备战2021年高考英语——语法之名词讲与练(二)
一、名词可以分为专有名词(Proper
Nouns)和普通名词
(Common
Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词(Individual
Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词(Collective
Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词(Material
Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract
Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable
Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable
Nouns)。
二、名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a
teacher's
book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1)
单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the
boy's
bag
男孩的书包,men's
room
男厕所。
2)
若名词已有复数词尾-s
,只加"'",如:the
workers'
struggle 工人的斗争。
3)
凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of
+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the
title
of
the
song
歌的名字。
4)
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the
barber's
理发店。
5)
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
如:John's
and
Mary's
room(两间) John
and
Mary's
room(一间)
6)
复合名词或短语,'s
加在最后一个词的词尾。
如:a
month
or
two's
absence
三、可数名词的语法特征
1.
可数名词可以受不定冠词"a,an"的修饰。
This
is
a
book.
这是一本书。
Pass
me
an
egg,
please.
请递给我一个蛋。
2.
可数名词可以受基数词的修饰。
There
are
four
pears
on
the
plate.
盘子上有四个梨。
3.
可数名词有复数形式。
Who
are
those
women
under
the
tree?
树下那些女人是谁?
How
many
people
are
there
in
your
family?
你们家有几口人?
I
don't
like
pineapples.
我不喜欢菠萝。
4.
可数名词的单数形式不能独立使用,必须有"a,the,my"等的修饰。
She
never
wears
a
hat.
她从不戴帽子。(泛指)
Be
careful
of
the
dog.
当心那条狗。(特指)
That's
her
bag.
那是她的提包。
5.
复数名词可以独立使用,表示泛指。
Horses
are
useful
animals.
马是有用的动物。(泛指)
四、复合名词改成复数形式
在词尾加
-s
或
-es
1.
主体名词在词末
bedroom
→
bedrooms
卧室
toothbrush?→
toothbrushes
牙刷
greenhouse?→
greenhouses
温室
letter-box
→
letter-boxes
信箱
2.
没有主体名词
go-between
→
go-betweens
中间人
break-in
→
break-ins
闯入
has-been
→
has-beens
过时的人、过时的物
forget-me-not
→
forget-me-nots
勿忘草
hand-me-down
→
hand-me-downs
旧衣
在主体名词词尾加
-s
或
-es
son-in-law
→
sons-in-law
女婿
editor-in-chief
→
editors-in-chief
总编辑
commander-in-chief
→
commanders-in-chief
总司令
passer-by
→
passers-by
过路人
vice-premier?→
vice-premiers
副总理
两个构成部分都要变成复数形式
a
woman
cook
→
women
cooks
女厨师
a
man
nurse
→
men
nurses
男护士
练习:
1.Generally
there
are
______
television
programs
for
children
on
Saturday.?
a.
little
?
?b.
much
?
?c.
a
large
number
of
?
?d.
a
large
amount
of
2.When
they
got
to
the
lecture-room,
there
were
______
left.?
a.
only
few
seats
?
?b.
a
very
few
seats
?
?c.
only
a
few
seats
?d.
so
a
few
seats
3.______
travels
faster
when
the
zip
code
is
indicated
on
the
envelope.
a.A
little
mail
?
?b.
A
piece
of
mail
?
?c.
A
mail
?
?d.
A
small
mail?
4.The
Department
purchased
______
to
improve
the
working
conditions
there.
a.
a
new
equipment
?
?
?c.
new
equipments
?
b.
a
new
piece
of
equipment
?
?d.
new
pieces
of
equipments
5.The
boy
tried
hard
but
there
has
been
______
in
his
work.
a.
little
improvement
?
?c.
many
improvements
b.
a
little
improvement
?
d.
few
improvements?
6.Today’s
modern
TV
cameras
require
______
light
as
compared
with
the
earlier
models.
a.
only
a
few
?
?b.
only
few
?
?c.
only
a
little
?
?d.
only
little
?7.No
country
can
afford
to
neglect
______.?
a.
an
education
?
?b.
educations
?
?c.
education
?
?d.
the
education
8.Please
write
the
answers
to
the
questions
at
the
end
of
______.?
a.
eighth
chapter
?
?b.
chapter
eight
?
?c.
eight
chapter
?
?d.
chapter
the
eight?
9.______
is
only
surpassed
by
that
of
monkeys’
and
apes’.
?
a.
The
intelligent
dog
?
?
?
?
?
c.
The
intelligence
of
dogs
b.
The
dogs
whose
intelligence
?
d.
The
dogs
being
intelligent
10.All
______
must
take
the
graduate
Management
Admission
Test.?
a.
business
student
?
b.
business’s
students
?
c.
business
students
?
d.
business’s
student
Keys:1-5
CCBCA
?
6-10
CCBBC备战2021年高考英语——语法之名词讲与练(一)
名词的可数性:名词根据其可数性,可分为可数名词与不可数名词。
一般说来,个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的;而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及少部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。
但是这种区分只是大致的,原则性的,并不是绝对的。英语有些名词往往既是可数也可以是不可数的:
A:Would
you
like
a
cake?
要吃块蛋糕吗?
B:No,
I
don't
like
cake.
不吃,我不喜欢吃蛋糕。
以上第一句用
a
cake,这是把
cake视为一块一块的“蛋糕”,所以它是可数的;而第二句只用
cake,这是把它当作物质名词看待,所以它成了不可数名词。
下面我们按照名词的不同类别,分别讨论名词的可数性问题。
(1)
专有名词的可数性。在通常情况下,专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义,因此它通常没有复数形式,即不可数。
但是,专有名词的独一无二性通常是相对的,随着范围的扩大,这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。
如在一个星期(week)内,只有一个星期六(Saturday),一个星期日(Sunday)等,但是在一个月中甚至一年中,便有多个星期六,多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说:
We
have
spent
many
happy
Sundays
there.我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。
又如,在一个小范围内,可能只有一个
Henry,但在一个较大的范围内则可能有多个
Henry,因此我们有时会见到这样的句子:
There
are
five
Henrys
in
our
school.
我们学校有五个亨利。
另外,若专有名词转化成了普通名词,也可以是可数的:
Thousands
of
Lei
Fengs
have
emerged
in
China.中国涌现出了千千万万个雷锋。
(2)
个体名词的可数性。个体名词表示的是一个一个的人或物的个体,所以它通常是可数的。
(3)
物质名词的可数性。由于物质名词在通常情况下不能分为个体,所以它通常是不可数的。
但是,在某些特殊情况下(如表示种类等),有些物质名词也可以连用不定冠词或用复数形式:
wine酒(不可数),a
wine一种酒(可数)
beer啤酒(不可数),two
beers两杯啤酒(可数)
glass玻璃(不可数),some
glasses一些玻璃杯(可数)
(4)
抽象名词的可数性。抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的,因此它通常是不可数的。但是,有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数),表示具有某种性质的人或事物:
success成功(不可数),a
success成功的人或事(可数)
pleasure愉快(不可数),a
pleasure令人愉快的人或事(可数)
(5)
集合名词的可数性。集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,它本身通常是可数的,其复数形式表示多个集合体:
a
family一个家庭,three
families三个家庭
a
team一个队,two
teams两个队
a
crowd一群人,crowds多群人
巩固练习:
1.He
invited
all
of
his
______
to
join
his
wedding
party.
A.
comrade-in-arms
?
?
?
?
?
?C
comrades-in-arm
B.
comrades-in-arms
?
?
?
?
?
?D.
comrade-in-arm
2.All
the
______
in
the
hospital
got
a
rise
last
month.
?A.
women
doctors
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
C.
woman
doctors
?B.
women
doctor
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.
woman
doctor
3.After
ten
years,
all
these
youngsters
became_____.
?A.
growns-ups
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
C
growns-up?
B.
grown-up
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.
grown-ups?
4.The
police
investigated
those
_____
about
the
accident.
A.
stander-by
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
C.
standers-by
B.
stander-bys
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
D.
standers-bys?
5.The
Nazi
kept
those
______
in
their
concentration
camp.
A.
prisoner-of-wars
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
C.
prisoners-of-war
B.
prisoners-of-wars
?
?
?
?
?
?
?D.
prisoner-of-war?
?
6.The
manager
was
greatly
appreciate
that
_____
made
by
Linda
lately.
A.
new
reel
?
?B.
news
reel
?
C.
new-reels
?
?D.
news
reels
7.Mary’s
dress
is
similar
in
appearance
to
her
______.?
?A.
elder
sister
?
?B.
elder
sister’s
?
?C.
elder
sisters
?
?D.
elder
sisters
dress
8.All
the
people
at
the
conference
are
______.
?
?
A.
mathematic
teachers
?
C.
mathematics
teacher
B.
mathematics
teachers
D.
mathematic’s
teachers?
9.Professor
Mackay
told
us
that
______
of
lead
are
its
softness
and
its
resistance.
A.
some
property
?
?
?
?
C.
properties
B.
some
properties
?
?
?
?D.
property
10.Physics
_____
with
matter
and
motion.
A.
deal
?
?B.
deals
?
?C.
dealing
?
?D.
are?
11.He
has
written
several
books,
but
his
last
works
_____
well
known
among
his
friends.
?
a.
have
?
?b.
have
been
?
?c.
is
?
?d.
are
?
12.After
he
checked
up
my
______
heart,
the
doctor
advised
him
to
rest
for
a
few
days.
?a.
father-in-law’s
?
?
c.
father’s-in-law
b.
?
?
?
?father-in-law
?
?
?
d.
father’s-in-law’s
13.He
told
me
_____
would
come
to
his
birthday
party.
?
a.
many
Jack
friends
?
?
c.
many
Jack’s
friend?
?
b.
Jack’s
many
friends
?
?d.
many
friends
of
Jack’s
14.I
had
my
hair
cut
at
the
_____
around
the
corner.
?a.
barber
?
?b.
barbers
?
?c.
barber’s
?
?d.
barbers’
15.Yesterday
evening
we
had
a
lovely
evening
at
______.
?
a
Peter
and
Helen’s
?
?
?
?c.
Peter
and
Helen
?
b.
Peter
and
Helens
?
?
?
?
d.
Peter’s
and
Helen’s?
?16.______
receives
only
a
small
portion
of
the
total
amount
of
the
sun’s
energy.
?
a.
The
earth’s
surface
?
?
?
?
c.
The
surface
of
earth
?
b.
The
surface
earth
?
?
?
?
?
d.
The
earth
surface
?17.Numerous
materials
are
available
to
______.
?
a.
today
of
designers
?
?
?
?
?
?c.
today’s
of
designers
?
b.
today’s
designers
?
?
?
?
?
?
d.
today
designers?
18.Why
did
you
speak
to
Peter
that
way?
Don’t
you
know
he
is
an
old
friend
of
______?
?a.my
brother
?
?b.
my
brothers
?
?c.
my
brother’s
?
?
d.
my
brother’s
friend
19.______
is
a
well-informed
man.
He
can
tell
you
anything
you
want
to
know.
?a.
This
John’s
old
friend
?
?
?
?
?c.
That’s
Jahn’s
old
friend
?b.
This
old
friend
of
John
?
?
?
?
d.
This
old
friend
of
John’s
20.______
is
too
much
for
a
little
boy
to
carry.
a.
A
bike’s
weight
?
?
?
?
c.
The
weight
of
a
bike
b.
The
weights
of
a
bike
?
?d.
Bile’s
weight?
Keys:
1-5
CADBB
?
?6-10
BBCCB
11-15
?CADCA
?
16-20
ACCDB