2021届高考英语二轮复习语法突破学案：第8讲依据句子成分和结构突破并列句和状语从句 Word版含答案

第八讲　依据句子成分和结构突破并列句和状语从句
(一)　并
列
句
编者按：并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短语)连在一起。
[真题集训——明考点]
一、语法填空常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)I
work
not
because
I
have
to,
________
because
I
want
to.
2．(2016·四川高考)It
was
time
for
her
to
have
a
new
baby,
________
it
was
also
time
for
the
young
panda
to
be
independent.
3．(2015·广东高考)One
day,
the
cow
was
eating
grass
________
it
began
to
rain
heavily.
4．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)But
the
river
wasn't
changed
in
a
few
days
________
even
a
few
months.
二、短文改错常考点
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly
a
football
fell
just
in
front
of
me
but
almost
hit
me.________________
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When
I
studied
chemistry
in
high
school,
I
reconsidered
my
goal
or
decided
to
be
a
doctor.________________
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At
the
end
of
our
trip,
I
told
my
father
that
I
planned
to
return
every
two
years,
but
he
agreed.________________
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone
was
silent,
waiting
to
see
who
would
be
called
upon
to
read
his
and
her
paragraph
aloud.________________
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before
getting
into
the
car,
I
thought
I
had
learned
the
instructor's
orders,
so
once
I
started
the
car,
my
mind
went
blank.________________
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I
have
grown
not
only
physically,
and
also
mentally
in
the
past
few
years.________________
答案：
一、语法填空常考点
1．解析：but　句意：我工作不是因为我不得不工作，而是因为我想要工作。not
...but
...为固定结构，表示“不是……而是……”。
2．解析：and　根据语境可知，“It
was
time
for
...”和“it
was
also
time
for
...”之间是并列关系，故用and连接。
3．解析：when　be
doing
sth.when
...“正在做某事，这时突然……”。
4．解析：or　“a
few
days”和“a
few
months”之间为并列关系，且此句为否定句，因此要用or连接。
二、短文改错常考点
1．解析：but→and　“一个足球正好落在我面前”与“差点儿打到我”之间是顺承关系而非转折关系，故用并列连词and。
2．解析：or→and　reconsidered和decided这两个动作是递进关系作并列谓语，故or改为and。
3．解析：but→and　根据语境可知，此处表示顺承关系，而非转折关系，故用并列连词and。
4．解析：and→or　根据Everyone和who可知，此处表示“他的或者她的”段落，属于一种选择关系，而不是并列关系。
5．解析：so→but/yet　此处表示“我认为我已经明白了教练的指示，但是车一启动，我的脑子一片空白”。根据语境可知，前后分句之间不是因果关系而是转折关系，故应改为表示转折关系的并列连词but或者yet。
6．解析：and→but　not
only
...but
also
...是固定短语，意为“不但……而且……”，连接并列成分physically和mentally。
[语法精析——知规则]
并列连词
用法
例句
and,
both
...
and
...,
not
only
...
but
(also)
...等
表示并列、顺承或递进关系
There
the
air
is
clean
and
the
mountains
are
green.
那里空气清新，千山一碧。
but,
yet,
whereas等
表示转折关系
The
failure
was
a
big
blow
to
him,
but
he
wasn't
discouraged
and
soon
got
as
enthusiastic
as
ever.这次失败对他是个很大的打击，但他并没有沮丧，很快便像以前一样充满热情。
or,
either
...
or
...,
not
...
but
...等
表示选择关系
Either
you
must
improve
your
work
or
I
shall
dismiss
you.要么你改进工作，要么我就辞退你。
for,
so
表示因果关系。for连接的分句一般不能放在句首
The
leaves
of
the
trees
are
falling,
for
it's
already
autumn.树叶在坠落，因为秋天已经到了。
and,
or
表示条件或结果关系，常用于句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中
You
have
to
move
out
of
the
way
or
the
truck
cannot
get
past
you.
你得让出路来，否则卡车无法从你身旁通过。
while
作为并列连词，强调两种情况的对比
I
drink
black
coffee
while
he
prefers
it
with
milk.
我爱喝黑咖啡，而他更喜欢喝加牛奶的。
[名师指津]　
when可用作并列连词，相当于and
at
this/that
time，意为“正在这/那时；突然”，常用于下列句式：①sb.
be
about
to
do/going
to
do/on
the
point
of
doing
sth.
when
...
(某人正要做某事，突然……)；②sb.
be
doing
sth.
when
...
(某人正在做某事，突然……)；③sb.
had
just
done
sth.
when
...
(某人刚做完某事，突然……)。
He
was
about
to
go
out
when
the
telephone
rang.
他正要出去时，电话铃响了。
I
had
just
finished
my
homework
when
Tom
came
to
me.
我刚写完作业，汤姆就来找我了。
(二)　状语从句
编者按：状语从句
(Adverbial
Clause)
是指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。状语从句中的从句可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
[真题集训——明考点]
一、选择填空常考题
1．（2020·江苏高考真题）They
decide
to
have
more
workers
for
the
project
____
it
won’t
be
delayed.
A．even
if
B．as
if
C．now
that
D．so
that
2．（2020·天津高考真题）—Why
do
people
like
pop
music?
I
hate
it
so
much.
—______
it
is
not
your
style,
that
doesn’t
mean
it
is
bad.
A．Only
if
B．Even
though
C．Now
that
D．In
case
3．（2020·天津高考真题）__________
he
could
give
her
sympathy,
any
practical
help
was
almost
beyond
him.
A．If
B．Since
C．Although
D．Until
二、语法填空常考点
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On
our
way
to
the
house,
it
was
raining
________
hard
that
we
couldn't
help
wondering
how
long
it
would
take
to
get
there.
2．(2019·天津高考改编)Tom
is
so
independent
that
he
never
asks
his
parents'
opinion
________
he
wants
their
support.
3．(2018·北京高考改编)________
we
don't
stop
climate
change,
many
animals
and
plants
in
the
world
will
be
gone.
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over
time,
________
the
population
grew,
people
began
cutting
food
into
small
pieces
so
it
would
cook
more
quickly.
5．(2016·四川高考)The
mother
held
the
baby
in
her
front
paws
much
the
way
a
human
does.
________
it
cried,
she
rocked
it
back
and
forth
and
gave
it
little
comforting
pats.
三、短文改错常考点
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The
games
my
parents
taught
me
where
I
was
a
child
turned
out
to
be
very
useful
later
in
my
life.________________
2．(2015·陕西高考)My
only
mistake
was
that
I
dropped
some
on
the
floor
after
I
was
packing
them
up.
________________
答案：一、
1．【详解】D考查连词辨析。句意：他们决定为这项工程增加工人，以免耽搁。A.
even
if即使；B.
as
if好像；C.
now
that既然；D.
so
that为了。空后it
won’t
be
delayed是前面采取措施的目的，应使用so
that引导目的状语从句。故选D。
2．【详解】B考查连词词义辨析。句意:--人们为什么喜欢流行音乐?我非常讨厌它。--即使这不是你的风格，也不意味着它不好。A.
Only
if只有在……的时候；B.
Even
though即使，尽管；C.
Now
that既然；D.
In
case以防，万一。前半句说:它不是你的风格；后半句说:这并不意味着流行音乐不好。很明显，前后两句之间是转折关系，空处引导让步状语从句。故选B。
3．【详解】C考查状语从句。句意：虽然他能给她同情，但是他几乎无法提供任何实际的帮助。前后文是转折关系，故用although引导的让步状语从句，if引导条件状语从句；since引导时间状语从句和原因状语从句；until引导时间状语从句。故选C。
二、语法填空常考点
1．解析：so　根据空格后的hard以及其后的that从句可知此句含“so＋adj./adv.＋that
...”引导的结果状语从句，故填so。
2．解析：unless　句意：汤姆如此独立，以至于他从来都不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。根据语境可知，这里用从属连词unless“除非”引导条件状语从句。
3．解析：If　句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，此处应该用
if
引导条件状语从句，表示主句内容发生的条件。
4．解析：as/when　句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(或：当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，此处可用as/when引导时间状语从句。
5．解析：When/If　第二句句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据句意可知，应填when或if。
三、短文改错常考点
1．解析：where→when　根据语境可知，父母是在我小时候教我玩游戏(纸牌)的，所以此处要用when引导时间状语从句。
2．解析：after→when/while　句意：我所犯的唯一的错误就是当我打包它们(饼干)的时候，掉在了地上一些。when/while“当……的时候”，after“在……之后”。根据句意应将after改为when/while。
[语法精析——知规则]
1．时间状语从句
(1)when,
while与as引导的时间状语从句
Metals
expand
when
they
are
heated.
金属受热时膨胀。
While/When
I
was
reading,
he
came
in.
我正在看书时，他进来了。
The
students
sang
as
they
walked.学生们边走边唱。
As
a
young
man
(＝
When
he
was
a
young
man),
he
was
fond
of
hunting.他年轻时喜欢打猎。
(2)before与since引导的时间状语从句
①before与since的常用句式
It
will
be
half
a
year
before
I
come
back.
我将半年之后才回来。
It
won't
be
long
before
we
meet
again.
用不了多久我们就会再见面的。
It
was
three
days
before
he
came
back.
三天后他才回来。
②since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作算起，意为“自从……有多久”；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起，意为“自从结束/完成……起有多久”。
It's
two
years
since
we
arrived
here.
我们到这儿两年了。
It's
three
years
since
we
lived
here.
我们不住在这里有三年了。
(3)表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句
①引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as
soon
as,
the
moment,
the
minute,
immediately,
instantly,
directly,
hardly/scarcely
...
when/before,
no
sooner
...
than
...等。这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。
Directly
you
feel
any
pains,
you
must
go
to
the
doctor.
你一感觉疼痛就必须去找医生。
We
will
leave
the
minute
you
are
ready.
你一准备好，我们就出发。
②hardly/scarcely
...
when/before,
no
sooner
...
than
...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no
sooner
...和hardly/scarcely
...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
Hardly/Scarcely
had
he
heard
the
news
when
he
began
to
cry.他一听到这个消息就哭了。
No
sooner
had
we
arrived
at
the
station
than
the
train
left.
我们刚到火车站火车就开走了。
(4)until与till引导的时间状语从句
①until与till引导时间状语从句的区别
I
had
waited
a
long
time
till/until
he
came
back.
他回来时我已等了很长时间。
It
was
not
until
he
told
me
about
it
again
that
I
had
any
idea
of
it.直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。
②not
until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
Not
until
he
comes
will
we
start
our
discussion.
直到他来了我们才能开始讨论。
③until/till用于肯定句时，主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词；用于否定句时主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。
They
waited
till/until
I
returned.
他们一直等到我回来。
(5)引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)
①其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after,
whenever,
every
time,
each
time,
next
time,
the
first/last
time,
any
time,
by
the
time,
the
day/year等。
Whenever
we
met
with
difficulties,
they
came
to
help
us.
每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮助我们。
②by
the
time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。
By
the
time
you
come
back,
we
will
have
finished
the
job.
到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。
By
the
time
we
got
there,
the
rain
had
stopped.
到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。
2．条件状语从句
(1)引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词有if,
unless,
as/so
long
as,
in
case
(万一),
once,
on
condition
that,
provided/providing
(that),
supposing/suppose
(that)等。
You'll
be
late
unless
you
get
up
earlier.
除非你早点起床，否则你会迟到的。
As
long
as
you
don't
lose
heart,
you
will
succeed.
只要你不灰心，你就会成功。
Supposing
that
they
refuse
us,
who
else
can
we
turn
to
for
help？假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁呢？
(2)在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。
In
case
there
is
a
fire,
what
will
we
do
first?
万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？
3．让步状语从句
(1)although,
though,
as与while引导的让步状语从句
①although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序；
though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数可数名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Although/Though
he
may
be
troubled,
he
always
presents
a
calm
smiling
face.
尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。
Much
as/though
I
have
traveled,
I
have
never
seen
anyone
who's
as
capable
as
John.虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。
Child
as
he
is,
he
knows
a
lot.
尽管他还是一个孩子，但他却懂得很多。
Try
as
he
may,
he
never
succeeds.
尽管他很努力，但他从未成功过。
②although与though都可以与yet,
still,
nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。
③though还可以作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。
I
have
got
a
cold.
It
is
nothing
much,
though.
我感冒了，不过不太严重。
④while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。
While
I
admit
that
there
are
problems,
I
don't
agree
that
they
cannot
be
solved.尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。
(2)even
if/though引导的让步状语从句
①even
if/though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。
②even
if/though引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。
I'll
do
it,
even
if/though
it
takes
me
all
the
afternoon.
我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。
Even
if/though
I
were
in
your
place,
I
wouldn't
take
the
job.即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。
(3)“no
matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋?ever”引导的让步状语从句
①“no
matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋?ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。
Don't
trust
him,
no
matter
what/whatever
he
says.
无论他说什么，不要相信他。
②whoever,
whatever,
whomever,
whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no
matter＋疑问词”不可以。
(4)whether
...
or
(not)
...引导的让步状语从句
Whether
you
believe
it
or
not,
it
is
true.
不管你相信与否，这是真的。
4．原因状语从句
(1)because/as/since/now
that
The
old
man
asked
Lucy
to
move
to
another
chair
because
he
wanted
to
sit
next
to
his
wife.那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。
I
can't
go
with
you,
as
I
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。
Now
that/Since
everyone
is
here,
let's
begin
our
meeting.
既然大家都在这儿，我们开始开会吧。
(2)when
(既然),
seeing
that
(鉴于，由于)，considering
that
(考虑到),
in
that
(因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句
The
book
is
different
from
that
book
in
that
this
one
is
about
chemistry
and
that
one
about
history.这本书不同于那本书，因为这本是关于化学的而那本是关于历史的。
It
was
foolish
of
you
to
take
a
taxi
when
you
could
walk
there
in
five
minutes.既然步行五分钟就能到那里，你却乘出租车，真够愚蠢的。
5．结果状语从句
(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so,
so
that,
so
...
that
...,
such
...
that
...。在非正式语体中，由so
...
that
...,
such
...
that
...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构：
Mike
is
such
an
honest
worker
that
we
all
believe
in
him.
＝Mike
is
so
honest
a
worker
that
we
all
believe
in
him.
迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都信任他。
It
is
such
fine
weather
that
we
all
want
to
go
to
the
park.
天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。
He
earned
so
little
money
that
he
couldn't
support
his
family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于他养不起家。
(2)such
...
that
...引导的状语从句与such
...
as
...引导的定语从句的区别。
①He
is
such
a
clever
boy
as
everyone
likes.(like后少宾语，as要在从句中充当成分，故该句为定语从句)
他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。
②He
is
such
a
clever
boy
that
everyone
likes
him.(从句中不缺成分，故该句为状语从句)
他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。
6．其他状语从句
状语从句类型
从属连词
地点状语从句
where,
wherever,
everywhere,
anywhere
目的状语从句
so
that,
in
order
that,
in
case
(以免，以防),
for
fear
that
(唯恐，以防),
least
方式状语从句
as,
as
if/though
比较状语从句
as
...as,
not
as/so
...
as,
the
same
...
as,
比较级＋than,
the
more
...
the
more
We
must
camp
where
we
can
get
water.
我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
I'll
speak
slowly
so
that
you
can
make
sense
of
what
I
said.我会说得慢一些以便让你听懂我说的话。
The
old
lady
treats
the
boy
as
if
he
were
her
own
son.
那个老太太对待那个男孩就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。
He
is
taller
than
any
other
student
in
our
school.
他比我们学校的任何一个学生都高。
[名师指津]　
①so
that与in
order
that引导目的状语从句时，常与can,
could,
may,
might等情态动词连用，in
order
that引导的目的状语从句可以置于主句前或后，但so
that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
②what引导的比较状语从句的句式：A
is
to
B
what
C
is
to
D．A对B而言正如C对D一样。
Air
is
to
us
what
water
is
to
fish.
空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样(重要)。
[应用落实——通方法]
一、单句语法填空
1．The
film
Ne
Zha
appeals
so
much
to
children
it
caters
well
to
their
taste.
2．What
we
are
about
to
do
is
perfectly
legal.
please
don't
discuss
it
with
anyone.
3．But
you
don't
know
that
I
started
senior
English
in
the
beginning,
I
found
it
difficult
and
quite
different
from
what
we
had
learned
in
junior
school.
4．Now
I
have
made
great
progress
in
my
English
study
that
I
am
more
interested
in
learning
it
than
before.
5．When
hunger
strikes,
we
can
reach
for
a
healthy,
nutritious
meal,
we
can
choose
the
junk
food
of
high
sugar.
6．It
was
successful
that
he
designed
the
present
one,
which
measures
roughly
200
square
meters.
7．Bravely
the
players
fought,
they
had
no
chance
of
winning.
8．We
need
to
get
to
the
root
of
the
problem
we
can
solve
it.
答案：一、单句语法填空
1．
because
2．.
But
3．
when
4．
such
5．
or
6．
so
7．
as/though
8．
before
[解题技法]
语法填空解题“2策略”
1．分析单词、短语或句子的逻辑关系或句式结构
(1)完整的句子中，如果两个单词或短语并列，要填并列连词；
(2)若两个句子(两个主谓结构)之间没有句号或分号，也没有连词，空格处必定填连词。
2．注意固定句式中的连词
二、单句改错
1．We
can
take
a
bus
and
ride
a
bike
to
get
there.
2．You
have
to
read
because
you
want
to
become
a
good
reader.
3．I
forgave
him
but
gave
him
a
hug.
4．When
I
was
10,
once
my
parents
were
away
on
business,
but
I
had
to
stay
at
home
alone
for
a
day.
5．There
is
only
a
little
rain
and
the
weather
is
neither
too
hot
or
too
cold.
6．Because
the
answer
seemed
a
little
strange,
nobody
but
I
doubted
it.
7．Shaking
hands
is
the
most
popular
way
to
greet
each
other
while
people
meet.
8．They
said
this
was
so
a
beautiful
day
that
they
would
remember
it
forever.
答案：二、单句改错
1．and→or
2．.because→if
3．but→and
4．but→and/so
5．or→nor
6．.Because→Although/Though
7．.while→when
8．.so→such
[解题技法]
短文改错解题“3视角”
1．根据句意、前后的逻辑关系去判断连词是否正确。
2．根据短语搭配和固定句式判断连词。
3．注意排查中式英语，如将although/though和but,
because和so连用。遇到此种情况，一般删除后面的but,
so，以免影响一个句子的第一个单词首字母大写的原则。
三、高考写作佳句
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)无论我们的团队在哪里训练，我们都会尽力而为，我们都希望能赢。
_
2．(2019·北京高考书面表达)当老师告诉我们这个以“劳动光荣”为主题的活动时，我们都欢呼起来。
_
3．(2019·江苏高考书面表达)李江推荐中国传统服装，而苏华更喜欢校服。
_
4．(2018·北京高考书面表达)如果你还有其他问题，请随时告诉我。
_
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)如果你感兴趣，您可以发送电子邮件至12345@或亲自报名。
四、用适当的连词填空
My
classmate
Michael
studied
very
hard
__1__
he
went
to
senior
school.
Every
day
he
worked
__2__
everyone
else
in
my
class
left
the
classroom.
He
said
he
wouldn't
stop
trying
__3__
he
got
satisfying
scores
in
his
studies.
Hard
__4__
he
tried,
he
made
little
progress.
But
he
didn't
lose
heart
at
all
__5__
he
believed
as
long
as
he
persisted
he
would
succeed
one
day.
__6__
time
went
by,
he
made
improvements
in
his
studies
and
he
was
admitted
to
a
university
in
Beijing
at
last.We
had
a
get?together
party
__7__
we
started
our
new
life
in
university.
Everyone
had
got
offers
from
universities,
__8__
we
had
a
very
good
time.
When
we
stood
__9__
we
used
to
play
and
study,
we
couldn't
help
thinking
of
our
happy
old
days.
We
believed
we
would
never
forget
each
other,
__10__
we
would
go
or
whatever
we
would
do.
答案：三、高考写作佳句
1．Wherever_our_team_are_training,_we_will_try_our_best__and_we_all_want_to_be_the_winner._
2．The_moment_our_teacher_told_us_about_the_programme_with_the_theme_“Labor_is_the_most_glorious”_we_all_cheered_up.
3．Li_Jiang_recommends_the_traditional_Chinese_dress_while_Su_Hua_prefers_the_school_uniform.
4．If_you_have_further_questions,_please_feel_free_to_let_me_know.
5．If
you're
interested
in
it,
either
you
may
send
an
email
to
12345@
or
you
can
sign
up
in
person.
四、用适当的连词填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过回忆“我”的高中同学Michael的高中生活，想起了我们一起奋斗的那些青春岁月和难舍难分的纯真友谊。
1．after　句意：Michael上高中以后，他学习非常努力。由于主句为一般过去时，所以不能用since。
2．until　句意：每天他都学习到我们班所有其他同学都离开教室为止。
until“直到……为止”。
3．unless　句意：他说除非他在学习上取得令人满意的成绩，否则他不会停止努力。unless“除非……(否则)”。
4．as/though　句意：尽管他努力了，但是进步很小。副词hard位于句首，所以此处为让步状语从句的倒装形式。
5．because/as　句意：但是他一点儿也没有灰心，因为他相信只要他坚持不懈他迟早会成功的。此处解释他不灰心的理由，故答案为because或as。
6．As　as
time
goes/went
by
“随着时间的推移”。
7．before考查时间状语从句。句意：上大学前，我们举行了一次聚会。由前后两个动作发生的先后顺序可知填before。
8．so　考查并列连词。句意：由于每个人都得到了大学录取通知书，所以我们玩得特别开心。前后两个分句为因果关系，故答案为so。
9．where　句意：当我们站在昔日一起玩耍，一起学习的地方时，我们不禁想起了昔日快乐的时光。where引导地点状语从句。
10．wherever　句意：我们相信无论我们将来身在何方，也无论我们将来做什么，我们都不会忘记彼此。