备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（四）
一、延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn,
work,
stand,
lie,
know,
walk,
keep,
have,
wait,
watch,
sing,
read,
sleep,
live,
stay等。
非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,
close,
finish,
begin,
come,
go,
arrive,
reach,
get
to,
leave,
move,
borrow,
buy等。
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1.
延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“时间段”的状语连用。
表示时间段的短语有：for+一段时间（eg:
for
two
years）,
since从句（eg:
since
he
came
here）,
since+时间点名词（eg:
since
last
year）,
during
the
past
three
years,
how
long,
for
a
long
time等。
例：I
have
learned
English
since
I
came
here.
自从我来到这儿就学习英语了。
2.
延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“时间点”状语连用。
如：It
raind
at
eight
yesterday
morning.（误）rain为延续性动词，而at
eight表示“时间点”，前后显然矛盾。
如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come,
begin,
get等非延续性动词来表示。上句可改为：It?began?to
rain
at
eight
yesterday
morning.
又如以下这段对话：
-When
did
you?get?to
know
Jack?
你什么时候认识Jack的？
-Two
years
ago.
两年前。
-Then
you've
known
each
other
for
more
than
two
years.
也就是说你们俩认识两年多了。
-That's
right.
没错。
三、非延续性动词的用法特征
1.
非延续性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
The
train
has
arrived.
火车到了。
Have
you
joined
the
computer
group?
你加入电脑小组了吗？
2.
非延续性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用（只限肯定句）。如：
(1)
他死了三年了。
误：He
has
died
for
three
years.
正：He
has
been
dead
for
three
years.
正：He
died
three
years
ago.
正：It
is
three
years
since
he
died.
正：Three
years
has
passed
since
he
died.
(2)
他来这儿五天了。
误：He
has
come
here
for
five
days.
正：He
has
been
here
for
five
days.
正：He
came
here
five
days
ago.
正：It
is
five
days
since
he
came
here.
正：Five
days
has
passed
since
he
came
here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为非延续性动词，不能与表示“时间段”的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
a.
将句中非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leave→be
away,
borrow→keep,
buy→have,
begin/start→be
on,
die→be
dead,
move
to→live
in,
finish→be
over,
join→be
in/be
a
member
of,
open
sth.→keep
sth.
open,
fall
ill→be
ill,
get
up→be
up,
catch
a
cold→have
a
cold。
b.
将句中表示“时间段”的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
c.
用句型"It
is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
d.
用句型"时间+has
passed
+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.
非延续性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示“时间段”的状语连用。如：
He
hasn't
left
here
since
1986.
从1986年以来他就没离开过这里。
I
haven't
heard
from
my
father
for
two
weeks.
我已经两周没收到我父亲的来信了。
4.
非延续性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till..."的句型，意为“直到……才……”。如：
You
can't
leave
here
until
I
arrive.
直到我到了，你才能离开这里。
I
will
not
go
to
bed
until
I
finish
drawing
the
picture
tonight.
今天晚上直到我画完画，我才去睡觉。
5.
非延续性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。
因为when表示的时间可以是“时间点”（从句谓语动词用非延续性动词），也可以是“时间段”（从句谓语动词用延续性动词）；而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词要用延续性动词。如：
When
we
reached
London,
it
was
twelve
o'clock.（reach为终止性动词）
Please
look
after
my
daughter
while/when
we
are
away.（be
away为延续性动词短语）
6.
终止性动词完成时不可与how
long连用（只限于肯定句）。如：
误：How
long
have
you
come
here?
正：How
long
have
you
been
here?
正：When
did
you
come
here?
巩固练习
1，If
you
___
in
such
a
hurry,
you
___
sugar
into
the
sauce
instead
of
salt.
A.were
not,
would
not
put
?
?
?B.
were,
would
put?
C.
had
been,
would
have
put
?
?D.
had
not
been,
would
not
have
put
2,
___
their
help,
we
would
have
not
succeeded.
A.
Hadn't
been
for
?
?
B.
Had
not
been
for
C.
It
hadn't
been
for
?
?D.
Had
it
not
been
for?
3.She
asked
that
she
___
allowed
to
see
her
son
in
police
custody.
A.would
be
?
B.
could
be
?
C.
be
?
D.
was
4.I
don't
like
____
bills
but
when
I
do
get
them
I
like
___them
promptly.
A.to
get
,paying
?
B.
getting,
to
pay
C.
to
get,
to
pay
?
D.
getting,
paying?
5.I
never
regretted
____
his
offer,
for
it
was
not
where
my
interest
lay.
A.
not
to
accept
?
?
?
?
B.
not
having
accepted
C.
having
not
accepted
?
?D.
not
accepting?
6.The
doctor
is
feeling
the
little
girl's
pulse.
He
says
it
___
normal.
A.feels
?
?B.
is
feeling
?
?C.
has
felt
?
?D.
is
felt?
7.
James
has
just
arrived,
but
I
didn't
know
he
___
until
yesterday.?
A.will
come
?
?
?B.
was
coming
?
?
?C.
had
been
coming
?
?
D.
came
8.____
conscious
of
my
moral
obligations
as
a
citizen.?
A.I
was
and
always
will
be
?
?
?
B.I
have
to
be
and
always
will
be
?
C.I
had
been
and
always
will
be
?
D.I
have
been
and
always
will
be?
9.
---
The
door
was
open.
?
---
It
____
open.
I
had
locked
it
myself
and
the
key
was
in
my
pocket.
A.can't
be
?
?
B.
mustn't
be
?
?C.
can't
have
been
?
D.
mustn't
have
been
10.You
____
Mark
anything.
It
is
none
of
his
business.?
A.needn't
have
been
?
B.
needn't
tell
?
C.
mustn't
have
told
?D.
mustn't
tell?
KEYS:
1—5
DDCBD
6—10
ABDCA备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（六）
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1.
先找出谓语动词；
2.
再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3.
把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4.
注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1.
Bruce
writes
a
letter
every
week.
→A
letter
is
written
by
Bruce
every
week.
布鲁斯每星期写一封信。
2.
Li
Lei
mended
the
broken
bike
this
morning.→The
broken
bike
was
mended
by
Li
Lei
this
morning.
李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。
3.
He
has
written
two
novels
so
far.→Two
novels
have
been
written
by
him
so
far.
至今他已写了两部小说。
4.
They
will
plant
ten
trees
tomorrow.→Ten
trees
will
be
planted
by
them
tomorrow.
他们明天将要种植十棵树。
5.
Lucy
is
writing
a
letter
now.→A
letter
is
being
written
by
Lucy
now.
露西正在写信。
6.
You
must
lock
the
door
when
you
leave.→the
door
must
be
locked
when
you
leave.
当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1.
不及物动词无被动语态。
What
will
happen
in
100
years？一百年里会发生什么事？
The
dinosaurs
disappeared
about
65
million
years
ago.
约65万年前恐龙灭绝。
2.
有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This
pen
writes
well.
这支钢笔很好写。
This
new
book
sells
well.
这本新书卖的很好。
3.
感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to
，但变为被动语态时，须加上to
。
例：make
somebody
do
something→somebody+
be
+made
to
do
something
see
somebody
do
something→somebody
+be
+seen
to
do
something
A
girl
saw
my
wallet
drop
when
she
passed
by.→My
wallet
was
seen
to
drop
by
a
girl
when
she
passed
by.
一个女孩看到我的钱夹掉了当她经过的时候。
The
boss
made
the
little
boy
do
heavy
work.→The
little
boy
was
made
to
do
heavy
work
by
the
boss.
这个老板让这小男孩干重活。
4.
如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He
gave
me
a
book.→A
book
was
given
to
me
by
him.
他给了我一本书。
He
showed
me
a
ticket.→A
ticket
was
shown
to
me
by
him.
他给我展示了一张票。
My
father
bought
me
a
new
bike.
→A
new
bike
was
bought
for
me
by
my
father.
我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。
5.
一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We
can’t
laugh
at
him.
→He
can’t
be
laugh
at
by
us.
我们不能嘲笑他。
He
listens
to
the
radio
every
day.
→The
radio
is
listened
to
by
him
every
day.
他每天都收听广播。
The
nurse
is
taking
care
of
the
sick
man.
→The
sick
man
is
being
taken
care
of
by
the
nurse.这护士在照顾这个虚弱的男人。
练习：
1:
_____
help
if
you
can,
and
our
country
will
improve
more
quickly
and
better.
?
A.
Giving
?
B.
Give
?C.
Given
?
D.
To
give
?
2:
---I
will
take
an
umbrella
with
me
today.
?---______
it
rains
later
on
in
the
day?
?A.
How
?
B.
What
?
C.
How
about
?
D.
What
if
?
3:
Recently
I
bought
an
ancient
Chinese
vase,
____
was
very
reasonable.
?
A.
which
price
?B.
the
price
of
which
?
C.
its
price
?
D.
the
price
of
that
?4;
After
ten
years,
she
changed
a
lot
and
look
different
from
____
he
used
to
be.
?
A.
that
?
B.
whom
?
C.
what
?
D.
who
?
5:
_____
is
known
to
everyone,
the
moon
travels
round
the
earth
once
every
month.
?
A.
It
?
?B.
As
?
?C.
That
?
?
D.
What
?
?
6:
He’s
got
himself
into
a
dangerous
situation
______
he
is
likely
to
lose
control
over
the
plane.
?
A.
Where
?
?B.
which
?
?C.
while
?
?
D.
why
?
7:
Information
has
been
put
forward
_______
more
middle
school
graduates
will
be
admitted
into
universities.
??
A.
while
?
?B.
that
?
?
C.
when
?
?
D.
as
?
8:
What
the
doctors
really
doubt
is
____my
mother
will
recover
from
the
serious
disease
soon.
?
A.
when
?
B.
how
?
?C.
whether
?
?D.
what
?
9:
______
air
is
to
man,
so
is
water
to
fish.
?
A.
since
?B.
Just
?
?C.
Like
?
D.
As
?
10:
There
is
plenty
of
rain
in
the
south
______
there
is
little
in
the
north.
?
A.
while
?
B.
as
?
C.
when
?D.
so?
Keys:
1—5:
BDBCB
?
6-10:
ABCDA备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（五）
英语动词分为主动词和助动词，助动词又分为基本助动词，情态助动词和半助动词，其中情态动词具有比普通主动词更丰富的意义和更复杂的使用方法，是各个阶段英语学习中不能忽视的重点。很多学习者认为情态动词简单，但实际上情态的用法有着很多容易被忽略的小细节，含义上看起来相似的词又会有着微妙的不同，极易混淆。这次沪江小编就为大家带来情态助动词的讲解。
情态助动词：用来表示说话人情绪态度的助动词，可以表示推测意义或非推测性意义，非推测性意义是指“允许、义务、意志”等意义，这些意义含有人对事件内在支配的因素，推测性意义是指“可能、必须、预测”等意义，这些意义主要不含有人对事件支配的因素，但含有人对事件可能或不可能发生作出的判断，很多动词同时具有这两种意义。情态助动词没有人称和单复数，不能单独使用，需要与动词一起构成谓语。
情态助动词包括：
will（would），shall（should），can（could），may（might），must，need，dare，ought
to，used
to，had
better
一.
can,
could
①
表示能力（体力、知识、技能，可用be
able
to
替代）。
eg.Mary
can
speak
Chinese.（知识）
②
表示请求和允许(可与may，could，might互换，后两者并不是过去式，只是缓和语气)。
eg.
-----Can
I
go
now?
-----
Yes,
you
can.
/
No,
you
can’t.
③
表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。
eg.They’ve
changed
the
timetable,
so
we
can
go
by
bus
instead.
④
表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。
eg.
Can
this
be
true?
????
This
can’t
be
done
by
him.
二、
may,
might
①
表示请求和允许，否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t。
eg.
----
May/Might
I
take
this
book
out
of
the
room?
----
Yes,
you
can.
(No,
you
can’t
/
mustn’t.
)
②
用于祈使句，表示祝愿。
eg.
May
you
succeed!
③
表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句，使用might时表示可能性更小）。
eg.
My
father
may
/might
be
very
busy
now.
三、
must,
have
to
①表示必须、必要
(在回答问句时，如果是否定的，应该用needn’t,
don’t
have
to（不必）而不是mustn't
（不准）.)。
eg.
----
Must
we
finish
this
paper
today?
----
Yes,
you
must.
----
No,
you
don’t
have
to
/
you
needn’t.
②?
must是说话人的主观看法，
而have
to则强调客观需要。
eg.It
too
late
now!
I
really
must
go
now.
?
I
have
to
clean
the
room
because
mother
asked
me
to
do.
③
表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句）
eg.
Your
grandmother
must
be
waiting
for
you
now
since
you
had
called
her
before.
四.
dare,
need
①
dare作情态动词用时,
常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,
过去式形式为dared。
eg.
How
dare
you
say
such
horrible
words
to
me?
②
need
作情态动词用时,
常用于疑问句、否定句，相当于肯定句中一般用must,
have
to,
ought
to,
should。
eg.?
Need
I
finish
the
work
today?
Yes,
you
must.
/
No,
you
needn’t.
③
dare和
need作实义动词用时，
有人称、时态和数的变化，在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式，在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式，而need后面只能接带to的不定式。
eg.
She
doesn’t
dare
(to)answer.
????
She
needs
to
cook
dinner
for
her
sisters.
五.
shall,
should
①
shall
用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。
eg.
What
shall
I
do
?
②
shall
用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
eg.
You
shall
be
punished,you
bad
boy!
六.
will,
would
①
表示请求、建议等，使用would使语气更加缓和。
eg.
Would
you
give
me
a
cup
of
coffee,
please?
②
表示意志、愿望和决心。
eg.
I
will
never
do
that
again.
③
would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
eg.
During
that
summer,
he
would
visit
me
every
other
day.
④
表示估计和猜想。
eg.
It
would
be
about
may
when
she
come
back
to
China.
七.
should,
ought
to
①
should表示“应该”，ought
to表示义务或责任，语气更严重。
eg.
I
should
help
her
because
she
is
in
trouble.
????
You
ought
to
take
care
of
her
because
she
is
your
daughter.
②
表示劝告、建议和命令，should,
ought
to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。
eg.Should
I
open
the
window?
③
表示推测，
should
,
ought
to
(客观推测),
must(主观推测)。
eg.
She
must
pass
the
exam.
(断定)
?????
She
ought
to/should
pass
the
exam.(不太肯定)
巩固练习：
1.
Agriculture
is
the
country's
chief
source
of
wealth,
wheat
____
by
far
the
biggest
cereal
crop.
?
A.
is
?
B.
been
?
C.
be
?
D.
being
?
2.
Jack
____
from
home
for
two
days
now,
and
I
am
beginning
to
worry
about
his
safety.
?
?
A.
has
been
missing
?
B.
has
been
missed
?
C.
had
been
missing
?
D.
was
missed
3.
____
if
I
had
arrived
yesterday
without
letting
you
know
beforehand?
A.
Would
you
be
surprised
?
?
?B.
Were
you
surprised?
C.
Had
you
been
surprised
?
?
?D.
Would
you
have
been
surprised
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
4.
If
not
____
with
the
respect
he
feels
due
to
him,
Jack
gets
very
ill-tempered
and
grumbles
all
the
time.?
A.
being
treated
?
B.
treated
?
C.
be
treated
D.
having
been
treated
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
5.
It
was
suggested
that
all
government
ministers
should
____
information
on
their
financial
?
?
interests.?
A.
discover
?
?
B.
uncover
?
?
C.
tell
?
?
D.
disclose?
6.
As
my
exams
are
coming
next
week,
I’ll
take
advantage
of
the
weekend
to
____
on
some
reading.?
A.
catch
up
?
?
B.
clear
up
?
?C.
make
up
?
?D.
pick
up
7.
Mary
hopes
to
be
____
from
hospital
next
week.?
A.
dismissed
?
?
B.
discharged
?
C.
expelled
?
D.
resigned
8.
Jimmy
earns
his
living
by
____
works
of
art
in
the
museum.
A.
recovering
?
?B.
restoring
?
C.
renewing
?
D.
reviving?
9.
I
couldn’t
sleep
last
night
because
the
tap
in
the
bathroom
was
____.
A.
draining
?
?
?B.
dropping
?
?
C.
spilling
?
?D.
dripping
10.
He
plays
tennis
to
the
____
of
all
other
sports.?
A.
eradication
?
?B.
exclusion
?
?C.
extension
?
?D.
inclusion
1．
答案：D
?
?
参考译文：农业是这个国家财富主要的来源，其中小麦是最主要的谷类作物。
?
?
【试题分析】
本题考查对非谓语动词的掌握。
?
?【详细解答】
这是一个独立主格结构。wheat前用逗号，且没有连词，表示这一句起
补充说明的作用，该空不能用动词的形式，则being为唯一之选。
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
2．
答案：A
?
?
参考译文：到目前为止，杰克已经失踪两天了，我开始担心他的安全。
?
?
【试题分析】
本题考查时态的用法。
?
?
【详细解答】
由句中时间状语―for
some
time
now‖可知，这里要用现在完成时；选项A为现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某一时间一直持续到现在，故为正确答案。
3．答案：A?
?
参考译文：如果昨天没有提前通知你，我就来了，你会觉得奇怪吗？
?
试题分析：本题考查的是虚拟语气的用法。?
?
详细解答：这是一个错综时间条件句。条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的
时间是不一致的，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
4．答案：B?
?
参考译文：如果没有受到他觉得应得的尊敬，杰克的脾气就会变得很坏，并且不停地抱怨。?
?
试题分析：本题考查的是非谓语动词的用法。?
?
详细解答：条件状语从句中的主语和谓语动词被省略了，全句应为
―If
(Jack
is)
not
treated…‖.故选项B为正确答案
5．答案：D．?
?
参考译文：所有的部长都得公开关于他们财政税收的信息。
?
试题分析：本题是动词近义词辨析题。?
?
详细解答：disclose意为
to
make
known
publicly，―（公开的）说出，透露‖；而discover意为―发现‖；uncover意为―揭露，发现‖，与discover意思接近。故选项D为正确答案。
6．答案：D?
?
参考译文：下星期就要考试了，周末我会抽时间赶做些阅读。
?
试题分析：本题考察的是动词词组的搭配。
?
详细解答：catch
up(on)赶上（进度）；而选项B,
C,
D都不能和on搭配，clear
up意为―解释；整理‖；make
up意为―捏造‖；pick
up意为―获得‖。由此可知，选项D为正确答案。
7．答案：B?
?
参考译文：玛丽希望下星期出院。
?试题分析：本题考查的是动词近义词的辨析。?
?
详细解答：discharge意为―离开，放（某人）走‖；而dismiss意为―派遣，解散‖；expel意为―抵制‖；resign意为―辞职‖。
根据句意，选项B为正确答案。
8．答案：B?
?
参考译文：吉米靠修复在博物馆的艺术品来度日
?
试题分析：本题考查的是动词辨析。?
?
详细解答：
restore意为―（使）恢复原样，修复（健康，家具，艺术品）‖：而recover意为―康复‖，renew意为―翻新，更新‖，revive意为―复活，再流行‖，根据句意，选项B为正确答案。
9．答案D?
?
参考译文：浴室水龙头的滴水声使我昨夜无法入眠。
?
试题分析：本题考查的是动词辨析。?
?
详细解答：drip意为―滴水‖；drain意为―排水‖，spill意为―涌出，益出，‖。因此D项是正确答案。
10．答案：B?
?
参考译文：他只打网球，其它的体育项目一律不参加。
?
试题分析：本题考查的是固定搭配。?
?
详细解答：to
the
exclusion
of意为―把…排斥在外‖；而选项A,
C,
D都没有这种搭配用法。因此B项是正确答案。备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（八）
英语中有一些动词常与其他的单词配合使用，形成固定的搭配，这种固定搭配就是“短语动词”。在实际的使用过程中，我们应把短语动词当成整体。
动词+介词
go
over
复习
listen
to
听...
think
about
考虑
look
for
寻找
rely?on
依靠
depend
on
依靠
look
into
调查
play
with
玩...
send
for
派人去请
consist
of
由...构成
arrive
at
到达
动词+副词
eat
up
吃光
give
up
放弃
hold
up
举起
put
on
穿，上演
turn
on
打开
try
on
试穿
动词+副词+介词
catch
up
with
赶上
get
on
with
与...相处
keep
up
with
跟上
do
away
with
废除
look
down
upon
轻视
look
forward
to
期待
keep
away
with
脱离
go
on
with
继续
动词+名词+介词
catch
hold
of
抓住
give
lessons
to
给...上课
make
friends
with
与...交朋友
take
care
of
照料
动词+形容词+介词
be
fond
of
爱好
be
familiar
with
熟悉
be?suitable?for
适合于
be
late
for
迟到
be
good
at
擅长于
be
afraid
of
害怕
“动词+副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn
the
light
on.
或
Turn
on
the
light.
宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn
it
on.
巩固练习：
1.
The
play
began,
but
people
went
on
___________.
?
?
A.
talk
and
laugh
?
?
?
?
B.
to
talk
and
laugh
?
?
C.
talking
and
laughing
?
?D.
talked
and
laughed
2.
Does
your
mother
like
you
___________
a
doctor?
?
??
A.
being
?
B.
to
be
?
?C.
are
?
D.
become?
3.
An
old
man
saw
it
___________
when
he
was
walking
past.
?
?
A.
happen
?
B.
happening
?
?C.
happened
?
D.
to
happen
4.
I’m
sorry
___________
you.?
A.
trouble
with
?
B.
trouble
?
?C.
to
trouble
?
?D.
trouble
about
5.
Please
let
the
students
___________
down.?
A.
sitting
?
?B.
sat
?
?C.
sit
?
?D.
to
sit?
6.
The
Great
Green
Wall
will
stop
the
wind
from
___________
the
earth
away.
?
?
A.
to
blow
?
B.
blew
?
?C.
blowing
?
D.
blewing
7.
Joe
is
teaching
Alice
___________
the
chair.?
?
?
A.
how
mend
?
?B.
how
mending
?
?C.
how
to
mending
?
D.
how
to
mend
?
8.
When
I
saw
her,
she
was
busy
___________
her
radio.?
?
?
A.
to
repair
?
?B.
repair
?
?C.
repairing
?
?D.
to
repairing?
9.
There’s
only
one
ticket.
You
had
better
___________
the
cinema
yourself.
?
?
A.
go
to
?
?
B.
to
go
?
?C.
going
?
?
D.
went
10.
—Would
you
go
___________
with
me?
?
?
?
—Sure,
I’d
love
to.?
A.
shop
?
?B.
shopping
?
C.
to
shop
?
D.
to
shopping备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（二）
助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary
Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main
Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He
doesn't
like
English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)
2）
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a.
表示时态，例如：
He
is
singing. 他在唱歌。
He
has
got
married. 他已结婚。
b.
表示语态，例如：
He
was
sent
to
England. 他被派往英国。
c.
构成疑问句，例如：
Do
you
like
college
life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did
you
study
English
before
you
came
here?
你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d.
与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I
don't
like
him.
我不喜欢他。
e.
加强语气，例如：
Do
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
evening.
明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He
did
know
that.
他的确知道那件事。
3）
最常用的助动词有：be,
have,
do,
shall,
will,
should,
would
助动词do的用法
1）
构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do
you
want
to
pass
the
CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did
you
study
German? 你们学过德语吗？
2）
do
+
not
构成否定句，例如：
I
do
not
want
to
be
criticized.
我不想挨批评。
He
doesn't
like
to
study.
他不想学习。
In
the
past,
many
students
did
not
know
the
importance
of
English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't
go
there. 不要去那里。
Don't
be
so
absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明：
构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）
放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do
come
to
my
birthday
party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I
did
go
there. 我确实去那儿了。
I
do
miss
you. 我确实想你。
5）
用于倒装句，例如：
Never
did
I
hear
of
such
a
thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only
when
we
begin
our
college
life
do
we
realize
the
importance
of
English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明：
引导此类倒装句的副词有never,
seldom,
rarely,
little,
only,
so,
well等。
6）
用作代动词，例如：
----
Do
you
like
Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
----
Yes,
I
do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like
Beijing.）
He
knows
how
to
drive
a
car,
doesn't
he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
助动词have的用法
1）have
+过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He
has
left
for
London. 他已去了伦敦。
By
the
end
of
last
month,
they
had
finished
half
of
their
work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have
+
been
+现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I
have
been
studying
English
for
ten
years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been
+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English
has
been
taught
in
China
for
many
years.
中国教英语已经多年。
助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I
shall
study
harder
at
English.
我将更加努力地学习英语。
He
will
go
to
Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will
只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He
shall
come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He
will
come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
练习2.
指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词：
Does
(
)
he
like
(
)
swimming?
He
does
(
)
like
(
)
swimming.
Where
does(
)
he
live
(
)?
He
does
(
)
some
washing
after
work.
He
has
(
)
had
(
)supper
already.
The
bridge
has(
)
been(
)
built(
)
now.
I
have
(
)
been
(
)waiting
(
)
for
you
all
day.
He
was
(
)
struck
(
)by
a
stone.
练习3：
1．Do
you
know
the
boy
_______
under
the
big
tree?
A.
lay
?
?
?B.
lain
?
?
?
C.
laying
?
?
?
D.
lying
?
2.
－What
do
you
think
of
the
book??
－Oh,
excellent.
It’s
worth
______
a
second
time.?
A.
to
read
?
?
?
?B.
to
be
read
?
?
?
C.
reading
?
?
?
D.
being
reading
?
3.
There
was
a
terrible
noise
______
the
sudden
burst
of
light.?
A.
followed
?
?
?
B.
following
?
?
?
C.
to
be
followed
?
?
?D.
being
followed
4.
When
he
was
at
school,
he
______
early
and
take
a
walk
before
breakfast.
A.
will
rise
?
?
?
B.
shall
rise
?
?
?
C.
should
rise
?
?
?
D.
would
rise
?
5.
I
______
go
to
bed
until
I
______
finished
my
work.?
A.
don’t/had
?
?
?
?B.
didn’t/have
?
?
?
C.
didn’t/had
?
?
?
D.
don’t/have
?
6.
Most
of
the
artists
_______
to
the
party
were
from
South
Africa.?
A.
invited
?
?
?
B.
to
invite
?
?
C.
being
invited
?
?
?
D.
had
been
invited
?
7.
I
don’t
allow
______
in
my
office
and
I
don’t
allow
my
family
______
at
all.?
A.
to
smoke…smoking
?
?
?
?
?
B.
smoking…to
smoke
C.
to
smoke…to
smoke
?
?
?
?
?
D.
smoking…smoking
8.
_____
more
attention,
the
trees
could
have
grown
better.
?
A.
Given
?
?B.
To
give
?
?C.
Giving
?
?D.
Having
given
9.
European
football
is
played
in
80
countries,
_____
it
the
most
popular
sport
in
the
world.
A.
making
?
?B.
make
?
?C.
made
?
?D.
to
make?
10.
He
was
a
good
runner
so
he
______
escape
from
the
police.?
A.
might
?
?
?B.
succeeded
to
?
?
?C.
would
?
?
?D.
was
able
to
【答案解析】
1.
D
lying是lie的现在分词，在句中作后置定语。?
2
C
―It
is
worth
doing‖是固定结构，意思是―干…
…是值得的‖。
3
B
4
D
5
C?
6
?A
分词短语作定语时，应放在被修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句：Most
of
the
artists
who
were
invited
to
the
party
were
from
South
Africa.
7
D?
8
A
分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。该分词的逻辑主语是the
trees，与动词give含有动宾关系，因而用过去分词given表示被动，Give
more
attention这个条件状语相当于状语从句If
they
had
been
given
more
attention。?
9
?A
making是现在分词用作状语，表示伴随情况或做补充说明。B和C属语法错误。D项是不定式，可作目的状语，但目的状语前通常不能用逗号。
10
D备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（七）
一、被动语态概述?
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。 如： He
opened
the
door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）
The
door
was
opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）?
二、被动语态的构成?
被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。?
1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明：
2、被动语态的句式变化：
以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
3、含有情态动词的被动语态
情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变。如：
Tables
can
be
made
of
stone.桌子可由石头制造。
Tables
could
be
made
of
stone
at
that
time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
Can
tables
be
made
of
stone??桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
步骤：
（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：
注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。
（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。
（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。
注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。
eg.
Tom?
broke
a
glass.
→
A
glass
was
broken
by
Tom.
注意事项：
（1）主动句中的主语如果是复数形式含糊地表示"人们"、"大家"的单词，变为被动句时可以不用表示，但原主语被强调者除外。
eg.
They
set
up
this
hospital
in
1975.
→
This
hospital
was
set
up
in
1975.
（2）含有双宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。
eg.
He
gave
us
the
book.
?
We
were
gave
the
book
by
him.
?
The
book
was
given
by
him.
巩固练习：
1.
It’s
not
fair
that
you
come
home
after
a
bad
day
at
work
and
____
your
wife
and
children.
?
A.
take
it
out
on
?
?
?
?B.
take
out
it
on
?
?
?
?C.
take
out
on
?
?
?D.
take
on
it
with
?
2.
She
put
an
extra
blanket
over
the
baby
for
fear
that____.
?
A.
he
catches
cold
?
?
B.
he
should
catch
cold
?
?
C.
he
caught
cold
?
?
D.
he
be
catching
cold
?
3.
Our
teacher
recommended
that
we
____
as
attentive
as
possible
when
we
visit
the
museum.
?
A.
are
?
?
?B.
shall
be
?
?
?
C.
be
?
?
?D.
were
?
4.
You
____
business
interfering
with
my
affairs.
?
A.
have
none
?
?B.
have
no
?
?
?C.
have
none
of
the
?
?
?
D.
have
nothing
like
?
5.
The
new
cut
in
interest
rate
____
promote
domestic
investment.
?
A.
means
to
?
?B.
directs
toward
?
?
?C.
is
meant
to
?
?
D.
leads
to
?
6.
Advertising
media
like
direct
mail,
radio,
television
and
newspapers
____to
increase
the
sales
of
industrial
products.
?
A.
have
been
used
?
?
?B.
will
be
used
?
?
?C.
is
being
used
?
?
?
D.
has
been
used
7.
While
being
questioned
on
the
court,
the
man
denied
____
the
old
lady’s
necklace.
?A.
having
taken
?
?
B.
taking
?
?
C.
to
have
taken
?
?
?D.
to
take
?
8.
Dr.
Park
was
accused
?
?the
patient
with
overdose
of
sleeping
pills
so
that
the
patient’s
life
was
terminated
before
the
expected
time.
?
A.
of
providing
?
?
B.
with
providing
?
?
C.
to
have
provided
?
?D.
to
provide
?
?
9.
By
the
end
of
next
month
we
____
this
assignment.
?
A.
will
finish
?B.
will
be
finishing
?C.
will
have
finished
?D.
have
finished
?
10.
We
will
be
losing
money
this
year
unless
that
new
economic
plan
of
yours
____
miracle.
?
A.
is
working
?
?B.
works
?
?
?C.
will
be
working
?
?D.
worked
?
11:
_____several
times
about
it,
but
he
could
not
give
the
correct
answer.
??
A.
Being
asked
?B.
Having
been
asked
?
C.
he
would
ask
?
D.
He
had
been
asked
?
12:
_____
the
days
went
on,
the
situation
there
got
worse.
?
A.
With
?B.
Since
?
?C.
While
?
D.
As
?
13:
_____everybody
is
here,
let’s
set
out
right
away.
?
A.
With
?
B.
Since
?
C.
while
?
D.
As
?
14
The
science
of
medicine,
_____
progress
has
been
very
rapid
lately,
is
perhaps
the
most?important
of
all
the
sciences.
??
A.
to
which
?
?B.
in
which
?
C.
which
?
D.
with
which
?
15:
Tony
will
never
forget
these
days
______
she
lived
in
China
with
her
mother,
?_____
has
a
great
effect
on
her
life.
??
A.
that;
which
?
B.
when;
which
?
?C.
which;
that
?
D.
when;
that
?
KEYS：
1-5
ABCBC
6-10
AAACB
11-15
DDBBC备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（一）
1）
表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2）
根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional
Verb）、系动词（Link
Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary
Verb）、情态动词（Modal
Verb）。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：
We
are
having
a
meeting.
我们正在开会。
（having是实义动词。）
He
has
gone
to
New
York. 他已去纽约。
（has是助动词。）
3）
动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive
Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive
Verb），缩写形式分别为vt.
和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She
can
dance
and
sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She
can
sing
many
English
songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
4）
根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite
Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite
Verb）例如：
She
sings
very
well.
她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She
wants
to
learn
English
well.
她想学好英语。（to
learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。
5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word
Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal
Verb）、动词短语（Verbal
Phrase）例如：
The
English
language
contains
many
phrasal
verbs
and
verbal
phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）
Students
should
learn
to
look
up
new
words
in
dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。（look
up是短语动词。）
The
young
ought
to
take
care
of
the
old.
年轻人应照料老人。（take
care
of是动词短语。）
6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original
Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular
From
in
Third
Personal）、过去式（Past
Form）、过去分词（Past
Participle）、现在分词（Present
Participle）。
7）及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词（transitive?verb）。有的动词必须接一个宾语，有的必须接两个宾语。如：
He's?reading?a
magazine.
他正在读一本杂志。（单宾语）
Mr
Zhang?teaches?us
English.
张老师教我们英语。（双宾语：us是间接宾语，English是直接宾语）
8）不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词（intransitive?verb）。如：
It?happened?in
June
1932.
这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
He
is?looking?around.
他环顾四周。
如果想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词：
False:
He
is
looking
me.
Right:
He
is
looking
at
me.
注意：不及物动词没有被动语态。
9）兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：
a)
兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：
Shall
I?begin?at
once?
我可以立刻开始吗？（begin作不及物动词）
She?began?working
as
a?librarian?after
she
left
school.
她毕业后当图书馆管理员。（begin作及物动词）
When
did
they?leave?Chicago?
他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？（leave作及物动词）
They?left?last
week.
他们是上周离开的。（leave作不及物动词）
b)
兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。试比较：
Wash?your
hands
before
meals.
饭前要洗手。
Does
this
cloth?wash?well?
这布经得起洗吗？
If
you
work
hard,
you
will?succeed.
如果你努力工作，你会成功的。
If
you
work
hard,
you
will?succeed?John
as
the
manager
of
this
company.
如果你努力工作，你会接任约翰成为公司的经理。
10）
与汉语的比较
有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：
a)
有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如
arrive（到达），agree（同意），listen（听），英语里这些动词后面常接介词：
We?arrived?at
the?railway?station
at
noon.
我们于中午到达火车站。（at不能省去）（比较：We
reached
the
railway
station
at
noon.）
Everybody?listened?to
the
lecture
with
great
interest.
每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。（to不可省去）（比较：We
all
heard
the
lecture.）
Do
they?agree?to
the
plan?
他们同意这个计划吗？（to不可省去）
b)
有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如
serve（为……服务）：
Our
children
are
taught
to?serve?the
people?wholeheartedly.
我们的孩子被教以全心全意为人民服务。
练习1：指出下列句中划线动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物填vt.，不及物填vi.
Most
birds
can
fly.（
）
The
children
are
flying
kites
in
the
park.
(
)
It
happened
yesterday.（
）
My
watch
stopped.（
）
The
baby
stopped
crying
when
he
saw
his
mother.
(
)
She
spoke
at
the
meeting
this
morning.
（
）
Shall
I
begin
at
once?（
）
She
began
working
as
a
teacher
after
she
left
school.（
）（
）
When
did
they
leave
Beijing?（
）
They
left
last
week.
（
）备战2021年高考英语——语法之动词讲与练（三）
连系动词及系表结构
连系动词也称系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语共同构成复合谓语。
连系动词与其后的表语合起来叫作系表结构。系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
一、状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：
He
is
a
teacher.
他是一名教师。（is与表语一起说明主语的身份。）
二、持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，remain，stay，lie，stand。例如：
He
always
kept
silent
at
meeting.
他开会时总保持沉默。
This
matter
remains
a?mystery.
此事仍是一个谜。
三、表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem，appear，look。例如：
He
looks
tired.
他看起来很累。
He
seems
(to
be)
very
sad.
他看起来很伤心。
四、感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel，smell，sound，taste。例如：
This
kind
of
cloth
feels
soft.
这种布手感很软。
This
flower
smells
very
sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
五、变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become，grow，turn，fall，get，go，come，run。例如：
He
became
mad
after
that.
自那之后他疯了。
She
grew
rich
within
a
short
time.
她没多长时间就富了。
六、终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove，turn
out，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。例如：
The?rumor?proved
false.
这谣言证实有假。
The
search
proved
difficult.
搜查证实很难。
His
plan
turned
out
a
success.
他的计划终于成功了。（turn
out表终止性结果）
巩固练习
1.
_______
everyone
here
today?
A.
Be
B.
Are
C.
Is
D.
Am
2.
Harry
is
older
than
I.
But
he
_______
younger
than
I.
A.
look
B.
looks
C.
looked
D.
looking
3.
It
_______
like
the
singing
of
the
birds.
A.
sounds
B.
looks
C.
smells
D.
tastes
4.
This
kind
of
cake
tastes
_______.
A.
good
B.
well
C.
to
be
good
D.
to
be
well
5.
The
children
all
looked
_______
at
the
broken?model?plane
and
felt
quite
_______.
A.
sad,
sad
B.
sadly,
sadly
C.
sad,
sadly
D.
sadly,
sad
6.
This
kind
of
paper
_______
nice.
A.
feel
B.
felt
C.
is
feeling
D.
feels
7.
This
math
problem
is
_______
and
I
can
do
it
_______.
A.
easy,
easily
B.
easily,
easily
C.
easy,
easy
D.
easily,
easy
8.
Coffee
is
ready.
How
nice
it
_______!
Would
you
like
some?
A.
looks
B.
smells
C.
sounds
D.
feels
9.
In
winter
the
days
_______
colder
and
colder.
A.
gets
B.
getting
C.
got
D.
get
10.
He
_______?pale?at
the
thought.
A.
got
B.
looked
C.
turned
D.
seemed
【答案详解】
1.
C。当复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.
B。根据句意和前句时态，后句应用一般现在时。
3.
A。根据语境，只有sounds(听起来)符合题意。looks意为“看起来”，smells意为“闻起来”，tastes
意为“尝起来”。
4.
A。连系动词taste后应接形容词作表语。
5.
D。根据句意，句中的look
at是行为动词，所以修饰此动词时应用副词；在连系动词feel后应用形容词作表语。
6.
D。当this
kind
of…作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
7.
A。连系动词is后接形容词。根据句意，修饰行为动词do用副词。
8.
B。根据语境和首句(Coffee
is
ready)，此处用smell才符合题意。
9.
D。根据常识我们知道冬季天气寒冷，故用一般现在时。
10.
C。根据语境只能使用turned，句意为“一想到这儿，他的脸就发白了”。
