Unit 2 Morals and Virtues
Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
单元语法精析
动词-ing形式作宾语补足语和状语
语法点拨
英语中分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词＋-ing”形式构成，在句子中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。现在分词的基本形式如下：
及物动词(do) 不及物动词(go)
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
一般式 doing being done going
完成式 having done having been done having gone
现在分词一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而现在分词的完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。
一、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
动词-ing形式置于某些及物动词和宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作或状态。在这种情况下，及物动词通常是表示感觉和心理状态的动词或使役动词。
(2019·江苏高考)A Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.
一位墨西哥农民惊讶地发现从他的一小块地里冒出了烟。
I felt my heart beating violently when I was seeing the 70th anniversary of foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
我看中华人民共和国成立70周年庆典的时候，感到心潮澎湃。
1．动词-ing形式在感官动词后作宾语补足语
在see，hear，feel，watch，notice等感官动词后，用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语，表示一个正在进行的主动的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。
In the crowded cafe, I heard a friendly voice saying, “You can share my table.”
在一个拥挤的咖啡馆，我听到一个友好的声音在说：“你可以和我坐一桌。”
He saw a girl wandering on the street this time yesterday.
他昨天这个时候看到一个女孩正在街上闲逛。
名师点津
在see，hear，feel，watch，notice等感官动词后，既可用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用省略to的不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词的-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用省略to的不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
Today on my way home, I saw a man running along the street hurriedly.
今天在我回家的路上，我看到一个男人正匆忙从街上跑过。
I saw him enter the room and take something away.
我看到他进入房间，并带着东西离开了。
即学即练
完成句子
①I __noticed__ a thief stealing money from the old woman’s pocket yesterday.
昨天我注意到一个小偷正在从那位上年纪的女士口袋里偷钱。
②She __heard someone knocking__ at the door.
她听到有人在敲门。
③He __saw a girl get on the car and drive off__.
他看见一个女孩上车把车开走了。
④Can you __hear her singing__ the song in the next room
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
2．动词-ing形式在使役动词宾补结构中的使用
使役动词接现在分词作宾语补足语，表示“让……一直做某事”。
It’s cold.We should have the fire burning all the time.
天气冷。我们应该让火一直燃烧着。
I won’t have you running about in the room.
我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
名师点津
(1)have/get＋宾语＋done，done是过去分词作宾语补足语。包括两层意思：
①让别人去做某事
He will have/get the computer repaired tomorrow.
他明天让人给他修电脑。
②(主语)遭受到(意外的损失或不幸)
He had/got his computer stolen the other day.
前几天他的电脑被偷了。
(2)have＋宾语＋do sth.意思是“让某人去干某事”
Mother has me go to the shop to buy some fruit.
妈妈让我去商店买一些水果。
名师点津
leave(使……处于某种状态)，keep(使……保持某种状态)后一般跟分词作补足语，而不跟动词不定式。
Many teachers keep parents informed of children’s performance in the kindergarten by sharing videos on WeChat.
许多老师通过在微信上分享视频让家长知晓孩子们在幼儿园的表现。
即学即练
用所给单词的正确形式填空
①Mr Smith suggested a good way to have her written English __improved__(improve) in a short period.
②Don’t leave the water __running__(run) while you brush your teeth.
③Mother has the little girl __play__(play) the piano this afternoon.
④He needed to have some paperwork __delivered__(deliver) across the country the next day.
3．现在分词在with复合结构中的应用
在with复合结构中，现在分词充当宾语补足语，表动作“正在进行”。
Singing “You don’t know love, Fa Hai”， she threw the tortoise into the river, with tears filling her eyes.
她唱着《法海你不懂爱》，把那只乌龟扔进了河里，眼里满是泪水。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace
乞力马扎罗山是一座拥挤的山，挤满了成群的游客，破坏了它宁静的气氛，它应得这样的声誉吗？
名师点津
在with的复合结构中，也可以使用不定式和过去分词作宾语补足语。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.
要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
即学即练
用所给单词的正确形式填空
①I love my school with students __working__(work) hard to realize their dreams and teachers __helping__(help) us like our parents.
②(2019·江苏高考)China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries __recognizing__(recognize) its role in international affairs.
③With Christmas __approaching__(approach), a Christmas party will be held in the school.
二、动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
Swallowing Little Red Hat, the wolf went to bed and slept.
大灰狼吞下了小红帽，然后上床睡觉了。(时间状语)
I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history.
得知你对中国历史感兴趣我很高兴。(原因状语)
1．动词-ing形式表示时间。
Walking in the park，she saw an old friend.
＝When/While (she was) walking in the park，she saw an old friend.
当她在公园里散步时，她看到了她的一个老朋友。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Hearing these stories, I’m skeptical about the place.(＝When I heard these stories...)
当我听到这些故事的时候，我对这个地方有点怀疑。
2．动词-ing形式表示原因。
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
(＝As I don’t know his address...)
因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书寄给他。
3．动词-ing形式表示结果。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.(＝...and left him a lot of money.)
他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。
4．动词-ing形式表示条件。
Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.(＝If you go straight down the road...)
顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。
5．动词-ing形式表示让步。
Being tired, they went on working.(Although they were tired...)
尽管很累了，可他们继续工作。
6．动词-ing形式表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.(＝...and stared at the sky for a long time.)
他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
7．作方式状语
He came running back to tell me the news.
他跑回来告诉我这个消息。
名师点津
非谓语动词作状语时，如果提供的动词不能和句子中的主语保持一致，动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任，这就是独立主格结构。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。(having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus，而不是we)
Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.
天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。(permitting的逻辑主语是time，而不是the football match)
即学即练
用所给单词的正确形式填空
①__Having finished__(finish) his homework, he was playing on the playground.
②__Studying__(study) hard, you are sure to get first prize.
③People use plastic in their daily life, __leaving__(leave) large amounts of waste.
④__Working__(work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
⑤The old man, __having worked__(work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
语法专练
Ⅰ．用括号中动词的适当形式填空
1．Yesterday，another student and I，__representing__(represent) our university’s student association，went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year’s international students.
2．I stood for a minute __watching__(watch) them and then went to greet them.
3．She stepped back __appearing__(appear) surprised and put up her hands，as if in defence.
4．Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in __smiling__(smile)．
5．Just at that moment，however，Akira bowed so his nose touched George’s __moving__(move) hand.
6．__Not knowing__(not know) anything about the accident，he went to work as usual.
7．The old man sat under the tree __listening__(listen) to the radio.
8．__Turning__(turn) to the right，you will find the post office you’re looking for.
9．__Having been held__(hold) back by the traffic jam，she couldn’t get there on time.
10．__Having been taken__(take) to hospital in time，the little girl infected with bird flu was saved at last.
Ⅱ．完成句子
1．While __working in the factory__，he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
2．I __noticed a man running__ out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人正从银行里跑出来。
3．__Seeing those pictures__，she remembered her childhood.
看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。
4．I __felt my heart beating__ violently.
我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。
5．__Having made full preparations__，we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以考了。
6．__With another problem appearing__，many customers are dissatisfied.
随着另一个问题的出现，许多消费者不满意了。
7．__Not knowing the gold coins hidden under the stone__，many people didn’t attempt to move it.
由于不知道石头底下藏着金币，很多人都没有尝试去搬走它。
8．You can’t __have your son studying__ all day long at the weekend.
你不能让你的儿子周末整天待在家里学习。
9．It has rained for over ten days, __causing the river to rise__.
下了十多天雨，致使河水上涨。
10．They should not __leave us wondering__ what they will do next.
他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。
Ⅱ．语法主题应用
根据下面汉语提示写一篇小短文。
1．在回家的路上，我们看到一个大树枝躺在马路上。(动词-ing形式作宾语补足语)
2．考虑到它会带来麻烦，我们决定把它移走。(动词-ing形式作原因状语)
3．在一些过路人的帮助之下，我们成功地把它移到一边。(with的复合结构)
4．看到我们的所作所为，人们为我们热烈鼓掌。(动词-ing形式作时间状语)
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参考范文：
On our way home，we saw a big branch lying on the road.Considering it might cause some trouble, we decided to move it away.With some passers-by helping us, we managed to remove it. Seeing what we had done, many people applauded warmly.Unit 2 Morals and Virtues
Section Ⅳ 写作指导
写作方法指导
人物描写
写作指导
人物描写是记叙文的一种。是对人物外貌、个性以及主要事迹和贡献进行描述。写好人物描写记叙文，应注意以下几点：
首先，应对此人进行简要的介绍，比如生平、事迹、职业等；
其次，挑选出此人一生中比较重要的事迹进行描写，要尽可能详细，因为这影响到人们对他/她的整体评价；
最后，对此人进行客观地评价，包括其人格、贡献以及闪光点的评价。
【常用表达】
1．介绍人物的姓名、出身及外貌特征
(1)He had fair hair and blue eyes.
(2)Abraham Lincoln, the son of a poor family, was born in Kentucky on February 12, 1809.
(3)She is tall and slim with big eyes and curly hair.
(4)Sue was a young woman who was studying art.
(5)He is a good-looking and kind-hearted man.
2．介绍人物的影响及人们对此人的评价
(1)He became famous for his new theory.
(2)The people had come to love him as an inspiring leader.
(3)We regard him as our model.
(4)Lei Feng has been praised for his communist spirit.
精品展示
请你根据表格里的内容，用英语介绍简·古道尔。
姓名 简·古道尔(Jane Goodall)博士
研究领域 著名的野生动物研究专家，尤其在研究黑猩猩方面
性格 谦虚、坦诚、考虑周到
成长过程 1.童年时代，碰巧看到一本名叫《泰山和杜拉德博士》的书。受到极大鼓舞，打算研究动物2．在那个时代，妇女受到歧视，但妈妈支持她3．20世纪60年代，简动身去非洲研究黑猩猩，用了25年多的时间观察和记录黑猩猩的日常活动，完全弄懂了它们的行为
成就 1.成立了几个组织，发起了一项保护动物的运动2．在世界各地演讲，呼吁年轻一代参加“根与芽”活动3．被授予了多个奖项
参考词汇：《泰山和杜拉德博士》Tarzan and Dr Doolittle；“根与芽”“Shoot and Root”
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【审题谋篇】
第一步 明确要求
1．确定体裁：本文为__记叙文__
2．确定人称：以第__三__人称为主
3．确定时态：以__一般现在时__和__一般过去时__为主
4．话题：记叙女科学家在动物方面的研究
第二步 提炼要点
1．成长过程
2．成就
3．总结
第三步 句式升级
1．童年时代，她碰巧看到一本名叫《泰山和杜拉德博士》的书。
(一般表达)When she was a child, she happened to read a book of Tarzan and Dr Doolittle.
(高级表达)In her childhood, she __came across__ a book which is called Tarzan and Dr Doolittle __by chance__.
2．她受到了极大的鼓舞，打算将来研究动物。
(一般表达)She was encouraged and planned to study animals in the future.
(高级表达)Greatly inspired by it, Jane __intended to study__ animals one day.
3．20世纪60年代，简动身去非洲研究黑猩猩，在那里她用了25年多的时间观察和记录黑猩猩的日常活动。
(一般表达)In the 1960s, Jane went to Africa to study chimps, and there she spent over 25 years observing and recording their daily activities.
(高级表达)In the 1960s, Jane __moved off__ to Africa to study chimps, __where__ she spent over 25 years observing and recording their daily activities.
参考范文：
Dr Jane Goodall, a famous specialist, studies wild animals, especially in chimps.She is a modest, outspoken and considerate woman.
In her childhood, she came across a book which is called Tarzan and Dr Doolittle by chance.Greatly inspired by it, Jane intended to study animals one day.At that time, women were often looked down on and only her mother supported her decision.In the 1960s, Jane moved off to Africa to study chimps, where she spent over 25 years observing and recording their daily activities and fully understood chimps’ behaviour.Setting up several organizations and launching a campaign to protect animals have made her famous all over the world.In recent years, Jane has delivered speeches all over the world to call on younger generations to take part in her project “Shoot and Root”．
Many prizes have been awarded to Jane Goodall to honor her great achievements.
亮点点评：
本文行文流畅，描写到位。诸如modest, outspoken，considerate，look down on和support等高级词汇运用得当。高级句式例如“Greatly inspired by it”为过去分词短语作状语；“Setting up several organizations and launching a campaign to protect animals”是动名词短语作主语，这些都运用得很好。
即学即练
2012年10月9日，巴基斯坦十五岁的女孩马拉拉在放学回家途中遭到塔利班暗杀，头部中枪。康复后，马拉拉不畏威胁，积极为巴基斯坦女童争取受教育的权利。联合国将每年的7月12日(她的生日)定为“马拉拉日”(Malala Day)。请根据以下提示，用英语写一篇短文。短文应包括以下内容：
1．简述马拉拉的故事；
2．说明教育的重要性(至少两点)；
3．谈谈学校教育对你的影响(至少两点)。
注意：词数80左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数。
On October 9,2012，Malala, a 15-year-old Pakistani girl, was shot in the head by the Taliban on her way home from school.________________________________________________________________________
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参考范文：
On October 9,2012，Malala, a 15-year-old Pakistani girl, was shot in the head by the Taliban on her way home from school. However, the Taliban failed to silence her.After a miraculous recovery, she was committed to fighting for girls’ right to education.In honor of her bravery and devotion, the UN declared July 12 (her birthday) as Malala Day.
Deeply inspired by the story of Malala, I firmly believe in the significance of education.Education enables people to raise their voices for rights and change the world by calling for more equality.
When I reflect on my own experience, I feel grateful that I have benefited a lot from my school education. I have acquired knowledge and skills to prepare myself for the future.Besides, school education provides me with opportunities to broaden my horizons and improve myself.Unit 2 Morals and Virtues
单元核心素养
单元话题导读
What Does Moral Dilemma Mean
Philosophers as far back as Plato have wrestled near impossible moral questions that test the character of the person making the decision. Today, these questions are known as moral dilemmas. However, centuries of debate still leave many of these dilemmas unsolved.
Definition
A moral dilemma is defined as any situation in which the person making the decision experiences a conflict between the moral rightness of a decision and the quality of the results it produces. Many times, these dilemmas involve a morally wrong decision that produces a desirable result, or vice versa.Other times, moral dilemmas involve a decision in which the person is forced to choose only one of two good things.
Historic Examples
One classic example of a moral dilemma is the famous 1842 shipwreck in which the captain was forced to choose between throwing the weak passengers overboard or letting all the passengers drown. The 1982 movie Sophie’s Choice portrays another moral dilemma, in which a mother is forced to choose which of her two children would be executed in a concentration camp.
Modern Examples
A family’s difficult decision about whether to take a terminally ill loved one off life support is an example of a modern moral dilemma. Other common dilemmas include good Samaritan situations, for example, a passer-by is forced to choose between the convenience of letting a stranger go unaided and the moral obligation to assist someone in need.
道德困境是什么意思？
早在柏拉图时代，哲学家们就已经努力解决了几乎不可能的道德问题，这些问题考验着做出决定的人的性格。今天，这些问题被称为道德困境。然而，几个世纪的争论仍然让许多这些困境没有解决。
定义
道德困境是指决策者在决策的道德正确性和决策制造的结果的质量之间发生冲突的任何情况。很多时候，这些困境涉及一个道德上错误的决定，产生一个理想的结果，反之亦然。另一些时候，道德困境涉及一个决定，在这个决定中，一个人只能选择两件好事中的一件。
历史上的例子
道德困境的一个典型例子是1842年那场著名的沉船事故，船长被迫在把虚弱的乘客扔下船或让所有乘客淹死之间做出选择。1982年的电影《苏菲的选择》描绘了另一种道德困境，在这种困境中，一个母亲被迫选择在集中营处决两个孩子中的哪一个。
现代例子
一个家庭对于是否让一个身患绝症的亲人脱离生命支持的艰难决定就是现代道德困境的一个例子。其他常见的困境包括好心人的处境，例如，一个过路人被迫在让陌生人独自去的方便和帮助有需要的人的道德义务之间做出选择。
词海拾贝
1．wrestle v．摔跤；奋力对付
2．shipwreck n．海难 v．船只失事
Section Ⅰ Listening and Speaking，Reading and Thinking
课前自主预习
Ⅰ．重点单词
1．__moral__ adj.道德的；道义上的 n．品行；道德；寓意
2．__virtue__ n．高尚的道德；美德；优秀品质
3．__illustrate__ vt.(举例)说明；阐明；给(书或文意)加插图→__illustration__ n．图表，插图；图解；图示
4．__precious__ adj.珍稀的；宝贵的
5．__marriage__ n．结婚；婚姻 → __marry__v.结婚，娶，嫁→__married__ adj.已婚的
6．__majority__ n．大部分；大多数→__major__ adj.主要的；多数的vi.主修→__minority__ n．少数民族；少数
7．__complain__ vi.&vt.抱怨；发牢骚→__complaint__ n．抱怨；牢骚；投诉
8．__fee__ n．专业服务费；报酬
9．__respond__ vt.回答；回复 vi.做出反应；回应→__response__ n．反应；回答；回复
10．__union__ n．协会；联合会；工会
11．__scholarship__ n．奖学金
12．__hire__ vt.聘任；雇用；租用 n．租借；租用
13．__physician__ n．医师；(尤指)内科医生→__physicist__ n．物理学家→__physical__ adj.身体的；物理的→__physics__ n．物理学
14．__colleague__ n．同事；同僚
15．__reject__ vt.拒绝接受；不录用→__rejection__ n．拒绝接受；否决
16．__appoint__ vt.任命；委派→__appointment__ n．任命，委派
17．__clinic__ n．诊所；门诊部→__clinical__ adj.临床的； 临床诊断的
18．__faraway__ adj.遥远的
19．__elect__ vt.选举；推选→__election__ n．选举；推选；当选→__elector__ n．选举人
20．__decade__ n．十年；十年期
21．__elsewhere__ adv.在别处；去别处
22．__tend__ vt.照顾；照料 vi.倾向；趋于→__tendency__ n．趋势；倾向
23．__publish__ vt.发表(作品)；出版→__publisher__ n．出版人(或机构)
24．__staff__ n．员工；全体职员
25．__retire__ vi.&vt.退休；退职；退出→__retirement__ n．退休→__retired__ adj.退休的
26．__saving__ n．节省物；节省；节约 [pl.]储蓄金；存款
27．__kindergarten__ n．学前班；幼儿园
28．__principle__ n．道德原则；法则；原则
29．__passive__ adj.被动的；顺从的
30．__scare__ vt.惊吓；使害怕 vi.使惊吓→__scared__ adj.害怕的；对……感到惊慌或恐惧的→__scary__ adj.引起恐慌的
31．__sharp__ adj.(增长、下跌等)急剧的；锋利的；明显的→__sharpen__ v．使变锋利
32．__insurance__ n．保险；保险业
33．__energetic__ adj.精力充沛的；充满活力的→__energy__ n．精力；力量；能源
34．__replace__ vt.接替；取代；更换→__replacement__ n．替换；更换；替代品；替换
Ⅱ．重点短语
1．carry sb.__through__ sth.帮助某人渡过难关
2．tend to __do__ sth.易于做某事；往往会发生某事
3．get __in__ trouble陷入困境；遇到麻烦
4．not __only__... but also...不仅……而且……
5．be famous __for__因……而闻名
6．be affected __by__被……影响/感动
7．instead __of__代替；而不是
8．would rather __do__ sth.宁愿做某事
9．graduate __from__从……毕业
10．because __of__因为；由于
11．__in__ need of需要
12．care __for__照看；喜欢
13．be responsible __for__对……负责
14．treat...__as__...把……当作
15．be known __as__...作为……而闻名
16．__of__ one’s own属于某人自己的
17．be ready to __do__乐意干某事
18．not...__any__ more不再……
Ⅱ．重点句型
1．To a person __nothing is more precious than their life__...
对一个人来说，没有什么比他们的生命更珍贵了……
2．She responded，“I’d __rather stay__ single to study all my life！”
她回答说：“我宁愿保持单身，终生学习！”
3．She immediately became the first woman ever __to be hired__ as a resident physician in the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital.
她立即成为第一个被聘为PUMC医院妇产科住院医师的女性。
4．At times she __was__ even __seen riding__ a donkey to faraway villages to provide medical care.
有时人们甚至会看到她骑着毛驴到遥远的村庄给人看病。
5．Though Lin Qiaozhi never married，she was known as the “mother of ten thousand babies”，__having delivered__ over 50,000 babies in her lifetime.
虽然林巧稚从未结婚，她却被称为“一万个孩子的妈妈”，一生中接生了5万多个孩子。
Ⅳ．课文预读
一、速读文章并补全下面的句子
From the life of Lin Qiaozhi we can draw a conclusion that she is a __determined，selfless and hard-working__ person.
二、细读文章并完成下面的表格
Time Events
at fiveyears old Lin Qiaozhi was deeply 1.__affected__ by her mother’s death.
at age 18 She chose to study 2.__medicine__.
at age 26 Lin 3.__graduated__ from Peking Union Medical College.She became the first woman ever 4.__to be hired__ as a resident physician in the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital.Within six months, she was named a 5.__chief__ resident physician.
after workingfor a few years She 6.__was sent__ to study in Europe.
in 1939 Dr Lin 7.__rejected__ to stay in America.
in 1941 Dr Lin became the first Chinese woman ever 8.__to be appointed__ director of the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital.A few months later, she opened a 9.__private clinic__.
in 1954 She was 10.__elected__ to the first National People’s Congress and, over the next several 11.__decades__，she held many important positions.
on 22April 1983 Dr Lin died.She 12.__delivered__ over 50,000 babies in her lifetime.
课内要点探究
重 点 单 词
1．majority n．大部分；大多数
典型例句
When I have a different opinion, I always respect the opinion of the majority.
当我有不同观点时，我总是尊重多数人的观点。
The majority of the students hold the view that it’s convenient to go to school by electric bike.
大多数学生持有以下观点：骑电动车上学很方便。
After all, those who are against the project are in the majority.
毕竟，反对这个项目的人占多数。
思维拓展
(1)be in the/a majority占多数
a/the majority of……的大多数
(2)major v．主修
adj.主要的
n．主修课程
(3)minor adj.次要的
(4)minority n．少数
a/the minority of少数的
be in the/a minority占少数
名师点津
the majority单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数或复数均可。
“the majority of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
“the majority of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①The __majority__(major) of the citizens in that region have been affected by the dust.
②Tom and I have something in common: we both major __in__ engineering.
③An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members __are__(be) against it.
写出下列句中major的词性及含义
④Briefly speaking, smoking is one of the major causes of cancer.__形容词，主要的__
⑤He majored in history at Stanford.__动词，主修__
⑥The major part of the town was ruined by the horrible earthquake.__形容词，大的__
⑦English is his major and he has no difficulty communicating with foreigners.__名词，专业__
单句写作
⑧One-third of the country is covered with grass and __the majority of__(大多数) the citizens live in tents.
⑨In college I __majored in__(主修) Natural Science.What was your major
2．complain vi.&vt.抱怨；发牢骚
典型例句
I’m going to complain to the manager about this.
我要就这件事向经理投诉。
We should strictly follow traffic rules rather than complain about traffic jams.
我们应该严格遵守交通规则，而不是抱怨交通堵塞。
Betty complained to Steve that Sara never gave her a chance to talk at yesterday’s meeting.
贝蒂向史蒂夫抱怨说在昨天的会上萨拉从不给她说话的机会。
思维拓展
(1)complain about...抱怨……
complain (to sb.) that...(向某人)抱怨……
complain to sb.about sth.向某人抱怨某事
(2)complaint n．抱怨
make a complaint to sb.about sth.向某人抱怨某事
a flood of complaints大量的投诉
误区警示
complain的后面不能直接跟sb.作宾语，须加介词to。类似的词还有explain(解释，说明)，announce(宣告)，suggest(建议)等。
I explained the situation to my bank manager.
我向我的银行经理说明了情况。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Mothers often complain __to__ their children __about__ wrestling on the bed.
②He will complain __about__ having to do so much paperwork.
③Why don’t you make a __complaint__(complain) against your noisy neighbors
单句写作
④She __complained to me that__(向我抱怨说) no one could tell her the feature of the house.
⑤We should think how to deal with the problems instead of __complaining about others’ mistakes__(抱怨别人的错误)．
一句多译
⑥他总是向我抱怨生活有压力。
He is always __complaining to me about__ the stressful life.
He is always __making a complaint to me about__ the stressful life.
3．respond vt.回答；回复 vt.做出反应；回应
典型例句
She responded to my letter with a phone call.
她收到我的信后给我回了个电话。
When asked about the company’s future, the director responded that he remained optimistic.
当被问到公司的未来的时候，经理回答说他依然乐观。
思维拓展
(1)respond to...(with sth.)回答，回复；对……做出反应
respond that...回答说……
(2)response n．反应；回答；回复
in response to作为对……的答复/反应
make a response(to)(对……)做出回应/反应
易混辨析
respond, answer, reply
respond 为不及物动词，指对他人的期望等做出适当的回应，是最正式的用词
answer 为及物动词，指用文字、语言或行动回答，是最普通的用词
reply 为不及物动词，与answer 用法基本相同，但稍正式一些
I asked him his name, but he didn’t respond.
我问他叫什么名字，可他没回答。
He answered that he did go there last night.
他回答说昨天晚上他的确去过那儿。
It’s your turn now to reply to these charges.
现在该轮到你对这些指控进行答辩了。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2020·河北邢台期末)Devices(设备) that can recognize and respond __to__ a human voice have been developed.
②(2018·北京改编)Not everyone acts the same in response __to__ events, and that is why what triggers(引起) one person may or may not trigger another.
③If you do not understand the question asked at a security checkpoint(安检员), ask the person to repeat his question until you are able to respond __with__ an accurate answer.
一句多译
卡尔没有回答我的问题，继续吃他的饭。
④Carl didn’t __respond to__ my question, and carried on with his meal.(respond)
⑤Carl __made/gave no response to__ my question, and carried on with his meal.(response)
完成句子
⑥His illness didn’t __respond to__ treatment by drugs.
他的疾病对药物治疗没有反应。
⑦My mother opened the door __in response to__ the knock, but there was no one outside.
听到敲门声后，我妈妈打开了门，但外面一个人都没有。
4．reject vt.拒绝接受；不录用
典型例句
The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked.
基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的想法，谁支持这一理论就将受到攻击。
思维拓展
(1)reject one’s idea/suggestion/plan拒绝接受某人的想法/建议/计划
reject an argument/a decision/an offer拒绝接受一个论点/一个决定/一项提议
(2)rejection n．拒绝接受；否决
a rejection letter一封回绝信
图解助记
易混辨析
reject与refuse
reject vt.正式用词，“摒弃，不采用，不使用”。
refuse vi.& vt.普通用词，“拒绝”。
refuse sb.sth.拒绝某人某事
refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事
即学即练
单句语法填空
①He __was rejected__(reject) by the army because of his poor eyesight last year.
②Although writing a __rejection__(reject) letter can be difficult, there are situations where it’s absolutely necessary.
选词填空(reject/refuse)
③He loves his daughter so much that he can __refuse__ her nothing.
④I’ve been __rejected__ by all the companies I applied to.
⑤I absolutely __refuse__ to take part in anything that’s illegal.
⑥When she was sent to a boarding school, she felt __rejected__ by her parents.
5．appoint vt.任命；委派
典型例句
She was appointed(as/to be) monitor at the class meeting.
在班会上她被任命为班长。
She has recently been appointed to the committee.
她最近被任命为委员会的委员。
They appointed her to take care of that old man.
他们派她去照顾那位老人。
思维拓展
(1)appoint sb.(as/to be)＋职位 某人担任……职位
appoint sb.to do sth.委派某人做某事
(2)appointment n．任命；委派；约定
make/have an appointment with sb.与某人有约
keep/break an appointment守约/违约
(3)appointed adj.约定的；指定的
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse __appointed__(appoint) to guard her.
②I hate to rush you, but I have another __appointment__(appoint)．
③To his joy, he __was appointed__(appoint) as manager.After all, this represented his ability.And the moment he received the __appointment__(appoint) letter, he called and made an __appointment__(appoint) with his former teacher, for whose help he was grateful.
单句写作
④在任何情况下我们都不能失约。
In no case should we fail to __keep an appointment__.
⑤这位农业专家仅凭预约才能见到。
The agricultural expert can only be visited __by appointment__.
6．elect vt.选举；推选
典型例句
She elected an art course because she was interested in art.
因为她对艺术感兴趣，所以选择了一门艺术课。
Like men, women have the right to elect and to be elected.
妇女享有同男子平等的选举权和被选举权。
思维拓展
elect to do sth.决定做某事
elect sb.as选举某人当……
election n．选举；推选；当选
We wonder who will win the next election.
我们都想知道下届选举谁会获胜。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Congratulations! I heard you have been __elected__(elect) as chairman.
②An increasing number of people elect __to work__(work) at home.
③The year 1789 saw the first __election__(elect) in American history where a majority of people __elected__(elect) George Washington __as__ the first president.
单句写作
④Who do you think will __win the next election__(在下次选举中获胜)
⑤Faced with their failure in __the first round of the election__(第一轮选举) the party didn’t lose heart.
7．tend vt.照顾；照料 vi.倾向；趋于
典型例句
I tend to go to bed late and get up early in summer.
夏天我往往睡得晚，起得早。
She spends her spare time tending her old mother.
她的业余时间都花在照顾她年迈的母亲上。
思维拓展
tend to do sth.易于做某事；往往会发生某事
tend to/towards sth.趋向，倾向
tend (to) sb./sth.(＝look after sb./sth.)照顾/护理……
tendency n．倾向，趋势
have a tendency to do sth.有做某事的倾向
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Typically, people tend __to make__(make) mistakes when tired.
②The nurses were tending __to__ those injured by firecracker.
③I have a tendency __to talk__(talk) too much when nervous.
④The modern furniture designs tend __towards__ simplicity.
完成句子
⑤The sort of music he listens to varies, but __tends towards__ popular music.
他听的音乐形形色色，不过倾向于流行音乐。
⑥She __tends to__ get angry when people oppose to her plan.
别人反对她的计划时，她很容易生气。
⑦The nurse skillfully __tended__ their wounds.
那位护士熟练地为他们包扎伤口。
8．retire vi.&vt.退休；退职；退出；离开(尤指去僻静处)
典型例句
Most people retire at 60.
大多数人在60岁时退休。
She was forced to retire early from teaching because of ill health.
由于身体不好她被迫早早地从教学岗位上退了下来。
After lunch, he retired to his study.
午饭后他去了书房。
思维拓展
(1)retire from...从……退休(役)/退出
(2)retired adj.已退职的；已退休的
(3)retirement n．退休；退职
即学即练
单句语法填空
①After he __retired__(retire) from office, Tom took up painting for a while, but soon lost interest.
②When the world-famous tennis player announced her __retirement__(retire), she couldn’t help crying.
③He has agreed to struggle on, though he hopes to retire __from__ his position.
④They will hold a party in celebration of her __retirement__(retire)．
⑤The other day a __retired__(retire) couple came to my office.
9．principle n．道德原则；法则；原则
典型例句
Schools try to teach children a set of principles.
学校设法教给孩子们一套道德准则。
They agreed to the plan only in principle.
他们只是原则上同意那个计划。
思维拓展
in principle 原则上；理论上
stick to one’s principles坚持原则
be against one’s principles违背某人的原则
as a matter of principle作为原则问题
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Despite the variety of injuries, several __principles__(principle) of first aid can apply to all emergencies.
单句写作
②Anyway, I can’t cheat in the exams—it’s __against my principles__(违背我的原则)．
③__In principle__(原则上), the new software should make the accounting system a lot simpler.
④Though poor, he still __sticks to his principles__(坚持他的原则)．
10．scare vt.惊吓；使害怕 vi.受惊吓
典型例句
The terrible sounds scared the children.
可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。
He doesn’t scare easily.
他不轻易害怕。
思维拓展
(1)scare sb.to death把某人吓得要死
scare sb.away/off把某人吓跑
scare sb.into/out of (doing) sth.吓得某人做/不敢做某事
It scares sb.to do sth.使某人害怕去做某事
(2)scared adj.害怕的，担心的(近义词：afraid/frightened)
be scared of...害怕/担心……
be scared to death吓得要死
be scared of doing sth./to do sth.害怕做某事
be scared that...害怕
(3)scary adj.恐怖的；吓人的
We were scared to death when the fire broke out.Fortunately, it was put out before it caused much damage.
突如其来的大火把我们吓得要死，幸好它被扑灭了，没有造成很大损失。
She was scared to go into the yard because she was scared of being bitten by the big dog lying at the gate.
她害怕去院子里，因为她害怕被卧在门口的那只大狗咬到。
She didn’t like riding because she was scared that the horse might kick her.
她不喜欢骑马因为她害怕马会踢她。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①When we are getting excited, angry or __scared__(scare), our bodies also go through many physical changes.
②The turkey was scared __away/off__ at the sight of us.
③I really thought I was going to fall—it was a __scary__(scare) moment.
④The atmosphere was __scary__ and we felt __scared__ staying in the room.(scare)
单句写作
⑤Many customers have been __scared into buying__(被吓得买) organic food.
⑥The local farmers used to light a fire __to scare away/off__(吓跑) the wolves.
11．sharp adj.(增长、下跌等)急剧的；锋利的；明显的；鲜明的；敏锐的；(语言)尖刻的；剧烈的；急转的 adv.(用于时间后表示准时)整
典型例句
There was a sharp increase in unemployment in that area last year.
去年那个地区的失业人数急剧上升。
I suddenly felt a sharp pain in my chest while I was at work.
工作时我突然感到胸口一阵剧痛。
There are birds, like the mountain eagles, which eat meat with their strong sharp beaks.
有些像山鹰一样的鸟，用它们强有力的尖喙吃肉。
We heard a voice sing out in a clear, sharp tone.
我们听到了一阵清脆嘹亮的歌声。
He is a journalist with an extremely sharp mind.
他是个头脑极其敏锐的新闻记者。
Be careful with the sharp bend in the road.
小心路上的急转弯。
She planned to unlock the shop at 8：00 sharp this morning.
她计划今早8点整打开店门。
思维拓展
sharply adv.猛烈地；急剧地
sharpen vt.& vi.(使)变得锋利
sharpener n．磨具，削具
即学即练
写出下列句中sharp的含义
①Unfortunately, I cut my foot a sharp stone and caught my hair on a branch.__尖的__
②As we all know, an eagle has sharp eyesight.__敏锐的__
③When we got to the church it was seven o’clock sharp.__整__
④All the footmarks are quite sharp and clear.__清晰的__
⑤Suddenly, he felt a sharp pain in the stomach.__剧烈的__
⑥He fainted when riding to work.The bike made a sharp turn to the left.__急转的__
单句语法填空
⑦The price of petrol has risen __sharply__(sharp) since last month.
⑧The pencil doesn’t write well；I should __sharpen__(sharp) it before I draw the great figure.
⑨He was sharp __with__ his colleagues when they were late.
12．replace vt.接替；取代；更换
典型例句
He has replaced Mr Brown as president.
他取代布朗先生当了董事长。
He will replace the broken window with a new one.
他要用新窗户更换破了的窗户。
思维拓展
(1)replace...with/by...用……代替……
replace sb.as...取代某人而成为……
(2)replacement n．替换；更换；接替者
a replacement for...……的替代品/替补
(3)“代替”的表达法：
replace，in place of，take the place of，in one’s place，take one’s place，instead of
即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2020·江苏南京期中)The house which I grew up in has been taken down and replaced __with/by__ an office building whose walls are yellow.
②(2020·黑龙江哈尔滨期中)Remind yourself that although they are not __replacements__(replace) for sleep, rest and relaxation still help refresh(使恢复精力) your body.
③It is still under discussion whether the old bus station should __be replaced__(replace) with a modern hotel not.
一句多译
我们的班长将代替我们的班主任参加会议。
④Our monitor will __take the place of/replace our head teacher__ to attend the meeting.(take the place of/replace)
⑤Our monitor will attend the meeting __in place of our head teacher__.(in place of)
⑥Our monitor will __take our head teacher’s place__ to attend the meeting.(take one’s place)
重 点 短 语
1．be eager to do sth.渴望做某事
典型例句
All the students in her class are eager to learn.
她班上的学生都渴望学习。
Our company is eager to expand into new markets.
我们公司急欲开辟新的市场。
思维拓展
(1)be eager for sth.渴求某事物
be eager in热衷于
(2)eagerly adv.急切地；渴望地；热心地
look at sb.eagerly急切地看着某人
(3)eagerness n．渴望；热心
with eagerness急切地
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单句语法填空
①Faced with the good chance, they are eager __to take__(take) advantage of it.
②They were crowded in the church, eager __for__ any news.
③She is eager __to dress__(dress) up for the ceremony.
④His __eagerness__(eager) to find a job is clear to everyone.
⑤The children __eagerly__(eager) learn something new from the teacher every day.
⑥The little girl, who is helped by the Project Hope, is eager __for__ knowledge and eager __to make__(make) progress, so she is eager __in__ her study and is always praised by her teachers.
2．be faced with面临；面对
典型例句
We are faced with a serious problem.
我们面临着一个严重的问题。
She was faced with a new job, in unfamiliar surroundings with strange people.
她面对着一份全新工作，周围是陌生的环境和陌生的人。
思维拓展
in the face of sth.面对(问题、困难等)
face to face面对面地
lose face丢脸，失面子
save face保全面子
make faces/a face做鬼脸
face the music勇于承担后果；接受惩罚
face the sea面朝大海
face north/east朝北/朝东
look in the face正视(某人)
Let’s face it！面对现实吧！
误区警示
be faced with不表示被动意义，仅表示主语的一种状态。作状语、定语或补语时，要用过去分词短语faced with。现在分词facing作状语时，表示“面对，面临”，其后直接跟宾语，不与介词with连用。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①To his joy, the problem he was faced __with__ was not so challenging.
②__Faced__(face) with these pressures, you can watch a comedy to relax.
解析：可根据face后有无with判断face是否用-ed形式。
③__Facing__(face) a range of choices, he was at a loss.
④They didn’t give up __in__ the face of difficulties.
⑤Ever since then I’ve been longing to meet him face __to__ face.
单句写作
⑥Talking with friends __face to face__(面对面地) is a good way to reduce the pressure from work and life.
⑦When __faced with__(面对) the unexpected accident, he kept calm and saved his son from the burning building.
⑧Dressed up in his best clothes, the boy __made a face/made faces__(做鬼脸) at the customers.
一句多译
⑨面对这一重大变化，大家都深受鼓舞。
__In the face of/Faced with/Facing__ the significant change, everyone felt greatly encouraged.
3．carry sb.through sth.帮助某人渡过难关
典型例句
He was the only person who could carry the country through.
他是唯一能使国家安然渡过困境之人。
It’s a difficult job but she’s the person to carry it through.
这是一项艰巨的工作，但她这个人是能够顺利完成的。
思维拓展
carry sth.through成功完成，顺利完成
carry out实施；履行；执行
carry on继续移动
carry on sth.从事某事
carry on doing sth.继续做某事
carry on with sth.(carry sth.on)继续做某事
carry away运走
carry off赢得；获得；成功对付
carry weight有影响力；重要；有分量
即学即练
单句语法填空
①His determination carried him __through__ the hard time.
②I’d be grateful if you let me carry on __with__ my job.
③Carry __on__ until you get to the crossing, and you will see a shop where you can buy envelopes.
④If you carry on __spending__(spend) money like that, you will end up in debt.
⑤In spite of the difficulty, I will carry __out__ my plan.
单句写作
⑥It’s a difficult job but she’s the person to __carry it through__(顺利完成)．
4．instead of而不是；代替
典型例句
Now I can walk to work instead of going by car.
现在我可以步行去上班，而不必开车了。
If you cannot go, he’ll go instead of you.
如果你不能去，他将替你去。
易混辨析
instead，instead of
instead 为副词，意为“(不是……)而是/反而……”，可单独使用，置于句首或句末； instead of 意为“代替；而不是”，后接名词、代词、动名词、介词短语等。
Instead of going to the cinema, he went shopping.
他没有去看电影，而是去买东西了。
She never studies.Instead, she plays all day.
她从来不学习。相反，她成天玩。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①I’ll attend the meeting instead __of__ him.
②He worried that instead __of__ making money，he would end up owning it.
5．in need of需要……
典型例句
I felt lonely and was in need of someone for companionship.
我觉得孤独，需要有人做伴。
Many of the buildings are in need of repair.
许多建筑需要整修。
思维拓展
in need缺(食物或钱)；在危难中；急需
There’s no need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)不必做某事
meet/answer/satisfy/fill a need满足需要
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单句语法填空
①The minister said that their church was badly __in__ need of repairs.
完成句子
②__There’s no need for you to come__ if you don’t want to.
如果你不想来，就不必来了。
③A friend __in need__ is a friend indeed.
患难之交才是真正的朋友。
④The doctor told me I was __in need of__ a good rest.
医生对我说，我需要好好休息。
6．care for照看；照料；喜欢
典型例句
She moved back home to care for her elderly parents.
她搬回家住，好照料年迈的双亲。
I don’t care for her at all.
我一点也不喜欢她。
思维拓展
(1)care about关心；在乎
(2)take care小心；注意
(3)take care of照顾；照料
即学即练
单句语法填空
①He cares __for__ playing chess.
②My dear father，you brought me into this world，cared __for__ me and loved me.
③You shouldn’t care too much __about__ your test score.
7．be responsible for对……负责；作为原因，成为起因
典型例句
Mike is responsible for designing the entire project.
迈克负责设计全部工程。
Cigarette smoking is responsible for about 90% of deaths from lung cancer.
因患肺癌而死亡的人，大约90%是吸烟所致。
思维拓展
responsibility n．责任；负责
a strong sense of responsibility很强的责任感
have responsibility for负责
take responsibility for对……负责
It’s sb’s responsibility to do sth.干某事是某人的职责。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Who is responsible __for__ the traffic accident that happened yesterday
②Human activity is not responsible __for__ all water shortages.
完成句子
③We need to __take responsibility for__ looking after our own health.
我们必须对自己的健康负责。
④Each manager __has responsibility for__ just under 600 properties.
每位经理负责近600处房产。
重 点 句 型
1．To a person nothing is more precious than their life...
对一个人来说，没有什么比他们的生命更珍贵了……
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句，主语是nothing，is是系动词，precious是表语。
(2)“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级意义
该结构的具体用法如下：
①构成：否定词＋形容词或副词的比较级，有时其后加than
②常用的否定词：nothing，no，not，never，nobody
③含义：没有比……更……，再……不过了
—What do you think of the film last night
——你觉得昨晚的电影怎么样？
—It couldn’t be worse.
——没有比它更糟糕的了。
Nothing is more precious than time.
没有什么比时间更宝贵。
In my opinion, no experience is more valuable than the experience gained from one’s own sweat.
在我看来，没有什么经验比自己通过艰苦努力得来的经验更宝贵。
思维拓展
比较级形式表达最高级含义的其他结构：
比较级＋than＋
他比他们班上其他任何同学都要高。
He is taller than any other student in his class.
He is taller than anyone else in his class.
He is taller than all the other students in his class.
No one in his class is taller than he.
误区警示
上面的other，others，else是学习中很容易忽略的地方，稍不注意就容易出错。
有一个原则是必须遵守的，即同一范围内的比较，比较的对象不能相互包含，需要排除主语本身。
He is cleverer than any other student in his class.
他比他班里任何别的学生都聪明。(如果没有other，句子就错了，因为“他”也是班里学生中的一员)
即学即练
单句语法填空
①—How is your new babysitter
—We couldn’t find a __better__(good) one.All our kids love her so much.
②(四川高考单项填空改编)—How was your recent trip to Sichuan.
—I’ve never had a __more pleasant__(pleasant) one before.
③As we know, Tokyo is __larger__(large) than any other __city__(city) in Japan.
翻译句子
④(2020·广东深圳期中)How nice the music sounds! I have never heard a better piece.
__这音乐听起来多好听啊！我从未听过比这更好的曲子。__
⑤Nothing gives me more pleasure than listening to Mozart.
__再没有比听莫扎特的乐曲更让我高兴的事了。__
句型转换
He is the most helpful student in his class.
⑥You can’t find __a more helpful__ student in his class.
⑦He is more helpful than __any other__ student in his class.
⑧He is more helpful than __all the other__ students in his class.
2．She responded，“I’d rather stay single to study all my life！”
她回答说：“我宁愿保持单身，终生学习！”
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是She responded，后面的直接引语充当宾语从句。
(2)would rather意为“宁愿；宁可；还是……为好”。
I said I couldn’t stand it one minute longer.I would rather be in prison!
我说了我一分钟也忍受不了了，我宁愿待在监狱里！
思维拓展
(1)would rather do...than do...宁愿做……而不愿做……
＝would do...rather than do...
prefer to do...rather than do...
(2)would rather (not) do/have done...宁愿(不)做……
(3)would rather＋从句
I’d rather not go climbing this weekend.Also, I’d rather you stayed home and read novels with me.
这周末我不愿意去爬山。而且，我想让你和我一起待在家中看小说。
误区警示
would rather后接从句时，若表示与现在或将来情况相反，从句用一般过去时；若表示与过去情况相反，从句用过去完成时。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①She would rather __move__(move) to another city immediately.
②Jane would rather __have been__(be) more careful at that time.
③I’d rather you __met__(meet) her at the airport tomorrow morning.
④He complained that he’d rather he __had been__(be) more strict with us then.
⑤Tom would rather live an independent life __than__ rely on his parents.
单句写作
⑥I would walk the dog after supper __rather than__(而不是) at home.
⑦__Rather than__(而不是) take a bus to school, I prefer to go on foot.
句型转换
⑧I’d rather have a try than wait doing nothing.
→I __would__ have a try rather than wait doing nothing.
⑨I would rather have hired him as my secretary last year.
→I would rather I __had hired__ him as my secretary last year.
3．She immediately became the first woman ever to be hired as a resident physician in the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital.
她立即成为第一个被聘为PUMC医院妇产科住院医师的女性。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。主语是She，became是系动词，the first woman是表语，不定式to be hired作后置定语，修饰woman。
Li Ming is often the first student to arrive at school in the morning.
李明经常是早晨第一个到校的学生。
(2)不定式(短语)作后置定语的情况：
①被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时；
②不定代词something，nothing，little等后常用不定式作定语；
③抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，ability，courage，opportunity，wish等后常用不定式作定语；
④被修饰词前有the only，the very，the next等词对其进行修饰时；
⑤表示将要发生的动作时(既有主动形式，又有被动形式)；
⑥there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接不定式作定语。
The next train to arrive is from Beijing.
下一趟到达的火车来自北京。
Get him something to eat.
给他拿点东西吃。
I have no courage to try again after failure.
失败后我没有勇气再去尝试一次。
She is the only woman to have been elected to such a post.
她是唯一一位当选这个职位的女性。
There is nothing to worry about.
没什么可担心的。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Xu Haifeng is the first Chinese athlete __to get__(get) Olympic gold medal.
②She was the first girl in our school __to be admitted__(admit) to Tsinghua University.
一句多译
她总是第一个回答问题。
③She is always the first __to answer questions__.(用不定式作定语)
④She is always the first __who answers questions__.(定语从句)
4．At times she was even seen riding a donkey to faraway villages to provide medical care.
有时人们甚至会看到她骑着毛驴到遥远的村庄给人看病。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。she是主语，was seen是谓语，riding a donkey是动词-ing形式作主语补足语。
(2)“感官动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构：
常见的感官动词有 listen, watch, look, observe, see, hear, feel 等。“感官动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构的常见形式：
He was seen to work in the garden yesterday.
昨天有人看见他在花园里干活了。
I heard someone opening the cabinet.
我听见有人在开柜子。
She is watching the computer being repaired.
她在看别人修电脑。
We felt the ground under our feet cave in.
我们感觉脚下的土地下陷了。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①I looked up and saw a beautiful bird __standing__(stand) on a branch.
②The manager was satisfied to see many pots of good quality __made__(make) after great effort.
③His colleague was seen __entering__(enter) the building at that moment.
④I saw the old man __disappear__(disappear) in the distance.
⑤The old man was seen __to disappear__(disappear) in the distance.
⑥The children noticed the thief __taken__(take) away by a group of policemen.
⑦(2020·新课标Ⅲ卷语法填空)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds __surrounding__(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
⑧(2020·新课标Ⅱ卷语法填空)They make great gifts and you see them many times __decorated__(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
单句写作
⑨__Seeing the sun rising__(看见太阳升起) above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.
⑩When he __saw all his papers lying__(看见所有的文件散落) here and there on the floor, he began to get angry.
5．Though Lin Qiaozhi never married，she was known as the “mother of ten thousand babies”，having delivered over 50,000 babies in her lifetime.
虽然林巧稚从未结婚，她却被称为“一万个孩子的妈妈”，一生中接生了5万多个孩子。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是she was known as the“mother of ten thousand babies”，前面是though引导的让步状语从句。having delivered...是动词-ing形式的完成形式，在句中作状语。
(2)动词-ing 形式的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，常用作状语，一般不能作后置定语，但可作非限制性的后置定语。
This question, having been discussed for more than 2 years, has now been solved.
讨论了两年多的这个问题现在已经解决了。(定语)
I was unable to accept your invitation, having promised to accompany my mother to the concert.
我因已答应陪我母亲去音乐会而不能接受你的邀请。(原因状语)
Having finished the letter, he folded it and put it into the envelope.
写完信后，他把信折起来装进了信封。(时间状语)
即学即练
单句语法填空
①__Having seen__(see) the film twice，I decided to stay at home.
②__Having answered__ (answer) the teacher’s questions，she sat down and felt much more relaxed.Unit 2 Morals and Virtues
Section Ⅲ Listening and Talking，Reading for Writing
课前自主预习
Ⅰ．重点单词
1．__accident__n.事故；车祸；失事→__accidental__ adj.意外的； 偶然的
2．__operation__ n．手术；企业；经营→__operate__ v．操作；动手术→__operator__ n．操作人员； 接线员
3．__whisper__ vi.& vt.悄声说；耳语；低语 n．耳语(声)；低语(声)；传言；谣传
4．__midnight__ n．子夜；午夜
5．__import__ n．进口；进口商品 vt.进口；输入；引进
6．__export__ n．出口；出口商品 vt.出口；输出；传播
7．__pole__ n．(行星的)极；地极
8．__lap__ n．(坐着时的)大腿部；(跑道等的)一圈
9．__bite__ vt.&vi.咬；叮；蛰 n．咬；(咬下的)一口；咬伤→__bit__(过去式)→__bitten__(过去分词)
10．__lip__ n．嘴唇
11．__assist__ vt.帮助；援助→__assistance__ n．帮助，援助→__assistant__ n．助手；助理
12．__chairman__主席；主持人；董事长
13．__memory__ n．记忆力；回忆→__memorize__ v．记忆； 记住
14．__chain__ n．一连串(人或事)；链子；链条
15．__café__ n．咖啡馆；小餐馆
16．__waitress__ n．(餐馆的)女服务员；女侍者→__waiter__ n．(餐馆等的) 服务员，侍者
17．__pregnant__ adj.怀孕的；妊娠的
18．__disguise__ vt.装扮；假扮；掩盖 n．伪装；化妆用具
19．__maple__ n．枫树；楲树
20．__cart__ n．手推车；运货马车
21．__spill__ vt.&vi.(使)洒出；(使)溢出
22．__limp__ vi.跛行；一瘸一拐地走
23．__tear__ n．眼泪；泪水
24．__harm__ n．& vt.伤害；损害→__harmful__ adj.有害的→__harmless__ adj.无害的
25．__despair__ n．绝望；vi.绝望；感到无望
26．__might__ n．力量；威力
27．__fable__ n．寓言；寓言故事
28．__court__ n．(网球等的)球场；法院；法庭
29．__flexible__ adj.灵活的；可变通的
30．__income__ n．收入；收益
31．__per__ prep.每；每一
32．__therefore__ adv.因此；所以
33．__tension__ n．紧张关系；紧张；焦虑
Ⅱ．重点短语
1．__first__ aid急救
2．pass __away__去世
3．in memory __of__作为对……的纪念
4．trip __over__被……绊倒
5．__in__ tears流着泪；含着泪
6．__in__ despair处于绝望中
7．__a__ great deal (of)大量
8．__at__ midnight在午夜
9．neither... __nor__...既不……也不……
10．make __an__ attempt to do试图/企图做……
11．succeed __in__ doing成功做了……
12．belong __to__属于
Ⅱ．重点句型
1．After Dr Bethune’s death，Chairman Mao Zedong wrote an article in memory of him，__in which__ he praised Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.
白求恩大夫死后，毛泽东主席写了一篇文章纪念他，赞扬白求恩大夫是中国人民永远铭记的英雄。
2．After a while，a group of women came along, __each balancing__ a pot of water on her head.
过了一会儿，一群妇女走了过来，每个人头上都顶着一罐水。
3．__Neither__ she __nor__ her friends thought about moving the stone out of the road.
她和她的朋友都没有想到把石头移开。
4．She __had been working__ all day and was very tired.
她工作了一整天，非常累。
Ⅳ．课文理解
一、速读文章并完成下面的问题
1．What does the fable tell us
__It tells us not to complain about the problems we meet, but to solve it positively.__
2．How many parts can the fable be divided into, and what are they
The fable can be divided into __two__ parts.
__Part 1__→__Paragraph 1__
__Part 2__→from __Paragraph 2 to Paragraph 9__
二、细读文章并选出最佳答案
1．Which of the following is true？__C__
A．The king wanted to play a joke on others.
B．The group of women moved the stone together.
C．The girl had great difficulty moving the stone.
D．The milkman knew who put the stone there.
2．What can you infer from the fable？__D__
A．The king regretted for what he had done.
B．The girl and the king found the owner of the coins.
C．The girl wasn’t surprised about the coins.
D．The king achieved his goal at last.
3．What’s the right order of the fable？__B__
①The king placed a stone in the road.
②A group of women passed it.
③A girl saw and moved away the stone.
④A milkman crashed into the stone.
A．①②③④ B．①④②③
C．①②④③ D．④①②③
课内要点探究
重 点 单 词
1．whisper vi.& vt.悄声说；耳语；低语 n．耳语(声)；低语(声)；传言；谣传
典型例句
What are you whispering about
你们在小声说什么？
She whispered the secret in his ear.
她在他耳边小声说秘密。
He whispered to me that he was afraid.
他低声对我说他害怕。
She said it in a whisper，so I didn’t hear.
她是悄声说的，所以我没有听见。
思维拓展
in a whisper (＝in whispers) 低声地
whisper about sth.密谈某事
whisper sth.to sb.小声对某人说某事
whisper (to sb.) that... 小声(对某人)说……
It is whispered that... 有人私下说……
误区警示
whisper后接双宾语时，间接宾语无论在前还是在后，其前都要带介词to，即whisper sth.to sb.＝whisper to sb.sth.。类似结构还有：
announce sth.to sb.同某人宣布某事
explain sth.to sb.向某人解释某事
introduce sth.to sb.向某人介绍某事
suggest sth.to sb.向某人提议某事
report sth.to sb.向某人报告某事
即学即练
单句语法填空
①“You can come if you like，” he said __in__ a whisper.
②When I came in, I find two students __whispering__(whisper) to each other.
完成句子
③They debated it __in whispers__.
他们低声辩论。
④__It was whispered__ that he was heavily in debt.
据说他负债累累。
2．assist vt.帮助；援助
典型例句
Who will assist us to finish the job
谁将协助我们完成这项工作？
We will assist you in finding somewhere to live.
我们将帮你找个住的地方。
Please let me know if there is anything else I can assist you with.
如果有什么我可以帮你的，请告诉我。
Anyone willing to assist can contact this number.
凡愿协助者可拨此号码联系。
思维拓展
(1)assist sb.to do sth.帮助某人做某事
assist sb.in(doing) sth.帮助某人(做)某事
assist sb.with sth.在某事上帮助某人
(2)assistant n．助手，助理；售货员 adj.助理的(用在头衔或职位前，表示级别略低)
assistant manager经理助理
(3)assistance n. [U]帮助，援助，支持
with the assistance of...在……的帮助下
come to one’s assistance/help来帮助某人
即学即练
单句语法填空
①John works as an __assistant__(assist) manager in an import company.He is a nice person and usually __assists__(assist) his neighbors __with/in__ lots of things.Several days ago, John fell down from a ladder and was badly injured.With the __assistance__(assist) of Lucy, who is a nurse, John is recovering quickly now.
一句多译
如果你能帮助我完成这个实验，我将不胜感激。
②I’d appreciate it greatly if you could __assist me in finishing/assist me to finish__ the experiment.
③I’d appreciate it greatly if you could __assist me with/in__ the experiment.
3．tear n．眼泪；泪水
典型例句
She burst into tears when she heard the bad news.
她听到那个坏消息时突然哭了起来。
He stood there silently and was moved to tears.
他静静地站在那里，感动得流下了眼泪。
He struggled to hold back the tears.
他竭力忍住眼泪。
思维拓展
(1)in tears流着泪，含着泪
burst into tears＝burst out crying突然大哭起来
be moved to tears感动得落泪
fight back/hold back the /one’s tears强忍住眼泪
(2)/te r/ vt.& vi.(tore，torn)撕裂，撕碎，扯破，戳破 vt.撕开，划成，刺出，扯开(裂口或洞)
tear apart使分离，使分裂；撕毁；使极其难受
tear down拆毁，拆除(建筑物、墙等)
tear up撕碎，撕毁(合同等)
Seeing her so upset really tore him apart.
看到她那么伤心，他感到很难受。
She tore up all the letters he had sent her.
她把他寄给她的信都撕了。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①(北京高考完形填空改编)She would open a book, pretending to read, with __tears__(tear) dropping on the open page.
②(2020·江苏四校期中)Many old residential areas(居民区) were torn __down__ in favour of new modern communities.
完成句子
③The poor little girl __burst into tears/burst out crying__ when hearing the news that her grandmother had passed away.
那个可怜的小女孩听到祖母去世的消息时突然大哭起来。
④The story of the little boy was so sad that I could hardly __fight back/hold back my tears__.
这个小男孩的故事如此令人悲伤，以至于我没有忍住眼泪。
4．harm n．& vt.伤害；损害
典型例句
Eating too much sweet food will do great harm to you/do you great harm.
吃太多甜食对你危害甚大。
He meant no harm—he was only joking.
他并没有恶意——他只是在开玩笑。
Some rubbish in the water can harm the fishes.
水中的一些垃圾会危及鱼类。
思维拓展
(1)do harm to sb./sth.＝do sb./sth.harm对某人/某物有害
mean no harm (to sb.)(对某人)无恶意
(2)harmful adj.有害的
be harmful to sb./sth.对某人/某物有害
(3)harmless adj.无害的
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Eating and drinking too much and so on will surely do harm __to__ their health.
②The air pollution is very serious, so taking outdoor exercise may be __harmful__ (harm) to our health.
③I think this kind of behaviour is normal and __harmless__(harm)．
④As parents, they have responsibility to make sure we won’t __be harmed__(harm)．
重 点 短 语
1．pass away去世
典型例句
It’s been over a year since my grandfather passed away.
我祖父去世已经一年多了。
Sadly, Dr Bethune passed away in November the following year and was buried in Shijiazhuang.
不幸的是，白求恩大夫第二年11月去世，葬在石家庄。
思维拓展
(1)pass by经过
pass...on to把……传递给
pass down流传，世代相传
pass through通过，穿过
pass...off as装作，假装
pass the driving test通过驾照考试
pass the time消磨时间
pass sth.to sb.把某物传给某人
(2)“死”的委婉表达法：pass away，sleep the final sleep，breathe one’s last。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①We were passing __by__，so we thought we’d come and say hello.
②Alice was very sorry to hear her grandmother had passed __away__ two days before.
③Valuable things that were passed __down__ have something in common.
④On such an occasion, the torch will be passed from one person __on__ to another.
单句写作
⑤They all waved merrily as they __passed by__(经过)．
⑥She said she’d __passed__ the message __on to__(把……传给……) my colleagues.
2．in memory of作为对……的纪念
典型例句
He wrote a long moving poem in memory of his wife.
他写了一首感人的长诗来纪念他的妻子。
He founded the charity in memory of his late wife.
他创办了这一慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子。
思维拓展
in＋n.＋of 短语：
in praise of 歌颂
in honor of纪念；为向……表示敬意
in favor of 赞同 in support of 支持
in charge of 负责 in search of 寻找
in possession of拥有 in need/want of需要
in place of 代替 in hope of 希望
即学即练
用 in＋n.＋of 短语填空
①This is a book __in praise of__ the construction workers.
②We are all __in favor of__ your plan.
③They started off at once __in search of__ the missing girl.
④A great banquet was held __in honor of__ our distinguished guests.
⑤We use chopsticks __in place of__ knives and forks.
⑥A medical team rushed to the scene of the disaster where hospitals were __in need/want of__ doctors and nurses.
⑦Two minutes of silence were observed __in memory of__ those who died in the war.
⑧Shang Zhi is the chief commander who was __in charge of__ the launch of Shenzhou VI.
3．pick up捡起；收拾；整理；(偶然)学会；用车接某人；收听到；(身体)好转
典型例句
He picked up his suitcase and climbed the stairs.
他拎起手提箱，爬上了楼梯。
I picked up some highly useful old books.
我偶然得到了几本极为有用的旧书。
Remember that time she picked up my daughter when I was ill
还记得那次我生病，她替我接女儿吗？
思维拓展
pick oneself up(摔倒后)站起来
pick out挑出；挑选；辨别出
pick sb.to do sth.选中某人做某事
pick one’s pocket扒窃；掏包
图解助记
pick up的多种含义：
写出下列句中pick up的含义
①(2018·北京阅读理解改编)Instead of walking a few blocks(街区) to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus.__(开车)接人；取回__
解析：句意：他们不是步行几个街区去接孩子或取回干洗的衣物，而是派自动驾驶的小型公共汽车去做这些。
②Thanks to the immediate measure taken by the government, the economy picked up soon after the global financial crisis.__好转__
解析：句意：由于政府及时采取措施，经济(状况)在全球金融危机后很快好转了。
③It’s surprising that your brother picked up Russian so quickly—he hasn’t lived there very long.__学会__
④He picked up a wallet on the way to picking up his daughter yesterday.__捡起__；__(开车)接人__
⑤(2019·北京阅读理解改编)The problem of robocalls had gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know.__接电话__
⑥After work she always picks up some vegetables and fruit at the shop round the corner.__(廉价地)买到__
4．a great deal (of)大量
典型例句
He likes to swim a great/good deal.
他非常喜欢游泳。
She spent a great/good deal of money on clothes.
她在衣服上花了不少钱。
A great/good deal has been said about it.
关于这一点已经说了很多了。
误区警示
(1)作状语，修饰动词或者形容词/副词的比较级。
(2)作主语或宾语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
(3)和of连用修饰不可数名词。
思维拓展
“许多，大量”的其他表述：
(1)＋
(2)many a(n)＋可数名词单数(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(3)much＋不可数名词(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(4)a lot of/lots of/plenty of＋可数名词复数或不可数名词(作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后的名词)
(5)＋
(6)
即学即练
单句语法填空
①How can we deal with it A great deal of trouble __lies__(lie) before us.
②It is reported that many a new house __is being built__(build) at present in the disaster area.
③Now plenty of gas __is needed__(need) for the increasing cars to run in the street.
④Large amounts of money __were spent__(spend) buying new books last year.
⑤Large quantities of research into the subject __have been done__(do) so far.
⑥A good many foreigners __pay__(pay) a visit to the Great Wall every year.
5．belong to属于
典型例句
Do you belong to the tennis club
你是网球俱乐部的吗？
思维拓展
(1)belong to sb.属于某人，归某人所有
belong to a club是俱乐部的成员
(2)belongings n．(pl.)所有物；财产，财物
a sense of belonging归属感
personal belongings(pl.)个人财物，私人用品
误区警示
belong to既无被动语态，也不用于进行时态。但可用现在分词作后置定语。
to是介词，后面跟名词或人称代词宾格作宾语而不能跟名词所有格或者物主代词。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①I really don’t know __to__ whom this computer belongs.
②The car belonging to __him__(he) was seriously broken in a traffic accident.
③The house __belonging__(belong) to me stands in the centre of the city.
④I just escaped from the flood and all my belongings __were swept__(sweep) away.
单句写作
⑤Living abroad, he doesn’t have __a sense of belonging__(归属感)．
⑥Do you think these boxes of medicine __belong to__(属于) that clinic
重 点 句 型
1．After Dr Bethune’s death，Chairman Mao Zedong wrote an article in memory of him，in which he praised Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.
白求恩大夫死后，毛泽东主席写了一篇文章纪念他，赞扬白求恩大夫是中国人民永远铭记的英雄。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是Chairman Mao Zedong wrote an article in memory of him，后面是in which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词an article。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，现将其用法归纳如下：
The papers (which) he was searching for have been recovered.
他刚才在寻找的那些文件已经找回来了。
The holiday villa had a large window on every side from which (＝where) one could enjoy the lakeside scenery，as enchanting as fairyland.
度假别墅轩窗四周，满目湖光山色，真如仙境。
The farm on which we worked ten years ago isn’t what it used to be.
十年前我们工作过的那个农场已不是过去的样子了。(on the farm在农场里)
The bridge on which they were standing collapsed.
他们站在上面的那座桥倒塌了。(stand on the bridge站在桥上)
He was educated at the local high school，after which he went to Peking University.
在当地高中接受完教育后，他去了北京大学。(根据句子的具体含义)
Ten years of hard work changed her greatly，for which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight.
十年的辛劳使她变化很大，他一眼很难认出她来。(which作定语)
误区警示
(1)指抽象或隐含关系时，介词要置于关系代词之前。
The decision was made at the meeting during which I kept falling asleep.
这项决定是在我瞌睡不断的那次会议上做出的。(during不能后置)
(2)某些两个词或三个词构成的固定动词短语，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词置于关系代词前。
This is the girl whom he will take care of.
这就是他将照顾的女孩。(of不宜前置)
即学即练
单句语法填空
①He is kind to Bill，with __whom__ he plays chess.
②Is this the car __for__ which you paid a high price
③Nelson Mandela devoted his life to fighting for a free society in __which__ all people live together in harmony.
④(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Some time after 10,000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived __in__，through agriculture.
2．After a while，a group of women came along，each balancing a pot of water on her head.
过了一会儿，一群妇女走了过来，每个人头上都顶着一罐水。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。本句中each balancing a pot of water on her head是一个由代词each和动词-ing形式短语组成的独立结构，充当句子的状语，这种语法现象被称作“独立主格结构”。
(2)独立主格结构的用法：
语法功能 只在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随状况等
语法构成 名词/人称代词主格＋
特性 可置于句首或句尾，常由逗号将其与句子的主体部分分开。独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词
其逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在
Time permitting，we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天外出游玩。(Time和permit是逻辑上的主谓关系)
Many funny stories included in the book，it is very popular with children.
这本书中有许多好笑的故事，深受孩子们的喜爱。(stories和included是逻辑上的动宾关系)
The exam to be held tomorrow，I can’t go to the cinema tonight.
明天将举行考试，今晚我不能去看电影了。(The exam和hold是逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示将要发生的动作)
So many windows to clean，I had to devote the whole morning.
因为有许多窗户要擦，我只好用了整个上午。(windows是clean这一动作的承受者，但句子主语I为clean这一动作的执行者，所以这里用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义)
She looked at him，her eyes full of excitement and curiosity.
她看着他，目光里充满了兴奋和好奇。
She came up，her hair a mess.
她走了过来，头发蓬乱不堪。
名师点津
在独立主格结构中用动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词的意义是不同的。动词不定式往往表示动作没有发生或即将发生，现在分词表示动作正在进行或现在的状态，过去分词往往表示动作已经完成。独立主格结构有时可以和with复合结构互换。
With autumn coming，the tree leaves turn yellow and some birds fly to the south.＝Autumn coming，the tree leaves turn yellow and some birds fly to the south.
秋天来了，树叶变黄了，一些鸟儿飞到了南方。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Tom looked at Jenny，tears __filling__(fill) his eyes，and shouted out the words __hidden__(hide) in his heart for years.
②His attention __concentrated__(concentrate) on what he was doing，he didn’t notice that his bike had been stolen.
③A lot of work __to do__(do)，he had no time to talk with us.
④Time __permitting__(permit), I’ll assist you cleaning the kitchen.
⑤It __being__(be) hot, many people sit in the shade of the maple.
⑥There __being__(be) no truck, we had to use carts.
单句写作
⑦He came into the room, __his nose red with cold__(他的鼻子冻得通红)．
⑧A ceremony was held in memory of the hero, __each person wearing a white flower__(每人戴着一朵白花)．
3．Neither she nor her friends thought about moving the stone out of the road.
她和她的朋友都没有想到把石头移开。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。主语是Neither she nor her friends，谓语是thought about，moving the stone out of the road是宾语。
(2)neither...nor... “既不……也不……”，为并列连词词组，可以连接两个相同的句子成分(如两个主语、宾语、表语、谓语、状语)，连接并列主语时，谓语动词和靠近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
I have neither time nor money.
我没有时间，也没有钱。(连接两个宾语)
He could neither read nor write.
他既不会读也不会写。(连接两个谓语)
Neither you nor he is right.
你和他都不对。(连接两个主语)
思维拓展
(1)neither...nor...也可以连接句子，但需用部分倒装语序。
(2)类似“就近一致”的结构还有：
either...or...；not only...but also...；not...but...；there be...
即学即练
单句语法填空
①Neither he nor I __have__(have) ever been to this chain store before.
②Neither the students nor the teacher __knows__(know) the reason why she is behaving so strangely.
③Not only Lucy but also her friends __are__(be) going to take part in the boat race.
单句写作
④There are occasions that __either allow us to enjoy life__(要么让我们享受生活) or forget about our work for a little while.
⑤In my opinion, this kind of method is __neither flexible nor efficient__(既不灵活也不高效)．
4．She had been working all day and was very tired.
她工作了一整天，非常累。
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。主语是She，and连接两个并列的谓语。had been working用了过去完成进行时。
(2)过去完成进行时的用法说明：
They had been building the road by the end of last month.
到上个月月末为止他们一直在修这条路。
They had built the road by the end of last month.
上个月月末他们已修好了这条路。
即学即练
单句语法填空
①He __had been living__(live) in an old house before he bought a new flat in the town.
②The Smiths __had been living__(live) in the countryside before they moved to New York.
完成句子
③I was very tired.I __had been working__ all day.
我很累，一整天我都在干活。
