2021届高考英语二轮复习精品课件：模块1 专题3 语法考点大突破 第7讲 并列句和复合句 (共 69张ppt)

模 块 一
语 法 知 识
专题三　语法考点大突破
第7讲　并列句和复合句
1 高频考点·研析透
2 模拟精练·巧押题
高频考点·研析透
考点1　并列连词
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·新全国卷Ⅰ)They kept their collection at home until it got too big until they died，and then it was given to a museum.
【答案】　or
【解析】　考查连词。句意：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两种可能性，应使用连词or，表示“或者”。故填or。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I work not because I have to， because I want to.
【答案】　but
【解析】　考查并列连词。句意为：我工作不是因为我不得不做，而是因为我想做。此处用but与前面not构成not...but...“不是……而是……”结构。故填but。
题型二　单句改错
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.
【答案】　but→and
【解析】　考查连词。I cut the tomatoes into pieces与put them aside之间是并列顺承关系，应使用and连接。故将but改为and。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.
【答案】　but→and
【解析】　考查连词。句意为：突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。“足球落下来”与“打到我”两个动作是顺承关系，不是转折关系。故将but改为and。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When I studied chemistry in high school，I reconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor.
【答案】　or→and
【解析】　考查连词。句意为：在高中学化学的时候，我重新考虑了自己的目标并决定成为一名医生。 “重新考虑”与“决定成为一名医生”之间是顺承关系，不是选择关系。故将or改为and。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed.
【答案】　but→and
【解析】　考查连词。“我告诉爸爸我打算每两年回家一次”与“他同意”之间是顺承关系。故将but改为and。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent，waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.
【答案】　and→or
【解析】　考查连词。his与her之间为选择关系，而非并列关系。故将and改为or。
1．并列连词的基本含义
并列
连词
并列关系或递进关系
and，when(＝and just at that time)，both...and...，not only...but also...
转折或对比关系
but，while(而，表示对比)，yet，not...but...
选择关系
or，otherwise，or else(否则，要不然)，either...or...，neither...nor...
因果关系
for，so
2.并列连词不能和从属连词同时使用。如果出现although/though，后面就不能用but；如果出现because，后面就不能用so。
3.祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句。
4.与并列连词when相关的句式归纳
(1) be (just) about to do...when...
She was just about to say something more when she noticed the sullen look on his face.
她刚要再说些什么，却突然看到了他阴沉的脸色。
(2)be (just) on the point of doing sth...when...
They were on the point of giving up when the captain encouraged them fiercely to save the ship.
就在他们快要放弃努力时，船长鼓励他们竭尽全力挽救轮船。
(3)be going to do...when...
He was going to run away when the policemen came.
他正打算逃跑，警察突然出现了。
(4)be doing sth...when...
The children were playing football on the playground when it began to rain.
孩子们正在操场上踢足球，突然下起了大雨。
(5)be busy doing...when...
I was busy doing my homework when one of my classmates came.
我正忙着做作业，这时我的一个同学来找我。
(6) had (just) done...when...
I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.
在劳累了一天之后，我刚要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。
(7) had not done...when...
I hadn’t walked a few steps when I realized that he asked for the direction to my office building.
我还没走出去几步远，突然意识到他问的是去办公大楼的方向。
(8) be＋介词短语＋when...
He was on his way to a lecture when a tourist stopped him and asked him for directions.
在他去听课的路上，一名游客拦住他问路。
考点2　状语从句
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ) he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist，they smiled and pointed down the river.
【答案】　When/As
【解析】　考查连词。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。本句为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”，且从句中动词asked为短暂性动作动词，不能用while引导，故应用when或as引导。句首单词首字母要大写。故填When/As。
2．(2019·天津卷)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents’ opinion he wants their support.
【答案】　unless
【解析】　考查条件状语从句。句意：汤姆是如此独立，以至于他从来不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。根据句意知空处引导从句，前面征求父母意见是条件，又有否定词never。故填unless。
3．(2018·北京卷) we don’t stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
【答案】　If
【解析】　考查连词。句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。此处应用if引导条件状语从句，表示主句动作发生的条件；又因为在句首，注意大写。故填If。
4．(2018·天津卷)Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend that they get sweet enough to be eaten.
【答案】　so
【解析】　考查状语从句。句意：我们到本周末再摘这些桃子吧，以便它们吃起来足够甜。so that意为“以便，为了”，引导目的状语从句，符合语境。故填so。
5．(2017·北京卷) birds use their feathers for flight，some of their feathers are for other purposes.
【答案】　Although/Though/While
【解析】　考查状语从句。句意为：虽然鸟儿用羽毛来飞行，但是它们的一些羽毛也有其他用途。前后为让步关系，引导词位于句首注意大写。故填Although/Though/While。
题型二　单句改错
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ) I waited patiently unless the oil was hot.
【答案】　unless→until/till
【解析】　考查连词。此处是指“直到”油烧热，应使用until/till引导时间状语从句。故将unless改为until/till。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
【答案】　where→when
【解析】　考查连词。I was a child表示的是“时间”而非“地点”，故应用when引导时间状语从句。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.
【答案】　删除much
【解析】　考查状语从句。这句话中含有so...that...(如此……以至于……)结构，故much在此处是多余的。
1．判断依据
状语从句是用来描述动作发生时的各方面情况，通过语境判断上下文的逻辑关系是时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的或其他，最后确定从属连词。
2．高频状语从句引导词
状语
从句
时间状语
when，while，as，before，after，once，till，until，since，every time，the moment，hardly...when
地点状语
where，wherever(无论什么地方，不管哪里)
原因状语
because，since，as，now that(＝since既然，由于)
状语
从句
目的状语
so that(为了，以便)，in order that，in case(以防万一)
结果状语
so that(结果)，so...that，
such...that(如此……以至于)
条件状语
if，unless(除非，如果不)，as long as(只要)，so long as(只要)，on condition that(条件是)，in case(如果，万一)
状语
从句
方式状语
as(像，依照)，as if/as though(好像，仿佛)
让步状语
although，though，as(状语或表语要提到as前，作表语的单数可数名词提前时，不用a或an)，even if/even though(即使)，whether...or...(不管……还是)，whoever(＝no matter who)，whatever(＝no matter what)，whenever(＝no matter when)，whichever(＝no matter which)
比较状语
than，as...as...，not as...as...，not so...as...，the same...as...，such...as...，the more...the more...
3.as表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句时，需要把表语前置到句首。作表语的名词前置时，有冠词的要去掉冠词。
Difficult as it may be＝Although/Though it may be difficult
Silent student as he is ＝Although/Though he is a silent student
4.while引导的让步状语从句，只能位于主句之前(在句首)。
While the work was difficult，it was interesting.
虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。
While I understand what you say，I can’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不能同意。
考点3　定语从句
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ) Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
【答案】　where
【解析】　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
2．(2020·新全国卷Ⅰ)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.
【答案】　which/that
【解析】　考查定语从句。句意：例如，汉斯·斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist， paintings were almost lifelike.
【答案】　whose
【解析】　考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】　which
【解析】　考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语。故填which。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】　who/that
【解析】　考查定语从句。句意为：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人们)，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填who或that。
6．(2019·浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket，there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
【答案】　that/which
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。先行词是cloth，指物，且从句中缺少主语，因此用that或which引导。
7．(2019·北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．
【答案】　who
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词those，且在从句中作主语，代指人。故填who。
8．(2019·江苏卷)We have entered an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.
【答案】　when
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语。故填关系副词when。
9．(2019·天津卷)Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences.
【答案】　where
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语。故填关系副词where。
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】　that/which
【解析】　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰a study，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填关系代词that或which。
11．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】　that/which
【解析】　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指物的a soil-testing program且在从句中作主语，故用that或which。
12．(2018·浙江卷)Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
【答案】　who/that
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。先行词是westerners(西方人)，并在从句中作主语，故用who或that引导定语从句。
13．(2018·天津卷)Kate， sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
【答案】　whose
【解析】　句意为：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我与她的姐姐共住一室。Kate与sister是所属关系，应用whose引导定语从句。故填whose。
14．(2018·江苏卷)Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
【答案】　where
【解析】　句意为：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。分析句子结构可知，area作定语从句的先行词，在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。故填where。
题型二　单句改错
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)One afternoon where I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.
【答案】　where→when
【解析】　考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间，在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
【答案】　what→that/which
【解析】　考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中作主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故把what改为that/which。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
【答案】　which→where或在which前面加in
【解析】　考查定语从句。pond是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成分齐全，故用where或“介词＋which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.
【答案】　that→which
【解析】　考查定语从句。此处是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不能用that引导。
1．在定语从句中，应根据从句的先行词和关系词在从句中作什么句子成分来确定关系词。
若在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。
2．三步确定关系词
Step 1　逗号判断限制非限制
先行词后面出现逗号，是非限制性定语从句，此时用who指代指人的先行词，用which指代指物的先行词，也可以代替主句整句话。
Step 2　找到先行词，判断是人是物①先行词是人：that/who/whom/whose
②先行词是物：that/which/whose
③先行词是时间/地点/原因：when/where/why
Step 3　根据从句即设空处后面缺少的成分，确定最后答案
①缺主语：that/which/who
②缺及物动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom
③缺介词的宾语：which/whom
④缺定语：whose(和先行词构成所属关系)
⑤缺时间/地点/原因状语：when/where/why
3.非限制性定语从句中as和which的误用
as和which均可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容，但as可位于句首，而which常位于句中；as常用于肯定句，而which可用于否定句。此外，as译作“正如，正像”，而which译作“这，这一点”。
The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking，which didn’t help.
母亲竭力劝说儿子戒烟，但没有作用。
As the old saying goes，“You can’t judge a book by its cover”．
正如谚语所言“人不可貌相”。
4.stage/point/case/situation/scene/degree等抽象意义的地点名词作先行词时，若从句成分完整则用where，若从句缺少主宾成分，则用that/which。
5.下列情况只用that不用which
(1)当先行词是all，any，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时；
(2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时；
(3)当先行词被the only，the very，the just，the same等修饰时；
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
考点4　名词性从句
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·浙江卷)Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
【答案】　what
【解析】　考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，空后为介词on的宾语从句，句中缺少主语，所以引导词应为起双重作用的“连接代词”what。what从句一般表示“……的东西/事情”。故填what。
2．(2019·北京卷)What students do at college seems to matter much more than they go.
【答案】　where
【解析】　考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里(哪所大学)更重要。这里表达“去哪所大学”，表示地点，作状语。故填where。
3．(2019·江苏卷)Scientists have obtained more evidence plastic is finding its way into the human body.
【答案】　that
【解析】　考查同位语从句。句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，这些证据表明塑料正在进入人体。从句不缺成分，且解释说明了抽象名词evidence的内容，所以用that引导同位语从句。故填that。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m not sure is more frightened，me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
【答案】　who/which
【解析】　考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：我不确定谁(哪一个)更害怕，是我还是那只不知从哪里突然冒出来的雌猩猩。根据句意，此处表达我和猩猩中“谁”或者“哪”。故填who/which。
5．(2018·北京卷)This is my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
【答案】　what
【解析】　考查表语从句。句意：这就是父亲教我的——总是直面困难，并且抱最大的希望。根据设空处前的is 可以判断，此处是一个表语从句。teach sb.sth.“教给某人某事”，引导词作teach的直接宾语。故填what。
6．(2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race.
【答案】　whoever
【解析】　考查宾语从句。句意：金牌将被授予在自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。介词to后是宾语从句，从句中动词wins前缺主语，而且金牌给的是“任何人”，故用whoever引导宾语从句。
7．(2017·北京卷)Every year， makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
【答案】　whoever
【解析】　考查主语从句。句意：每年，在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。设空处表示“无论谁”，表泛指。故填whoever。
题型二　单句改错
　(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
【答案】　that→where
【解析】　考查宾语从句。由句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句，且引导词在宾语从句中作地点状语。故用where引导。
1．名词性从句的位置
①主语从句往往位于句首，或者it作形式主语位于句首。
②宾语从句位于及物动词或者介词之后。
③表语从句位于系动词之后。
④同位语从句位于抽象意义的名词之后，如：fact，idea，news，truth，hope，doubt，suggestion，belief，evidence等，说明抽象名词的内容。
2．分析从句缺少成分，判断常见引导词
①缺少主宾表，就用连接代词what/who/whom/which或者whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever。
②缺少状语，就用连接副词where/wherever(地点)，when/whenever(时间)，how/however(方式)，why(原因)。
③不缺少成分，就要考虑句子意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if。
④不缺少成分，且意思完整，则用that。
3.高频重难点：that 与what 的用法区别
①what 在从句中起双重作用：既引导该名词性从句，又在从句中充当主、宾、表、定语成分。
It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it.
目前尚不清楚这种药会带来什么副作用，尽管大约有两千名病人服用了它。
②that引导名词性从句，没有含义，不充当成分。但是只在引导第一个宾语从句时可以省略。that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或第二个宾语从句时不可以省略。
4．重点句型
①What...is that...
what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句。
②What is the most important is that every one should be present in time.
最重要的是每个人都要及时到场。
模 块 一
语 法 知 识
专题三　语法考点大突破
第7讲　并列句和复合句
1 高频考点·研析透
2 模拟精练·巧押题
高频考点·研析透
考点1　并列连词
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·新全国卷Ⅰ)They kept their collection at home until it got too big until they died，and then it was given to a museum.
【答案】　or
【解析】　考查连词。句意：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两种可能性，应使用连词or，表示“或者”。故填or。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I work not because I have to， because I want to.
【答案】　but
【解析】　考查并列连词。句意为：我工作不是因为我不得不做，而是因为我想做。此处用but与前面not构成not...but...“不是……而是……”结构。故填but。
题型二　单句改错
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.
【答案】　but→and
【解析】　考查连词。I cut the tomatoes into pieces与put them aside之间是并列顺承关系，应使用and连接。故将but改为and。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.
【答案】　but→and
【解析】　考查连词。句意为：突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。“足球落下来”与“打到我”两个动作是顺承关系，不是转折关系。故将but改为and。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When I studied chemistry in high school，I reconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor.
【答案】　or→and
【解析】　考查连词。句意为：在高中学化学的时候，我重新考虑了自己的目标并决定成为一名医生。 “重新考虑”与“决定成为一名医生”之间是顺承关系，不是选择关系。故将or改为and。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed.
【答案】　but→and
【解析】　考查连词。“我告诉爸爸我打算每两年回家一次”与“他同意”之间是顺承关系。故将but改为and。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent，waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.
【答案】　and→or
【解析】　考查连词。his与her之间为选择关系，而非并列关系。故将and改为or。
1．并列连词的基本含义
并列
连词
并列关系或递进关系
and，when(＝and just at that time)，both...and...，not only...but also...
转折或对比关系
but，while(而，表示对比)，yet，not...but...
选择关系
or，otherwise，or else(否则，要不然)，either...or...，neither...nor...
因果关系
for，so
2.并列连词不能和从属连词同时使用。如果出现although/though，后面就不能用but；如果出现because，后面就不能用so。
3.祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句。
4.与并列连词when相关的句式归纳
(1) be (just) about to do...when...
She was just about to say something more when she noticed the sullen look on his face.
她刚要再说些什么，却突然看到了他阴沉的脸色。
(2)be (just) on the point of doing sth...when...
They were on the point of giving up when the captain encouraged them fiercely to save the ship.
就在他们快要放弃努力时，船长鼓励他们竭尽全力挽救轮船。
(3)be going to do...when...
He was going to run away when the policemen came.
他正打算逃跑，警察突然出现了。
(4)be doing sth...when...
The children were playing football on the playground when it began to rain.
孩子们正在操场上踢足球，突然下起了大雨。
(5)be busy doing...when...
I was busy doing my homework when one of my classmates came.
我正忙着做作业，这时我的一个同学来找我。
(6) had (just) done...when...
I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.
在劳累了一天之后，我刚要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。
(7) had not done...when...
I hadn’t walked a few steps when I realized that he asked for the direction to my office building.
我还没走出去几步远，突然意识到他问的是去办公大楼的方向。
(8) be＋介词短语＋when...
He was on his way to a lecture when a tourist stopped him and asked him for directions.
在他去听课的路上，一名游客拦住他问路。
考点2　状语从句
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ) he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist，they smiled and pointed down the river.
【答案】　When/As
【解析】　考查连词。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。本句为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”，且从句中动词asked为短暂性动作动词，不能用while引导，故应用when或as引导。句首单词首字母要大写。故填When/As。
2．(2019·天津卷)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents’ opinion he wants their support.
【答案】　unless
【解析】　考查条件状语从句。句意：汤姆是如此独立，以至于他从来不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。根据句意知空处引导从句，前面征求父母意见是条件，又有否定词never。故填unless。
3．(2018·北京卷) we don’t stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
【答案】　If
【解析】　考查连词。句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。此处应用if引导条件状语从句，表示主句动作发生的条件；又因为在句首，注意大写。故填If。
4．(2018·天津卷)Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend that they get sweet enough to be eaten.
【答案】　so
【解析】　考查状语从句。句意：我们到本周末再摘这些桃子吧，以便它们吃起来足够甜。so that意为“以便，为了”，引导目的状语从句，符合语境。故填so。
5．(2017·北京卷) birds use their feathers for flight，some of their feathers are for other purposes.
【答案】　Although/Though/While
【解析】　考查状语从句。句意为：虽然鸟儿用羽毛来飞行，但是它们的一些羽毛也有其他用途。前后为让步关系，引导词位于句首注意大写。故填Although/Though/While。
题型二　单句改错
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ) I waited patiently unless the oil was hot.
【答案】　unless→until/till
【解析】　考查连词。此处是指“直到”油烧热，应使用until/till引导时间状语从句。故将unless改为until/till。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
【答案】　where→when
【解析】　考查连词。I was a child表示的是“时间”而非“地点”，故应用when引导时间状语从句。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.
【答案】　删除much
【解析】　考查状语从句。这句话中含有so...that...(如此……以至于……)结构，故much在此处是多余的。
1．判断依据
状语从句是用来描述动作发生时的各方面情况，通过语境判断上下文的逻辑关系是时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的或其他，最后确定从属连词。
2．高频状语从句引导词
状语
从句
时间状语
when，while，as，before，after，once，till，until，since，every time，the moment，hardly...when
地点状语
where，wherever(无论什么地方，不管哪里)
原因状语
because，since，as，now that(＝since既然，由于)
状语
从句
目的状语
so that(为了，以便)，in order that，in case(以防万一)
结果状语
so that(结果)，so...that，
such...that(如此……以至于)
条件状语
if，unless(除非，如果不)，as long as(只要)，so long as(只要)，on condition that(条件是)，in case(如果，万一)
状语
从句
方式状语
as(像，依照)，as if/as though(好像，仿佛)
让步状语
although，though，as(状语或表语要提到as前，作表语的单数可数名词提前时，不用a或an)，even if/even though(即使)，whether...or...(不管……还是)，whoever(＝no matter who)，whatever(＝no matter what)，whenever(＝no matter when)，whichever(＝no matter which)
比较状语
than，as...as...，not as...as...，not so...as...，the same...as...，such...as...，the more...the more...
3.as表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句时，需要把表语前置到句首。作表语的名词前置时，有冠词的要去掉冠词。
Difficult as it may be＝Although/Though it may be difficult
Silent student as he is ＝Although/Though he is a silent student
4.while引导的让步状语从句，只能位于主句之前(在句首)。
While the work was difficult，it was interesting.
虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。
While I understand what you say，I can’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不能同意。
考点3　定语从句
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ) Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
【答案】　where
【解析】　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
2．(2020·新全国卷Ⅰ)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.
【答案】　which/that
【解析】　考查定语从句。句意：例如，汉斯·斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist， paintings were almost lifelike.
【答案】　whose
【解析】　考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】　which
【解析】　考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语。故填which。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】　who/that
【解析】　考查定语从句。句意为：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人们)，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填who或that。
6．(2019·浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket，there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
【答案】　that/which
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。先行词是cloth，指物，且从句中缺少主语，因此用that或which引导。
7．(2019·北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．
【答案】　who
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词those，且在从句中作主语，代指人。故填who。
8．(2019·江苏卷)We have entered an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.
【答案】　when
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语。故填关系副词when。
9．(2019·天津卷)Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences.
【答案】　where
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语。故填关系副词where。
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】　that/which
【解析】　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰a study，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填关系代词that或which。
11．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】　that/which
【解析】　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指物的a soil-testing program且在从句中作主语，故用that或which。
12．(2018·浙江卷)Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
【答案】　who/that
【解析】　考查限制性定语从句。先行词是westerners(西方人)，并在从句中作主语，故用who或that引导定语从句。
13．(2018·天津卷)Kate， sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
【答案】　whose
【解析】　句意为：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我与她的姐姐共住一室。Kate与sister是所属关系，应用whose引导定语从句。故填whose。
14．(2018·江苏卷)Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
【答案】　where
【解析】　句意为：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。分析句子结构可知，area作定语从句的先行词，在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。故填where。
题型二　单句改错
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)One afternoon where I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.
【答案】　where→when
【解析】　考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间，在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
【答案】　what→that/which
【解析】　考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中作主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故把what改为that/which。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
【答案】　which→where或在which前面加in
【解析】　考查定语从句。pond是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成分齐全，故用where或“介词＋which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.
【答案】　that→which
【解析】　考查定语从句。此处是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不能用that引导。
1．在定语从句中，应根据从句的先行词和关系词在从句中作什么句子成分来确定关系词。
若在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。
2．三步确定关系词
Step 1　逗号判断限制非限制
先行词后面出现逗号，是非限制性定语从句，此时用who指代指人的先行词，用which指代指物的先行词，也可以代替主句整句话。
Step 2　找到先行词，判断是人是物①先行词是人：that/who/whom/whose
②先行词是物：that/which/whose
③先行词是时间/地点/原因：when/where/why
Step 3　根据从句即设空处后面缺少的成分，确定最后答案
①缺主语：that/which/who
②缺及物动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom
③缺介词的宾语：which/whom
④缺定语：whose(和先行词构成所属关系)
⑤缺时间/地点/原因状语：when/where/why
3.非限制性定语从句中as和which的误用
as和which均可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容，但as可位于句首，而which常位于句中；as常用于肯定句，而which可用于否定句。此外，as译作“正如，正像”，而which译作“这，这一点”。
The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking，which didn’t help.
母亲竭力劝说儿子戒烟，但没有作用。
As the old saying goes，“You can’t judge a book by its cover”．
正如谚语所言“人不可貌相”。
4.stage/point/case/situation/scene/degree等抽象意义的地点名词作先行词时，若从句成分完整则用where，若从句缺少主宾成分，则用that/which。
5.下列情况只用that不用which
(1)当先行词是all，any，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时；
(2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时；
(3)当先行词被the only，the very，the just，the same等修饰时；
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
考点4　名词性从句
题型一　语法填空
1．(2020·浙江卷)Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
【答案】　what
【解析】　考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，空后为介词on的宾语从句，句中缺少主语，所以引导词应为起双重作用的“连接代词”what。what从句一般表示“……的东西/事情”。故填what。
2．(2019·北京卷)What students do at college seems to matter much more than they go.
【答案】　where
【解析】　考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里(哪所大学)更重要。这里表达“去哪所大学”，表示地点，作状语。故填where。
3．(2019·江苏卷)Scientists have obtained more evidence plastic is finding its way into the human body.
【答案】　that
【解析】　考查同位语从句。句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，这些证据表明塑料正在进入人体。从句不缺成分，且解释说明了抽象名词evidence的内容，所以用that引导同位语从句。故填that。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m not sure is more frightened，me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
【答案】　who/which
【解析】　考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：我不确定谁(哪一个)更害怕，是我还是那只不知从哪里突然冒出来的雌猩猩。根据句意，此处表达我和猩猩中“谁”或者“哪”。故填who/which。
5．(2018·北京卷)This is my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
【答案】　what
【解析】　考查表语从句。句意：这就是父亲教我的——总是直面困难，并且抱最大的希望。根据设空处前的is 可以判断，此处是一个表语从句。teach sb.sth.“教给某人某事”，引导词作teach的直接宾语。故填what。
6．(2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race.
【答案】　whoever
【解析】　考查宾语从句。句意：金牌将被授予在自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。介词to后是宾语从句，从句中动词wins前缺主语，而且金牌给的是“任何人”，故用whoever引导宾语从句。
7．(2017·北京卷)Every year， makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
【答案】　whoever
【解析】　考查主语从句。句意：每年，在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。设空处表示“无论谁”，表泛指。故填whoever。
题型二　单句改错
　(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
【答案】　that→where
【解析】　考查宾语从句。由句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句，且引导词在宾语从句中作地点状语。故用where引导。
1．名词性从句的位置
①主语从句往往位于句首，或者it作形式主语位于句首。
②宾语从句位于及物动词或者介词之后。
③表语从句位于系动词之后。
④同位语从句位于抽象意义的名词之后，如：fact，idea，news，truth，hope，doubt，suggestion，belief，evidence等，说明抽象名词的内容。
2．分析从句缺少成分，判断常见引导词
①缺少主宾表，就用连接代词what/who/whom/which或者whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever。
②缺少状语，就用连接副词where/wherever(地点)，when/whenever(时间)，how/however(方式)，why(原因)。
③不缺少成分，就要考虑句子意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if。
④不缺少成分，且意思完整，则用that。
3.高频重难点：that 与what 的用法区别
①what 在从句中起双重作用：既引导该名词性从句，又在从句中充当主、宾、表、定语成分。
It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it.
目前尚不清楚这种药会带来什么副作用，尽管大约有两千名病人服用了它。
②that引导名词性从句，没有含义，不充当成分。但是只在引导第一个宾语从句时可以省略。that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或第二个宾语从句时不可以省略。
4．重点句型
①What...is that...
what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句。
②What is the most important is that every one should be present in time.
最重要的是每个人都要及时到场。