中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考概要写作之议论文
)
（一）概要写作的总体要求
1.
使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思,如改变语态、肯定变否定等,避免抄袭原文句子。
概括议论性或论说文时,则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。
概括对方观点首先是要转换视角,即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。
如果给的阅读材料是一则故事,应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么,不能拖泥带水讲细节,而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
如果是说明性或描述性的短文,就必须用概括性的文字说明一个现象。
（二）概要写作的语言微技巧
1.
要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。
2.
要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2）语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3）词性改变法，在写作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4）句子重构，概要写作语言要求“以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。
3.
要点衔接。
概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下：
1）对立关系
包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but,
however,
yet,
on
the
contrary,
by
contrast,
unfortunately,
although,
even
though,
nevertheless,
in
spite
of,
regardless
of,
anyhow,
instead
of,
rather
than,
not…but等。
2）因果关系
常用的标志词和短语有：because,
for,
since,
as,
thus,
hence,
therefore,
so,
so…that,
such…that,
in
order
that,
consequently,
accordingly,
due
to,
thanks
to,
in
response
to,
on
account
of,
because
of,
considering
that,
seeing
that,
in
that,
now
that,
as
a
result,
for
this
reason等。
3）并列关系
常用的标志词和短语有：and,
or,
neither…nor,
either…or,
not
only…but
also,
likewise,
similarly,
equally,
in
the
same
way,
that
is
to
say,
as
well
as,
same…as等。
4）总分关系
常用的标志词和短语有：such
as,
for
example,
for
instance,
to
illustrate,
as
an
illustration,
to
take
an
example,
more
specifically等。
5）递进关系
常用的标志词和短语有：then,
besides,
additionally,
in
addition,
furthermore,
moreover,
what
is
more,
what’s
worse,
even
worse等。
（三）概要写作的注意事项
1.
概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
2.
安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
3.
注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
4.
不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
5.
计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
（四）议论文概要写作技巧
议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。
（五）议论文概要写作模板
议论文：opinion
/
idea
+
argument
(supporting
ideas
/
reasons)
（六）议论文概要写作样文展示
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of
the
passage
in
no
more
than
60
words.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.?
Click
to
download
teacher
①“Books
will
soon
be
obsolete
(过时的)
in
schools,”
Thomas
Edison
announced
in
1913:
they
would,
he
believed,
soon
be
replaced
by
silent
?lms.
Each
new
wave
of
information
technology—radio,
television,
computers—has
led
to
similar
predictions.
And
each
time,
the
old
technologies
of
books,
classrooms
and
teachers
have
proved
startlingly
resilient.
②Like
teachers,
digital
educational
technology
comes
in
many
forms,
from
wonderful
to
appalling
(糟糕的).
But,
used
properly,
it
now
deserves
more
prominence
in
schools—especially
in
poor
countries
where
human
teachers
are
often
ignorant,
absent
or
both.
③The
UN’s
Millennium
Development
Goals
included
the
ambition
that
by
2015
all
the
world’s
children
would
complete
primary
school.
This
has
largely
been
achieved:
nine
out
of
ten
children
are
now
enrolled.
Alas,
the
?gure
is
not
as
impressive
as
it
sounds.
Even
though
most
of
the
world’s
children
go
to
school,
an
awful
lot
of
them
learn
pretty
much
nothing
there.
④According
to
a
recent
World
Bank
study
of
seven
sub-Saharan
African
countries,
half
of
nine-year-olds
cannot
read
a
simple
word
and
three-quarters
cannot
read
a
simple
sentence.
The
reason
is
terrible
teaching.
The
same
study
found
that
only
7%
of
teachers
had
the
minimum
knowledge
needed
to
teach
reading
and
writing
effectively.
When
classrooms
were
inspected
to
see
whether
a
teacher
was
present,
half
the
time
the
answer
was
no.
⑤Paying
teachers
more,
in
the
hope
of
recruiting
better
ones,
is
not
the
answer.
In
poor
countries,
teachers
are
well
paid
by
local
standards—annual
salaries
are
four
times
GDP
per
person
in
India
and
?ve
times
in
Kenya
and
Nigeria.
⑥As
for
absenteeism
(经常无故缺勤),
if
expensive
teachers
do
not
turn
up
to
class,
governments
would,
surely,
sack
them?
Easier
said
than
done.
Poor
governments
often
lack
the
wherewithal
(做某事所需的金钱)
to
check
on
teachers
in
distant
villages.
⑦Several
recent
studies
suggest
ed-tech
can
help.
It
seems
to
bring
about
bigger
improvements
in
poor
countries
than
in
rich
ones.
Some
of
the
scarce
resources
being
spent
on
teachers
could
therefore
be
better
spent
on
ed-tech.
That
does
not
mean
dumping
computers
on
schools
in
the
hope
that
children
will
understand
how
to
use
them.
Instead,
it
means
providing
schools
with
software
that
children
can
use
with
minimal
help
from
an
adult,
that
sends
teachers
prompts
about
what
they
are
supposed
to
be
teaching
and
that
allows
the
authorities
to
check
on
whether
the
teacher
is
in
the
classroom.
⑧Sceptics
may
wonder
whether
the
poorest
places
have
the
necessary
infrastructure.
But
Africa
is
electrifying
apace
(飞速地)—in
Kenya,
electricity
coverage
has
gone
up
from
27%
to
55%
of
households
in
three
years.
Where
the
grid
is
not
available,
solar
chargers
can
work.
Schools
do
not
need
internet
access.
Devices
can
be
taken
to
where
there
is
a
connection
to
upload
or
download
the
necessary
information.
Cost
does
not
have
to
be
a
huge
problem
either.
The
biggest
issue
is
the
government’s
commitment:
where
it
is
enthusiastic,
the
chances
of
success
are
good.
⑨Technology
is
no
panacea
(万全之策).
Good
traditional
teachers
are
not
obsolete,
and
are
never
likely
to
be.
And
authorities
need
to
hold
teachers
to
account.
But
ed-tech
can
help
greatly—by
monitoring
pupils
and
teachers
alike,
assisting
the
best
teachers
and,
most
important,
making
up
for
the
failings
of
the
worst.
【解析指导】
1.
Main
idea
这是一篇议论文，文章围绕“ed-tech”这个话题展开。文章开头提出观点：随着科技进步的发展，ed-tech应该受到更多重视，尤其是在一些贫穷国家。接着，文章详细分析了贫穷国家面临的一些教育问题。虽然在联合国的努力下，许多孩子能够走进校门了，但是学不到什么东西。在这些国家，教师素质不合格，还经常缺勤。而ed-tech能够很好地解决这些问题。一方面，它可以把课程送进学校，辅助教学；另一方面，政府还可以利用ed-tech监管教师的出勤。有一些人质疑ed-tech在贫穷国家的广泛应用，因为缺少必须的基础设施。但是作者认为只要政府决心坚定，这些都不是问题。
2.
Text
structure
全文可以划分为四个部分：
①-②第一部分：陈述观点：ed-tech在一些贫穷国家应受到更多重视。
③-⑥第二部分：贫穷国家面临的教育问题：师资不合格，教师经常缺勤。
⑦-⑧第三部分：ed-tech的优势，以及针对ed-tech的质疑。
⑨第四部分：总结观点：ed-tech不是万全之策，但是能极大地解决问题。
3.
Mind
map
4.
Writing
procedure
Step
1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是随着科技进步的发展，ed-tech应该受到更多重视。
Step
2：划分要点。
本文分4个要点。
Step
3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step
4：概括。
5.
Summary
writing
Ed-tech
is
a
solution
to
educational
problems
facing
poor
countries,
like
poor
teaching
quality
and
teachers’
frequent
absences.
Some
have
doubts
about
its
popularity
in
backward
countries
which
might
lack
necessary
infrastructure,
but
this
concern
is
unnecessary
as
long
as
governments
support
it.
Ed-tech
can
make
a
big
difference
because
it
facilitates
teachers’
work
and
helps
regulate
teaching
quality.
(59
words)
Summary
1
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
These
days
our
society
develops
rapidly
and
forces
people
to
rush.
It
appears
that
people
have
got
used
to
being
in
a
hurry.
However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
The
main
reason
that
convinces
us
to
oppose
doing
work
in
a
hurry
is
the
possibility
of
doing
wrongs
in
a
rush.
When
people
do
their
jobs
or
take
action
in
a
hurry,
they
can’t
make
a
sound
decision
and
probably
regret
later.
As
the
saying
goes,
“
Haste
makes
waste.”
We
should
think
carefully
before
making
a
decision
and
do
our
work
less
quickly.
We
should
not
make
mistakes
by
doing
work
hurriedly.
Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
helps
people
enjoy
their
life
better.
For
example,
taking
a
train
to
some
place
certainly
will
take
more
time
than
taking
a
plane.
However,
taking
a
train
makes
people
have
enough
time
to
get
to
know
a
lot
of
new
friends.
Besides,
it
allows
people
to
fully
enjoy
the
beautiful
scenery
along
the
way.
On
the
contrary,
being
in
a
hurry
will
make
us
lose
chances
of
enjoying
our
lives.
Finally,
slower
life
pace
provides
better
health
conditions
for
us.
As
is
known
to
all,
taking
action
in
a
hurry
bothers
people
and
raises
their
stress.
People
think
if
they
are
not
in
a
hurry,
they
will
become
a
loser
and
that
annoys
them.
But
being
in
a
hurry
can
hurt
people
both
physically
and
mentally.
According
to
some
studies,
people
who
have
a
slower
pace
suffer
fewer
diseases,
tend
to
be
happier
and
live
much
longer
than
those
whose
life
is
tense,
even
if
the
former
finish
jobs
more
slowly
than
the
latter.
In
short,
working
quickly
will
bring
about
more
material
benefits
to
make
our
society
more
advanced.
Yet,
much
stress
can’t
bring
enjoyment,
friends
and
health,
which
are
much
more
important
than
money
and
other
material
advantages.
Therefore,
take
your
time
and
live
your
life
at
a
slower
pace.
【写作指导】
知体裁。这是一篇典型的议论文体裁，框架为“总分（总）”
即“论点(introduction
of
the
topic)论据(body
by
reasoning)结论(conclusion
by
restating
,summarizing
or
suggesting)”，
通过“转折词”找文章“论点”。
议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句
或尾句。
These
days
our
society
develops
rapidly
and
forces
people
to
rush.
It
appears
that
people
have
got
used
to
being
in
a
hurry.
However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
明论证。根据文章的discourse
marker“话语标记词”
如”however,therefore”在文中划出各段“主题句”。
1)However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
2)The
main
reason（
that
convinces
us
to
oppose
doing
work
in
a
hurry
）is
the
possibility
of
doing
wrongs
in
a
rush.
3)Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
helps
people
enjoy
their
life
better.
--On
the
contrary,
being
in
a
hurry
will
make
us
lose
chances
of
enjoying
our
lives.
4)Finally,
slower
life
pace
provides
better
health
conditions
for
us.
5)Therefore,
take
your
time
and
live
your
life
at
a
slower
pace.
找论据。完全用“自己简洁的语言”准确转述每一个要点（避免重复），可以用“词性变化或同义词/反义词替换”来转述。
1.）However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
①
To
live
life
at
a
slower
pace
is
better
than
to
live
life
in
a
hurry/rush.
②
（Under
the
stress
of
fast-paced
life,）
it
is
more
beneficial
to
live
a
slower
life
.
2)The
main
reason（
that
convinces
us
to
oppose
doing
work
in
a
hurry
）is
the
possibility
of
doing
wrongs
in
a
rush.
①
The
main
reason
is
that
doing
things
hurriedly
will
raise/increase
the
possibility
of
making
mistakes.
②
People
are
more
likely
to
make
mistakes
when
doing
things
in
a
hurry.
③
It
may
be
easier
for
people
to
make
mistakes
when
in
a
hurry.
④
Doing
work
hurriedly
may
easily
lead
to
mistakes.
3)Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
helps
people
enjoy
their
life
better.
--On
the
contrary,
being
in
a
hurry
will
make
us
lose
chances
of
enjoying
our
lives.
①
Slower
life
pace
can
make
people’s
life
more
enjoyable.
②
Live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
can
bring
more
enjoyment
to
life.
4)Finally,
slower
life
pace
provides
better
health
conditions
for
us.
①
Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
can
keep
people
healthier.
②
Live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
helps
people
keep
fit.
③
Slower
life
pace
is
beneficial
to/is
of
benefit
to/does
good
to
people’s
health.
合并：
①
Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
will
not
only
give
people
more
chances
to
enjoy
life
,
but
(also)
offer
them
better
health
conditions.
②
Not
only
does
the
slower
life
give
people
enjoyment
but
also
it’s
beneficial
to
their
health.
③
Living
life
at
a
slower
pace
ensures
a
healthier
and
more
enjoyable
life.
5)Therefore,
take
your
time
and
live
your
life
at
a
slower
pace.
①
Thus,
slow
down
your
life
pace.
②
Thus,
be
slow
and
enjoy
your
life.
③
Thus,
enjoy
a
slower
life
pace.
④
Thus,
let’s
slow
down
for
a
healthier
and
happier
life.
有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑连贯。
【参考范文1】
To
live
life
at
a
slower
pace
is
better
than
to
live
life
in
a
hurry.
Firstly,people
are
more
likely
to
make
mistakes
when
doing
things
in
a
hurry.Secondly,slower
life
pace
can
bring
more
enjoyment
to
life.Lastly,
it
is
beneficial
to
people’s
health.So
,be
slow
and
enjoy
life.
【参考范文2】
To
live
life
at
a
slower
pace
is
better
than
to
live
life
in
a
hurry.The
main
reason
is
that
doing
things
hurriedly
will
raise
the
possibility
of
making
mistakes
while
slowing
down
the
life
pace
can
not
only
make
people’s
life
more
enjoyable
but
also
keep
people
healthier.Thus,
let’s
slow
down
for
a
healthier
and
happier
life.
Summary
2
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
We
see
it
everywhere.
A
tired
parent,
at
the
end
of
a
stressful
day,
loses
it
—
and
a
child
suffers.
We’d
like
to
help
if
we
could,
but
we
hesitate.
Is
it
our
business
to
intervene(干涉)?
And
if
we
do,
will
we
embarrass
and
offend
the
parent,
making
him
or
her
even
more
angry
with
the
child?
Isn’t
it
wiser
to
walk
past
without
comment?
After
all,
none
of
us
is
a
perfect
parent.
There
seems
to
be
a
common
assumption
in
our
society
that
intervening
on
behalf
of
a
child
in
a
public
place
is
necessarily
hurtful
and
critical.
It
needs
to
be
neither.
There
is
a
world
of
difference
between
hurtful
criticism
(“How
dare
you
treat
your
child
like
that?”)
and
helpful
intervention
done
in
a
caring
way
(“It
can
be
really
hard
to
meet
their
needs
when
you’re
so
busy.
Is
there
anything
I
can
do
to
help?”)
There
is
nothing
essential
in
intervention
that
requires
one
to
be
offensive.
My
friends
and
I
have
witnessed
some
really
harmful
acts:
hitting,
severe
verbal
abuse,
hurtful
comparisons
to
brothers
and
sisters,
and
so
on.
These
children
accept
this
treatment
because
they
are
too
helpless
and
inexperienced
to
stand
up
for
themselves.
That
emotional
abuse(虐待)
leaves
no
outward
scars
should
not
excuse
us
from
helping
these
children.
Those
of
us
who
can
recognize
damaging
treatment
have
an
obligation
to
step
in.
There
is
one
more
reason
for
intervening
that
is
nearly
always
overlooked
in
these
discussions,
but
which
I
consider
to
be
the
most
significant:
the
lifelong
effect
it
can
have
on
the
child.
Many
adults
in
counseling
sessions
still
recall
with
gratitude
the
one
time
that
a
stranger
stepped
in
on
their
behalf,
and
how
much
it
meant:
that
someone
cared,
and
that
the
child’s
feelings
of
anger
and
frustration
were
recognized
and
accepted.
These
adults
have
stated
to
me
that
this
one
intervention
changed
their
lives
and
gave
them
hope.
Are
we
to
bypass
the
opportunity
to
make
such
a
big
difference
in
the
life
of
a
child?
【写作指导】
通读全文可以得出文章是作者对父母在身体，语言，情感上虐待小孩子进行积极干预的一篇论述。
第一段：引入现象。找中心词：we
see
it
everywhere。关键词It指代的是后文描述的父母因压力冲小朋友发脾气的现象。Child
suffers…but
we
hesitate….
intervene…we
embarrass
and
offend
the
parent.
概括起来就是：我们很犹豫去帮助受虐待的小朋友碍于怕尴尬和冒犯父母。people
may
hesitate
to
help
when
they
see
children
abused
by
their
parents
in
public
because
they
are
afraid
to
embarrass
and
offend
the
parent.
第二段：提出问题
on
behalf
of
a
child
in
a
public
place
is
necessarily
hurtful
and
critical.
It
needs
to
be
neither.在公共场合为进行干预带来伤害和批评。但是现在这两者情况都没必要。关键词：difference…hurtful
criticism…helpful
intervention.
伤害性的批评(指责父母)和有益的干预(有什么可以帮您吗?)是大不同的。至此，作者正式提出了他的观点：对虐待行为采取有益的干预方式。However,
intervention
can
be
done
in
a
non-offensive
way.
第三段：例证作者及朋友亲眼所见的虐待现象同时提出小朋友忍受的原因,关键句：too
helpless
and
inexperienced
to
stand
up
for
themselves…have
an
obligation
to
step
in.
小朋友太无助，缺乏经验不能为自己发声。针对这种状况我们有义务介入。Since
children
are
too
young
to
stand
up
for
themselves,
we
are
obliged
to
intervene。
第四段：作者进一步提出我们为什么要积极干预?one
more
reason…
the
most
significant:
the
lifelong
effect
on
the
child.
对小朋友一生有重大影响。什么影响呢?一位陌生人为他而来关心他理解他，小朋友心怀感激。关键句：this
one
intervention
changed
their
lives
and
gave
them
hope.
改变了受虐待小朋友的一生给予他们希望。may
have
a
lifelong
effect
on
their
future/growth。
【参考范文】
People
may
hesitate
to
help
when
they
see
children
abused
by
their
parents
in
public
because
they
are
afraid
to
embarrass
and
offend
the
parent.
However,
intervention
can
be
done
in
a
non-offensive
way.
Since
children
are
too
young
to
stand
up
for
themselves,
we
are
obliged
to
intervene,
which
may
have
a
lifelong
effect
on
their
future/growth.
(58
words)
Summary
3
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Tired
of
all
the
pushing
in
supermarkets?
Fed
up
with
waiting
in
endless
lines
to
pay
for
what
you
have
bought?
Angry
at
wasting
time
in
traffic
jams
only
to
find
no
parking
spaces
when
you
eventually
arrive
at
the
store?
If
this
is
you,
then
online
shopping
is
the
answer
to
your
dreams
of
trouble-free
shopping.
Online
shopping
brings
its
own
challenges.
Here
are
a
few
things
to
bear
in
mind
when
browsing
various
websites.
The
claim
made
by
online
sites
is
that
shopping
online
is
a
safe
and
secure
way
to
make
purchases.
The
evidence
challenges
this.
In
any
case,
you
only
have
to
be
the
victim
of
fraud
(欺骗)
once
to
experience
all
the
problems
that
come
with
this
form
of
stealing.
Use
only
sites
that
have
a
trusted
history
and
an
excellent
reputation.
Another
problem
is
that
the
appearance
of
items
in
reality
is
often
quite
different
from
what
you
see
on
your
computer
screen.
This
might
not
be
a
problem
if
you
are
buying
washing
up
powder
but
could
be
a
major
disappointment
when
that
beautiful
blue
dress
you
ordered
turns
up
in
green.
Also,
product
descriptions
are
sometimes
simply
untrue!
Perhaps
the
wisest
plan
is
to
purchase
items
whose
design
and
color
are
not
essential
to
customer
satisfaction.
Some
even
argue
that
online
shopping
indirectly
contributes
to
global
warming.
Yes,
your
car
can
stay
parked
but
how
are
online
goods
delivered?
Often
by
some
large
van
pouring
out
carbon
monoxide
and
adding
to
our
already
desperate
traffic
problems.
You
are
also
by
now
becoming
increasingly
irritated(使烦恼)
by
the
fact
that
the
delivery
is
late
!
【写作指导】
本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了网购的优势及需要注意的几个问题。第一段引入话题，介绍网购可以为顾客避免很多麻烦。第二段指出存在的挑战，即可能被欺骗。第三段指出对商品的描述可能名不副实，最后一段指出快递运输可能会有助于全球变暖。文章结构清晰，易于概括。
【参考答案】
(要点一)
Online
shopping
can
free
you
of
the
trouble
you
meet
when
buying
things
in
store.
(要点二)However,
it
has
challenges.
Firstly,
you
should
bear
in
mind
that
you
must
use
sites
which
deserve
trusting.
(要点三)
Secondly,
you
shouldn’t
believe
all
the
descriptions
because
they
may
be
untrue.
(要点四)Lastly,you
should
know
although
the
delivery
may
be
late,
it
may
cause
global
warming.
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Four-day
Workweek
In
the
United
States,
employees
typically
work
five
days
a
week
for
eight
hours
each
day.
However,
many
employees
want
to
work
a
four-day
week
and
are
willing
to
accept
less
pay
in
order
to
do
so.
If
a
law
required
companies
to
offer
their
employees
the
option
of
working
a
four-day
workweek
for
four-fifths
(80
percent)
of
their
normal
pay,
it
would
benefit
the
economy
as
a
whole
as
well
as
the
individual
companies
and
the
employees
who
decided
to
take
the
option.
The
shortened
workweek
would
increase
company
profits
because
employees
would
feel
more
rested
and
alert,
and
as
a
result,
they
would
make
fewer
costly
errors
in
their
work.
Hiring
more
staff
to
ensure
that
the
same
amount
of
work
would
be
accomplished
would
not
result
in
additional
pay
the
company
has
to
prepare
for
these
people,
because
four-day
employees
would
only
be
paid
80
percent
of
the
normal
rate.
In
the
end,
companies
would
have
fewer
overworked
and
error-prone
(容易出错的)
employees
for
the
same
money,
which
would
increase
company
profits.
For
the
country
as
a
whole,
one
of
the
primary
benefits
of
offering
this
option
to
employees
is
that
it
would
reduce
unemployment
rates.
If
many
full-time
employees
started
working
fewer
hours,
some
of
their
workload
would
have
to
be
shifted
to
others.
Thus,
for
every
four
employees
who
went
on
an
80
percent
week,
a
new
employee
could
be
hired
at
the
80
percent
rate.
Finally,
the
option
of
a
four-day
workweek
would
be
better
for
individual
employees.
Employees
who
could
afford
a
lower
salary
in
exchange
for
more
free
time
could
improve
the
quality
of
their
lives
by
spending
the
extra
time
with
their
families,
pursuing
private
interests,
or
enjoying
leisure
activities.
【参考答案】
Working
for
four
days
a
week
with
less
pay
would
be
beneficial
at
three
levels.
First,
companies
could
hire
more
energetic
and
alert
employees
without
increasing
pay-related
costs.
Second,
the
country
would
have
lower
unemployment
rates
with
more
people
at
work.
Finally,
employees
would
live
a
better
quality
of
life
with
more
free
time.
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of
the
passage
in
no
more
than
60
words.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
There
are
a
lot
of
different
people
in
the
world,
but
despite
our
differences,
we
all
want
to
get
along
with
others.
Humans
are
social
beings,
and
we
enjoy
being
treated
nicely.
Getting
along
with
someone,
regardless
of
their
passions,
isn’t
about
being
their
best
friends
or
sharing
all
their
hobbies.
It
is
about
treating
people
with
respect
and
care.
Be
a
good
listener.
To
start
a
conversation,
it
is
important
to
listen
first,
especially
when
you
are
in
a
group.
Don’t
indulge
(放纵)
yourself
in
instant
chat
when
you
have
just
arrived.
Examine
the
situation
and
the
conversation,
and
then
say
whatever
you
think
fit.
It
is
better
to
say
something
substantial,
rather
than
something
meaningless.So
it
is
better
to
listen
to
what
the
conversation
is
about
before
speaking.
Don’t
try
to
change
people.
It
is
not
your
job
to
change
anyone
else.
It
is
not
in
your
power
to
change
anyone
else.
Let
other
people
love
how
they
want
to
live.
You
can
only
change
how
you
interact
with
people,
you
can
not
change
them.
If
you
do
not
like
the
way
someone
acts,
you
can
try
to
interact
with
them
as
little
as
possible.
You
can
always
maintain
a
good
attitude
towards
them
so
that
your
relationship
with
them
might
change.
Keep
a
smile.
A
little
laughter
goes
a
long
way,
and
a
smile
eases
tensions,
whereas
a
frown
can
create
tensions.
If
someone
teases
you,
try
to
laugh
it
off.
If
someone
is
frowning,
smile
at
them.
Be
mindful
of
your
facial
expression.
If
you
are
persistently
and
optimistic,
people
will
cheer
up
when
they
see
you
coming.
State
out
right
that
you
want
to
get
along.
Some
people
do
not
take
hints.
Some
people
do
not
read
body
language.
For
these
people,
it
really
works
to
just
say,
“I
really
want
us
to
work
well
together.
I
will
help
you
and
back
you
up,
and
you
help
me
and
back
me
up.”
【参考答案】
Getting
along
is
to
treat
people
respectfully
and
carefully.
First,
we
should
be
good
listeners
to
start
fit
conversations.
Second,
we
should
change
our
attitudes,
not
others.
Third,
we
ought
to
keep
a
smile
for
it
can
ease
tensions.
Fourth,
we
need
state
directly
to
those
who
don't
take
hints
but
you
want
to
get
along
with.
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考概要写作之议论文
)
（一）概要写作的总体要求
1.
使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思,如改变语态、肯定变否定等,避免抄袭原文句子。
概括议论性或论说文时,则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。
概括对方观点首先是要转换视角,即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。
如果给的阅读材料是一则故事,应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么,不能拖泥带水讲细节,而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
如果是说明性或描述性的短文,就必须用概括性的文字说明一个现象。
（二）概要写作的语言微技巧
1.
要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。
2.
要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2）语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3）词性改变法，在写作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4）句子重构，概要写作语言要求“以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。
3.
要点衔接。
概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下：
1）对立关系
包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but,
however,
yet,
on
the
contrary,
by
contrast,
unfortunately,
although,
even
though,
nevertheless,
in
spite
of,
regardless
of,
anyhow,
instead
of,
rather
than,
not…but等。
2）因果关系
常用的标志词和短语有：because,
for,
since,
as,
thus,
hence,
therefore,
so,
so…that,
such…that,
in
order
that,
consequently,
accordingly,
due
to,
thanks
to,
in
response
to,
on
account
of,
because
of,
considering
that,
seeing
that,
in
that,
now
that,
as
a
result,
for
this
reason等。
3）并列关系
常用的标志词和短语有：and,
or,
neither…nor,
either…or,
not
only…but
also,
likewise,
similarly,
equally,
in
the
same
way,
that
is
to
say,
as
well
as,
same…as等。
4）总分关系
常用的标志词和短语有：such
as,
for
example,
for
instance,
to
illustrate,
as
an
illustration,
to
take
an
example,
more
specifically等。
5）递进关系
常用的标志词和短语有：then,
besides,
additionally,
in
addition,
furthermore,
moreover,
what
is
more,
what’s
worse,
even
worse等。
（三）概要写作的注意事项
1.
概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
2.
安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
3.
注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
4.
不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
5.
计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
（四）议论文概要写作技巧
议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。
（五）议论文概要写作模板
议论文：opinion
/
idea
+
argument
(supporting
ideas
/
reasons)
（六）议论文概要写作样文展示
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of
the
passage
in
no
more
than
60
words.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.?
Click
to
download
teacher
①“Books
will
soon
be
obsolete
(过时的)
in
schools,”
Thomas
Edison
announced
in
1913:
they
would,
he
believed,
soon
be
replaced
by
silent
?lms.
Each
new
wave
of
information
technology—radio,
television,
computers—has
led
to
similar
predictions.
And
each
time,
the
old
technologies
of
books,
classrooms
and
teachers
have
proved
startlingly
resilient.
②Like
teachers,
digital
educational
technology
comes
in
many
forms,
from
wonderful
to
appalling
(糟糕的).
But,
used
properly,
it
now
deserves
more
prominence
in
schools—especially
in
poor
countries
where
human
teachers
are
often
ignorant,
absent
or
both.
③The
UN’s
Millennium
Development
Goals
included
the
ambition
that
by
2015
all
the
world’s
children
would
complete
primary
school.
This
has
largely
been
achieved:
nine
out
of
ten
children
are
now
enrolled.
Alas,
the
?gure
is
not
as
impressive
as
it
sounds.
Even
though
most
of
the
world’s
children
go
to
school,
an
awful
lot
of
them
learn
pretty
much
nothing
there.
④According
to
a
recent
World
Bank
study
of
seven
sub-Saharan
African
countries,
half
of
nine-year-olds
cannot
read
a
simple
word
and
three-quarters
cannot
read
a
simple
sentence.
The
reason
is
terrible
teaching.
The
same
study
found
that
only
7%
of
teachers
had
the
minimum
knowledge
needed
to
teach
reading
and
writing
effectively.
When
classrooms
were
inspected
to
see
whether
a
teacher
was
present,
half
the
time
the
answer
was
no.
⑤Paying
teachers
more,
in
the
hope
of
recruiting
better
ones,
is
not
the
answer.
In
poor
countries,
teachers
are
well
paid
by
local
standards—annual
salaries
are
four
times
GDP
per
person
in
India
and
?ve
times
in
Kenya
and
Nigeria.
⑥As
for
absenteeism
(经常无故缺勤),
if
expensive
teachers
do
not
turn
up
to
class,
governments
would,
surely,
sack
them?
Easier
said
than
done.
Poor
governments
often
lack
the
wherewithal
(做某事所需的金钱)
to
check
on
teachers
in
distant
villages.
⑦Several
recent
studies
suggest
ed-tech
can
help.
It
seems
to
bring
about
bigger
improvements
in
poor
countries
than
in
rich
ones.
Some
of
the
scarce
resources
being
spent
on
teachers
could
therefore
be
better
spent
on
ed-tech.
That
does
not
mean
dumping
computers
on
schools
in
the
hope
that
children
will
understand
how
to
use
them.
Instead,
it
means
providing
schools
with
software
that
children
can
use
with
minimal
help
from
an
adult,
that
sends
teachers
prompts
about
what
they
are
supposed
to
be
teaching
and
that
allows
the
authorities
to
check
on
whether
the
teacher
is
in
the
classroom.
⑧Sceptics
may
wonder
whether
the
poorest
places
have
the
necessary
infrastructure.
But
Africa
is
electrifying
apace
(飞速地)—in
Kenya,
electricity
coverage
has
gone
up
from
27%
to
55%
of
households
in
three
years.
Where
the
grid
is
not
available,
solar
chargers
can
work.
Schools
do
not
need
internet
access.
Devices
can
be
taken
to
where
there
is
a
connection
to
upload
or
download
the
necessary
information.
Cost
does
not
have
to
be
a
huge
problem
either.
The
biggest
issue
is
the
government’s
commitment:
where
it
is
enthusiastic,
the
chances
of
success
are
good.
⑨Technology
is
no
panacea
(万全之策).
Good
traditional
teachers
are
not
obsolete,
and
are
never
likely
to
be.
And
authorities
need
to
hold
teachers
to
account.
But
ed-tech
can
help
greatly—by
monitoring
pupils
and
teachers
alike,
assisting
the
best
teachers
and,
most
important,
making
up
for
the
failings
of
the
worst.
【解析指导】
1.
Main
idea
这是一篇议论文，文章围绕“ed-tech”这个话题展开。文章开头提出观点：随着科技进步的发展，ed-tech应该受到更多重视，尤其是在一些贫穷国家。接着，文章详细分析了贫穷国家面临的一些教育问题。虽然在联合国的努力下，许多孩子能够走进校门了，但是学不到什么东西。在这些国家，教师素质不合格，还经常缺勤。而ed-tech能够很好地解决这些问题。一方面，它可以把课程送进学校，辅助教学；另一方面，政府还可以利用ed-tech监管教师的出勤。有一些人质疑ed-tech在贫穷国家的广泛应用，因为缺少必须的基础设施。但是作者认为只要政府决心坚定，这些都不是问题。
2.
Text
structure
全文可以划分为四个部分：
①-②第一部分：陈述观点：ed-tech在一些贫穷国家应受到更多重视。
③-⑥第二部分：贫穷国家面临的教育问题：师资不合格，教师经常缺勤。
⑦-⑧第三部分：ed-tech的优势，以及针对ed-tech的质疑。
⑨第四部分：总结观点：ed-tech不是万全之策，但是能极大地解决问题。
3.
Mind
map
4.
Writing
procedure
Step
1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是随着科技进步的发展，ed-tech应该受到更多重视。
Step
2：划分要点。
本文分4个要点。
Step
3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step
4：概括。
5.
Summary
writing
Ed-tech
is
a
solution
to
educational
problems
facing
poor
countries,
like
poor
teaching
quality
and
teachers’
frequent
absences.
Some
have
doubts
about
its
popularity
in
backward
countries
which
might
lack
necessary
infrastructure,
but
this
concern
is
unnecessary
as
long
as
governments
support
it.
Ed-tech
can
make
a
big
difference
because
it
facilitates
teachers’
work
and
helps
regulate
teaching
quality.
(59
words)
Summary
1
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
These
days
our
society
develops
rapidly
and
forces
people
to
rush.
It
appears
that
people
have
got
used
to
being
in
a
hurry.
However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
The
main
reason
that
convinces
us
to
oppose
doing
work
in
a
hurry
is
the
possibility
of
doing
wrongs
in
a
rush.
When
people
do
their
jobs
or
take
action
in
a
hurry,
they
can’t
make
a
sound
decision
and
probably
regret
later.
As
the
saying
goes,
“
Haste
makes
waste.”
We
should
think
carefully
before
making
a
decision
and
do
our
work
less
quickly.
We
should
not
make
mistakes
by
doing
work
hurriedly.
Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
helps
people
enjoy
their
life
better.
For
example,
taking
a
train
to
some
place
certainly
will
take
more
time
than
taking
a
plane.
However,
taking
a
train
makes
people
have
enough
time
to
get
to
know
a
lot
of
new
friends.
Besides,
it
allows
people
to
fully
enjoy
the
beautiful
scenery
along
the
way.
On
the
contrary,
being
in
a
hurry
will
make
us
lose
chances
of
enjoying
our
lives.
Finally,
slower
life
pace
provides
better
health
conditions
for
us.
As
is
known
to
all,
taking
action
in
a
hurry
bothers
people
and
raises
their
stress.
People
think
if
they
are
not
in
a
hurry,
they
will
become
a
loser
and
that
annoys
them.
But
being
in
a
hurry
can
hurt
people
both
physically
and
mentally.
According
to
some
studies,
people
who
have
a
slower
pace
suffer
fewer
diseases,
tend
to
be
happier
and
live
much
longer
than
those
whose
life
is
tense,
even
if
the
former
finish
jobs
more
slowly
than
the
latter.
In
short,
working
quickly
will
bring
about
more
material
benefits
to
make
our
society
more
advanced.
Yet,
much
stress
can’t
bring
enjoyment,
friends
and
health,
which
are
much
more
important
than
money
and
other
material
advantages.
Therefore,
take
your
time
and
live
your
life
at
a
slower
pace.
【写作指导】
知体裁。这是一篇典型的议论文体裁，框架为“总分（总）”
即“论点(introduction
of
the
topic)论据(body
by
reasoning)结论(conclusion
by
restating
,summarizing
or
suggesting)”，
通过“转折词”找文章“论点”。
议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句
或尾句。
These
days
our
society
develops
rapidly
and
forces
people
to
rush.
It
appears
that
people
have
got
used
to
being
in
a
hurry.
However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
明论证。根据文章的discourse
marker“话语标记词”
如”however,therefore”在文中划出各段“主题句”。
1)However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
2)The
main
reason（
that
convinces
us
to
oppose
doing
work
in
a
hurry
）is
the
possibility
of
doing
wrongs
in
a
rush.
3)Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
helps
people
enjoy
their
life
better.
--On
the
contrary,
being
in
a
hurry
will
make
us
lose
chances
of
enjoying
our
lives.
4)Finally,
slower
life
pace
provides
better
health
conditions
for
us.
5)Therefore,
take
your
time
and
live
your
life
at
a
slower
pace.
找论据。完全用“自己简洁的语言”准确转述每一个要点（避免重复），可以用“词性变化或同义词/反义词替换”来转述。
1.）However,
it’s
better
for
people
to
take
their
time
and
live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
than
to
hurry
to
get
things
done.
①
To
live
life
at
a
slower
pace
is
better
than
to
live
life
in
a
hurry/rush.
②
（Under
the
stress
of
fast-paced
life,）
it
is
more
beneficial
to
live
a
slower
life
.
2)The
main
reason（
that
convinces
us
to
oppose
doing
work
in
a
hurry
）is
the
possibility
of
doing
wrongs
in
a
rush.
①
The
main
reason
is
that
doing
things
hurriedly
will
raise/increase
the
possibility
of
making
mistakes.
②
People
are
more
likely
to
make
mistakes
when
doing
things
in
a
hurry.
③
It
may
be
easier
for
people
to
make
mistakes
when
in
a
hurry.
④
Doing
work
hurriedly
may
easily
lead
to
mistakes.
3)Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
helps
people
enjoy
their
life
better.
--On
the
contrary,
being
in
a
hurry
will
make
us
lose
chances
of
enjoying
our
lives.
①
Slower
life
pace
can
make
people’s
life
more
enjoyable.
②
Live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
can
bring
more
enjoyment
to
life.
4)Finally,
slower
life
pace
provides
better
health
conditions
for
us.
①
Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
can
keep
people
healthier.
②
Live
their
life
at
a
slower
pace
helps
people
keep
fit.
③
Slower
life
pace
is
beneficial
to/is
of
benefit
to/does
good
to
people’s
health.
合并：
①
Slowing
down
the
pace
of
life
will
not
only
give
people
more
chances
to
enjoy
life
,
but
(also)
offer
them
better
health
conditions.
②
Not
only
does
the
slower
life
give
people
enjoyment
but
also
it’s
beneficial
to
their
health.
③
Living
life
at
a
slower
pace
ensures
a
healthier
and
more
enjoyable
life.
5)Therefore,
take
your
time
and
live
your
life
at
a
slower
pace.
①
Thus,
slow
down
your
life
pace.
②
Thus,
be
slow
and
enjoy
your
life.
③
Thus,
enjoy
a
slower
life
pace.
④
Thus,
let’s
slow
down
for
a
healthier
and
happier
life.
有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑连贯。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
2
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
We
see
it
everywhere.
A
tired
parent,
at
the
end
of
a
stressful
day,
loses
it
—
and
a
child
suffers.
We’d
like
to
help
if
we
could,
but
we
hesitate.
Is
it
our
business
to
intervene(干涉)?
And
if
we
do,
will
we
embarrass
and
offend
the
parent,
making
him
or
her
even
more
angry
with
the
child?
Isn’t
it
wiser
to
walk
past
without
comment?
After
all,
none
of
us
is
a
perfect
parent.
There
seems
to
be
a
common
assumption
in
our
society
that
intervening
on
behalf
of
a
child
in
a
public
place
is
necessarily
hurtful
and
critical.
It
needs
to
be
neither.
There
is
a
world
of
difference
between
hurtful
criticism
(“How
dare
you
treat
your
child
like
that?”)
and
helpful
intervention
done
in
a
caring
way
(“It
can
be
really
hard
to
meet
their
needs
when
you’re
so
busy.
Is
there
anything
I
can
do
to
help?”)
There
is
nothing
essential
in
intervention
that
requires
one
to
be
offensive.
My
friends
and
I
have
witnessed
some
really
harmful
acts:
hitting,
severe
verbal
abuse,
hurtful
comparisons
to
brothers
and
sisters,
and
so
on.
These
children
accept
this
treatment
because
they
are
too
helpless
and
inexperienced
to
stand
up
for
themselves.
That
emotional
abuse(虐待)
leaves
no
outward
scars
should
not
excuse
us
from
helping
these
children.
Those
of
us
who
can
recognize
damaging
treatment
have
an
obligation
to
step
in.
There
is
one
more
reason
for
intervening
that
is
nearly
always
overlooked
in
these
discussions,
but
which
I
consider
to
be
the
most
significant:
the
lifelong
effect
it
can
have
on
the
child.
Many
adults
in
counseling
sessions
still
recall
with
gratitude
the
one
time
that
a
stranger
stepped
in
on
their
behalf,
and
how
much
it
meant:
that
someone
cared,
and
that
the
child’s
feelings
of
anger
and
frustration
were
recognized
and
accepted.
These
adults
have
stated
to
me
that
this
one
intervention
changed
their
lives
and
gave
them
hope.
Are
we
to
bypass
the
opportunity
to
make
such
a
big
difference
in
the
life
of
a
child?
【写作指导】
通读全文可以得出文章是作者对父母在身体，语言，情感上虐待小孩子进行积极干预的一篇论述。
第一段：引入现象。找中心词：we
see
it
everywhere。关键词It指代的是后文描述的父母因压力冲小朋友发脾气的现象。Child
suffers…but
we
hesitate….
intervene…we
embarrass
and
offend
the
parent.
概括起来就是：我们很犹豫去帮助受虐待的小朋友碍于怕尴尬和冒犯父母。people
may
hesitate
to
help
when
they
see
children
abused
by
their
parents
in
public
because
they
are
afraid
to
embarrass
and
offend
the
parent.
第二段：提出问题
on
behalf
of
a
child
in
a
public
place
is
necessarily
hurtful
and
critical.
It
needs
to
be
neither.在公共场合为进行干预带来伤害和批评。但是现在这两者情况都没必要。关键词：difference…hurtful
criticism…helpful
intervention.
伤害性的批评(指责父母)和有益的干预(有什么可以帮您吗?)是大不同的。至此，作者正式提出了他的观点：对虐待行为采取有益的干预方式。However,
intervention
can
be
done
in
a
non-offensive
way.
第三段：例证作者及朋友亲眼所见的虐待现象同时提出小朋友忍受的原因,关键句：too
helpless
and
inexperienced
to
stand
up
for
themselves…have
an
obligation
to
step
in.
小朋友太无助，缺乏经验不能为自己发声。针对这种状况我们有义务介入。Since
children
are
too
young
to
stand
up
for
themselves,
we
are
obliged
to
intervene。
第四段：作者进一步提出我们为什么要积极干预?one
more
reason…
the
most
significant:
the
lifelong
effect
on
the
child.
对小朋友一生有重大影响。什么影响呢?一位陌生人为他而来关心他理解他，小朋友心怀感激。关键句：this
one
intervention
changed
their
lives
and
gave
them
hope.
改变了受虐待小朋友的一生给予他们希望。may
have
a
lifelong
effect
on
their
future/growth。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
3
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Tired
of
all
the
pushing
in
supermarkets?
Fed
up
with
waiting
in
endless
lines
to
pay
for
what
you
have
bought?
Angry
at
wasting
time
in
traffic
jams
only
to
find
no
parking
spaces
when
you
eventually
arrive
at
the
store?
If
this
is
you,
then
online
shopping
is
the
answer
to
your
dreams
of
trouble-free
shopping.
Online
shopping
brings
its
own
challenges.
Here
are
a
few
things
to
bear
in
mind
when
browsing
various
websites.
The
claim
made
by
online
sites
is
that
shopping
online
is
a
safe
and
secure
way
to
make
purchases.
The
evidence
challenges
this.
In
any
case,
you
only
have
to
be
the
victim
of
fraud
(欺骗)
once
to
experience
all
the
problems
that
come
with
this
form
of
stealing.
Use
only
sites
that
have
a
trusted
history
and
an
excellent
reputation.
Another
problem
is
that
the
appearance
of
items
in
reality
is
often
quite
different
from
what
you
see
on
your
computer
screen.
This
might
not
be
a
problem
if
you
are
buying
washing
up
powder
but
could
be
a
major
disappointment
when
that
beautiful
blue
dress
you
ordered
turns
up
in
green.
Also,
product
descriptions
are
sometimes
simply
untrue!
Perhaps
the
wisest
plan
is
to
purchase
items
whose
design
and
color
are
not
essential
to
customer
satisfaction.
Some
even
argue
that
online
shopping
indirectly
contributes
to
global
warming.
Yes,
your
car
can
stay
parked
but
how
are
online
goods
delivered?
Often
by
some
large
van
pouring
out
carbon
monoxide
and
adding
to
our
already
desperate
traffic
problems.
You
are
also
by
now
becoming
increasingly
irritated(使烦恼)
by
the
fact
that
the
delivery
is
late
!
【写作指导】
本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了网购的优势及需要注意的几个问题。第一段引入话题，介绍网购可以为顾客避免很多麻烦。第二段指出存在的挑战，即可能被欺骗。第三段指出对商品的描述可能名不副实，最后一段指出快递运输可能会有助于全球变暖。文章结构清晰，易于概括。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
in
no
more
than
60
words
the
main
idea
of
the
passage
and
how
it
is
illustrated.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
Four-day
Workweek
In
the
United
States,
employees
typically
work
five
days
a
week
for
eight
hours
each
day.
However,
many
employees
want
to
work
a
four-day
week
and
are
willing
to
accept
less
pay
in
order
to
do
so.
If
a
law
required
companies
to
offer
their
employees
the
option
of
working
a
four-day
workweek
for
four-fifths
(80
percent)
of
their
normal
pay,
it
would
benefit
the
economy
as
a
whole
as
well
as
the
individual
companies
and
the
employees
who
decided
to
take
the
option.
The
shortened
workweek
would
increase
company
profits
because
employees
would
feel
more
rested
and
alert,
and
as
a
result,
they
would
make
fewer
costly
errors
in
their
work.
Hiring
more
staff
to
ensure
that
the
same
amount
of
work
would
be
accomplished
would
not
result
in
additional
pay
the
company
has
to
prepare
for
these
people,
because
four-day
employees
would
only
be
paid
80
percent
of
the
normal
rate.
In
the
end,
companies
would
have
fewer
overworked
and
error-prone
(容易出错的)
employees
for
the
same
money,
which
would
increase
company
profits.
For
the
country
as
a
whole,
one
of
the
primary
benefits
of
offering
this
option
to
employees
is
that
it
would
reduce
unemployment
rates.
If
many
full-time
employees
started
working
fewer
hours,
some
of
their
workload
would
have
to
be
shifted
to
others.
Thus,
for
every
four
employees
who
went
on
an
80
percent
week,
a
new
employee
could
be
hired
at
the
80
percent
rate.
Finally,
the
option
of
a
four-day
workweek
would
be
better
for
individual
employees.
Employees
who
could
afford
a
lower
salary
in
exchange
for
more
free
time
could
improve
the
quality
of
their
lives
by
spending
the
extra
time
with
their
families,
pursuing
private
interests,
or
enjoying
leisure
activities.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of
the
passage
in
no
more
than
60
words.
Use
your
own
words
as
far
as
possible.
There
are
a
lot
of
different
people
in
the
world,
but
despite
our
differences,
we
all
want
to
get
along
with
others.
Humans
are
social
beings,
and
we
enjoy
being
treated
nicely.
Getting
along
with
someone,
regardless
of
their
passions,
isn’t
about
being
their
best
friends
or
sharing
all
their
hobbies.
It
is
about
treating
people
with
respect
and
care.
Be
a
good
listener.
To
start
a
conversation,
it
is
important
to
listen
first,
especially
when
you
are
in
a
group.
Don’t
indulge
(放纵)
yourself
in
instant
chat
when
you
have
just
arrived.
Examine
the
situation
and
the
conversation,
and
then
say
whatever
you
think
fit.
It
is
better
to
say
something
substantial,
rather
than
something
meaningless.So
it
is
better
to
listen
to
what
the
conversation
is
about
before
speaking.
Don’t
try
to
change
people.
It
is
not
your
job
to
change
anyone
else.
It
is
not
in
your
power
to
change
anyone
else.
Let
other
people
love
how
they
want
to
live.
You
can
only
change
how
you
interact
with
people,
you
can
not
change
them.
If
you
do
not
like
the
way
someone
acts,
you
can
try
to
interact
with
them
as
little
as
possible.
You
can
always
maintain
a
good
attitude
towards
them
so
that
your
relationship
with
them
might
change.
Keep
a
smile.
A
little
laughter
goes
a
long
way,
and
a
smile
eases
tensions,
whereas
a
frown
can
create
tensions.
If
someone
teases
you,
try
to
laugh
it
off.
If
someone
is
frowning,
smile
at
them.
Be
mindful
of
your
facial
expression.
If
you
are
persistently
and
optimistic,
people
will
cheer
up
when
they
see
you
coming.
State
out
right
that
you
want
to
get
along.
Some
people
do
not
take
hints.
Some
people
do
not
read
body
language.
For
these
people,
it
really
works
to
just
say,
“I
really
want
us
to
work
well
together.
I
will
help
you
and
back
you
up,
and
you
help
me
and
back
me
up.”
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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