Unit 2 Working the land非谓语动词

(共48张PPT)
1．性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外的一切成分。
非谓语动词
2．形式
不定式 相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
动名词 相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语.
分词 相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语。
一 动词不定式
The Infinitive
(to do ……)
不定式的作用
不定式的时态
不定式的语态
不定式
1. 主语
2. 宾语
3. 宾语补足语
4. 表语
5. 定语
6. 状语
1. ______( talk ) with him is a great pleasure.
2. ______( help ) others is our duty.
To talk
To help
3. 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由 for 引起的短语,构成不定式的复合结构。
2. 不定式作主语时,可以用it作形式主语.
It is our duty to help others
4. It is+adj+for sb to do ……
It is+adj+ of sb to do………
4. It is important ______ Tom to get that job.
It is kind ______ you to help me with my
for
of
1．不定式作主语：
3.It is easy____________ __________ (学生读)
(adj: kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish,
careless, rude, polite,naughty
（修饰人的形容词）
（修饰物的形容词）
1.单个不定式作主语，谓语动词单数
for the students to read.
1. Her work is ______( look ) after the children.
2. My aim is ______( go ) to TsingHuaUniversity.
3. She seemed ______( think ) about the problem.
4. They appeared _______( agree ) with what we said.
to look
to go
to think
to agree
2．不定式作表语
不定式作be动词的表语时可以和主语部分调换，
说明主语的内容。
：want, demand, hope, wish, expect,fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, promise, prepare, learn, agree, plan, determine, prefer, intend.
1. They wanted ________( get ) on the bus, didn’t they
2. He said he wished __________( be ) a professor.
3. I agreed__________ ( go ) there with the doctor.
4. He had promised ________ ( give ) me a hand.
to get
to be
to go
to give
3．不定式作宾语：
1.He found _______________Russian.(study/important)
2.The computer makes____________________
(possible/ calculate faster)
如作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词 it作 形式宾语，
而将真正的宾语不定式后置。
有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有
it important to study
it possible to calculate faster.
句式：Subject+v+it+adj/n+to do……
think, find, feel, consider, make
1.He seldom comes except ___at my pictures.(look)
2.We have no choice but _____outside.(wait)
3.They could do nothing but ___for help.(ask)
不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如 ：
but, except等后才行，此时不定式可带 to 或不带 to。
注意
to look
to wait
ask
5看（look at, see, watch,notice,observe）
3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；
1感觉（feel）。
1.The teacher made the boy__( go )out of the classroom
2.We observed them____(finish)the work
3.He was made___(tell) a story
4.Let us__( have) a rest.
5.The teacher got the students ____(hand )in homework.
“吾看三室两厅一感觉”
主动语态 s+v +sb + do ….
被动语态。S+be +v ed+ to do…
A 1. I didn’t want my parents ________( help ) me.
2. We’d prefer you ____________( take ) the job
instead of Zhang.
B
4.不定式作宾语补足语
…..+V+sb to do…
go
have
to hand
to tell
to help
to take
finish
let sb do sth
get sb to do sth
1.He was the first person___to the classroom (come)
2. Do you have anything_____ (say)
3. He thought out a plan _____ (punish) Tom.
to say
to come
to punish
4. We need a room to live
5. We have a lot of problems to talk
作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。
5.不定式作定语
√
×
×
×
in
about
目的状语还可用 in order to 或so as to
结果状语还可用 so…as to…, such…as to…, enough to…, too…to…, only to…等结构来表示
______(save ) the badly sick lady, the doctor had an operation on her.
2. He hurried to the station only _____ ( find ) the train left.
不定式在作表语/ 补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。
This question is difficult _____ (answer).
Do you think him easy_____ (work) with
We find this rule hard _____ (remember)
6.不定式作状语
To save
to find
作目的、结果要用不定式。
to answer
to work
to remember
1.________ (实话实说), he doesn’t agree with you.
2.———— （诚实说)，I don’t like your idea
To tell (you) the truth
To be honest
3._____________（首先）， Beijing is a very beautiful city。
7.不定式作独立成分
To begin with
8.不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。
He didn’t know what to say.
2.How to solve the problem is important.
3.My question is when to start.
1.I saw him____.
2.I plan to attend the meeting________ tomorrow
4.I’m sorry ________________ you waiting.
5.The article is said _____________ by many people.
go out
to be held
3.He pretended ________ (sleep)when I came in.
to be sleeping
to have kept
to have been read
9.不定式的时态与语态：
1）不定式的一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时
（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。
2）不定式的进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行
3）不定式的完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
to do …//to be done
to be doing…
to have done
to have been done
二 动名词
Gerund
动词的-ing
现在分词
动名词
在句中可以做： 主语，表语，宾语，
补语，定语和状语
千万要注意V-ing形式的规则哟！
不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，
可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。
一：简介 v+ing
时 态 和 语 态
类 别 及 物 动 词 不及物动词
形式 主 动 被 动 主 动
一般式 doing being done doing
完成式 having done having been done having done
二、功能及用法(作主语)
1)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。
__________________ is very important for me．
2)说比做容易。
___________ is easier than doing.
Learning new words
Talking
3) 和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。
_______________________________ with Shylock
It is useless trying to argue
②用形式主语it，把真正的主语——动名词结构移置句尾。
但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词，
如useful，useless，good，fun；no use，a waste of等。如：
①动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。
1．作主语. 动名词作主语时，句子有三种形式：
1)这种事开不得玩笑。
Here is ____________ about such matter.
2)无法知道他什么时候离开。
There was _________ when he would leave.
二、功能及用法(作主语)
no joking
no knowing
③在there be结构中作主语，这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do… ” 如
There is no doing……：
V-ing 做主语
__________(play)with fire is dangerous.
Be careful! _______(play)with fire will be dangerous.
to do or v-ing
Playing
To play
_____________(swim)is good for our health.
______________(swim)in this river is not allowed
Swimming
To swim
表示一般或抽象的多次行为
具体的或一次性的动作
她的业余爱好是画画。
我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。
1.Her hobby is_______
2.My job is______________________
painting
looking after the children.
-ing形式作表语表示主语的内容，表示与主语一
样的事情或情况
二、-ing形式作表语
3.Our tast is studying English well
Studying English well is our tast
二、功能及用法 (用作宾语)
looking for
I can’t avoid_______
Have you considered _____ one special friend
1)我不能不去。
2)你是否考虑过找一位挚友
(一).（1）只能后接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有avoid，consider，
enjoy，keep，finish，suggest，dislike，delay，escape，
cannot help，imagine，mind，miss，practise，
cannot stand等。如：
(一) 有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语；
(二) 有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语。（有区别）
(三) 有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语.（没大区别）
going．
三。动名词作宾语
有三种情况。
常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:
考虑建议盼原谅，
承认推迟没得想，
避免错过继续练，
否认完成停能赏，
不禁介意准逃亡，
不准冒险凭想象。
consider, suggest / advise ,look forward to ,excuse ,pardon
admit, delay / put off , fancy
avoid , miss ,keep /keep on , practise
deny , finish , stop ,enjoy / appreciate
can’t help , mind , allow/ permit ,escape
forbid , risk , imagine
（2）. 只接v-ing作宾语的常见动词短语
1.He devoted his time to ____ (teach)
2.I am looking forward to _____from you (hear)
teaching
hearing
insist on, object to, be good at,
lead to, put off, give up, feel like,
look forward to, devote to, be worth,
devote to, get used to,pay attention to
动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, can‘t help
forget, regret, remember 后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。
(二) 有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语。（有区别）
I forgot _______to her.(我忘了曾经给她写过信）
I forgot __________her about it.我忘了要告诉。。。）
I remember________ you somewhere in biejing.（see）
Remember _______me tonight.(call)
He regretted__________ in the exam.(cheat)
I regret _______that we can’t stay here any longer(say)
writing
to tell
seeing
to call
cheating
to say
go on doing 继续做原来做的事
go on to do 接着做另一件事
mean doing 意味着要做某事
mean to do 想要做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
stop to do 停下来（别的事）
try doing 试着做某事
try to do 努力做某事
be used to doing 习惯于做某事
be used to do 被用来做某事
can't help doing 禁不住做某事
can't help to do 不能帮助做某事
1.He stopped ________and have a rest.(smoke)
2.He really must stop_______
3. I once tried ___________French(learn)
4.Let’s try _________at the back door.(knock)
5.I didn’t to mean ________your feeling.(hurt)
6. This word means ________out at once.(set)
7.I can’t help _____the room.for I am too busy(clean)
8.After hearing the joke, we can’t help _________(laugh)
9.Water is uesed to _______flowers(water)
10.I am used to _____________early..(get)
11.Though it rained,they went on_________.(work)
12.We have finished Part 1.Let’s go on _________P 2(Learn)
to smoke
smoking
to learn
knocking
to hurt
setting
clean
laughing
water
Getting up
working
to learn
(三) 有些动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式作宾语.（没大区别）
1.一些表示喜好或开始动作的动词like,love,hate,prefer ,intend ,begin, start continue等，用不定式做宾语和v+ing形式做宾语，意义相差不大
1.I started ________(work)here two years ago.
2.I intended _____a poem in English.(write)
3.They prefer ____(spend) their summer vacation in the country.
2. need/want/require/deserve doing sth.
=need/want/require/deserve to be done.
4.We need ________ friends(have)
5.My hair needs_______ (cut)
6. My hair needs_________.
to have
cutting.
to be cut
building materials =
drinking water =
a reading room =
materials for building 建筑材料
water for drinking 饮用水
a room for reading 阅览室
a writing desk
cooking salt
a dancing hall
a meeting room
an oprating table
a sleepping car
opening speech
Spending money
awashing machine
动名词一般只能做前置定语，说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，
多数时候可以换成for引导的短语:如：
四、-ing形式作定语
五：动名词复合结构：（表示动名词的动作是谁发出的）
1 ——————————is what we have expected.（Tom的到来）
2.She didn’t mind__________________________（Jack来这）
Tom’s（His） coming
Jack/ Jack’s (him/ his) coming here.
动名词复合结构：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；
作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。
1.We are interested in _____ (play) chess
2.He was afraid of _____ (leave) at home.
4.The house showed no sign of _____ (damage)
3.I’m sorry for not _____ (keep) my promise
六：动名词的时态和语态
1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式
2）动名词的语态
playing
being left
having kept
having been damaged
doing being done
having done having been done
现在分词
过去分词
Participles
三
V---ing
V--ed
1.作状语
2.作定语
3.作表语
4.作补语
现在分词
过去分词
falling leaves fallen leaves
boiling water boiled water
developing countries developed countries
一：分词做定语
表所修饰名词的性质、特征和状态。
正在下落的树叶
沸腾的水
发展中国家
已经落下的树叶
烧开过的水
发达国家
不及物动词的现在分词做定语，表示动作正在发生
不及物动词的过去分词做定语，
表示动作已经发生。
（一）
The houses ________in 2000 are for the teachers.
The workers _______the houses are from countries.(build)
及物动词的doing作定语
表动作正在进行；
与所修饰的名词是主动关系
及物动词的done作定语
表动作已经完成；
与所修饰的名词是被动关系
（二）
The girl let out a_________ cry at the sight of the snake.
His ________shout scared the boys.(frighten)
building
built
frightened
frightening
看到蛇，女孩尖叫起不。
他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。
1) 单个-ing形式作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之前, -ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如：
They lived in a room facing the street.
= They lived in a room that faces the street.
他们住在一间面朝街的房子。
The man standing there is Peter’s father.
= The man who is standing there is Peter’s father.
站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。
1.The student ______the experiment is our monitor.(make)
making
2) V-ing, 过去分词，不定式做定语时的区别：
4.The meeting __________now is very important.
2.The meeting _______yesterday is very important.
3.The meeting __________tomorrow is very important.
held
to be held
being held
Explain the following phrases in simple English.
a
sleeping
bag a
sleeping
boy
a
drinking
cup a
drinking
horse
A bag
for
sleeping
A boy
that is
sleeping
A cup
for
drinking
A horse
that is
drinking
a
dancing
hall a
dancing
girl
a
cooking
pot a
moving
story
A hall
for
dancing
A girl
that is
dancing
A pot for
cooking
A story
that is
moving
a
washing
machine A
terrifying
sound
an
operating
table an
inspiring
leader
A
machine
for
washing
A sound
that is
terrifying
A table
for
operating
A leader
who is
inspiring
The news is __________. （令人鼓舞）
He is _________. (感到惊讶）
inspiring
surprised.
二：分词做表语
作表语时或定语时，现在分词表示“令人…” 修饰物
过去分词“感到…”，修饰人
常见的有下列动词：move ,surprise,astonish,delight,comfort,disappoint,puzzle,frighten
an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音
a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情
-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后，用来泛指某种动作或行为，
以说明主语的身份、性质或情况。如：
The news is______.We are ______at the news(excite)
exciting
excited
三：分词做宾语补语
“吾看三室两厅一感觉”
3.Listen to the birds ________(sing)
4.I often hear this song _____
5.I saw the boy _____(punish)by the teacher.
singing.
sung
punished
以上动词和find, keep, have等词可用现在分词作宾语补足语,除let, make 外.（5+3+2+1-2+3）：也可以用过去分词作宾语补足语，。如：
cooking
cooked
1.I found him______ supper（cook）.
2.I found supper ______ when I got home.
5看（look at, see, watch,notice,observe）；
3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；
1感觉（feel）。
make sb doing
let sb doing
×
四：分词做状语
When they heard the news, they got excited
Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)
If we were given more time,
we would be able to do the work better
Given more time, we would be able to do the work better.（条件）
1.The students went out of the classroom, ________________（说说笑笑）(talk)
2.He entered the room, _________________
(后面跟着女朋友）．(follow)
talking and laughing
followed by his girlfriend
Because he had visited the city many times,
he offered to be our guide.
Having visited the city many times,
he offered to be our guide. （原因）
Because she had been bitten by a snake,
she was frightened at it.
Having been bitten by a snake,
she was frightened at it. (原因)
分词做状语形式
现在分词的完成式
现在分词完成被动式
________by so many people,he didn’t know what to say.
________the teacher,all the students stood up.（see)
Being watched
Seeing
分词的一般式
__________her address, we can’t get in touch with her.
4. 否定式在V-ing前加上not, 警示语要直接在V-ing前加no
Not knowing
No parking/smoking/spitting.
分词的否定式
Summary
意 义
现在分词
过去分词
充当的成分
表语
定语
状语
宾语补足语
与句中主语是主动关系
与句中主语是被动关系
与所修饰的名词是主动关系
与所修饰的名词是被动关系
与宾语是主动关系
与宾语是被动关系
与句中主语是主动关系
与句中主语是被动关系
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
Generally speaking … 一般说来
Frankly speaking … 坦白地说
Judging from … 根据……来判断
Considering … 考虑到……
To tell you the truth … 说实话
Compared to/with… 和…相比
分词做状语
2. ____ that he ill, his work should be done
by others.
A.Considered B. To consider
C. Considering D. Consider
1. ____ from his appearance, he is very strong.
A. Judging B. Being judged
C. To judge D. Judge
A
C
分词做状语