Unit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
【导读】 生活需要智慧，鲁莽只会忙中添乱，作品中的小男孩拿起了一块砖丢向豪车，也是一种智慧的体现。
The
Brick
in
Your
Life
A
young
and
successful
chief
executive①
was
travelling
down
a
neighborhood
street，going
a
bit
too
fast
in
his
new
Jaguar.He
was
watching
out
for
kids
darting
out
from
those
parked
cars
and
slowed
down
when
he
thought
he
had
seen
something.
Suddenly
a
child
appeared，and
threw
a
brick
at
the
Jaguar's
side
door.The
chief
executive
slammed
on
the
brakes
and
reversed②
the
Jaguar
to
the
spot
from
where
the
brick
had
been
thrown
【1】．
He
jumped
out
of
the
car，grabbed
the
kid
and
pushed
him
up
against
a
parked
car，shouting，“What
was
that
all
about
and
who
are
you?
Just
what
the
heck③
are
you
doing？”
He
went
on
in
anger，“This
is
a
new
car
and
repairing
it
is
gonna
cost
you
a
lot
of
money.Why
did
you
do
it？”
“I'm
sorry，sir.I
didn't
know
what
else
to
do！”
pleaded④
the
boy.
“It's
my
elder
brother，”
he
continued.“He
fell
off
his
wheelchair
and
I
can't
lift
him
up.”
Sobbing，the
boy
asked
the
chief
executive，“Would
you
please
help
me
get
him
back
into
his
wheelchair?
He's
hurt
and
he's
too
heavy
for
me.”
Moved
deeply
by
these
words【2】，the
young
chief
executive
had
a
lump
in
his
throat.He
lifted
the
boy's
elder
brother
back
into
the
wheelchair，took
out
his
own
handkerchief，wiped
the
cuts.
“Thank
you，sir.God
bless
you.”
the
grateful
child
said
to
him.The
chief
executive
then
watched
the
little
boy
push
his
brother
to
the
sidewalk
toward
their
home.
It
was
a
very
long
and
slow
walk
back
to
his
Jaguar.He
did
not
repair
the
side
door.Instead，he
kept
the
dent
to
remind
him
not
to
go
so
fast
in
life
that
someone
has
to
throw
a
brick
at
you
to
get
your
attention.
Life
wants
to
whisper⑤
to
your
soul
and
heart.Sometimes，when
you
don't
have
time
to
listen，life
will
throw
a
brick
at
your
head.It's
your
choice：listen
to
the
whispers
of
your
soul
or
wait
for
the
brick！
生活中的“砖头”
一位年轻有为的总裁，正开着他的新捷豹车快速经过城区的街道。他留意着从那些停放的车辆中猛冲出来的孩子们，当他觉得他看到了什么东西时，就减慢车速。
突然，一个孩子出现了，将一块砖头扔向捷豹车的侧门。这位总裁猛地刹住汽车并后退到(小孩)丢砖头的地方。
他跳出车外，抓住那个小孩，把他推到了停着的一辆车上，喊道：“刚才是怎么回事？你是谁？你究竟在做什么？”他怒气冲冲地接着吼道：“这是辆新车，修理这台车将让你花费很多钱，你为什么要这样做？”
小男孩乞求着说：“先生，对不起，我不知道我还能怎么办。”
他接着说：“我哥哥从轮椅上摔了下来，我扶不起来他。”
那个男孩哭着问这位总裁：“你可以帮我把他抱回他的轮椅里吗？他受伤了，而且他太重了，我抱不动。”
这些话让这位年轻的总裁深受感动，喉咙哽咽。他把那个男孩的哥哥抱回轮椅上，然后拿出自己的手帕为他擦拭伤口。
那个小男孩感激地对他说：“谢谢您，先生，愿上帝保佑您。”然后这位总裁望着那个小男孩把他哥哥推到朝家去的人行道上。
返回到他的捷豹车上的路变得很漫长。他没有修汽车的侧门，而是保留着那个凹痕以提醒自己：在生活中不要走得如此匆忙，以至于别人只好向你扔砖头来获得你的注意。
生活想对你的心灵说悄悄话。有时，当你没有时间去聆听时，生活就会向你的头上扔砖头。你可以选择：倾听心灵的声音或等待砖头(的降临)!
[知识积累]
1．executive
n．主管领导；经理
2．reverse
v．使倒退行驶；倒车
3．heck
n．究竟；到底
4．plead
v．乞求；恳求
5．whisper
v．小声说；低语n.私语(声)；轻柔的声音
[1]句中from
where引导定语从句，修饰先行词the
spot。
[2]Moved
deeply
by
these
words在句中作原因状语。
[文化链接]
品牌解读
捷豹(Jaguar)是英国的一家豪华汽车生产商，车标为一只正在跳跃前扑的“美洲豹”形象，矫健勇猛，形神兼备，具有时代感与视觉冲击力。它既代表了公司的名称，又表现出向前奔跑的力量与速度，象征该车如美洲豹一样驰骋于世界各地。
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
解决问题型说明文
解决问题类说明文，就是针对某一问题提出具体的解决方法并进行适当论述，给读者提供知识，使之掌握解决问题的方法。此类作文的篇章结构如下：
第一部分：提出问题或阐述某件事情的重要性；
第二部分：列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径；
第三部分：针对提出的解决方法进行简要评价，也可提出个人建议或选择，并阐述理由。
A．问题
1．One
of
the
biggest
problems
facing
the
world
today
is
global
warming.
当今世界所面临的最大问题之一是全球变暖。
2．As
we
all
know，the
global
water
shortage
is
becoming
increasingly
severe
mainly
due
to
global
warming.
众所周知，主要由于全球变暖，全球水资源短缺问题正变得日益严重。
3．There
is
no
doubt
that
the
earth
is
becoming
warmer
and
that
it
is
human
activity
that
has
caused
this
global
warming.
毫无疑问，地球正变得更加暖和，全球变暖正是人类活动所致。
4．In
order
to
avoid
traffic
jams，I
strongly
suggest
some
effective
measures
be
taken.
为避免交通拥堵，我强烈建议采取一些有效的措施。
B．解决方法
1．We
should
work
together
to
fight
against
pollution
and
make
our
environment
safer
and
more
comfortable
to
live
in.
我们应该一起努力同污染作斗争使我们的环境更安全更适宜居住。
2．There
is
no
denying
the
fact
that
it
is
a
serious
problem；the
government
should
take
strong
measures
to
deal
with
it.
无可否认，这是一个严重的问题，政府应该采取有力措施来解决它。
3．The
most
important
thing
is
that
people
should
be
made
aware
of
the
importance
of
environmental
protection.
最重要的是应让人们意识到保护环境的重要性。
C．结论
1．If
we
are
more
environmentally
friendly，the
earth's
temperature
may
not
rise
too
much.
如果我们多善待环境，地球温度就可能不会上升那么快了。
2．As
far
as
I'm
concerned，it's
everyone's
duty
to
protect
the
environment.
依我看来，保护环境是我们每个人的责任。
3．It's
high
time
that
we
did
something
about
it.
是我们该做些事情的时候了。
随着科学技术的发展，人类太空旅游将不再是遥远的梦想。假设你是李华，对太空探索极感兴趣，现在请你写一篇英语短文，设想在今年暑假去太空旅游，如何克服失重条件下吃饭和喝水的问题。词数：100左右。
体裁
解决问题类文章
话题
太空旅游
时 态
一般现在时
人 称
第一人称
结 构
首段：提出失重条件下吃饭和喝水的问题中段：分析和解决吃饭和喝水的问题尾段：总结
Ⅰ.对接单元词汇
1．be
faced
with
面对
2．make
sure
确定
3．solve
解决
4．travel
in
space
太空旅游
5．gravity
重力
6．float
飘浮
Ⅱ.巧用单元句式语法
(一)完成句子
1．如果我去太空旅游，会有一个问题。
If
I
went
to
travel
in
space，there
would
be
a
problem．
2．我可能会面临一个问题。
I
might
be
faced
with
a
problem.
3．在外太空，重力会很弱。
In
outer
space，the
gravity
is
very
weak．
4．食物会到处飘动。
The
food
will
float
around/about．
5．用这种方式，这个问题可以被解决。
The
problem
would
be
solved
in
this
way．
(二)句式升级
6．用定语从句连接1、2句
If
I
went
to
travel
in
space，there
would
be
a
problem
I
might
be
faced
with.
7．用so...that...连接3、4句
In
outer
space，the
gravity
is
so
weak
that
the
food
will
float
around/about.
8．用“only＋状语”改写第5句
Only
in
this
way
would
the
problem
be
solved.
【参考范文】
If
I
went
to
travel
in
space，there
would
be
a
problem
I
might
be
faced
with：how
to
eat
and
drink
in
outer
space.
I
would
have
to
take
all
my
foods
with
me
if
I
went
to
space
travel，but
in
outer
space，the
gravity
is
so
weak
that
the
food
will
float
around
if
it
is
solid.I
must
make
sure
that
it
is
specially
made
as
liquid
space
food.It
could
be
put
in
a
tube
and
then
I
would
be
able
to
suck
it
more
easily.Perhaps
I
would
use
a
straw
to
eat
it.In
my
opinion，I
believe
that
only
in
this
way
would
the
problem
be
solved.I
might
have
a
happy
visit
to
space
in
that
way.
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
A
VISIT
TO
THE
MOON①
Last
month
I
was
lucky
enough
to
have
a
chance
to
make
a
trip②
into
space
with
my
friend
Li
Yanping，an
astronomer.We
visited
the
moon
in
our
spaceship！
月球之旅
我的朋友李彦平是一位天文学家，上个月我有幸得到一个机会同他一起去太空旅行。我们乘宇宙飞船参观了月球！
[助读讲解] ①名词visit后接to，意为“到……的旅行”，to为介词。②have
a
chance
to
do
sth.有机会做某事。
Before
we
left，Li
Yanping
explained
to
me
that
the
force
of
gravity(万有引力)
would
change
three
times
on
our
journey
and
that
the
first
change
would
be
the
most
powerful③.
Then
we
were
off④.As
the
rocket
rose
into
the
air，we
were
pushed
back
into
our
seats
because
we
were
trying
to
escape
the
pull[拉(力)]
of
the
earth's
gravity.It
was
so
hard
that
we
could
not
say
anything
to
each
other.Gradually
the
weight
lessened
and
I
was
able
to
talk
to
him.“Why
is
the
spaceship
not
falling
back
to
the
earth?
On
the
earth
if
I
fall
from
a
tree
I
will
fall
to
the
ground.”
I
asked.“We
are
too
far
from
the
earth
now
to
feel
its
pull，”he
explained，“so
we
feel
as
if
there
is
no
gravity
at
all.When
we
get
closer
to
the
moon，we
shall
feel
its
gravity
pulling
us，but
it
will
not
be
as
strong
a
pull
as
the
earth's.”
I
cheered
up
immediately
and
floated(漂浮)
weightlessly(失重地)
around
in
our
spaceship
cabin(船舱)
watching
the
earth
become
smaller
and
the
moon
larger⑤．
在启程以前，李彦平向我解释说，在我们的航行中会有三次引力的改变，而第一次的改变将是最强的。随后我们就启航了。随着火箭的升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。这种引力太强了，以至于我们彼此间都不能说话了。随后，这个力量慢慢减小，我才能够同他讲话。我问道：“为什么太空船不会向后朝地球的方向落下去呢？在地球上的时候，如果我从树上掉下来，总会朝地上落下去的。”李彦平解释说：“现在我们离地球太远了，感觉不到地球的拉力，所以我们感觉好像没有地球引力了。当我们更接近月球时，就会感到月球的引力在拉我们。但是，月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大。”我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。
[助读讲解] ③explain
sth.to
sb.“向某人解释某事”。本句中explain的宾语是两个that从句。
④be
off离开，起飞。⑤watching...为现在分词短语作伴随状语。
When
we
got
there，I
wanted
to
explore
immediately.“Come
on，”
I
said.“If
you
are
right，my
weight
will
be
less
than
on
the
earth
because
the
moon
is
smaller
and
I
will
be
able
to
move
more
freely.I
might
even
grow
taller
if
I
stay
here
long
enough.I
shall
certainly
weigh
less！”
I
laughed
and
climbed
down
the
steps
from
the
spaceship.But
when
I
tried
to
step
forward，I
found
I
was
carried
twice
as
far
as
on
the
earth
and
fell
over.“Oh
dear，”
I
cried，“walking
does
need
a
bit
of
practice
now
that
gravity
has
changed⑥.”After
a
while
I
got
the
hang
of⑦
it
and
we
began
to
enjoy
ourselves.
我们到达月球时，我就想立即进行探测。“来吧，”我说，“要是你讲得对，我的重量就会比在地球上小，因为月亮比地球小，而我就能更自由地活动了。如果我在月球上待的时间足够长的话，我甚至可能长得更高，我的体重肯定也会变得更轻！”我笑着从飞船的梯级上爬下来。而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”过了一会儿，我才掌握了走路的诀窍，这才开始感到自如了。
[助读讲解] ⑥动名词walking作主语，does为助动词，加强语气，意为“确实”，后接动词原形。
⑦get
the
hang
of熟悉，掌握，理解。
Leaving
the
moon's
gravity
was
not
as
painful
as⑧
leaving
the
earth's.But
returning
to
the
earth
was
very
frightening.We
watched，amazed
as
fire
broke
out
on
the
outside
of
the
spaceship
as
the
earth's
gravity
increased⑨.
Again
we
were
pushed
hard
into
our
seats
as
we
came
back
to
land.“That
was
very
exhausting(使精疲力尽)
but
very
exciting
too，”
I
said.“Now
I
know
much
more
about
gravity!
Do
you
think
we
could
visit
some
stars
next
time？”
“Of
course，”
he
smiled，“which
star
would
you
like
to
go
to？”
摆脱月球引力不像摆脱地球引力那样痛苦。但是返回到地球的经历却是非常吓人的。我们惊奇地看着，随着地球的引力增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。当我们回到地面时，我们又感到被重重地推倒在座位上。我说道：“真是精疲力竭了，但也很激动人心。关于引力，我现在就懂得更多了。你认为下次我们可以上星球上去参观吗？”“当然可以”，他笑着说，“你想到哪颗星球上去呢？”
[助读讲解] ⑧as
painful
as...“像……一样痛苦”。⑨as
fire...和as
the
earth's...都是状语从句。
第一步 速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
Ⅰ.速读P30－31教材课文，选择最佳答案/匹配段落大意
1．The
passage
mainly
talks
about
．
A．what
the
moon
is
B．my
visit
to
the
moon
C．the
difference
between
the
earth
and
the
moon
D．Li
Yanping，my
friend，who
is
an
astronomer
[答案] B
2．Para.1
A．We
visited
the
moon
in
our
spaceship!
3．Para.2
B．When
we
got
there，I
wanted
to
explore
immediately.
4．Para.3
C．But
returning
to
the
earth
was
very
frightening.
5．Para.4
D．Before
we
left，Li
Yanping
explained
to
me...the
most
powerful.
[答案] 2－5 ADBC
第二步 细读——把控文章关键信息
细读P30－31教材课文，选择最佳答案
1．When
we
were
going
up，we
felt
．
A．we
were
pressed
against
our
seats
B．we
were
lighter
than
we
are
on
the
earth
C．as
if
we
were
flying
D．the
rocket
was
shaking
strongly
2．Why
can't
the
spaceship
fall
back
to
the
earth?
A．Because
the
moon's
gravity
pulls
it
up.
B．Because
it
is
too
far
away
from
the
earth.
C．Because
the
earth
has
no
gravity.
D．Because
the
spaceship
is
not
very
heavy.
3．When
I
was
on
the
moon，I
felt
I
was
than
I
am
on
the
earth.
A．slower
B．heavier
C．cleverer
D．lighter
4．If
a
baby
is
growing
on
the
moon，when
he
grows
up，he
will
grow
than
he
is
on
the
earth.
A．taller
B．shorter
C．fatter
D．thinner
[答案] 1－4 ABDA
第三步 研读——能力升华，接轨高考
根据P30－31教材课文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
Last
month，Li
Yanping
and
I
made
a
trip
to
the
moon
1.in
a
spaceship.Li
told
me
that
the
gravity
force
would
change
three
times.First，2.when
we
escaped
the
pull
of
the
earth's
gravity，we
were
3.pushed(push)
back
into
our
seats.Closer
to
the
moon，there
was
4.less(little)
gravity.I
5.cheered(cheer)
up
immediately
and
floated
6.weightlessly(weight)
around
in
our
spaceship
cabin.On
the
moon，my
weight
was
less
than
on
the
earth.Walking
7.did(do)
need
a
bit
of
practice
now
that
gravity
had
changed.After
a
while
I
got
the
hang
8.of
it
and
we
began
to
enjoy
9.ourselves(our)．But
returning
to
the
earth
was
very
10.frightening(frighten)．We
watched，amazed
as
fire
broke
out
on
the
outside
of
the
spaceship.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
根据汉语或首字母提示，写出下列单词
1．Don't
pull(拉)
so
hard
or
the
handle
will
go
off.
2．Many
people
don't
like
the
climate
(气候)there.
3．The
gentle
(温柔的)
smile
on
her
face
relaxes
us.
4．As
is
known
to
all，smoking
is
harmful
to
our
health.
5．The
smell
of
new
bread
floated
in
the
air.I
felt
hungry.
6．The
car
went
out
of
control
and
crashed
into
the
back
of
a
bus.
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．gentle
adj.
温和的；文雅的→gently
adv.温和地
2．physics
n．物理学→physical
adj.物理的；物理学的；体力的→physicist
n．物理学家
3．extinct
adj.灭绝的；绝种的→extinction
n．灭绝；绝种
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．block
out
挡住(光线)
2．cheer
up
感到高兴；感到振奋
3．get
the
hang
of
掌握
4．break
out
突发，爆发
5．watch
out
for
当心，提防
Ⅳ.选词填空
选用上述短语的适当形式填空
1．That
wall
blocks
out
all
the
light.
2．A
big
fire
broke
out
in
his
house
and
he
lost
everything.
3．Cheer
up！We
nearly
reached
the
top
of
the
hill.
背教材原句
记句式结构
仿写促落实
1.When
we
get
closer
to
the
moon，we
shall
feel
its
gravity
pulling
us，but
it
will
not
be
as
strong
a
pull
as
the
earth's.当我们更接近月球时，就会感到月球的引力在拉我们。但是，月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大。
as＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＋as意为“像……一样的……”。
Please
give
them
encouragement
to
live
as
rich
and
full
a
life
as
you
do.请给予他们鼓励，让他们和你们一样过着丰富多彩又充实的生活。
2.“Oh
dear，”I
cried，“walking
does
need
a
bit
of
practice
now
that
gravity
has
changed.”“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”
now
that既然，引导原因状语从句，口语中that可省略。
Now
that
you
have
grown
up，you
should
not
rely
on
your
parents.既然你长大了，就不应该依靠你的父母了。
pull
n．&
vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
(教材P30)As
the
rocket
rose
into
the
air，we
were
pushed
back
into
our
seats
because
we
were
trying
to
escape
the
pull
of
the
earth's
gravity.
随着火箭的升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。
pull
down
拆毁；拆掉(建筑物)
pull
in
进站停靠；驶向路边(或某处)停靠
pull
out
拿出；取出；离站；(使)摆脱困境
pull
up
(使车)停住，停下
①They
wrapped
one
end
of
a
rope
around
the
block
and
pulled.他们用绳子的一端绑住石头然后拉。
②After
he
waited
for
two
hours，the
train
finally
pulled(pull)
in.他等了两个小时后，火车终于进站了。
[巧学助记]
对比记忆push/pull
推push 拉pull
cheer
(sb.)
up感到高兴；感到振奋
(教材P31)I
cheered
up
immediately
and
floated
weightlessly
around
in
our
spaceship
cabin
watching
the
earth
become
smaller
and
the
moon
larger.
我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。
(1)cheer
sb.on
(赛跑比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；
为某人加油
(2)cheerful
adj.
快乐的；高兴的；兴高采烈的
cheering
n.
欢呼，喝彩
adj.
令人振奋的，令人高兴的
cheers
int.
(用于祝酒)干杯；再见；谢谢
①I
tried
to
cheer
her
up
by
telling
her
the
good
news.
我把这个好消息告诉了她，想使她高兴起来。
②Cathy
didn't
expect
any
award
but
was
still
there
to
cheer
on
her
friends.
凯西没有期待任何奖励，但是仍旧在那里为朋友们加油鼓劲。
③She
is
so
cheerful
(cheer)that
everyone
likes
her.
她是一个快乐的女孩，每个人都喜欢她。
[语境助记]
The
cheering
news
made
the
boy
cheerful，which
made
his
parents
cheer
up
too.
这个令人振奋的消息使得这个小男孩高兴起来，他的父母也感到高兴。
[图形助记]
break
out(战争、火灾、疾病、争吵等)突然发生；爆发
(教材P31)We
watched，amazed
as
fire
broke
out
on
the
outside
of
the
spaceship
as
the
earth's
gravity
increased.
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球的引力增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。
break
down
出故障；失败；垮掉；垮下来；分解
break
in
破门而入；打断(谈话等)
break
into
强行闯入；突然……起来
break
up
解散；打碎；驱散
①The
Second
World
War
broke
out
in
September，1939.
第二次世界大战于1939年9月爆发。
②The
thief
broke
into
my
house
and
stole
my
money.
小偷破门而入我家，偷了我的钱。
③The
computer
system
broke
down
suddenly
while
he
was
searching
for
information
on
the
Internet.
他正在网上搜信息时电脑系统突然出故障了。
watch
out
for密切注意；当心；提防，留意
Watch
out
for
the
haze；it
may
do
great
harm
to
us.
当心这种雾霾天气，它可能对我们造成很大的损害。
(1)watch
out
当心；小心
watch
over
照看；看守
(2)look
out＝take
care＝be
careful
注意，当心
①I
think
you
should
watch
out
for
that
man—don't
be
cheated
by
him.
我认为你应该当心那个人，别被他骗了。
②It
was
my
duty
to
watch
over
the
children.
照看那些孩子是我的职责。
(教材P31)When
we
get
closer
to
the
moon，we
shall
feel
its
gravity
pulling
us，but
it
will
not
be
as
strong
a
pull
as
the
earth's．
当我们更接近月球时，就会感到月球的引力在拉我们。但是，月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大。
as
strong
a
pull
as
the
earth's
属于“as＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＋as”结构，意为“像……一样的……”，其中的名词必须是可数名词的单数形式，此结构用于否定句中可用“not
so/as...as...”结构。
as...as...结构的具体形式有：
as/so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as...像……一样的……
as/so＋形容词/副词原级＋as...像……一样……
和……一样多
①He
is
so
clever
a
boy
as
everyone
likes.
他是一个人人都喜欢的聪明孩子。
②His
bedroom
is
not
as/so
neat
as
his
elder
sister's.
他的卧室没有他姐姐的整洁。
③You've
made
as
many
mistakes
as
I
have.
你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。
(教材P31)“Oh
dear，”I
cried，“walking
does
need
a
bit
of
practice
now
that
gravity
has
changed.”
“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”
(1)now
that在意思和用法上同since，引导原因状语从句，口语中that可省略。
(2)引导原因状语从句的连词还有：since，because，as，considering(that)，seeing
that，in
that等。
(3)引导原因状语的短语：due
to，thanks
to，because
of，as
a
result
of，owing
to，on
account
of等。
①Now
that
everyone
is
here，let's
begin
our
meeting.
既然大家都到齐了，我们就开始开会吧。
②Since
the
professor's
lecture
is
very
interesting，why
not
go
and
attend
it?
既然教授的报告很有趣，为什么不参加呢？
③Seeing
(see)
that
nobody
was
at
home，I
had
to
leave.
由于没人在家，我也只好走了。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The
motorcycle
ran
so
fast
that
it
crashed(crash)into
the
stone.
2．“You
miss
them，don't
you？”he
asked
gently(gentle)．
3．As
we
all
know，Qian
Xuesen
is
a
famous
physicist(physical)
in
the
world.
4．After
a
long
journey，the
children
were
all
exhausted(exhaust)．
5．The
young
woman
was
interested
in
biology(biologist)
when
she
was
in
the
university.
6．The
train
pulled(pull)
into
the
station
and
the
passengers
got
off
one
by
one.
7．A
great
dust
cloud
formed
in
the
sky
blocking
out
the
sunlight.
8．All
the
visitors
were
told
to
watch
out
for
the
dangerous
animals
while
visiting
the
zoo.
9．The
fans
cheered
up
when
they
saw
their
favorite
star.
10．How
the
big
forest
fire
has
broken
out
remains
to
be
a
mystery.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．这本词典不如你想象的那样有用。
This
dictionary
is
not
as/so
useful
as
you
think.
2．当习主席出现时，所有的学生都高兴起来。
When
Chairman
Xi
turned
up，all
the
students
cheered
up．
3．既然你已是个大学生了，就应当学着独立。
Now
that
you
are
a
college
student，you
should
learn
to
be
independent.
4．她买了一幅厚窗帘来挡住光线。
She
bought
a
heavy
curtain
to
block
out
the
light.
5．我们的新图书馆是旧图书馆的四倍大。
Our
new
library
is
four
times
larger
than
the
old
one.
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
主语从句
语
境
自
主
领
悟
先观察原句
后自主感悟
①What
it
was
to
become
was
uncertain
until
between
4.5
and
3.8
billion
years
ago
when
the
dust
settled
into
a
solid
globe.②The
earth
became
so
violent
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.③What
is
even
more
important
is
that
as
the
earth
cooled
down，water
began
to
appear
on
its
surface.④It
was
not
immediately
obvious
that
water
was
to
be
fundamental
to
the
development
of
life.⑤What
many
scientists
believe
is
that
the
continued
presence
of
water
allowed
the
earth
to
dissolve
harmful
gases
and
acids
into
the
oceans
and
seas.⑥So
whether
life
will
continue
on
the
earth
for
millions
of
years
to
come
will
depend
on
whether
this
problem
can
be
solved.
1.以上各句皆为主从复合句，句中黑体部分为名词性从句作主语，称之为主语从句。2.what引导主语从句，what在从句中作表语(句①)，主语(句③)，及宾语(句⑤)。3.whether引导主语从句，意为：是否(句②⑥)。4.可用it作形式主语，真正的主语为名词性从句(句④由that引导主语从句)。
一、主语从句的基本用法
1．主语从句的引导词
类别
例词
说明
从属连词
that，whether
两者在从句中均不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether表示“是否”。
连接代词
who，what，which，whoever，whatever等
在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
连接副词
when,
where，how，why等
在从句中作时间、地点、方式、原因状语等成分。
That
you
are
coming
to
London
is
the
best
news
I
have
heard
this
long
time.
你将来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好的消息。
Whether
it
will
do
us
harm
remains
to
be
seen.
它是否对我们有害还要看一看。
What
I
have
seen
today
has
made
a
very
deep
impression
on
me.
今天我的所见所闻给我留下了非常深刻的印象。
Whoever
breaks
this
law
deserves
a
fine.
触犯本法者应予以罚款。
Whichever(of
you)comes
in
first
will
receive
a
prize.
(你们中)谁先进来谁得奖。
When
we
will
have
a
meeting
is
an
important
question.
我们何时举行一次会议是个重要的问题。
Where
we
shall
do
the
test
is
still
under
discussion.
我们在什么地方做这个实验还在讨论。
[名师点津]
主语从句中连接词的选择技巧
(1)根据连接词在从句中所作的语法成分。
(2)根据连接词在从句中的意义。
[即时训练1] 用whether，that，whoever填空
①That
she
became
an
artist
may
have
been
due
to
her
father's
influence.
②Whether
we
will
hold
a
party
in
the
open
air
tomorrow
depends
on
the
weather.
③Every
year，whoever
makes
the
most
beautiful
kite
will
win
a
prize
in
the
Kite
Festival.
2．it作形式主语
为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形式主语时常用于以下句型：
句型
说明
It＋系动词＋形容词＋主语从句
常用于此句型的形容词有important，(un)likely，possible，necessary，natural，wrong等。
It＋系动词＋名词＋主语从句
常用于此句型的名词有fact，idea，honour，question，pity等。
It＋系动词＋过去分词＋主语从句
常用于此句型的过去分词，有known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought等。
It＋不及物动词＋主语从句
常用于此句型的动词有appear，happen，seem，occur，matter等。
It's
possible
that
he
has
been
to
Beijing.
他有可能去过北京。
It's
a
pity
that
you
didn't
attend
the
meeting.
你没参加这次会议太可惜了。
It
seems
that
it
is
going
to
rain.
看起来好像要下雨。
It
is
important
that
he
should
know
about
this.
他应该知道此事是重要的。
It
is
suggested
that
the
meeting
be
put
off.
有人建议会议延期召开。
[名师点津]
①在“It＋be＋过去分词＋主语从句”结构中，过去分词若为suggested/ordered/required/advised等，主语从句中的谓语用“(should)do”。
②在“It＋be＋形容词＋主语从句”结构中，若形容词为important/necessary/strange等，主语从句中的谓语用“(should)do”。
[即时训练2] 完成句子
①很可惜你不能来参加我的生日聚会。
It's
a
pity
that
you
can't
attend
my
birthday
party.
②有人建议这位老人到乡村休息一下。
It's
suggested
that
the
old
man
should
go
to
the
countryside
to
have
a
rest.
③在我看来你好像不赞成这个计划。
It
seems
to
me
that
you
disagree
with
the
plan.
二、主语从句中应注意的问题
1．从句要用陈述语序
How
he
succeeded
is
still
a
puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
2．主谓一致
(1)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。
Where
he
will
get
a
job
after
graduation
has
puzzled
him
much.
毕业后到哪儿找一份工作使他很困惑。
[名师点津]
what引导主语从句时，有时主句谓语动词应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。
What
the
school
needs
most
are
books.
这所学校最需要的是书。
(2)如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
When
they
will
start
and
where
they
will
go
have
not
been
decided
yet.
他们将在什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。
When
and
where
they
will
hold
the
meeting
is
not
clear.
他们何时何地召开会议还不清楚。
[即时训练3] 单句改错
①When
we
will
set
off
is
still
under
discussion.
will
we→we
will
②What
he
needs
most
are
money.
are→is
③When
and
where
the
meeting
will
be
held
have
not
been
decided.
have→has
④That
the
coal
workers
are
still
alive
are
a
wonder.
第二个are→is
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It
is
often
the
case
that
anything
is
possible
for
those
who
hang
on
to
hope.
2．Your
support
is
important
to
our
work.Whatever
you
can
do
helps.
3．Where
Li
Bai，a
great
Chinese
poet，was
born
is
known
to
the
public，but
some
won't
accept
it.
4．How
we
understand
things
has
a
lot
to
do
with
what
we
feel.
5．Exactly
when
the
potato
was
introduced
into
Europe
is
uncertain，but
it
was
probably
around
1565.
6．When
the
delayed
flight
will
take
off
depends
much
on
the
weather.
7．I
think
what
impresses
me
about
his
painting
is
the
colours
he
uses.
8．Some
people
believe
what
has
happened
before
or
is
happening
now
will
repeat
itself
in
the
future.
9．What
makes
the
book
so
extraordinary
is
the
creative
imagination
of
the
writer.
10．What
you
said
at
the
meeting
describes
a
bright
future
for
the
company.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．有人命令操场建设下周完成。
It
is
ordered
that
the
construction
of
the
sports
ground
should
be
completed
next
week．
2．现在她正在买的东西是一些杂志。
What
she
is
buying
now
are
some
magazines.
3．很明显刚刚有人来拜访过他。
It
is
clear
that
somebody
came
to
visit
him
just
now.
4．这个地区的争执(dispute)何时结束让很多人困惑。
When
the
dispute
in
this
area
will
stop
puzzles
many
people.
5．她没有出席婚礼宴会的原因是她头痛。
Why
she
didn't
attend
the
wedding
party
is
that
she
had
a
headache.
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
Ⅰ.单词拼写
根据汉语或首字母提示，写出下列单词
1．This
theory
(理论)
is
helpful
to
explain
how
the
universe
began.
2．He
often
says
that
he
doesn't
believe
in
any
religion
(宗教)
and
only
believes
in
himself.
3．Unlike
(不像)
his
brother，he
is
talkative
and
has
a
sense
of
humor.
4．They
can't
exist
(生存)
on
the
money
he
earns.
5．He
doesn't
like
to
be
violent，instead，he
prefers
to
solve
the
problem
in
peace.
6．What
is
puzzling
the
police
is
how
the
accident
happened.
7．As
a
teacher，I
want
to
create
a
warm
and
free
atmosphere
for
my
students.
8．We
should
try
our
best
to
prevent
the
globe
from
being
polluted.
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．violence
n．暴力→violent
adj.猛烈的；激烈的→violently
adv.猛烈地；激烈地
2．harm
n．伤害；损害→harmful
adj.有害的
3．exist
vi.存在；生存→existence
n．存在
4．puzzle
v．(使)迷惑→puzzled
adj.迷惑的→puzzling
adj.令人迷惑的
5．religion
n．宗教；宗教信仰→religious
adj.宗教的；宗教信仰的
后缀?ful和?less构成反义词
名词后缀?ist“……家”
harmful→harmlesshopeful→hopelesshelpful→helpless
scientist科学家biologist生物学家physicist物理学家
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．in
time
及时；终于
2．lay
eggs
下蛋
3．give
birth
to
产生；分娩
4．in
one's
turn
轮到某人
5．prevent...from...
阻止；制止
6．according
to
根据
7．as
a
result
因此；结果
8．depend
on
依赖；依靠；取决于
Ⅳ.选词填空
选用上述短语的适当形式填空
1．According
to
a
UN
report，the
globe
is
becoming
warmer
and
warmer.
2．There
was
a
traffic
jam；as
a
result，I
was
late
for
school.
3．He
braked(刹)
his
car
just
in
time
to
avoid
an
accident.
4．I
was
prevented
from
attending
the
meeting
by
a
cold.
5．Whether
she
will
come
depends
on
the
weather.
背教材原句
记句式结构
仿写促落实
1.The
earth
became
so
violent
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
so...that...“如此……以至于……”。
The
dough
figurine
he
made
was
so
beautiful
that
we
couldn't
wait
to
have
a
try
ourselves.他做的面人是如此漂亮，以至于我们迫不及待地想亲自试一试。
2.It
was
not
immediately
obvious
that
water
was
to
be
fundamental
to
the
development
of
life.水对于生命的发展会起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。
It
is
obvious
that...“很明显……”。
It
is
obvious
that
a
good
learning
habit
can
help
us
to
speed
up
to
reach
our
destinations.显而易见，一个好的学习习惯能帮助我们尽快达到我们的目标。
3.What
many
scientists
believe
is
that
the
continued
presence
of
water
allowed
the
earth
to
dissolve
harmful
gases
and
acids
into
the
oceans
and
seas.
很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
what主语从句＋is
that表语从句。
In
addition，what
may
interest
you
most
is
that
I
am
really
nervous
and
upset
when
taking
the
exam.另外，可能最使你感兴趣的是，考试时我真的紧张、烦躁。
4.This
produced
a
chain
reaction，which
made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop.这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。
make
it＋adj.＋to
do。
The
girl
knows
three
foreign
languages，which
makes
it
easier
for
her
to
find
a
good
job.这个女孩懂三门外语，这使她更容易找到一份好工作。
in
time及时；终于；迟早
(教材P25～26)They
were
in
time
to
produce
carbon
dioxide，nitrogen，water
vapour
and
other
gases，which
were
to
make
the
earth's
atmosphere.
它们最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
(1)in
time作“终于；迟早”讲时，常单独使用，作状语。
(2)in
time作“及时”讲时，后常跟for
sth.或to
do
sth.。
①You
will
succeed
in
time
as
long
as
you
don't
give
up.
只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。
②We
arrived
in
the
summer，just
in
time
to
enjoy(enjoy)
the
midnight
sun.
我们夏天到达这里，及时欣赏了午夜太阳。
③Lucky
for
him，he
was
just
in
time
for
the
bus.
幸运的是，他及时赶上了公共汽车。
[名师点津]
time相关短语荟萃：
①from
time
to
time
有时；偶尔
②at
a
time
每次
③in
no
time
立刻；马上
④at
the
same
time
同时
⑤at
one
time
一度；从前
⑥at
no
time
绝不(置于句首时，句子常用部分倒
装语序)
unlike
prep.与……不同；不像
adj.不同的；不像
(教材P26)Water
had
also
appeared
on
other
planets
like
Mars
but，unlike
the
earth，it
had
disappeared
later.
在火星这些其他行星上都出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。
(1)It's
unlike
sb.to
do
sth.
做某事不像某人平常的样子。
(2)unlikely
adj.
不可能的
(3)likely
adj.
可能的
It
is
likely
that...
可能……
sb./sth.be
likely
to
do
sth.
某人/物可能做某事
①It's
very
likely
that
you
want
to
have
volunteers
to
help
with
the
organization's
activities.
你很有可能想让有志愿者们来帮忙组织活动。
②He
is
likely
to
arrive
(arrive)
a
bit
late.
他可能会晚到一会儿。
③It
is
unlike
her
to
be(be)so
patient
with
children.
对孩子那么有耐心不像她平常的样子。
harmful
adj.有害的
(教材P26)What
many
scientists
believe
is
that
the
continued
presence
of
water
allowed
the
earth
to
dissolve
harmful
gases
and
acids
into
the
oceans
and
seas.
很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
(1)be
harmful
to...
对……有害
(2)harm
n.
&
vt.
伤害；损害
do
harm
to
sb.＝do
sb.harm
对某人有害
(3)harmless
adj.
无害的
①Light
pollution
does
harm
to
the
eyesight
of
animals.光污染对动物视力有害。
②Hunters
should
not
fire
at
the
harmless(harm)
animals.
猎人不能对无害的动物射击。
③Your
smoking
can
be
harmful
to
the
health
of
your
children.
你吸烟会危及孩子的健康。
[巧学助记] 巧记harm家庭
[语境助记]
This
object
gives
off
harmful
gases
which
may
do
harm
to
our
health.You
must
make
the
object
harmless
before
you
use
it.
此物会散发有害气体，这些气体可能会损害我们的健康，你必须在使用它之前使它无害。
exist
vi.存在，生存
(教材P26)They
laid
eggs
too
and
existed
on
the
earth
for
more
than
140
million
years.
它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。
(1)exist
in
存在于……之中
exist
on
靠……为生
There
exists/existed...
某地有……
(2)existence
n.
存在；生存
come
into
existence
产生；成立；开始存在
in
existence
现存的，存在着的
①Nothing
exists(exist)
on
the
moon
as
there
is
no
water
and
no
air.
月球上没有东西生存，因为那里没有水和空气。
②There
exists(exist)
a
tall
tree
in
front
of
my
home.
在我家门前有一棵很高的树。
③Do
you
know
when
this
kind
of
robot
came
into
existence(exist)?
你知道这种机器人是什么时候问世的吗？
[名师点津]
exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也没有进行时。
in
one's
turn轮到某人；接着
(教材P26)Thus
they
have，in
their
turn，become
the
most
important
animals
on
the
planet.
于是，它们接着成了这个行星上最重要的动物。
in
turn
依次；轮流；转而；反过来
by
turns
轮流；交替
take
turns
to
do
sth.
轮流做某事
It's
one's
turn
to
do
sth.
轮到某人做某事。
①Please
get
on
in
your
turn
by
checking
tickets.
请大家排好队检票上车。
②Let's
take
turns
to
drive(drive)
the
car.
让我们轮流来开车吧。
③All
theories
are
from
practice
and
in
turn
serve
practice.
所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来为实践服务。
[名师点津]
by
turns是“交替；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用in
turn。
prevent...from阻止；制止
(教材P26)They
are
putting
too
much
carbon
dioxide
into
the
atmosphere，which
prevents
heat
from
escaping
from
the
earth
into
space.他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。
stop...from(doing)sth....
制止……
keep...from(doing)sth....
阻止……
protect...from/against(doing)sth....
保护……免受……伤害
①No
one
can
prevent
this
plan(from)
being
carried(carry)
out.
谁也不能阻止这个计划的实施。
②In
order
to
keep
her
from
going(go)
out，he
locked
the
door.
为了阻止她外出，他把门锁上了。
[名师点津]
短语prevent/stop/protect...from...中的from可以省略，keep...from...中的from不能省略。但在被动结构中，from均不可省略。
puzzle
n．谜；难题
vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难
(教材P27)How
life
began
on
earth
is
one
of
the
biggest
puzzles
that
scientists
found
hard
to
solve.
地球上的生命是如何起源的是科学家们最难以解答的问题之一。
(1)in
a
puzzle
感到困惑；不知如何是好
...(be)a
puzzle
to
sb.
……对某人来说仍是个谜
(2)puzzle
about/over
冥思苦想；苦苦思索
(3)puzzling
adj.
令人迷惑的
puzzled
adj.
感到迷惑的
be
puzzled
about...
对……迷惑不解
①They
feel
puzzled
over
choices.
他们对选择感到困惑。
②I'm
in
a
puzzle
as
to
how
to
get
along
with
him.
对于如何和他相处使我感到困惑。
[语境助记]
The
puzzled
look
on
her
face
suggested
she
was
puzzling
over
the
puzzling
math
problem.
她困惑的表情暗示了她正在思考那个令人困惑的数学问题。
(教材P26)This
produced
a
chain
reaction，which
made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop．
这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。
【要点提炼】 it作形式宾语。
句中made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop属于
“v.(动词)＋it＋adj./n.(宾补)＋to
do/that从句”结构。该结构中，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式或that从句。
常用于此结构中的动词还有：think，believe，find，consider，feel等。
①I
find
it
hard
to
remember
(remember)these
words
in
a
short
time.
我发现在短时间内记住这些词很难。
②I
must
make
it
clear
that
I'll
always
support
you.
我必须说清楚我会一直支持你。
③I
think
it
useful
to
drink
some
hot
milk
before
sleep.
我认为睡前喝点热牛奶有作用。
1．What
it
was
to
become
was
uncertain
until
between
4.5
and
3.8
billion
years
ago
when
the
dust
settled
into
a
solid
globe.
【分析】 what引导主语从句，until引导时间状语从句，when引导定语从句。
【翻译】 随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38—45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成了一个固体的球状物。
2．What
is
even
more
important
is
that
as
the
earth
cooled
down，water
began
to
appear
on
its
surface.
【分析】 这是一个复合句。what引导主语从句；that引导表语从句；as在表语从句中引导状语从句。
【翻译】 更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Some
understanding
of
grammar
is
fundamental(fundament)
to
learning
a
language.
2．Unlike
(like)most
people
in
the
office
who
come
to
work
by
car，I
usually
by
bus.
3．I
consider
that
it
is
harmful(harm)for
students
to
play
computer
games
too
much.
4．Some
violent(violence)scenes
in
the
film
were
cut
off
when
it
was
shown
on
television.
5．Our
problems
have
multiplied(multiply)
since
last
year.
6．He
looked
at
me
with
a
puzzled(puzzle)
look
on
his
face.
7．Her
name
in
religion(religious)
is
Sister
Mary.
8．A
temple
existed(exist)
here
hundreds
of
years
ago.
9．You'll
succeed
in
time
if
you
keep
on
working
like
this.
10.
The
government
has
to
close
those
small
factories
to
prevent
the
water
of
the
river
from
being
polluted(pollute)．
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．To
be
honest，what
it
is
become
is
uncertain
now.
become前加to
2．For
most
students，the
spelling
of
English
is
often
puzzled.
puzzled→puzzling
3．We
prevented
from
going
home
by
the
heavy
rain
that
day.
We后加were
4．If
he
will
arrive
there
on
time
will
depend
on
the
weather.
If
→Whether
5．The
scientist's
experiments
gave
birth
for
a
new
drug.
for→to
PAGEUnit
4
Astronomy
the
science
of
the
stars
众所周知，天文学是一门古老的学科。随着科技的发展，人类对天体的认知亦越发深入！
Astronomy
is
the
oldest
science
known
to
man.Thousands
of
years
ago
man
looked
at
the
stars
and
wondered
about
the
heavens.But
man
was
limited
by
the
six
planets
that
he
could
see
with
his
eyes
alone.The
Greeks
studied
astronomy
over
2，000
years
ago.They
could
see
the
size，colour，and
brightness
of
a
star.They
could
see
its
place
in
the
sky.They
watched
the
stars
move
as
the
seasons
changed.But
the
Greeks
had
no
tools
to
help
themselves
study
the
heavens.Each
new
tool
added
to
the
field
of
astronomy
helped
man
reach
out
into
space.Until
there
were
telescopes，man
knew
a
little
about
the
moon.He
did
not
know
that
the
planet
called
Saturn
had
rings
around
it.His
sight
was
so
limited
that
he
could
not
see
all
the
planets.Before
the
spectroscope，man
did
not
know
what
kind
of
gases
was
around
the
sun
or
other
stars.Without
the
radiotelescope，we
did
not
know
that
radio
noises
came
from
far
in
space.Today，astronomy
is
a
growing
science.We
have
learned
more
in
the
last
fifty
years
than
in
the
whole
history
of
astronomy.
[阅读障碍词]
1．tool
n．工具
2．telescope
n．望远镜
3．Saturn
n．土星
4．spectroscope
n．分光镜
5．radiotelescope
n．射电望远镜
[诱思导读]
1．Astronomy
is
the
oldest
science
known
to
man.
( )
2．We
know
more
about
the
field
of
astronomy
with
the
development
of
technology.
( )
[答案] 1.T 2.T
Ⅰ.匹配下列单词的词性及汉语意思
( )1.astronomy
A．n.学说；理论
( )2.system
B．adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的
( )3.theory
C．n.大气层；气氛
( )4.violent
D．adj.基本的；基础的
( )5.atmosphere
E．vi.&vt.乘；增加
( )6.fundamental
F．n.&v.谜；(使)迷惑
( )7.harmful
G．vi.存在；生存
( )8.multiply
H．adj.有害的
( )9.exist
I．n.天文学
( )10.puzzle
J．n.系统；体系；制度
[答案] 1－5 IJABC 6－10 DHEGF
Ⅱ.选出下列句中词组的汉语意思
A．下蛋 B．及时；终于 C．阻止；制止 D．轮到某人 E．产生；分娩 F．对……来说是基本的
( )1.The
truth
will
come
to
light
in
time.
( )2.As
we
know，laying
eggs
is
the
ant
queen's
full?time
job.
( )3.Once
she
has
made
up
her
mind，nobody
can
prevent
her
from
carrying
out
the
plan.
( )4.When
it
was
in
my
turn，I
was
too
excited
to
speak.
( )5.Jane
has
just
given
birth
to
twins，so
her
mother
must
be
in
the
hospital
looking
after
her
now.
( )6.My
relationship
with
the
actors
is
fundamental
to
my
work
as
a
director.
[答案] 1－6 BACDEF
HOW
LIFE
BEGAN
ON
THE
EARTH
No
one
knows
exactly
how
the
earth
began，as
it
happened
so
long
ago①.However，according
to
a
widely
accepted
theory，the
universe
began
with②
a
“Big
Bang(宇宙大爆炸)”
that
threw
matter
in
all
directions③.After
that，atoms(原子)
began
to
form
and
combine
to
create
stars
and
other
bodies.
地球上生命的起源
没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的，因为在很早以前它就形成了。然而，一种普遍为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。
[助读讲解] ①how引导宾语从句，as引导原因状语从句。②begin
with从……开始，起源于。③in
all
directions朝四面八方。
For
several
billion
years
after
the
“Big
Bang”，the
earth
was
still
just
a
cloud
of
dust.What
it
was
to
become
was
uncertain
until
between
4.5
and
3.8
billion
years
ago
when
the
dust
settled
into
a
solid
globe.The
earth
became
so
violent
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not④.It
exploded
loudly
with
fire
and
rock.They
were
in
time
to
produce⑤
carbon
dioxide(二氧化碳)，nitrogen(氮)，water
vapour
and
other
gases，which
were
to
make
the
earth's
atmosphere.What
is
even
more
important
is
that
as
the
earth
cooled
down，water
began
to
appear
on
its
surface.
大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了，但地球还只是一团尘埃。随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38—45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。它(地球)猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，它们最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。
[助读讲解] ④it作形式主语，whether从句为真正的主语。⑤in
time
to
do
sth./for
sth.及时做某事。
Water
had
also
appeared
on
other
planets
like
Mars
but，unlike
the
earth，it
had
disappeared
later.It
was
not
immediately
obvious
that
water
was
to
be
fundamental
to⑥
the
development
of
life.What
many
scientists
believe
is
that
the
continued
presence(存在)
of
water
allowed
the
earth
to
dissolve(溶解)
harmful
gases
and
acids(酸)
into
the
oceans
and
seas.This
produced
a
chain(连锁)
reaction(反应)，which
made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop⑦．
在火星这些其他行星上都出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。水对于生命的发展会起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。
[助读讲解] ⑥be
fundamental
to
是……的基础。⑦which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰a
chain
reaction。
Many
millions
of
years
later，the
first
extremely
small
plants
began
to
appear
on
the
surface
of
the
water.They
multiplied
and
filled
the
oceans
and
seas
with
oxygen(氧)，which
encouraged⑧
the
later
development
of
early
shellfish
and
all
sorts
of
fish.Next，green
plants
began
to
grow
on
land.They
were
followed
in
time
by
land
animals.Some
were
insects.Others，called
amphibians(两栖动物)⑨，were
able
to
live
on
land
as
well
as
in
the
water.Later
when
the
plants
grew
into
forests，reptiles(爬行动物)
appeared
for
the
first
time.They
produced
young
generally
by
laying
eggs(下蛋)．After
that，some
huge
animals，called
dinosaurs，developed.They
laid
eggs
too
and
existed
on
the
earth
for
more
than
140
million
years.However，65
million
years
ago
the
age
of
the
dinosaurs
ended.Why
they
suddenly
disappeared⑩
still
remains
a
mystery.This
disappearance
made
possible
the
rise
of
mammals(哺乳动物)
on
the
earth.These
animals
were
different
from
all
life
forms
in
the
past，because
they
gave
birth
to
young
baby
animals
and
produced
milk
to
feed
them.
好几百万年以后，水的表面开始出现了极小的植物。它们繁殖起来就使得海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类后来的进化创造了条件。接着，绿色植物开始出现在陆地上。随后，陆地上出现了动物，其中有一些是昆虫，另外一些叫两栖动物，它们既能在陆地上生活，也能在水里生存。后来，当植物长大成了森林的时候，爬行动物出现了。它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。再后来一些叫作恐龙的巨型动物出现了。它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。然而，六千五百万年前，恐龙时代结束了。它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的增多有了可能。哺乳动物不同于以往所有的生物形式，因为它们能从体内生产出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳。
[助读讲解] ⑧encourage
vt.鼓励，鼓舞，促进，激发。⑨called
amphibians作后置定语。⑩why引导主语从句。
Finally
about
2.6
million
years
ago
some
small
clever
animals，now
with
hands
and
feet，appeared
and
spread
all
over
the
earth.Thus
they
have，in
their
turn，become
the
most
important
animals
on
the
planet.But
they
are
not
looking
after
the
earth
very
well.They
are
putting
too
much
carbon
dioxide
into
the
atmosphere，which
prevents
heat
from
escaping
from
the
earth
into
space.As
a
result
of?
this，many
scientists
believe
the
earth
may
become
too
hot
to
live
on?.
So
whether
life
will
continue
on
the
earth
for
millions
of
years
to
come
will
depend
on?
whether
this
problem
can
be
solved.
最后，大约260万年前，一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了，它们散布在地球的各个地方。于是，他们接着成了这个行星上最重要的动物。然而，他们对地球却不怎么在意，他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。因此许多科学家相信地球可能会因此变得太热而不适合生物的生存。所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
[助读讲解] ?as
a
result
of
由于……?too...to...太……而不能……?depend
on取决于，依靠。
第一步 速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
Ⅰ.速读P25－26教材课文，匹配段落大意/选择最佳答案
1．Para.1
A．The
formation
of
the
earth.
2．Para.2
B．A
widely
accepted
theory
about
the
formation
of
the
universe.
3．Para.3
C．The
development
of
plants
and
animals
on
the
earth.
4．Para.4
D．The
arrival
of
humans
and
their
impact
on
the
earth.
5．Para.5
E．The
importance
of
water
for
life.
[答案] 1－5 BAECD
6．What
does
the
passage
mainly
tell
us?
A．The
importance
of
water.
B．How
the
life
began
on
the
earth.
C．How
human
beings
appeared.
D．How
plants
appeared.
[答案] B
第二步 细读——把控文章关键信息
细读P25－26教材课文，选择最佳答案
1.
Why
was
life
able
to
develop
on
the
earth
but
not
on
other
planets?
A．The
earth
had
a
solid
shape.
B．The
earth
did
not
have
harmful
gases
in
its
atmosphere.
C．The
water
stayed
on
the
earth
but
not
on
other
planets.
D．The
earth
was
neither
too
hot
nor
too
cold.
2．Why
was
it
necessary
for
plants
to
grow
before
animals?
A．Animals
needed
plants
to
protect
them
from
the
sun.
B．Plants
provided
oxygen
for
animals
to
breathe.
C．Animals
could
hide
from
hunters
in
the
forest.
D．It
was
easier
for
plants
to
grow.
3．Why
did
dinosaurs
disappear
65
million
years
ago?
A．Because
the
earth
was
too
hot
for
them
to
live
on.
B．Because
there
was
no
food
for
them
to
eat.
C．Because
the
earth
exploded
at
that
time.
D．It
still
remains
a
mystery
for
us.
4．What
problem
is
caused
by
human
beings?
A．They
exist
everywhere
on
the
earth.
B．They
cause
global
warming.
C．They
find
new
methods
of
growing
crops.
D．They
enjoy
hunting
and
fishing.
[答案] 1－4 CBDB
第三步 研读——能力升华，接轨高考
根据P25－26教材课文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
The
earth
was
just
1.a
cloud
of
dust
after
the
“Big
Bang”．The
earth
exploded
2.loudly(loud)with
fire
and
rock.They
were
in
time
to
produce
many
things，which
were
3.to
make(make)
the
earth's
atmosphere.As
the
earth
cooled
down，water
began
to
appear
on
its
surface.It
allowed
the
earth
to
dissolve
4.harmful(harm)
gases.Then
life
began
to
develop.
Small
plants
multiplied
and
filled
the
oceans
and
seas
with
oxygen.This
encouraged
the
5.development(develop)
of
early
shellfish
and
fish.Land
animals
such
as
insects，reptiles
and
dinosaurs
6.appeared(appear)
after
green
plants
appeared.Small
clever
animals
spread
all
over
the
earth.They
are
putting
too
much
carbon
dioxide
into
the
atmosphere，7.which
prevents
heat
from
8.escaping(escape)
from
the
earth
into
space.9.Whether
life
will
continue
on
the
earth
for
millions
of
years
to
come
will
depend
on
whether
this
problem
can
10.be
solved(solve)．
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