中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考论说文写作指导
)
(
知识
导图
)
(
要
点
精析
)
议论文,
也称论说文,
是就某一观点或概念进行论证并得出合理结论的一种文体,
考查学生的语言水平和逻辑思维能力。命题的方式主要有：提纲式(给出汉语提示,
要求学生论证)、图表式(给出图片或图表,要求学生先描写再分析论证)、情景式(给出情景,
要求学生描述分析)等。
论说文在结构上是由论点、论据和结论组成,
通常由引言段、中心段和结论段构成,
中心段可以由一至多个推展段组成。引言段(Opening
paragraph)说出文中的要点、核心问题—推展段(中心段/正文部分Body
paragraphs)
围绕主题开展叙述、讨论—结论段(结尾部分Concluding
paragraph)
对全文的总结和概括。
论说文的类型通常有：观点对比型、问题解决型、道理/观点论证型、说明利弊型等,
各类型的论证方式有相异之处,
每一种类型都有相对固定的论证方式及句型。
（一）观点对比型
此题型是通过就同一事件比较两个不同甚至对立的观点,
或就同一问题比较两种不同的选择方法来阐明自己的观点或选择的方法。
1.
写作结构
引入部分
陈述观点1部分
陈述观点2部分
“我的观点”部分
结论
2.
常用句型
引入部分：
.
has
become
a
heated
topic
among
people
today.
Opinions
vary
from
person
to
person.
.
Nowadays,
people
are
divided
on
the
question
about
whether
...
.
The
issue
of
whether
...
or
not
...
has
been
widely
argued/debated
currently.
.
...
is
a
common
occurrence
in
our
daily
life,
but
different
people
hold
different
attitudes
towards
it.
陈述观点1部分：
.
Some
people
suggest
/
think
/
maintain
/
hold
the
opinion
that
...
.
Some
people
prefer
to
think
that
..
.
.
Those
who
advocate
/
are
in
favor
of
...
believe
that
...
.
Those
who
criticize
/
object
to
/
oppose
...
maintain
that
...
陈述观点2部分：
.
However
/
Nevertheless
/
Yet,
other
people
hold
a
different
point
of
view.
They
insist
that
...
.
On
the
contrary
/
In
contrast,
there
are
still
many
people
who
do
not
agree,
and
they
claim/argue/believe
that
...
.
On
the
other
hand,
not
everyone
shares
the
opinion.
“我的观点”部分：
.
For
my
part
/As
to
me
/As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
I’d
like
to
agree
to
the
former
/
latter
opinion.
.
From
my
point
of
view,
I
am
in
favor
of
...
/
I
am
on
the
side
of
...
.
In
my
opinion,
both
sides
are
partly
right
/
there
is
some
truth
in
both
sides.
.
To
me
/
In
case
of
me,
I
prefer
..
.
/
the
former
opinion
is
more
attractive
in
that
...
结论部分
In
summary
/
Consequently
/
In
conclusion
/
To
sum
up
/
All
in
all
/
In
brief
/
In
short
...
3.
模拟演练
你对中学生穿校服的情况进行调查之后,
写一份调查报告。
多数学生赞成：可避免攀比;
有利于学校管理;
有人反对：设计单调;
不利于个性发展;
谈谈你的看法。
Recently
I’ve
conducted
a
survey
concerning
students’
school
uniforms.
People
are
divided
into
two
sides
on
this
question
as
the
advantages
and
disadvantages
of
the
issue
are
both
obvious.
Those
who
advocate
the
practice
argue
that
as
a
tradition,
wearing
a
uniform
surely
has
some
merits.
To
begin
with,
wearing
the
same
clothes
can
avoid
the
comparing
phenomenon,
thus
shaping
students’
psychology
in
a
healthy
way.
Besides,
the
school
can
also
benefit
from
the
convenience
that
uniforms
bring
in
school
management.
In
the
meanwhile,
those
holding
the
opposite
view
maintain
that
the
disadvantages
of
school
uniforms
can’t
be
ignored.
The
dull
design
and
color
of
school
uniforms
makes
students
tired
of
wearing
them
all
year
round.
As
to
me,
I
hold
that
the
disadvantages
outweigh
the
advantages.
In
the
first
place,
the
materials
which
some
school
uniforms
are
made
of
are
often
far
from
comfortable,
which
may
cause
physical
suffering
to
students.
To
plus,
the
dull
design
and
color
is
likely
to
have
an
adverse
influence
on
the
development
of
students’
taste
of
beauty.
Last
but
not
least,
wearing
school
uniforms
restricts
students’
freedom
and
may
act
as
a
barrier
to
the
development
of
their
personalities.
As
a
result,
it
may
lead
to,
to
be
exaggerated,
their
lack
of
creativity.
To
put
in
a
nutshell,
we
should
relieve
students
of
wearing
school
uniforms
and
let
them
have
more
space
to
develop
themselves.
（二）
问题解决型
此题型是先指出某一问题或现象,
然后提出解决方法。此类型的论说文重心在解决问题上,
但有时题目中也要求对问题产生的原因或引起的严重后果做相应的描述,
所以审题时,
要注意弄清作文段落间的合理比例。
1.
写作结构指导
问题陈述
分析(原因/后果)
问题解决
结论(期望/展望)
2.
常用句型
问题陈述
.
Recently/Nowadays,
...
has
become
a
serious
problem
we
have
to
face.
.
...
the
phenomenon
...has
aroused
the
public’s
concern.
.
There
is
no
denying
that
...
has
become
a
serious
concern
among
people.
分析(原因/后果)
.
There
are
several
reasons
for
the
problem.
.
There
are
a
variety
of
factors
contributing
to
the
phenomenon.
问题解决
.
People
have
figured
out
many
ways
to
solve
the
problem.
.
It
is
high
time
that
we
should
figure
/
figured
out
ways
to
deal
with
the
problem.
结论(期望/展望)
.
With
the
joint
efforts,
I
am
confident
that
...
.
As
long
as
we
...,
we
will
resolve
the
problem
eventually.
3.
模拟演练
根据所给信息写一篇关于Junk
Message的短文：目前垃圾短信泛滥,
给人们的生活带来困扰,
分析这种现象产生的原因,
谈谈如何解决这个问题。
Junk
messages
are
in
the
air.
People
are
caught
up
in
a
constant
rustle
with
them
—
you
delete
while
they
arrive.
How
unpleasant!
Reasons
for
such
inconvenience
vary.
Some
may
be
caused
by
business
battles
where
companies
take
advantage
of
leaked
personal
information
and
use
text
messages
as
a
way
of
advertising
while
others
may
result
from
evil
thoughts,
including
teasing
ones
or
even
blackmailing
ones.
Still
others
are
perhaps
due
to
ineffective
administration
or
technological
failures.
Whatever
the
causes,
they
must
be
removed.
The
most
direct
solution
is
to
turn
to
phone
producers
who
may
equipped
each
phone
with
a
message
filter
so
as
to
automatically
abandon
those
junk
messages.
But
it
may
not
be
the
most
far-reaching
solution.
To
handle
the
problem
thoroughly
we
may
first
set
up
a
supervising
network
to
detect
the
spread
of
junk
messages.
Secondly,
laws
for
punishment
shall
follow
to
fight
against
these
behaviors.
Meanwhile,
our
personal
information
must
get
better
protection
to
avoid
being
aimed
at
as
potential
customers.
And
finally,
the
public
should
be
educated
to
respect
others
by
stopping
the
spread
of
junk
messages.
Anti-junk-message
war
can
be
demanding,
but
it
will
be
worth
the
efforts
to
free
people
from
the
constant
assault
presented
by
these
unwelcomed
visitors.
（三）道理/观点论证型
此题型是要求针对某一道理(通常以格言的形式出现)或某个概念进行解释,
然后结合生活实例进行论证,
最后得出结论。
1.
写作结构指导
引述格言/道理，并揭示含义或分析原因
举例或用事实论证
结论
2.
常用句型
引出并解择格言
.
As
the
saying
goes,
“...”
I
think
there
is
some
truth
in
it.
.
There
is
an
old
proverb,
“...”
It
is
the
experience
of
...
.
There
is
a
widespread
proverb,
“...”
例证
/
事实论证
.
Take
...
for
example.
.
To
see
this
more
clearly,
let’s
take
...
as
an
illustration.
.
A
case
in
point
is
...
.
There
is
abundant
evidence
to
support.
.
The
latest
survey
/
studies
conducted
by
...
indicates
/
reveals
/
shows
/
demonstrates
that
...
结论
.
From
what
have
been
discussed
above,
we
may
come
to
/
draw
/
reach
the
conclusion
that
...
.
In
a
word
/
In
summary
/
In
conclusion
/
In
brief
/
In
short
/
To
sum
up
...
.
Taking
all
the
factors
into
account,
we
may
safely
arrive
at
the
conclusion
that
...
3.
模拟演练
常言道：”活到老,
学到老”,
请结合实例谈谈你的感悟。
There
is
an
old
saying
which
goes
“it’s
never
too
old
to
learn”.
It
holds
the
everlasting
value
in
the
field
of
learning
by
realizing
the
simple
but
important
truth
that
one’s
age
is
never
an
obstacle
to
study.
Chinese
well-known
scholar,
Zhu
Guangqian,
sets
us
a
good
example.
He
established
a
good
reputation
for
his
academic
achievements
in
aesthetics.
In
his
sixties,
he
decided
to
start
learning
Russian
from
the
very
beginning.
Considering
his
age,
his
family
and
friends
tried
to
persuade
him
to
give
it
up
and
suggested
he
should
simply
enjoy
his
life
as
an
accomplished
and
respected
scholar.
However,
the
determined
scholar
ignored
all
these
voices
and
carried
out
his
plan.
Several
years
later,
he
could
not
only
talk
in
Russian
fluently
but
also
translate
Russian
works.
What
a
miracle!
So
well
did
Zhu
Guangqian
demonstrate
the
amazing
initiative
in
the
pursuit
of
knowledge
that
every
one
of
us
young
people
should
follow
him.
From
his
experience,
I
understand
this
saying
more
deeply.
For
a
never-satisfied
soul,
his
pursuit
of
knowledge
will
last
all
through
his
life
and
only
the
irresistible
power
of
death
can
prevent
him
from
going
on.
Learning
is
an
attitude
to
life.
It
should
be
self-conscious
action
rather
than
an
obligation
to
improve
oneself.
However
old
we
are,
once
we
have
the
determination,
we
are
sure
to
make
further
steps
in
self-cultivation
through
learning.
There
is
no
end
to
knowledge.
There
is
no
end
to
learning.
The
immense
sea
of
knowledge
is
stretching
her
hands
and
waiting
for
us
to
explore.
As
we
live,
we
shall
learn.
（四）说明利弊型
此题型是要求针对某一事物或现象从正反两面分析其优缺点,
然后表明作者对该事物或现象的看法。
1.
写作结构指导
描述某事物或现象
陈述该事物或现象的优缺点
表明我的态度或看法
2.
常用句型
陈述该事物或现象的优点
.
There
are
several
advantages
in
...
The
first
/
biggest
advantage
is
that
...
.
The
advantages
of
...can
be
listed
as
follows.
First
...Besides
...
.
...
is
playing
an
increasingly
important
role
in
people’s
life.
For
one
thing,
...
For
another,
...
陈述该事物或现象的缺点
.
However,
...
just
like
anything
else,
has
its
negative
side
as
well.
.
In
the
meanwhile,
we
cannot
ignore
the
disadvantages
of
...
.
However,
the
negative
aspects
of
...
are
also
apparent
/
evident
/
obvious.
To
begin
with,
...
To
make
matters
worse,
...
Worst
of
all,
...
.
In
spite
of
/
Despite
the
advantages
/
beneficial
sides,
it
has
its
comprehensive
disadvantages
/
side
effects.
表明个人态度或看法(利大于弊)
.
As
to
me,
I
think
the
advantages
outweigh
the
disadvantages
...
.
As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
I
hold
that
...
has
more
advantages
than
disadvantages.
.
Personally,
I
think
what
is
more
important
is
its
positive
side.
3.
模拟演练
手机已成为人们生活中不可缺少的交流工具,
谈谈手机给中学生在学习和生活中带来的优缺点。
As
the
life
standard
becomes
higher
and
higher,
mobile
phones
play
an
essential
part
in
our
own
daily
life
now.
Not
only
the
adults
but
also
many
middle
school
students
use
them
frequently.
There
is
no
doubt
that
mobile
phones
have
their
advantages.
As
a
communication
tool,
mobile
phones
connect
people
conveniently.
We
can
use
mobile
phones
to
call
or
send
text
messages
to
each
other,
keeping
in
touch
with
the
outside
world.
On
the
other
hand,
mobile
phones
also
have
disadvantages.
Some
students
are
keen
on
playing
games
and
others
spend
too
much
time
on
sending
short
messages.
By
doing
so,
both
time
and
money
are
wasted
and
even
our
sleep
and
studies
are
harmed.
As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
using
mobile
phones
is
quite
necessary
in
some
way,
especially
for
those
boarding
school
students.
Acting
as
a
strong
link
between
parents
and
us,
mobile
phones
bring
us
lots
of
convenience.
What’s
more,
mobile
phones
can
also
help
to
promote
friendship
and
provide
us
with
a
way
to
communicate
with
our
peers
or
friends.
With
the
smart
phones,
we
students
can
access
much
more
information,
becoming
more
efficient
in
our
studies
and
staying
open-minded
in
this
information
age.
All
in
all,
everything
has
two
sides.
Whether
mobile
phones
will
do
us
good
or
harm
all
depends
on
how
we
use
them.
If
we
have
a
right
attitude
towards
them
and
use
them
properly,
mobile
phones
are
our
good
servants.
(
课堂典例
)
假设你是王磊，你所居住的小区内有一片池塘，但由于无人管理，水质污梁严重，并散发出难闻的气味，小
区居民对此非常不满。你决定写一投诉封信给小区物业，内容包括：
1.
描述池塘的现状及小区居民的反应；
2.
提出你认为可以解决这一问题的措施及理由。
Dear
Sir
or
Madam,
Recently,
the
serious
pollution
in
our
housing
estate/neighborhood/community
has
become
a
serious
problem
we
have
to
face.
As
you
might
have
known?the
pond
in
the
center
of
the
housing
estate
has
been
severely
polluted,
giving
off
a
disgusting
smell.The
terrible
smell
is
so
strong
that
the
residents
would
have
to
cover
their
nose
every
time
they
walk
by.
The
polluted
pond
not
only
brings
inconvenience
to
our
daily
lite,but
also
puts
our
health
at
risk.
Obviously,
the
polluted
pond
is
the
result
of
poor
management
on
your
part.
From
where
I
stand,
I
strongly
insist
that
you
take
following
measures
to
tackle
the
problem
immediately.
First,
pump
the
polluted
water
out
of
the
pond
until
it's
empty.
Second,
clear
way
the
trash
at
the
bottom
of
the
empty
pond.Third,
refill
the
pond
with
clean
water.
Last
but
the
most
important,
set
up
rules
and
regulation
to
keep
the
pond
clean.
For
example,workers
are
sent
to
check
on
the
pong
and
fish
out
the
trash
out
of
it
it
any
every
week.
The
residents
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
take
the
advice
above
as
well
as
any
other
effective
measures.
Every
single
resident
living
in
the
house
estate
is
expecting
the
pollution
to
come
to
an
end
soon.
Looking
forward
to
your
prompt
response.
Yours
sincerely,
Wang
Lei
解析：
1.
问题描述：
①
Recently/Nowadays,(问题或现象）has
become
a
serious
problem
we
have
to
face.
②
（问题或现象）the
phenomenon
."has
aroused
the
public’s
concern.
③
There
is
no
denying
that
(问题或现象）has
become
a
serious
concern
among
people.
2.
问题原因：
①
原因简述：Obviously,(问题或现象）is
the
result
of
???(原因）
②
原因详述：There
are
several
reasons
for
the.
???/
There
are
a
variety
of
factors
contributing
to
the
?…（罗列原因）
3.
解决措施：
①
From
where
I
stand，I
strongly
insist
that
you
take
following
measures
to
tackle/
solve/
deal
with
the
problem
immediately.
?
People
have
figured
out
many
ways
to
solve
the
problem.
(3)
It
is
high
time
that
we
should
figure
/
figured
out
ways
to
deal
with
the
problem.
(罗列措施）
4.结论(期望/展望）
?
With
the
joint
efforts,
I
am
confident
that...
?
As
long
as
we
we
will
resolve
the
problem
eventually.
(期望对方采取建议解决问题）The
residents
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
take
the
advice
above
as
well
as
any
other
effective
measures.
(期望及时回复）Looking
forward
to
your
prompt
response.
(
巩固训练
)
1
你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛（group
dancing
competition），班长希望大家积极参加。对此谈谈你的看法。你的文章必须包括以下内容：
你是否会参加比赛。
你做出该决定的具体理由
范文1
A
group
dancing
competition
will
be
held
in
our
school
and
the
monitor
calls
on
everybody
to
take
an
active
part
in
it.
While
most
of
my
classmates
are
still
hesitating
whether
to
participate,
I
have
said
yes
to
our
monitor
with
great
pleasure.
Generally
speaking,
there
are
two
reasons
for
my
decision.
First,
it
is
a
good
opportunity
for
me
to
relax
myself,
which
will
enable
me
to
study
more
efficiently.
As
the
saying
says,
“All
work
and
no
play
makes
Jack
a
dull
boy”,
which
clearly
shows
us
the
importance
of
relaxation.
Besides,
I
think
I
am
a
good
dancer
after
learning
dance
for
more
than
five
years.
Participating
in
the
contest
will
be
a
golden
chance
for
me
to
show
my
dancing
skills
and
make
some
contributions
to
the
class.
For
the
two
reasons
mentioned
above,
it
is
no
surprise
that
I
have
such
a
strong
enthusiasm
on
the
group
dancing
competition.
范文2
Today
the
monitor
calls
on
everybody
to
take
an
active
part
in
the
group
dancing
competition
which
will
be
held
in
a
couple
of
days
in
our
school.
But
after
some
careful
consideration,
I
have
decided
not
to
participate.
There
are
a
number
of
reasons
for
my
decision.
First
and
foremost,
as
the
College
Entrance
Exam
is
just
around
the
corner,
study
is
the
top
priority
for
me.
The
idea
of
participating
in
the
group
dancing
competition
has
to
be
given
up
because
it
might
take
me
too
much
time.
What’s
more,
without
any
experience
of
dancing,
I
don’t
think
I
can
be
a
good
dancing
partner.
I
am
afraid
my
poor
dancing
skills
will
probably
spoil
the
performance
of
the
whole
class.
In
this
case,
it’s
better
for
me
to
be
a
spectator
cheering
for
my
classmates.
For
these
reasons,
it
seems
more
appropriate
for
me
to
watch
the
competition
than
to
dance
myself.
2
古人语：
“天生我材必有用”（There
must
be
a
use
for
my
talent）通过描述你生活中的一件事，说明人各有所长，无论才能大小都能成为有用的人。
As
the
old
saying
goes,
there
must
be
a
use
for
my
talent.
I
hold
the
truth
to
be
self-evident
that
once
can
be
a
useful
person
however
much
talent
he
has.
My
uncle
is
a
typical
example.
When
he
was
young,
my
uncle
did
badly
in
most
subjects
at
school.
Not
only
did
he
fail
in
math
and
science
exams,
but
he
also
lacked
interest
in
subjects
of
liberal
arts.
Though
thought
useless,
he
was
fascinated
by
cooking.
He
went
to
a
chef
school
after
graduation
from
high
school
and
discovered
his
gift
for
cooking.
Since
then,
he
has
crated
many
recipes
and
become
a
chief
cook
in
a
well-known
restaurant.
People
have
their
own
strong
points
and
their
talents
are
in
different
fields.
That
is
why
different
people
can
become
useful
in
all
walks
of
life.
Many
people
are
just
like
my
uncle.
They
may
not
do
well
in
some
areas,
but
once
their
talents
are
discovered,
they
can
stand
out
in
a
particular
field.
Moreover,
hard
work
can
contribute
to
one’s
success.
Where
there
is
a
will,
there
is
a
way.
As
long
as
one
keeps
making
efforts,
his
discovered
talents
can
lead
him
to
success.
In
brief,
discovered
talent,
combined
with
efforts,
can
make
one
a
useful
person.
That
is
why
there
must
be
a
use
for
his
talent.
3
你校宿舍大楼即将竣并向同学开放，你是否选择住校？请做出选择，并说明理由。
It
won’t
be
long
before
accommodation
is
available
to
us
on
campus,
and
I’m
looking
forward
to
becoming
one
of
the
first
students
to
take
advantage
of
this
service.
As
far
as
I’m
concerned,
boarding
at
school
not
only
will
be
a
time-saving
and
budget-friendly
option,
but
also
means
a
whole
new
life
experience.
Living
at
school
will
surely
do
much
good
academically/will
definitely
exert
positive
influence
on
academic
study.
Since
students
of
the
same
classes
are
closely
in
touch
with
each
other,
most
of
the
complicated
academic
problems
that
are
hardly
possible
for
any
individual
to
solve
perfectly
may
be
tackled
through
brainstorms.
More
importantly,
studying
with
others
will
naturally
create
an
atmosphere
of
competition
in
which
all
students
can
benefit
a
lot.
Even
greater
benefits
are
to
come
in
many
aspects
of
my
life
other
than
studies.
With
a
number
of
sporting
facilities
and
fields
provided
by
the
school,
we
will
be
able
to
play
whatever
sport
we
enjoy,
sometimes
even
with
professional
instructions
of
our
teachers.
Besides,
extra
free
time
at
school
will
come
with
a
lot
more
activities
organized
by
students.
Such
opportunities
will
be
priceless
for
us,
who
are
the
only
children
in
our
families,
to
practice
the
skills
of
socializing.
School
accommodation
is
far
more
than
food
to
eat
and
a
bed
to
sleep
on.
It
is
what
shapes
us
as
mature
men
academically,
physically
and
mentally.
So
why
not
choose
to
live
on
campus?
4
越来越多的学生倾向于使用电子词典（e-dictionary)而不用纸质词典（paper
dictionary)。你平时使用什么词典？请结合自己的情况说明喜欢使用某种词典的理由。
More
and
more
students
prefer
to
use
e-dictionaries
nowadays
due
to
their
convenience
and
smartness.
But
as
far
as
I
am
concerned,
I'll
choose
a
paper
dictionary
rather
than
an
electronic
one.
A
paper
dictionary
has
many
advantages
although
it’s
considered
heavy
to
carry
and
time-consuming.
First
of
all,
the
information
listed
in
a
paper
dictionary
is
more
sufficient
and
accurate.
The
usage
of
a
certain
word
is
often
explained
in
detail
with
several
examples
or
even
vivid
pictures
so
that
the
user
may
have
a
better
command
of
the
word.
On
the
contrary,
most
e-dictionaries
fail
to
tell
the
users
how
to
use
a
word
correctly
and
properly.
Secondly,
a
paper
dictionary
can
be
used
for
a
long
time
once
it’s
bought,
for
it
doesn’t
depend
on
electricity
to
work.
There
are
few
things
that
are
more
annoying
than
finding
that
the
batteries
have
run
out
when
you
reach
for
an
e-dictionary.
Last
but
not
least,
there
can
be
a
lot
of
mistakes
in
an
e-
dictionary
while
a
paper
one
has
been
revised
several
times
before
its
eventual
publication.
E-dictionaries
also
tend
to
use
abbreviations
a
lot,
which
may
cause
those
who
have
just
started
to
learn
the
foreign
language
much
confusion.
To
sum
up,
I
prefer
using
a
paper
dictionary
to
using
a
fashionable,
electronic
one.
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
高考论说文写作指导
)
(
知识
导图
)
(
要
点
精析
)
议论文,
也称论说文,
是就某一观点或概念进行论证并得出合理结论的一种文体,
考查学生的语言水平和逻辑思维能力。命题的方式主要有：提纲式(给出汉语提示,
要求学生论证)、图表式(给出图片或图表,要求学生先描写再分析论证)、情景式(给出情景,
要求学生描述分析)等。
论说文在结构上是由论点、论据和结论组成,
通常由引言段、中心段和结论段构成,
中心段可以由一至多个推展段组成。引言段(Opening
paragraph)说出文中的要点、核心问题—推展段(中心段/正文部分Body
paragraphs)
围绕主题开展叙述、讨论—结论段(结尾部分Concluding
paragraph)
对全文的总结和概括。
论说文的类型通常有：观点对比型、问题解决型、道理/观点论证型、说明利弊型等,
各类型的论证方式有相异之处,
每一种类型都有相对固定的论证方式及句型。
（一）观点对比型
此题型是通过就同一事件比较两个不同甚至对立的观点,
或就同一问题比较两种不同的选择方法来阐明自己的观点或选择的方法。
1.
写作结构
引入部分
陈述观点1部分
陈述观点2部分
“我的观点”部分
结论
2.
常用句型
引入部分：
.
has
become
a
heated
topic
among
people
today.
Opinions
vary
from
person
to
person.
.
Nowadays,
people
are
divided
on
the
question
about
whether
...
.
The
issue
of
whether
...
or
not
...
has
been
widely
argued/debated
currently.
.
...
is
a
common
occurrence
in
our
daily
life,
but
different
people
hold
different
attitudes
towards
it.
陈述观点1部分：
.
Some
people
suggest
/
think
/
maintain
/
hold
the
opinion
that
...
.
Some
people
prefer
to
think
that
..
.
.
Those
who
advocate
/
are
in
favor
of
...
believe
that
...
.
Those
who
criticize
/
object
to
/
oppose
...
maintain
that
...
陈述观点2部分：
.
However
/
Nevertheless
/
Yet,
other
people
hold
a
different
point
of
view.
They
insist
that
...
.
On
the
contrary
/
In
contrast,
there
are
still
many
people
who
do
not
agree,
and
they
claim/argue/believe
that
...
.
On
the
other
hand,
not
everyone
shares
the
opinion.
“我的观点”部分：
.
For
my
part
/As
to
me
/As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
I’d
like
to
agree
to
the
former
/
latter
opinion.
.
From
my
point
of
view,
I
am
in
favor
of
...
/
I
am
on
the
side
of
...
.
In
my
opinion,
both
sides
are
partly
right
/
there
is
some
truth
in
both
sides.
.
To
me
/
In
case
of
me,
I
prefer
..
.
/
the
former
opinion
is
more
attractive
in
that
...
结论部分
In
summary
/
Consequently
/
In
conclusion
/
To
sum
up
/
All
in
all
/
In
brief
/
In
short
...
3.
模拟演练
你对中学生穿校服的情况进行调查之后,
写一份调查报告。
多数学生赞成：可避免攀比;
有利于学校管理;
有人反对：设计单调;
不利于个性发展;
谈谈你的看法。
Recently
I’ve
conducted
a
survey
concerning
students’
school
uniforms.
People
are
divided
into
two
sides
on
this
question
as
the
advantages
and
disadvantages
of
the
issue
are
both
obvious.
Those
who
advocate
the
practice
argue
that
as
a
tradition,
wearing
a
uniform
surely
has
some
merits.
To
begin
with,
wearing
the
same
clothes
can
avoid
the
comparing
phenomenon,
thus
shaping
students’
psychology
in
a
healthy
way.
Besides,
the
school
can
also
benefit
from
the
convenience
that
uniforms
bring
in
school
management.
In
the
meanwhile,
those
holding
the
opposite
view
maintain
that
the
disadvantages
of
school
uniforms
can’t
be
ignored.
The
dull
design
and
color
of
school
uniforms
makes
students
tired
of
wearing
them
all
year
round.
As
to
me,
I
hold
that
the
disadvantages
outweigh
the
advantages.
In
the
first
place,
the
materials
which
some
school
uniforms
are
made
of
are
often
far
from
comfortable,
which
may
cause
physical
suffering
to
students.
To
plus,
the
dull
design
and
color
is
likely
to
have
an
adverse
influence
on
the
development
of
students’
taste
of
beauty.
Last
but
not
least,
wearing
school
uniforms
restricts
students’
freedom
and
may
act
as
a
barrier
to
the
development
of
their
personalities.
As
a
result,
it
may
lead
to,
to
be
exaggerated,
their
lack
of
creativity.
To
put
in
a
nutshell,
we
should
relieve
students
of
wearing
school
uniforms
and
let
them
have
more
space
to
develop
themselves.
（二）
问题解决型
此题型是先指出某一问题或现象,
然后提出解决方法。此类型的论说文重心在解决问题上,
但有时题目中也要求对问题产生的原因或引起的严重后果做相应的描述,
所以审题时,
要注意弄清作文段落间的合理比例。
1.
写作结构指导
问题陈述
分析(原因/后果)
问题解决
结论(期望/展望)
2.
常用句型
问题陈述
.
Recently/Nowadays,
...
has
become
a
serious
problem
we
have
to
face.
.
...
the
phenomenon
...has
aroused
the
public’s
concern.
.
There
is
no
denying
that
...
has
become
a
serious
concern
among
people.
分析(原因/后果)
.
There
are
several
reasons
for
the
problem.
.
There
are
a
variety
of
factors
contributing
to
the
phenomenon.
问题解决
.
People
have
figured
out
many
ways
to
solve
the
problem.
.
It
is
high
time
that
we
should
figure
/
figured
out
ways
to
deal
with
the
problem.
结论(期望/展望)
.
With
the
joint
efforts,
I
am
confident
that
...
.
As
long
as
we
...,
we
will
resolve
the
problem
eventually.
3.
模拟演练
根据所给信息写一篇关于Junk
Message的短文：目前垃圾短信泛滥,
给人们的生活带来困扰,
分析这种现象产生的原因,
谈谈如何解决这个问题。
Junk
messages
are
in
the
air.
People
are
caught
up
in
a
constant
rustle
with
them
—
you
delete
while
they
arrive.
How
unpleasant!
Reasons
for
such
inconvenience
vary.
Some
may
be
caused
by
business
battles
where
companies
take
advantage
of
leaked
personal
information
and
use
text
messages
as
a
way
of
advertising
while
others
may
result
from
evil
thoughts,
including
teasing
ones
or
even
blackmailing
ones.
Still
others
are
perhaps
due
to
ineffective
administration
or
technological
failures.
Whatever
the
causes,
they
must
be
removed.
The
most
direct
solution
is
to
turn
to
phone
producers
who
may
equipped
each
phone
with
a
message
filter
so
as
to
automatically
abandon
those
junk
messages.
But
it
may
not
be
the
most
far-reaching
solution.
To
handle
the
problem
thoroughly
we
may
first
set
up
a
supervising
network
to
detect
the
spread
of
junk
messages.
Secondly,
laws
for
punishment
shall
follow
to
fight
against
these
behaviors.
Meanwhile,
our
personal
information
must
get
better
protection
to
avoid
being
aimed
at
as
potential
customers.
And
finally,
the
public
should
be
educated
to
respect
others
by
stopping
the
spread
of
junk
messages.
Anti-junk-message
war
can
be
demanding,
but
it
will
be
worth
the
efforts
to
free
people
from
the
constant
assault
presented
by
these
unwelcomed
visitors.
（三）道理/观点论证型
此题型是要求针对某一道理(通常以格言的形式出现)或某个概念进行解释,
然后结合生活实例进行论证,
最后得出结论。
1.
写作结构指导
引述格言/道理，并揭示含义或分析原因
举例或用事实论证
结论
2.
常用句型
引出并解择格言
.
As
the
saying
goes,
“...”
I
think
there
is
some
truth
in
it.
.
There
is
an
old
proverb,
“...”
It
is
the
experience
of
...
.
There
is
a
widespread
proverb,
“...”
例证
/
事实论证
.
Take
...
for
example.
.
To
see
this
more
clearly,
let’s
take
...
as
an
illustration.
.
A
case
in
point
is
...
.
There
is
abundant
evidence
to
support.
.
The
latest
survey
/
studies
conducted
by
...
indicates
/
reveals
/
shows
/
demonstrates
that
...
结论
.
From
what
have
been
discussed
above,
we
may
come
to
/
draw
/
reach
the
conclusion
that
...
.
In
a
word
/
In
summary
/
In
conclusion
/
In
brief
/
In
short
/
To
sum
up
...
.
Taking
all
the
factors
into
account,
we
may
safely
arrive
at
the
conclusion
that
...
3.
模拟演练
常言道：”活到老,
学到老”,
请结合实例谈谈你的感悟。
There
is
an
old
saying
which
goes
“it’s
never
too
old
to
learn”.
It
holds
the
everlasting
value
in
the
field
of
learning
by
realizing
the
simple
but
important
truth
that
one’s
age
is
never
an
obstacle
to
study.
Chinese
well-known
scholar,
Zhu
Guangqian,
sets
us
a
good
example.
He
established
a
good
reputation
for
his
academic
achievements
in
aesthetics.
In
his
sixties,
he
decided
to
start
learning
Russian
from
the
very
beginning.
Considering
his
age,
his
family
and
friends
tried
to
persuade
him
to
give
it
up
and
suggested
he
should
simply
enjoy
his
life
as
an
accomplished
and
respected
scholar.
However,
the
determined
scholar
ignored
all
these
voices
and
carried
out
his
plan.
Several
years
later,
he
could
not
only
talk
in
Russian
fluently
but
also
translate
Russian
works.
What
a
miracle!
So
well
did
Zhu
Guangqian
demonstrate
the
amazing
initiative
in
the
pursuit
of
knowledge
that
every
one
of
us
young
people
should
follow
him.
From
his
experience,
I
understand
this
saying
more
deeply.
For
a
never-satisfied
soul,
his
pursuit
of
knowledge
will
last
all
through
his
life
and
only
the
irresistible
power
of
death
can
prevent
him
from
going
on.
Learning
is
an
attitude
to
life.
It
should
be
self-conscious
action
rather
than
an
obligation
to
improve
oneself.
However
old
we
are,
once
we
have
the
determination,
we
are
sure
to
make
further
steps
in
self-cultivation
through
learning.
There
is
no
end
to
knowledge.
There
is
no
end
to
learning.
The
immense
sea
of
knowledge
is
stretching
her
hands
and
waiting
for
us
to
explore.
As
we
live,
we
shall
learn.
（四）说明利弊型
此题型是要求针对某一事物或现象从正反两面分析其优缺点,
然后表明作者对该事物或现象的看法。
1.
写作结构指导
描述某事物或现象
陈述该事物或现象的优缺点
表明我的态度或看法
2.
常用句型
陈述该事物或现象的优点
.
There
are
several
advantages
in
...
The
first
/
biggest
advantage
is
that
...
.
The
advantages
of
...can
be
listed
as
follows.
First
...Besides
...
.
...
is
playing
an
increasingly
important
role
in
people’s
life.
For
one
thing,
...
For
another,
...
陈述该事物或现象的缺点
.
However,
...
just
like
anything
else,
has
its
negative
side
as
well.
.
In
the
meanwhile,
we
cannot
ignore
the
disadvantages
of
...
.
However,
the
negative
aspects
of
...
are
also
apparent
/
evident
/
obvious.
To
begin
with,
...
To
make
matters
worse,
...
Worst
of
all,
...
.
In
spite
of
/
Despite
the
advantages
/
beneficial
sides,
it
has
its
comprehensive
disadvantages
/
side
effects.
表明个人态度或看法(利大于弊)
.
As
to
me,
I
think
the
advantages
outweigh
the
disadvantages
...
.
As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
I
hold
that
...
has
more
advantages
than
disadvantages.
.
Personally,
I
think
what
is
more
important
is
its
positive
side.
3.
模拟演练
手机已成为人们生活中不可缺少的交流工具,
谈谈手机给中学生在学习和生活中带来的优缺点。
As
the
life
standard
becomes
higher
and
higher,
mobile
phones
play
an
essential
part
in
our
own
daily
life
now.
Not
only
the
adults
but
also
many
middle
school
students
use
them
frequently.
There
is
no
doubt
that
mobile
phones
have
their
advantages.
As
a
communication
tool,
mobile
phones
connect
people
conveniently.
We
can
use
mobile
phones
to
call
or
send
text
messages
to
each
other,
keeping
in
touch
with
the
outside
world.
On
the
other
hand,
mobile
phones
also
have
disadvantages.
Some
students
are
keen
on
playing
games
and
others
spend
too
much
time
on
sending
short
messages.
By
doing
so,
both
time
and
money
are
wasted
and
even
our
sleep
and
studies
are
harmed.
As
far
as
I
am
concerned,
using
mobile
phones
is
quite
necessary
in
some
way,
especially
for
those
boarding
school
students.
Acting
as
a
strong
link
between
parents
and
us,
mobile
phones
bring
us
lots
of
convenience.
What’s
more,
mobile
phones
can
also
help
to
promote
friendship
and
provide
us
with
a
way
to
communicate
with
our
peers
or
friends.
With
the
smart
phones,
we
students
can
access
much
more
information,
becoming
more
efficient
in
our
studies
and
staying
open-minded
in
this
information
age.
All
in
all,
everything
has
two
sides.
Whether
mobile
phones
will
do
us
good
or
harm
all
depends
on
how
we
use
them.
If
we
have
a
right
attitude
towards
them
and
use
them
properly,
mobile
phones
are
our
good
servants.
(
课堂典例
)
假设你是王磊，你所居住的小区内有一片池塘，但由于无人管理，水质污梁严重，并散发出难闻的气味，小
区居民对此非常不满。你决定写一投诉封信给小区物业，内容包括：
1.
描述池塘的现状及小区居民的反应；
2.
提出你认为可以解决这一问题的措施及理由。
Dear
Sir
or
Madam,
Recently,
the
serious
pollution
in
our
housing
estate/neighborhood/community
has
become
a
serious
problem
we
have
to
face.
As
you
might
have
known?the
pond
in
the
center
of
the
housing
estate
has
been
severely
polluted,
giving
off
a
disgusting
smell.The
terrible
smell
is
so
strong
that
the
residents
would
have
to
cover
their
nose
every
time
they
walk
by.
The
polluted
pond
not
only
brings
inconvenience
to
our
daily
lite,but
also
puts
our
health
at
risk.
Obviously,
the
polluted
pond
is
the
result
of
poor
management
on
your
part.
From
where
I
stand,
I
strongly
insist
that
you
take
following
measures
to
tackle
the
problem
immediately.
First,
pump
the
polluted
water
out
of
the
pond
until
it's
empty.
Second,
clear
way
the
trash
at
the
bottom
of
the
empty
pond.Third,
refill
the
pond
with
clean
water.
Last
but
the
most
important,
set
up
rules
and
regulation
to
keep
the
pond
clean.
For
example,workers
are
sent
to
check
on
the
pong
and
fish
out
the
trash
out
of
it
it
any
every
week.
The
residents
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
take
the
advice
above
as
well
as
any
other
effective
measures.
Every
single
resident
living
in
the
house
estate
is
expecting
the
pollution
to
come
to
an
end
soon.
Looking
forward
to
your
prompt
response.
Yours
sincerely,
Wang
Lei
解析：
1.
问题描述：
①
Recently/Nowadays,(问题或现象）has
become
a
serious
problem
we
have
to
face.
②
（问题或现象）the
phenomenon
."has
aroused
the
public’s
concern.
③
There
is
no
denying
that
(问题或现象）has
become
a
serious
concern
among
people.
2.
问题原因：
①
原因简述：Obviously,(问题或现象）is
the
result
of
???(原因）
②
原因详述：There
are
several
reasons
for
the.
???/
There
are
a
variety
of
factors
contributing
to
the
?…（罗列原因）
3.
解决措施：
①
From
where
I
stand，I
strongly
insist
that
you
take
following
measures
to
tackle/
solve/
deal
with
the
problem
immediately.
?
People
have
figured
out
many
ways
to
solve
the
problem.
(3)
It
is
high
time
that
we
should
figure
/
figured
out
ways
to
deal
with
the
problem.
(罗列措施）
4.结论(期望/展望）
?
With
the
joint
efforts,
I
am
confident
that...
?
As
long
as
we
we
will
resolve
the
problem
eventually.
(期望对方采取建议解决问题）The
residents
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
take
the
advice
above
as
well
as
any
other
effective
measures.
(期望及时回复）Looking
forward
to
your
prompt
response.
(
巩固训练
)
1
你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛（group
dancing
competition），班长希望大家积极参加。对此谈谈你的看法。你的文章必须包括以下内容：
你是否会参加比赛。
你做出该决定的具体理由
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2
古人语：
“天生我材必有用”（There
must
be
a
use
for
my
talent）通过描述你生活中的一件事，说明人各有所长，无论才能大小都能成为有用的人。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
你校宿舍大楼即将竣并向同学开放，你是否选择住校？请做出选择，并说明理由。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4
越来越多的学生倾向于使用电子词典（e-dictionary)而不用纸质词典（paper
dictionary)。你平时使用什么词典？请结合自己的情况说明喜欢使用某种词典的理由。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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