reveal
their
prey’s
movements.
【写作指导】
本文是一篇说明文。说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象＋性质功用＋利好”：(In
the
passage)
the
writer
introduces...to
us，especially
its...，from
which
we
know...(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题＋解决方法”：The
passage
tells
us...，including...(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象＋原因＋结果”：(The
author/writer
said/talks
about)．..of...，because/but...。本文可以采用第一种模板。
【参考范文】
The
passage
introduces
something
about
white
sharks，such
as
the
origin
of
the
name
and
how
they
get
their
prey.(要点1)When
they
are
lying
dead
on
the
deck
of
a
boat，they
are
white，but
they
have
a
dark
upper
surface.(要点2)What
they
eat
are
various，including
a
wide
range
of
species.When
they
are
small
they
eat
fish.As
they
become
bigger，they
eat
mammal
prey.(要点3)Their
senses
such
as
hearing，smell
and
vision
are
good.(要点4)
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Dieters
have
long
sworn
that
grapefruit
helps
them
lose
weight.The
Grapefruit
Diet，also
called
the
Hollywood
Diet，dates
back
to
the
1930s
and
has
a
host
of
celebrity
fans
including
singer
Kylie
Minogue.It
involves
having
grapefruit
or
grapefruit
juice
with
every
meal
while
cutting
back
on
calories.
Now,
scientists
are
beginning
to
believe
them.
A
study
has
found
that
drinking
grapefruit
juice
when
eating
fatty
food
lowers
the
amount
of
weight
put
on
by
up
to
a
fifth.
The
research
also
suggested
that
grapefruit
could
be
as
good
as
prescription
drugs
at
keeping
blood
sugar
levels
under
control—a
key
part
of
managing
diabetes.
The
experiments
were
conducted
on
mice—but
researchers
say
the
results
justify
studies
on
humans.Professor
Joseph
Napoli，of
the
University
of
California，Berkeley，said，“We
see
all
sorts
of
scams
about
nutrition.
But
these
results，based
on
controlled
experiments，warrant
further
study
of
the
potential
health－promoting
properties
of
grapefruit
juice.”
The
researchers
found
that
when
the
mice
were
fed
fatty
food
for
three
months，those
given
grapefruit
juice
to
drink
gained
up
to
18
percent
less
weight
than
those
given
water.
They
also
had
lower
blood
sugar
and
insulin
levels—despite
eating
the
same
number
of
calories
and
doing
the
same
amount
of
exercise
as
the
mice
who
drank
water.
In
fact，grapefruit
juice
was
as
good
at
controlling
insulin
as
the
widely
used
diabetes
drug
metformin，the
journal
PLOS
ONE
reports.
However，the
fruit
juice
only
had
an
effect
on
weight
when
the
animals
ate
fatty
food.The
researchers
said
they
did
not
know
how
grapefruit
stops
the
pounds
from
piling
on.
Spokesman
Mariette
Abrahams,a
dietician,
said
until
then
it
is
too
early
for
people
to
try
grapefruit
diets.“Grapefruit
should
be
part
of
a
healthy
balanced
diet，but
it
shouldn’t
be
the
focus
of
the
diet,
”
she
said.
【写作指导】
本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。第一段介绍了葡萄柚用于减肥的历史背景；第二至七段的内容是：研究表明，葡萄柚对人的身体健康有很多好处；第八段介绍了葡萄柚汁减肥的局限性；最后一段对葡萄柚饮食提出了不同的意见。考生在作答时，应注意条理清晰，避免混乱性语句；语言简洁，要点全面，可将原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以节约词数。另外，考生在作答时应注意语言的准确性和语句间的衔接性。
【参考范文】
Dieters
think
grapefruit
juice
helps
lose
weight
and
the
Grapefruit
Diet
or
the
Hollywood
Diet
was
a
popular
way
of
losing
weight
in
the
1930s.(要点1)The
experiments
conducted
on
mice，which
can
also
apply
to
humans，shows
that
grapefruit
juice
benefits
the
loss
of
weight
and
the
control
of
blood
sugar
and
insulin
levels.(要点2)However，the
fruit
only
takes
effect
when
the
animals
eat
fatty
food.(要点3)The
opposite
view
doesn’t
think
eating
grapefruit
can
be
the
focus
of
the
diet.(要点4)
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Could
fast
food
make
it
harder
to
stop
and
smell
the
roses?
A
new
study
from
the
University
of
Toronto
suggests
that
fast
food
might
make
it
harder
to
stop
and
smell
the
roses.
Researchers
pointed
out
that
Americans
have
gained
more
and
more
leisure
time,
yet
they
aren’t
any
happier.
The
problem
could
be
that
modern
conveniences
make
us
more
impatient,
and
therefore
less
able
to
appreciate
small
moments
of
joy.
To
test
the
theory,
the
University
of
Toronto
researchers
carried
out
a
few
different
tests
focused
on
fast
foods,
the
typical
American
“symbols
of
the
culture
of
impatience,”
and
happiness.
In
one
of
the
tests,
researchers
told
257
people
to
rate
pictures
based
on
whether
they
were
suitable
for
ads.
Participants
saw
a
series
of
pictures:
One
group
saw
fast
food
in
regular
packaging
while
the
other
group
saw
the
same
food
set
out
on
ceramic
tableware
(瓷器餐具).
Afterward,
some
of
the
participants
were
shown
photographs
of
“scenic
natural
beauty”
and
then
were
asked
to
rate
their
happiness.
Others
rated
their
happiness
without
seeing
the
pictures.
The
researchers
found
that
people
who
saw
the
fast
food
before
viewing
the
nature
photos
tended
to
rate
their
happiness
lower.
Yet
those
who
simply
rated
their
happiness
without
seeing
the
nature
shots
beforehand
were
actually
a
little
happier
if
they’d
seen
fast
food
in
advance.
Researchers
said
that
suggests
fast
food
doesn’t
directly
cause
unhappiness
but
decreases
the
ability
to
enjoy
things.
Researchers
cautioned,
however,
that
much
more
research
was
needed
to
determine
exactly
how
fast
food
and
happiness
are
correlated
and
how
strong
the
relationship
really
is.?
【参考范文】
A
study
from
the
University
of
Toronto
shows
fast
food
will
affect
people’s
ability
to
enjoy
things,
thus
making
them
less
happy.
In
one
test,
among
the
257
participants,
those
who
saw
pictures
of
natural
beauty
after
being
shown
fast
food
rated
their
happiness
lower
than
those
who
didn’t.
But
researchers
said
more
research
was
needed
to
confirm
the
findings.
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
The
poaching,
or
illegal
killing,
of
rhinos(犀牛)
in
South
Africa
is
growing
worse
each
year.
The
government
recently
reported
that
a
record
number
of
rhinos
were
poached
in
2014,
a
year
which
had
more
rhino
killings
in
South
Africa
than
ever
before.
The
World
Wildlife
Fund，or
WWF,
says
about
20，000
rhinos
live
in
South
Africa.
That
is
more
than
80
percent
of
the
rhinos
in
the
world．Edna
Molewa，South
Africa’s
environmental
issues
minister，says，“During
2014，we
are
sad
to
say
this：1,
215
rhinos
were
killed．This
is
a
rise
in
the
number
of
poached
rhinos
from
1004
in
2013
and
indeed
very
worrying．”The
animals
are
hunted
for
their
horns.Many
people
in
Asia
believe
the
horn
has
curing
power,
which
drives
poachers,
at
all
costs,
mad
for
more
horns.
But
there
is
no
scientific
evidence
for
this
belief.
The
horn
is
made
of
keratin.
That
is
the
same
thing
as
human
hair,
fingernails
and
toenails.
Ms.
Mo1ewa
said
386
suspected
poachers
were
arrested
last
year,
an
increase
from
the
year
before.
But
rhino
protection
workers
say
poachers
often
go
unpunished
after
arrest.
South
Africa’s
legal
system
is
ineffective.
Ms.
Molewa
said
more
needs
to
be
done
and
South
Africa
is
taking
strong
measures
to
protect
rhinos.
The
efforts
include
moving
some
of
the
animals
to
secret
places
in
neighboring
countries.
“Now
approximately
100
rhinos
have
been
moved
to
neighboring
states
in
the
SADC
region
during
2014
and
200
more
rhinos
will
be
moved
this
year”Molewa
said.
Jo
Shaw,
the
rhino
program
manager
at
the
WWF,
said,“we’re
talking
about
a
loss
of
a
hundred
rhinos
a
month.
Or
more
than
three
a
day.
We
really
need
to
see
effective
action
not
just
at
a
national
level
but
internationally.
”She
says
officials
should
find
the
criminal
groups
responsible
for
the
poaching
and
punish
them.
【参考范文】
The
poaching
of
rhinos
is
getting
worse
in
South
Africa
each
year.
Many
rhinos
are
killed
for
their
horns
which
is
believed
to
have
curing
power.
Although
more
poachers
are
arrested,
they
hardly
get
punished.
So
the
members
of
WWF
are
calling
on
more
measures
which
should
taken
to
protect
rhinos.,including
effective
legal
system,rhinos
living
place
and
even
international
cooperation.
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Puppy
Dog
Eyes
Are
for
the
Benefits
of
Humans
Dogs
make
puppy
dog
eyes
for
the
benefit
of
humans
and
rarely
use
the
pleasing
facial
expression
when
on
their
own,
a
new
study
has
shown.
It
has
long
been
assumed
that
animal
facial
expressions
are
involuntary
and
dependent
on
emotional
state
rather
than
a
way
to
communicate.
But
scientists
at
the
University’s
Dog
Cognition
Centre
at
Portsmouth
University
have
found
that
dogs
mostly
use
facial
expressions
when
humans
are
present,
as
a
direct
response
to
attention.
Puppy
dog
eyes,
in
which
the
eyebrow
is
raised
to
make
the
eyes
appear
wider
and
sadder,
was
found
to
be
the
most
commonly
used
expression
in
the
study.
Researchers
do
not
know
whether
the
dogs
are
aware
they
look
sadder,
or
have
just
learned
that
widening
their
eyes
invites
sympathy
and
affection
in
humans.
Dog
cognition
expert
Dr
Juliane
Kaminski:
“We
can
now
be
confident
that
the
production
of
facial
expressions
made
by
dogs
are
dependent
on
the
attention
state
of
their
audience
and
are
not
just
a
result
of
dogs
being
excited.”
“In
our
study
they
produced
far
more
expressions
when
someone
was
watching,
but
seeing
food
treats
did
not
have
the
same
effect.”
“The
findings
appear
to
support
evidence
dogs
are
sensitive
to
humans’
attention
and
that
expressions
are
37
active
attempts
to
communicate,
not
simple
emotional
displays.”
The
researchers
studied
24
dogs
of
various
breeds,
aged
one
to
12.
All
were
family
pets.
Each
dog
was
tied
by
a
lead
a
metre
away
from
a
person,
and
the
dogs’
faces
were
filmed
throughout
a
range
of
exchanges,
from
the
person
being
oriented
towards
the
dog,
to
being
distracted
and
with
her
body
turned
away
from
the
dog.
They
found
that
when
a
human
was
not
watching
the
animal,
they
dropped
facial
expressions.
Dr
Kaminski
said
it
is
possible
that
dogs’
expressions
have
evolved
as
they
were
domesticated.
“Domestic
dogs
have
a
unique
history
–they
have
lived
alongside
humans
for
30,000
years
and
during
that
time
selection
pressures
seem
to
have
acted
on
dogs’
ability
to
communicate
with
us,
”she
said.
【参考范文】
Researchers
have
found
that
dogs
making
puppy
dog
eyes
is
response
to
human
attention,
not
the
result
of
their
emotional
state.
Through
the
experiment
of
recording
faces
of
different
dogs
when
the
person
approached
and
left,
they
concluded
that
the
domestication
of
dogs
promotes
their
ability
to
communicate
with
human.
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考概要写作之说明文
)
（一）概要写作的考查能力
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
1.
快速阅读,准确把握文章主旨及各段主要内容的能力。
2.
熟练运用语法知识分析句子成分与结构的能力。主要体现在写作的语法结构和词汇的准确性。
3.
对固定短语和固定搭配的识记与再现能力。主要体现在不能出现和原文同样的句子。
4.
单词拼写能力。
（二）概要写作的评分参考
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：
对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
2.
应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
3.
上下文的连贯性；
4.
各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
（三）概要写作的备考建议
概要写作，其实我们考生并不陌生，在日常的英语教学中，教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打基础。除此之外，作为考生，还要注意以下几点：
1.
积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，即使有再好的写作技巧，如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识，也很难写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，以不变应万变。解构句子结构的能力,并重点培养对语篇的速读与关键信息的捕捉能力及对语篇的再造能力。
2.
进行适度地专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要点，找到概要写作的感觉，冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材，分类训练篇章结构的布局，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。
（四）说明文概要写作技巧
说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The
article
points
out
the
common
phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)
利弊对比类：The
article
compares
the
disadvantages/benefits
of
A
and
B.
A…while
B…
The
passage
discusses
the
impact
of
sth.
On
the
positive
side,…,
but
it
may
also…
研究显示类：The
study
reveals
that…;
The
purpose
of
the
report
is
to
show
that…
（五）说明文概要写作模板
说明文：phenomenon
/
problem
+
reason
+
solution
(cause
and
effect),
introduction
of
an
object
(how
it
is
made,
how
it
is
used,
how
it
may
change,
what
makes
it
new
or
significant)
（六）说明文概要写作样文展示
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of
the
passage
in
no
more
than
60
words.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.?
Wish
you
were
more
creative?
Just
pretend!
①
One
great
irony
about
our
collective
obsession
with
creativity
is
that
we
tend
to
frame
it
in
uncreative
ways.
That
is
to
say,
most
of
us
marry
creativity
to
our
concept
of
self:
Either
we’re
“creative”
or
we
aren’t,
without
much
of
a
middle
ground.
②
Dr.
Pillay,
a
tech
entrepreneur
and
an
assistant
professor
at
Harvard
University,
has
spent
a
good
chunk
of
his
career
subverting
(使放弃)
these
ideas.
He
believes
that
the
key
to
unlocking
your
creative
potential
is
to
defy
the
clichéd
advice
that
urges
you
to
“believe
in
yourself.”
In
fact,
you
should
do
the
opposite:
Believe
you
are
someone
else.
③
Dr.
Pillay
points
to
a
2016
study
demonstrating
the
impact
of
stereotypes
(固定思维)
on
one’s
behavior.
The
authors,
educational
psychologists
Denis
Dumas
and
Kevin
Dunbar,
divided
their
college-student
subjects
into
three
groups,
instructing
the
members
of
one
to
think
of
themselves
as
“eccentric
(古怪的)
poets”
and
the
members
of
another
to
imagine
they
were
“rigid
librarians”
(the
third
group
was
the
control).
The
researchers
then
presented
all
the
participants
with
ten
ordinary
objects,
including
a
fork,
a
carrot,
and
a
pair
of
pants,
and
asked
them
to
come
up
with
as
many
different
uses
as
possible
for
each
one.
Those
who
were
asked
to
imagine
themselves
as
eccentric
poets
came
up
with
the
widest
range
of
ideas,
whereas
those
in
the
rigid-librarian
group
had
the
fewest.
Meanwhile,
the
researchers
found
only
small
differences
in
students’
creativity
levels
across
academic
majors.
In
fact,
the
physics
majors
inhabiting
the
personas
of
eccentric
poets
came
up
with
more
ideas
than
the
art
majors
did.
④
These
results,
write
Dumas
and
Dunbar,
suggest
that
creativity
is
not
an
individual
trait
but
a
“malleable
(易适应的)
product
of
context
and
perspective.”
Everyone
can
be
creative,
as
long
as
he
or
she
feels
like
a
creative
person.
Dr.
Pillay’s
work
takes
this
a
step
further:
He
argues
that
simply
identifying
yourself
as
creative
is
less
powerful
than
taking
the
bold,
creative
step
of
imagining
you
are
somebody
else.
This
exercise,
which
he
calls
psychological
Halloweenism,
refers
to
the
conscious
action
of
inhabiting
another
persona.
An
actor
may
employ
this
technique
to
get
into
character,
but
anyone
can
use
it.
⑤
Unfortunately,
those
ideas
often
get
drowned
out
because
most
of
us
spend
way
too
much
time
worrying,
and
about
two
things
in
particular:
how
successful/unsuccessful
we
are
and
how
little
we’re
focusing
on
the
task
at
hand.
These
twin
worries
feed
on
each
other—an
unfocused
person
is
an
unsuccessful
one,
we
believe—and
so
we
don’t
allow
our
minds
to
wander
into
its
quietly
fertile
fields.
【解析指导】
1.
Main
idea
这是一篇说明文。哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士引用前人的实验结果，提出了训练创造力的方法——假装自己是另一个人。该实验证明，创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调节的产物。Pillay博士进而指出，创造力可以通过练习获得。文章详细介绍了该实验的过程、发现和结论。文章最后指出人们之所以不能产生有创意的点子，是因为人们过于在乎成功，过于专注眼前事，而让我们的大脑不能放松。
2.
Text
structure
全文可以划分为三个部分：
①第一部分：普通民众对是否具备创造力的观念。
②-④第二部分：哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士在前人实验结果的基础上提出了训练创造力的方法。
⑤第三部分：人们为什么不能产生有创意的点子。
3.
Mind
map
4..
Writing
procedure
Step
1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是讲述创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调节的产物。
创造力可以通过练习获得，并指出训练创造力的方法。
Step
2：划分要点。
本文分3个要点，提出主题——给出方法——解释原因。
Step
3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step
4：概括。
Summary
writing
Many
people
regard
themselves
either
creative
or
not
creative.
Yet,
experts
proved
creativity
is
not
a
personal
quality
and
could
be
gained
in
specified
situations.
Another
expert
believes
people
could
get
creative
by
pretending
to
be
someone
else.
But
most
people
fail
to
do
so
because
they
care
so
much
about
success,
forcing
themselves
to
focus
all
the
time.
(59
words)
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
In
fact，great
white
sharks
are
not
white.
The
name
is
thought
to
have
come
about
because
these
sharks
are
white
in
one
circumstance
when
they
are
lying
dead
on
the
deck
of
a
boat.
It
would
be
more
proper
to
call
this
species
the
“black
shark”．They
have
a
dark
upper
surface，which
means
their
prey(猎物)
are
difficult
to
spot
them
approaching
from
the
dark
depths.
Speaking
of
prey，they
have
been
recorded
dining
out
on
a
wide
range
of
species，including
whales，squid(鱿鱼)，turtles
and
occasionally
penguins.
“If
you
make
a
list
of
everything
that’s
been
found
in
a
white
shark’s
stomach，you’d
get
a
variety
of
things，”
says
marine
biologist
George
Burgess
of
the
University
of
Florida
in
Gainesville.But
what’s
clear
is
that
their
tastes
change
as
they
age.
“They
are
almost
just
fish－eaters
until
they
are
7，8，9
feet
long，”
says
Burgess.“As
they
get
bigger，they
will
begin
to
start
eating
mammal
prey
if
they
get
the
opportunity.”
These
older
sharks
prefer
seals，sea
lions
and
walruses.When
they
strike
from
below，at
speed，white
sharks
can
clear
the
surface
by
as
much
as
3
m.
To
locate
their
prey，white
sharks
use
almost
every
trick
in
the
book.“They
have
a
series
of
senses，”
says
Burgess.
In
a
1963
study，researchers
hung
a
speaker
over
the
edge
of
their
boat
off
Miami
to
see
if
they
could
attract
sharks
with
sound.
No
great
white
sharks
were
spotted
in
this
study，but
it’s
reasonable
to
assume
they
have
good
hearing
too.
As
a
great
white
shark
gets
closer
to
its
prey，its
sense
of
smell
begins
to
kick
in.A
study
of
the
brains
of
different
species
of
sharks
shows
that
the
great
white’s
olfactory
bulb
(嗅球)
is
especially
large.
Their
vision
is
not
bad，either.“They
see
particularly
well，”
says
Burgess.
They
also
have
two
less
familiar
senses.Their
lateral
lines，which
run
along
their
sides，can
detect
changes
in
water
pressure
that
reveal
their
prey’s
movements.
【写作指导】
本文是一篇说明文。说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象＋性质功用＋利好”：(In
the
passage)
the
writer
introduces...to
us，especially
its...，from
which
we
know...(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题＋解决方法”：The
passage
tells
us...，including...(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象＋原因＋结果”：(The
author/writer
said/talks
about)．..of...，because/but...。本文可以采用第一种模板。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Dieters
have
long
sworn
that
grapefruit
helps
them
lose
weight.The
Grapefruit
Diet，also
called
the
Hollywood
Diet，dates
back
to
the
1930s
and
has
a
host
of
celebrity
fans
including
singer
Kylie
Minogue.It
involves
having
grapefruit
or
grapefruit
juice
with
every
meal
while
cutting
back
on
calories.
Now,
scientists
are
beginning
to
believe
them.
A
study
has
found
that
drinking
grapefruit
juice
when
eating
fatty
food
lowers
the
amount
of
weight
put
on
by
up
to
a
fifth.
The
research
also
suggested
that
grapefruit
could
be
as
good
as
prescription
drugs
at
keeping
blood
sugar
levels
under
control—a
key
part
of
managing
diabetes.
The
experiments
were
conducted
on
mice—but
researchers
say
the
results
justify
studies
on
humans.Professor
Joseph
Napoli，of
the
University
of
California，Berkeley，said，“We
see
all
sorts
of
scams
about
nutrition.
But
these
results，based
on
controlled
experiments，warrant
further
study
of
the
potential
health－promoting
properties
of
grapefruit
juice.”
The
researchers
found
that
when
the
mice
were
fed
fatty
food
for
three
months，those
given
grapefruit
juice
to
drink
gained
up
to
18
percent
less
weight
than
those
given
water.
They
also
had
lower
blood
sugar
and
insulin
levels—despite
eating
the
same
number
of
calories
and
doing
the
same
amount
of
exercise
as
the
mice
who
drank
water.
In
fact，grapefruit
juice
was
as
good
at
controlling
insulin
as
the
widely
used
diabetes
drug
metformin，the
journal
PLOS
ONE
reports.
However，the
fruit
juice
only
had
an
effect
on
weight
when
the
animals
ate
fatty
food.The
researchers
said
they
did
not
know
how
grapefruit
stops
the
pounds
from
piling
on.
Spokesman
Mariette
Abrahams,a
dietician,
said
until
then
it
is
too
early
for
people
to
try
grapefruit
diets.“Grapefruit
should
be
part
of
a
healthy
balanced
diet，but
it
shouldn’t
be
the
focus
of
the
diet,
”
she
said.
【写作指导】
本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。第一段介绍了葡萄柚用于减肥的历史背景；第二至七段的内容是：研究表明，葡萄柚对人的身体健康有很多好处；第八段介绍了葡萄柚汁减肥的局限性；最后一段对葡萄柚饮食提出了不同的意见。考生在作答时，应注意条理清晰，避免混乱性语句；语言简洁，要点全面，可将原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以节约词数。另外，考生在作答时应注意语言的准确性和语句间的衔接性。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Could
fast
food
make
it
harder
to
stop
and
smell
the
roses?
A
new
study
from
the
University
of
Toronto
suggests
that
fast
food
might
make
it
harder
to
stop
and
smell
the
roses.
Researchers
pointed
out
that
Americans
have
gained
more
and
more
leisure
time,
yet
they
aren’t
any
happier.
The
problem
could
be
that
modern
conveniences
make
us
more
impatient,
and
therefore
less
able
to
appreciate
small
moments
of
joy.
To
test
the
theory,
the
University
of
Toronto
researchers
carried
out
a
few
different
tests
focused
on
fast
foods,
the
typical
American
“symbols
of
the
culture
of
impatience,”
and
happiness.
In
one
of
the
tests,
researchers
told
257
people
to
rate
pictures
based
on
whether
they
were
suitable
for
ads.
Participants
saw
a
series
of
pictures:
One
group
saw
fast
food
in
regular
packaging
while
the
other
group
saw
the
same
food
set
out
on
ceramic
tableware
(瓷器餐具).
Afterward,
some
of
the
participants
were
shown
photographs
of
“scenic
natural
beauty”
and
then
were
asked
to
rate
their
happiness.
Others
rated
their
happiness
without
seeing
the
pictures.
The
researchers
found
that
people
who
saw
the
fast
food
before
viewing
the
nature
photos
tended
to
rate
their
happiness
lower.
Yet
those
who
simply
rated
their
happiness
without
seeing
the
nature
shots
beforehand
were
actually
a
little
happier
if
they’d
seen
fast
food
in
advance.
Researchers
said
that
suggests
fast
food
doesn’t
directly
cause
unhappiness
but
decreases
the
ability
to
enjoy
things.
Researchers
cautioned,
however,
that
much
more
research
was
needed
to
determine
exactly
how
fast
food
and
happiness
are
correlated
and
how
strong
the
relationship
really
is.?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
The
poaching,
or
illegal
killing,
of
rhinos(犀牛)
in
South
Africa
is
growing
worse
each
year.
The
government
recently
reported
that
a
record
number
of
rhinos
were
poached
in
2014,
a
year
which
had
more
rhino
killings
in
South
Africa
than
ever
before.
The
World
Wildlife
Fund，or
WWF,
says
about
20，000
rhinos
live
in
South
Africa.
That
is
more
than
80
percent
of
the
rhinos
in
the
world．Edna
Molewa，South
Africa’s
environmental
issues
minister，says，“During
2014，we
are
sad
to
say
this：1,
215
rhinos
were
killed．This
is
a
rise
in
the
number
of
poached
rhinos
from
1004
in
2013
and
indeed
very
worrying．”The
animals
are
hunted
for
their
horns.Many
people
in
Asia
believe
the
horn
has
curing
power,
which
drives
poachers,
at
all
costs,
mad
for
more
horns.
But
there
is
no
scientific
evidence
for
this
belief.
The
horn
is
made
of
keratin.
That
is
the
same
thing
as
human
hair,
fingernails
and
toenails.
Ms.
Mo1ewa
said
386
suspected
poachers
were
arrested
last
year,
an
increase
from
the
year
before.
But
rhino
protection
workers
say
poachers
often
go
unpunished
after
arrest.
South
Africa’s
legal
system
is
ineffective.
Ms.
Molewa
said
more
needs
to
be
done
and
South
Africa
is
taking
strong
measures
to
protect
rhinos.
The
efforts
include
moving
some
of
the
animals
to
secret
places
in
neighboring
countries.
“Now
approximately
100
rhinos
have
been
moved
to
neighboring
states
in
the
SADC
region
during
2014
and
200
more
rhinos
will
be
moved
this
year”Molewa
said.
Jo
Shaw,
the
rhino
program
manager
at
the
WWF,
said,“we’re
talking
about
a
loss
of
a
hundred
rhinos
a
month.
Or
more
than
three
a
day.
We
really
need
to
see
effective
action
not
just
at
a
national
level
but
internationally.
”She
says
officials
should
find
the
criminal
groups
responsible
for
the
poaching
and
punish
them.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Puppy
Dog
Eyes
Are
for
the
Benefits
of
Humans
Dogs
make
puppy
dog
eyes
for
the
benefit
of
humans
and
rarely
use
the
pleasing
facial
expression
when
on
their
own,
a
new
study
has
shown.
It
has
long
been
assumed
that
animal
facial
expressions
are
involuntary
and
dependent
on
emotional
state
rather
than
a
way
to
communicate.
But
scientists
at
the
University’s
Dog
Cognition
Centre
at
Portsmouth
University
have
found
that
dogs
mostly
use
facial
expressions
when
humans
are
present,
as
a
direct
response
to
attention.
Puppy
dog
eyes,
in
which
the
eyebrow
is
raised
to
make
the
eyes
appear
wider
and
sadder,
was
found
to
be
the
most
commonly
used
expression
in
the
study.
Researchers
do
not
know
whether
the
dogs
are
aware
they
look
sadder,
or
have
just
learned
that
widening
their
eyes
invites
sympathy
and
affection
in
humans.
Dog
cognition
expert
Dr
Juliane
Kaminski:
“We
can
now
be
confident
that
the
production
of
facial
expressions
made
by
dogs
are
dependent
on
the
attention
state
of
their
audience
and
are
not
just
a
result
of
dogs
being
excited.”
“In
our
study
they
produced
far
more
expressions
when
someone
was
watching,
but
seeing
food
treats
did
not
have
the
same
effect.”
“The
findings
appear
to
support
evidence
dogs
are
sensitive
to
humans’
attention
and
that
expressions
are
37
active
attempts
to
communicate,
not
simple
emotional
displays.”
The
researchers
studied
24
dogs
of
various
breeds,
aged
one
to
12.
All
were
family
pets.
Each
dog
was
tied
by
a
lead
a
metre
away
from
a
person,
and
the
dogs’
faces
were
filmed
throughout
a
range
of
exchanges,
from
the
person
being
oriented
towards
the
dog,
to
being
distracted
and
with
her
body
turned
away
from
the
dog.
They
found
that
when
a
human
was
not
watching
the
animal,
they
dropped
facial
expressions.
Dr
Kaminski
said
it
is
possible
that
dogs’
expressions
have
evolved
as
they
were
domesticated.
“Domestic
dogs
have
a
unique
history
–they
have
lived
alongside
humans
for
30,000
years
and
during
that
time
selection
pressures
seem
to
have
acted
on
dogs’
ability
to
communicate
with
us,
”she
said.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
