备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧08
观点态度推理与确定
【考情角度】
考情分析
这类试题常出现在环境保护类说明文中，此类文章往往是现象类说明文，这样的说明文主题句常位于首段首句。在阅读文章时应先确定说明文的顺序和方法，再浏览题干，结合题干要求在文中寻找答题线索，确定答案。
考查角度
常考查主旨大意题、观点态度题或写作意图题。
【真题再现】(2018·全国卷Ⅰ·D) 主题语境：环境保护
We
may
think
we're
a
culture
that
gets
rid
of
our
technology
at
the
first
sight
of
something
shiny
and
new,
but
a
new
study
shows
that
we
keep
using
our
old
devices
(装置)
well
after
they
go
out
of
style.
That's
bad
news
for
the
environment—and
our
wallets—as
these
outdated
devices
consume
much
more
energy
than
the
newer
ones
that
do
the
same
things.
To
figure
out
how
much
power
these
devices
are
using,
Callie
Babbitt
and
her
colleagues
at
the
Rochester
Institute
of
Technology
in
New
York
the
environmental
costs
for
each
product
throughout
its
life—from
when
its
minerals
are
mined
to
when
we
stop
using
the
device.
This
method
provided
a
readout
for
how
home
energy
use
has
since
the
early
1990s.
Devices
were
by
generation.
Desktop
computers,
basic
mobile
phones,
and
box?set
TVs
defined
1992.
Digital
cameras
arrived
on
the
scene
in
1997.
And
MP3
players,
smart
phones,
and
LCD
TVs
entered
homes
in
2002,
before
tablets
and
e?readers
showed
up
in
2007.
As
we
accumulated
more
devices,
however,
we
didn't
throw
out
our
old
ones.
“The
living?room
television
is
replaced
and
gets
in
the
kids'
room,
and
suddenly
one
day,
you
have
a
TV
in
every
room
of
the
house，”
said
one
researcher.
The
average
number
of
electronic
devices
rose
from
four
per
in
1992
to
13
in
2007.
We're
not
just
keeping
these
old
devices—we
continue
to
use
them.
According
to
the
analysis
of
Babbitt's
team,
old
desktop
and
box
TVs
with
cathode
ray
tubes
are
the
worst
devices
with
their
energy
and
contribution
to
greenhouse
gas
emissions
(排放)
more
than
during
the
1992
to
2007
window.
So
what's
the
solution
(解决方案)?
The
team's
data
only
went
up
to
2007,
but
the
researchers
also
explored
what
would
happen
if
consumers
replaced
old
products
with
new
electronics
that
serve
more
than
one
function,
such
as
a
tablet
for
word
processing
and
TV
viewing.
They
found
that
more
on?demand
entertainment
viewing
on
tablets
instead
of
TVs
and
desktop
computers
could
cut
energy
consumption
by
44%.
1.What
does
the
author
？
A.
They
are
environment?friendly.
B.
They
are
no
better
than
the
old.
C.
They
cost
more
to
use
at
home.
D.
They
go
out
of
style
quickly.
2.Why
did
？
A.
To
reduce
the
cost
of
minerals.
B.
To
test
the
life
cycle
of
a
product.
C.
To
update
consumers
on
new
technology.
D.
To
find
out
electricity
consumption
of
the
devices.
3.Which
of
the
following
uses
the
least
energy?
A.
The
box?set
TV.
B.
The
tablet.
C.
The
LCD
TV.
D.
The
desktop
computer.
4.What
does
the
text
suggest
people
do
about
old
electronic
devices?
A.
Stop
using
them.
B.
Take
them
apart.
C.
Upgrade
them.
D.
Recycle
them.
答案与解析：1.A 2.D 3.B 4.A
1.第一段最后一句提出旧设备比新设备更消耗能力，由此可知正确选项。
2.第二段第一句就点出了该团队的研究目的。
3.根据文章主旨(新设备消耗能源少)，结合尾段最后一句可知正确答案。
4.根据主旨“新电子设备比旧电子设备环保”，结合最后一段的解决方案，即可得出答案。
【技巧释义】分析措辞确定观点态度
?速读首段查找主题句，确定说明对象
as引导的从句是主题句，说明旧设备要比新设备更消耗能量。(可解第1题)
?速读全文查找说明顺序和方法
本文以提出现象→分析现象→提出解决办法的顺序呈现。
①第2段说明研究人员的研究目的和对电子产品的时代分类(可解第2题)
②第3段说明研究人员对新旧电子产品耗能和温室气体排放的分析(可解第3题)
?提出解决方法
研究人员对利用新设备耗能的探索结果(可解第4题)
?微技能 观点态度题
定位相关表感彩的词语和句子，推断作者观点和态度
【词汇积累】
evolve
vi.&vt.逐步形成；逐渐演变
household
n.家庭
consumption
n.消耗；消费
outdated
adj.过时的
group
vt.将……分类
plant
vt.稳固地放置
monitor
n.显示器，监测仪
track
vt.追踪；记录
double
vi.加倍
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Modeste
Traore
has
lived
his
whole
life
near
Lake
Wegnia,
in
the
Sahel
area
of
Mali.
The
lake’s
fish
have
provided
him
with
a
way
to
earn
money
to
support
his
extended
family.
How-ever,
because
he
can’t
catch
enough
fish
to
feed
his
family,
he
now
raises
farm
animals.
But
as
temperatures
rise,
evaporation
increases,
making
the
body
of
water
shrinks.
Studies
have
linked
rising
temperatures
on
Earth’s
surface
to
climate
change.
The
lake
is
shrinking,
so
are
the
chances
of
his
children
becoming
fishermen.
“If
things
go
on
like
this,
I
don’t
think
our
children
can
become
fishermen
like
us.
They
will
have
to
choose
other
jobs,”
the
56-year-old
Traore
said.
“During
the
rainy
season,
there
is
a
lot
of
water
but
as
soon
as
it’s
over,
there
is
no
water
left
in
the
lake.
We
are
fishermen.
I
don’t
think
our
children
will
be,”
he
said.
Lake
Wegnia
is
in
the
Sahel
region
of
Koulikoro,
around
120
kilometers
north
of
Mali’s
capital,
Bamako.
Some
12,000
people,
including
fishermen
and
farmers,
depend
on
it
for
food,
water
and
employment.
But
the
lake
has
shrunk
by
20
percent
since
2017.
The
UN
expects
temperatures
there
to
increase
1.5
times
higher
than
the
average
increase
worldwide.
UN
officials
note
that
the
flooding
and
a
severe
lack
of
rainfall
can
cause
problems
in
the
Sahel:
Food
insecurity,
the
fight
over
farmland
and
the
fast
population
growth
can
lead
to
conflict.
Aid
group
is
leading
the
Eco-Lac
Wegnia
project.
The
group
is
working
to
improve
water
management
and
fight
the
effects
of
global
warming.
Moussa
Savagodo
is
Eco-Lac
Wegnia’s
local
representative.
He
says
that
failing
to
make
changes
quickly
can
mean
the
lake
will
disappear
completely
in
less
than
5
years.
People
in
the
rural
areas
Wegnia
and
Kononi-Sirakoro
have
planted
56,000
trees
in
the
past
two
years.
And
they
are
better
controlling
their
water
by
building
stone
barriers
to
help
the
soil
keep
the
rain
that
does
fall.
The
progress
and
international
official
support
are
not
enough
for
them,
however.
More
and
more
people
are
turning
to
other
agriculture.
1.How
did
Traore
work
to
support
his
family
in
the
past?
A.By
fishing.
B.By
raising
farm
animals.
C.By
taking
charge
of
the
lake.
D.By
working
as
an
environmentalist.
2.What
effect
will
the
current
trend
of
the
lake
have
according
to
Traore?
A.A
lot
of
farmland
will
form.
B.The
rainy
season
will
end
early.
C.Many
fishermen
will
flee
their
homes.
D.The
later
generation
will
change
their
careers.
3.Which
statement
do
the
UN
and
Aid
group
agree
with?
A.Drought
and
flood
will
directly
cause
conflict.
B.Reducing
population
is
a
way
to
protect
the
lake.
C.Water
management
makes
no
difference
to
the
lake.
D.The
rise
in
temperature
will
cause
water
resource
problems.
4.What
does
the
underlined
word
“they”
in
the
last
paragraph
refer
to?
A.The
local
officials.
B.The
Aid
group
members.
C.The
villagers.
D.The
representatives.
2
Boredom
is
something
to
experience.
If
kids
don't
figure
this
out
early
on,
they're
in
for
an
unpleasant
surprise.
School,
let's
face
it,
can
be
dull
and
it
isn't
actually
the
teacher's
job
to
entertain
as
well
as
educate.
-
In
a
much-read
story,
The
Relentlessness
of
Modem
Parenting,
Claire
Cain
Miller
referred
to
a
recent
study
that
found
regardless
of
class,
income
or
race,
parents
believed
that
"children
who
were
bored
after
school
should
take
part
in
extracurricular
activities,
and
that
parents
who
were
busy
should
stop
their
task
and
draw
with
their
children
if
asked."
Parents
preparing
for
a
long
car
ride
are
like
army
officers
planning
a
complex
land
maneuver（(演
习)）with
the
help
of
games
and
movies
played
on
iPad
and
smartphones.
What
did
parents
in
the
1970s
do
when
kids
were
bored?
Nothing!
They
let
them
breathe
in
gas
fumes.
And
since
it
wasn't
actually
for
wearing,
play
with
the
broken
safety
belt.
If
you
complained
about
being
bored
back
then,
you
were
really
asking
for
it.
"Clean
your
room,"
you
might
get.
Was
this
fun?
No.
Was
it
helpful?
Yes.
Because
things
happen
when
you're
bored.
Some
of
the
most
boring
jobs
I've
had
were
also
the
most
creative.
While
checking
out
food
at
the
supermarket,
I
invented
stories
about
people's
purchases.
The
man
buying
eggplant
and
a
six-pack
of
beer
at
9
p.m.:
Which
was
the
must-get
thing
and
which
the
impulse
purchase?
How
did
my
former
fifth-grade
teacher
feel
about
my
observing
her
weekly
purchase
of
cookies?
The
ability
to
handle
boredom,
not
surprisingly,
is
associated
with
the
ability
to
focus.
Research
has
shown
that
people
with
attention
disorders
are
particularly
poor
in
handling
boredom.
It's
especially
important
that
kids
get
bored
and
be
allowed
to
stay
bored
when
they
be
young.
It
shouldn't
be
considered
"a
problem"
to
be
avoided
or
removed
by
the
higher-ups,
but
instead
something
kids
handle
on
their
own.
We've
stopped
training
children
to
do
this.
Rather
than
teach
them
to
understand
material
that
is
duller,
teachers
spend
more
time
inventing
ways
to
"attract"
students.
But
surely
teaching
children
to
stand
boredom
will
prepare
them
for
a
more
realistic
future.
5.What
is
the
finding
of
the
study
mentioned
by
Claire
Cain
Miller?
A.School
kids
find
it
hard
to
stand
boredom.
B.People
are
too
busy
to
draw
with
their
kids.
C.Extracurricular
activities
are
gaining
popularity.
D.Parents
are
trying
their
best
to
make
their
kids
have
fun.
6.What
did
parents
in
the
1970s
usually
do
when
kids
were
bored
on
a
long
car
ride?
A.They
played
with
them.
B.They
left
them
alone.
C.They
told
them
about
famous
movies.
D.They
asked
them
to
pay
attention
to
safety.
7.Why
does
the
author
share
her
experience
at
the
supermarket?
A.To
show
customers'
purchasing
habits.
B.To
show
what
a
difficult
life
she
was
living.
C.To
show
boredom
and
jobs
go
hand
in
hand.
D.To
show
the
link
between
boredom
and
creativity.
8.What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.Kids
have
enough
fun
B.Life
is
a
boring
journey
C.Let
kids
get
bored
again
D.Turn
boredom
into
entertainment
3
U.
S.
cherries,
watermelons
and
some
other
summertime
favorites
may
depend
on
wild
bees
more
than
previously
thought.
Many
farms
in
the
United
States
use
managed
honeybees
to
pollinate
(授粉)
crops
and
increase
the
total
amount
of
crops,
sometimes
trucking
beehives
(蜂箱)
from
farm
to
farm.
Now
an
analysis
of
seven
crops
across
North
America
shows
that
wild
bees
can
play
a
role
in
crop
pollination
too,
even
on
conventional
farms
with
managed
honeybees.
Wild
volunteers
add
at
least
$1.5
billion
in
total
to
the
harvest
for
six
of
the
crops,
a
new
study
estimates.
“To
me,
the
big
surprise
was
that
we
found
so
many
wild
bees
even
in
intense
production
areas
where
much
of
the
produce
in
the
USA
is
grown,
says
Rachael
Winfree,
a
pollination
ecologist
at
Rutgers
University
in
New
Brunswick,
N.
J.
That
means
threats
to
wild
bees
could
deplete
profits
even
when
farms
raise
honeybees,
the
researchers
reported
on
July
29
in
Proceedings
of
the
Royal
Society.
Both
honeybees,
which
aren’t
native
to
the
United
States,
and
wild
pollinators
such
as
bumblebees
face
dangers
including
pesticides
(杀虫剂).
To
see
what,
if
anything,
wild
native
bee
species
contribute,
researchers
checked
bee
visits
to
flowers
at
131
commercial
farm
fields
across
the
United
States
and
part
of
Canada.
On
the
other
hand,
the
researchers
also
calculated
to
what
extent
the
number
of
bee
visits
limited
production.
These
intensive
farms
with
plenty
of
fertilizer,
water
and
other
resources
often
showed
signs
of
reaching
a
pollinator
limit,
meaning
fields
didn’t
have
enough
honeybees
to
get
the
maximum
production,
and
volunteer
wild
bees
were
adding
to
the
total.
Then
the
team
estimated
what
percentage
of
the
production
native
bees
were
adding
—
versus
just
doing
what
honeybees
would
have
done
anyway.
“Wild
bees
don’t
seem
to
help
California’s
orchards
(果园)，but
based
on
orchards
in
Michigan
and
Pennsylvania,
some
$
1.
06
billion
of
apples
depends
on
native
pollinators,”
the
researchers
say.
Watermelons,
particularly
in
Florida,
get
an
estimated
$146
million
benefit,
and
sweet
cherries
$
145
million.
9.Why
are
the
wild
bees
important
to
the
crops
according
to
the
text?
A.It
helps
to
pollinate
and
improve
the
crops
output.
B.It
is
helpful
to
raise
managed
honeybees.
C.It
is
helpful
to
maintain
healthy
ecosystem.
D.It
helps
to
protect
native
bee
species.
10.What
does
the
underlined
word
“deplete”
in
paragraph
4
mean?
A.Pursue.
B.Make.
C.Keep.
D.Reduce.
11.Why
did
researchers
check
bee
visits
to
flowers?
A.To
work
out
the
number
of
wild
native
bees.
B.To
make
it
clear
why
fields
don’t
have
enough
bees.
C.To
show
how
important
the
managed
bees
are
to
intensive
farms.
D.To
figure
out
what
wild
native
bees
benefit
farm
output.
12.What
is
the
purpose
of
the
text?
A.To
draw
people’s
attention
to
farm
output.
B.To
discuss
why
bees
can
increase
the
harvest.
C.To
show
wild
bees
may
contribute
to
the
crop
harvest.
D.To
introduce
how
honey
bees
and
wild
bees
pollinate
crops.
4
Over
the
last
25
years,
psychologists
have
found
that
personalities
center
on
five
basic
traits(特性)
—
the
Big
Five:
agreeableness,
conscientiousness
(责任心),
neuroticism,
extroversion
and
openness.
Contrary
to
common
belief,
people
just
aren’t
organized
into
certain
personality
types.
Every
trait
is
a
continuous
dimension
and
everyone
can
be
described
as
having
varying
levels
of
each
trait.
A
new
research
has
also
found
animals
from
ants
to
apes
all
have
the
Big
Five
and
that
the
universality
of
personality
points
to
an
evolutionary
(进化)
origin.
Animals
and
humans
have
common
problems
of
survival,
which
are
spelled
out
beautifully
in
the
Big
Five,
and
that’s
why
there’s
so
much
continuity
in
human
personality
and
animal
personality.
For
example,
conscientiousness
involves
behaviors
like
planning
and
consideration,
which
are
important
among
animals
for
taking
care
of
their
young,
selecting
mates
and
living
in
groups.
Being
neat
and
orderly
—
aspects
of
conscientiousness-also
has
evolutionary
superiority.
Bees
that
like
to
keep
clean
and
remove
more
dead
group
members
reduce
risk
of
disease,
gain
more
weight
and
reproduce
more
Spiders
that
make
tidy
webs
catch
more
insects.
Birds
that
build
neater
and
solider
nests
attract
more
mates.
These
behaviors
may
seem
primitive,
but
they’re
nevertheless
indications
of
personality.
Personality
is
the
expression
of
all
of
the
behaviors
that
humans
and
animals
exhibit
that
allow
them
to
function
adaptively
in
the
world.
Evolution
can
also
explain
why
personalities
vary
so
much.
Depending
on
the
situation,
each
of
the
Big
Five
can
be
advantageous.
For
example,
agreeableness
is
great
for
relationships.
But
if
a
lion
were
charging
at
you,
you’d
be
better
off
with
a
less
agreeable
and
more
aggressive
personality.
Because
the
world
is
so
unpredictable,
every
aspect
of
each
personality
trait
could
be
useful
at
different
times,
so
instead
of
evolving
a
single
type
of
personality
that’s
best
for
every
situation,
we’re
left
with
a
wide
variety.
13.What
do
people
generally
think
about
personality
types?
A.Different
personality
types
have
respective
strengths.
B.Everyone
falls
into
a
particular
personality
type.
C.People
with
common
personality
types
gather,
D.Everyone
has
mixed
personality
types.
14.What’s
the
purpose
of
mentioning
some
animals
in
Paragraph
2?
A.To
illustrate
the
advantages
of
being
conscientious.
B.To
analyze
survival
chances
of
cooperative
animals.
C.To
explain
why
they
are
tidy
and
orderly.
D.To
throw
new
light
on
their
behavior.
15.Why
do
we
display
a
certain
personality
in
a
specific
situation?
A.To
be
free
of
trouble.
B.To
be
adaptive
to
circumstances.
C.To
compete
for
equal
rights.
D.To
gain
advantages
over
others.
16.What
does
the
text
mainly
focus
on?
A.Personality
and
behavior.
B.Categories
of
Big
Five.
C.Contradictory
facts
on
personality.
D.Diversity
and
variability
of
personality.备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧08
观点态度推理与确定
【考情角度】
考情分析
这类试题常出现在环境保护类说明文中，此类文章往往是现象类说明文，这样的说明文主题句常位于首段首句。在阅读文章时应先确定说明文的顺序和方法，再浏览题干，结合题干要求在文中寻找答题线索，确定答案。
考查角度
常考查主旨大意题、观点态度题或写作意图题。
【真题再现】(2018·全国卷Ⅰ·D) 主题语境：环境保护
We
may
think
we're
a
culture
that
gets
rid
of
our
technology
at
the
first
sight
of
something
shiny
and
new,
but
a
new
study
shows
that
we
keep
using
our
old
devices
(装置)
well
after
they
go
out
of
style.
That's
bad
news
for
the
environment—and
our
wallets—as
these
outdated
devices
consume
much
more
energy
than
the
newer
ones
that
do
the
same
things.
To
figure
out
how
much
power
these
devices
are
using,
Callie
Babbitt
and
her
colleagues
at
the
Rochester
Institute
of
Technology
in
New
York
the
environmental
costs
for
each
product
throughout
its
life—from
when
its
minerals
are
mined
to
when
we
stop
using
the
device.
This
method
provided
a
readout
for
how
home
energy
use
has
since
the
early
1990s.
Devices
were
by
generation.
Desktop
computers,
basic
mobile
phones,
and
box?set
TVs
defined
1992.
Digital
cameras
arrived
on
the
scene
in
1997.
And
MP3
players,
smart
phones,
and
LCD
TVs
entered
homes
in
2002,
before
tablets
and
e?readers
showed
up
in
2007.
As
we
accumulated
more
devices,
however,
we
didn't
throw
out
our
old
ones.
“The
living?room
television
is
replaced
and
gets
in
the
kids'
room,
and
suddenly
one
day,
you
have
a
TV
in
every
room
of
the
house，”
said
one
researcher.
The
average
number
of
electronic
devices
rose
from
four
per
in
1992
to
13
in
2007.
We're
not
just
keeping
these
old
devices—we
continue
to
use
them.
According
to
the
analysis
of
Babbitt's
team,
old
desktop
and
box
TVs
with
cathode
ray
tubes
are
the
worst
devices
with
their
energy
and
contribution
to
greenhouse
gas
emissions
(排放)
more
than
during
the
1992
to
2007
window.
So
what's
the
solution
(解决方案)?
The
team's
data
only
went
up
to
2007,
but
the
researchers
also
explored
what
would
happen
if
consumers
replaced
old
products
with
new
electronics
that
serve
more
than
one
function,
such
as
a
tablet
for
word
processing
and
TV
viewing.
They
found
that
more
on?demand
entertainment
viewing
on
tablets
instead
of
TVs
and
desktop
computers
could
cut
energy
consumption
by
44%.
1.What
does
the
author
？
A.
They
are
environment?friendly.
B.
They
are
no
better
than
the
old.
C.
They
cost
more
to
use
at
home.
D.
They
go
out
of
style
quickly.
2.Why
did
？
A.
To
reduce
the
cost
of
minerals.
B.
To
test
the
life
cycle
of
a
product.
C.
To
update
consumers
on
new
technology.
D.
To
find
out
electricity
consumption
of
the
devices.
3.Which
of
the
following
uses
the
least
energy?
A.
The
box?set
TV.
B.
The
tablet.
C.
The
LCD
TV.
D.
The
desktop
computer.
4.What
does
the
text
suggest
people
do
about
old
electronic
devices?
A.
Stop
using
them.
B.
Take
them
apart.
C.
Upgrade
them.
D.
Recycle
them.
答案与解析：1.A 2.D 3.B 4.A
1.第一段最后一句提出旧设备比新设备更消耗能力，由此可知正确选项。
2.第二段第一句就点出了该团队的研究目的。
3.根据文章主旨(新设备消耗能源少)，结合尾段最后一句可知正确答案。
4.根据主旨“新电子设备比旧电子设备环保”，结合最后一段的解决方案，即可得出答案。
【技巧释义】分析措辞确定观点态度
?速读首段查找主题句，确定说明对象
as引导的从句是主题句，说明旧设备要比新设备更消耗能量。(可解第1题)
?速读全文查找说明顺序和方法
本文以提出现象→分析现象→提出解决办法的顺序呈现。
①第2段说明研究人员的研究目的和对电子产品的时代分类(可解第2题)
②第3段说明研究人员对新旧电子产品耗能和温室气体排放的分析(可解第3题)
?提出解决方法
研究人员对利用新设备耗能的探索结果(可解第4题)
?微技能 观点态度题
定位相关表感彩的词语和句子，推断作者观点和态度
【词汇积累】
evolve
vi.&vt.逐步形成；逐渐演变
household
n.家庭
consumption
n.消耗；消费
outdated
adj.过时的
group
vt.将……分类
plant
vt.稳固地放置
monitor
n.显示器，监测仪
track
vt.追踪；记录
double
vi.加倍
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Modeste
Traore
has
lived
his
whole
life
near
Lake
Wegnia,
in
the
Sahel
area
of
Mali.
The
lake’s
fish
have
provided
him
with
a
way
to
earn
money
to
support
his
extended
family.
How-ever,
because
he
can’t
catch
enough
fish
to
feed
his
family,
he
now
raises
farm
animals.
But
as
temperatures
rise,
evaporation
increases,
making
the
body
of
water
shrinks.
Studies
have
linked
rising
temperatures
on
Earth’s
surface
to
climate
change.
The
lake
is
shrinking,
so
are
the
chances
of
his
children
becoming
fishermen.
“If
things
go
on
like
this,
I
don’t
think
our
children
can
become
fishermen
like
us.
They
will
have
to
choose
other
jobs,”
the
56-year-old
Traore
said.
“During
the
rainy
season,
there
is
a
lot
of
water
but
as
soon
as
it’s
over,
there
is
no
water
left
in
the
lake.
We
are
fishermen.
I
don’t
think
our
children
will
be,”
he
said.
Lake
Wegnia
is
in
the
Sahel
region
of
Koulikoro,
around
120
kilometers
north
of
Mali’s
capital,
Bamako.
Some
12,000
people,
including
fishermen
and
farmers,
depend
on
it
for
food,
water
and
employment.
But
the
lake
has
shrunk
by
20
percent
since
2017.
The
UN
expects
temperatures
there
to
increase
1.5
times
higher
than
the
average
increase
worldwide.
UN
officials
note
that
the
flooding
and
a
severe
lack
of
rainfall
can
cause
problems
in
the
Sahel:
Food
insecurity,
the
fight
over
farmland
and
the
fast
population
growth
can
lead
to
conflict.
Aid
group
is
leading
the
Eco-Lac
Wegnia
project.
The
group
is
working
to
improve
water
management
and
fight
the
effects
of
global
warming.
Moussa
Savagodo
is
Eco-Lac
Wegnia’s
local
representative.
He
says
that
failing
to
make
changes
quickly
can
mean
the
lake
will
disappear
completely
in
less
than
5
years.
People
in
the
rural
areas
Wegnia
and
Kononi-Sirakoro
have
planted
56,000
trees
in
the
past
two
years.
And
they
are
better
controlling
their
water
by
building
stone
barriers
to
help
the
soil
keep
the
rain
that
does
fall.
The
progress
and
international
official
support
are
not
enough
for
them,
however.
More
and
more
people
are
turning
to
other
agriculture.
1.How
did
Traore
work
to
support
his
family
in
the
past?
A.By
fishing.
B.By
raising
farm
animals.
C.By
taking
charge
of
the
lake.
D.By
working
as
an
environmentalist.
2.What
effect
will
the
current
trend
of
the
lake
have
according
to
Traore?
A.A
lot
of
farmland
will
form.
B.The
rainy
season
will
end
early.
C.Many
fishermen
will
flee
their
homes.
D.The
later
generation
will
change
their
careers.
3.Which
statement
do
the
UN
and
Aid
group
agree
with?
A.Drought
and
flood
will
directly
cause
conflict.
B.Reducing
population
is
a
way
to
protect
the
lake.
C.Water
management
makes
no
difference
to
the
lake.
D.The
rise
in
temperature
will
cause
water
resource
problems.
4.What
does
the
underlined
word
“they”
in
the
last
paragraph
refer
to?
A.The
local
officials.
B.The
Aid
group
members.
C.The
villagers.
D.The
representatives.
【答案】1.A2.D3.D4.C
【分析】
本文是说明文。马里不断缩小的湖泊意味着渔民家庭的末日。随着气温升高和蒸发的增加，水体萎缩导致湖泊逐渐缩小，渔民的孩子成为渔民的机会也在减少。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段
“The
lake’s
fish
have
provided
him
with
a
way
to
earn
money
to
support
his
extended
family.
How-ever,
because
he
can’t
catch
enough
fish
to
feed
his
family,
he
now
raises
farm
animals.”（湖中的鱼为他提供了赚钱养家的途径。然而，由于他捕不到足够的鱼来养活家人，他现在饲养农场动物。）可知，在过去，Traore靠捕鱼养家。故选A。
2.推理判断题。根据第二段中
“
‘If
things
go
on
like
this,
I
don’t
think
our
children
can
become
fishermen
like
us.
They
will
have
to
choose
other
jobs,’
he
56-year-old
Traore
said.”（“如果这样下去，我想我们的孩子可能成为不了我们这样的渔民了。他们将不得不选择其他工作，”56岁的特拉奥雷说。）可知，下一代人将会选择其他的职业。故选D。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段
“UN
officials
note
that
the
flooding
and
a
severe
lack
of
rainfall
can
cause
problems
in
the
Sahel:
Food
insecurity,
the
fight
over
farmland
and
the
fast
population
growth
can
lead
to
conflict.”（联合国官员指出，洪水和严重缺雨会给萨赫勒地区带来问题：粮食不安全、农田争夺和人口快速增长都可能导致冲突。）可知，可知温度上升会导致水资源的问题。故选D。
4.词句猜测题。根据上文“People
in
the
rural
areas
Wegnia
and
Kononi-Sirakoro
have
planted
56,000
trees
in
the
past
two
years.”（在Wegnia和Kononi-Sirakoro农村地区的人们在过去两年里种植了56000棵树。）以及下文“More
and
more
people
are
turning
to
other
agriculture.”（
越来越多的人转向其他农业。）可知这里指的是这些村民通过建造石头屏障来使土壤保持雨水，从而更好地控制水分。所以they指的是村民。故选C。
2
Boredom
is
something
to
experience.
If
kids
don't
figure
this
out
early
on,
they're
in
for
an
unpleasant
surprise.
School,
let's
face
it,
can
be
dull
and
it
isn't
actually
the
teacher's
job
to
entertain
as
well
as
educate.
-
In
a
much-read
story,
The
Relentlessness
of
Modem
Parenting,
Claire
Cain
Miller
referred
to
a
recent
study
that
found
regardless
of
class,
income
or
race,
parents
believed
that
"children
who
were
bored
after
school
should
take
part
in
extracurricular
activities,
and
that
parents
who
were
busy
should
stop
their
task
and
draw
with
their
children
if
asked."
Parents
preparing
for
a
long
car
ride
are
like
army
officers
planning
a
complex
land
maneuver（(演
习)）with
the
help
of
games
and
movies
played
on
iPad
and
smartphones.
What
did
parents
in
the
1970s
do
when
kids
were
bored?
Nothing!
They
let
them
breathe
in
gas
fumes.
And
since
it
wasn't
actually
for
wearing,
play
with
the
broken
safety
belt.
If
you
complained
about
being
bored
back
then,
you
were
really
asking
for
it.
"Clean
your
room,"
you
might
get.
Was
this
fun?
No.
Was
it
helpful?
Yes.
Because
things
happen
when
you're
bored.
Some
of
the
most
boring
jobs
I've
had
were
also
the
most
creative.
While
checking
out
food
at
the
supermarket,
I
invented
stories
about
people's
purchases.
The
man
buying
eggplant
and
a
six-pack
of
beer
at
9
p.m.:
Which
was
the
must-get
thing
and
which
the
impulse
purchase?
How
did
my
former
fifth-grade
teacher
feel
about
my
observing
her
weekly
purchase
of
cookies?
The
ability
to
handle
boredom,
not
surprisingly,
is
associated
with
the
ability
to
focus.
Research
has
shown
that
people
with
attention
disorders
are
particularly
poor
in
handling
boredom.
It's
especially
important
that
kids
get
bored
and
be
allowed
to
stay
bored
when
they
be
young.
It
shouldn't
be
considered
"a
problem"
to
be
avoided
or
removed
by
the
higher-ups,
but
instead
something
kids
handle
on
their
own.
We've
stopped
training
children
to
do
this.
Rather
than
teach
them
to
understand
material
that
is
duller,
teachers
spend
more
time
inventing
ways
to
"attract"
students.
But
surely
teaching
children
to
stand
boredom
will
prepare
them
for
a
more
realistic
future.
5.What
is
the
finding
of
the
study
mentioned
by
Claire
Cain
Miller?
A.School
kids
find
it
hard
to
stand
boredom.
B.People
are
too
busy
to
draw
with
their
kids.
C.Extracurricular
activities
are
gaining
popularity.
D.Parents
are
trying
their
best
to
make
their
kids
have
fun.
6.What
did
parents
in
the
1970s
usually
do
when
kids
were
bored
on
a
long
car
ride?
A.They
played
with
them.
B.They
left
them
alone.
C.They
told
them
about
famous
movies.
D.They
asked
them
to
pay
attention
to
safety.
7.Why
does
the
author
share
her
experience
at
the
supermarket?
A.To
show
customers'
purchasing
habits.
B.To
show
what
a
difficult
life
she
was
living.
C.To
show
boredom
and
jobs
go
hand
in
hand.
D.To
show
the
link
between
boredom
and
creativity.
8.What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.Kids
have
enough
fun
B.Life
is
a
boring
journey
C.Let
kids
get
bored
again
D.Turn
boredom
into
entertainment
【答案】5.D6.B7.D8.C
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章通过讲述实验和自身经历说明需要教会孩子们忍受无聊。
【详解】
1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“children
who
were
bored
after
school
should
take
part
in
extracurricular
activities,
and
that
parents
who
were
busy
should
stop
their
task
and
draw
with
their
children
if
asked”（放学后感到无聊的孩子应该参加课外活动，而忙碌的家长如果被要求，应该停下手中的工作，和孩子一起画画）可知，Claire
Cain
Miller提及的研究发现父母尽他们最大的努力让他们的孩子有乐趣。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段第二句第三句“What
did
parents
in
the
1970s
do
when
kids
were
bored?
Nothing!
”（上世纪70年代，当孩子们无聊时，父母们会做什么?什么都不做!）可知，上世纪70年代父母在孩子们无聊时不会管他们。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句第二句“Because
things
happen
when
you're
bored.
Some
of
the
most
boring
jobs
I've
had
were
also
the
most
creative.
”（因为当你无聊的时候，事情就会发生。我所做过的一些最无聊的工作却也是最有创造力的。）可知，作者分享自己在超市的经历的目的是展示无聊和创造力之间的联系。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。根据最后一段最后两句“Rather
than
teach
them
to
understand
material
that
is
duller,
teachers
spend
more
time
inventing
ways
to
"attract"
students.
But
surely
teaching
children
to
stand
boredom
will
prepare
them
for
a
more
realistic
future.”（老师们花更多的时间发明方法来“吸引”学生，而不是教他们去理解那些枯燥无味的材料。但毫无疑问，教会孩子们忍受无聊会让他们为更现实的未来做好准备。）可知，本文的主要意图是提倡教会孩子们忍受无聊。所以短文的最佳标题为“许孩子们感到无聊”。故选C。
3
U.
S.
cherries,
watermelons
and
some
other
summertime
favorites
may
depend
on
wild
bees
more
than
previously
thought.
Many
farms
in
the
United
States
use
managed
honeybees
to
pollinate
(授粉)
crops
and
increase
the
total
amount
of
crops,
sometimes
trucking
beehives
(蜂箱)
from
farm
to
farm.
Now
an
analysis
of
seven
crops
across
North
America
shows
that
wild
bees
can
play
a
role
in
crop
pollination
too,
even
on
conventional
farms
with
managed
honeybees.
Wild
volunteers
add
at
least
$1.5
billion
in
total
to
the
harvest
for
six
of
the
crops,
a
new
study
estimates.
“To
me,
the
big
surprise
was
that
we
found
so
many
wild
bees
even
in
intense
production
areas
where
much
of
the
produce
in
the
USA
is
grown,
says
Rachael
Winfree,
a
pollination
ecologist
at
Rutgers
University
in
New
Brunswick,
N.
J.
That
means
threats
to
wild
bees
could
deplete
profits
even
when
farms
raise
honeybees,
the
researchers
reported
on
July
29
in
Proceedings
of
the
Royal
Society.
Both
honeybees,
which
aren’t
native
to
the
United
States,
and
wild
pollinators
such
as
bumblebees
face
dangers
including
pesticides
(杀虫剂).
To
see
what,
if
anything,
wild
native
bee
species
contribute,
researchers
checked
bee
visits
to
flowers
at
131
commercial
farm
fields
across
the
United
States
and
part
of
Canada.
On
the
other
hand,
the
researchers
also
calculated
to
what
extent
the
number
of
bee
visits
limited
production.
These
intensive
farms
with
plenty
of
fertilizer,
water
and
other
resources
often
showed
signs
of
reaching
a
pollinator
limit,
meaning
fields
didn’t
have
enough
honeybees
to
get
the
maximum
production,
and
volunteer
wild
bees
were
adding
to
the
total.
Then
the
team
estimated
what
percentage
of
the
production
native
bees
were
adding
—
versus
just
doing
what
honeybees
would
have
done
anyway.
“Wild
bees
don’t
seem
to
help
California’s
orchards
(果园)，but
based
on
orchards
in
Michigan
and
Pennsylvania,
some
$
1.
06
billion
of
apples
depends
on
native
pollinators,”
the
researchers
say.
Watermelons,
particularly
in
Florida,
get
an
estimated
$146
million
benefit,
and
sweet
cherries
$
145
million.
9.Why
are
the
wild
bees
important
to
the
crops
according
to
the
text?
A.It
helps
to
pollinate
and
improve
the
crops
output.
B.It
is
helpful
to
raise
managed
honeybees.
C.It
is
helpful
to
maintain
healthy
ecosystem.
D.It
helps
to
protect
native
bee
species.
10.What
does
the
underlined
word
“deplete”
in
paragraph
4
mean?
A.Pursue.
B.Make.
C.Keep.
D.Reduce.
11.Why
did
researchers
check
bee
visits
to
flowers?
A.To
work
out
the
number
of
wild
native
bees.
B.To
make
it
clear
why
fields
don’t
have
enough
bees.
C.To
show
how
important
the
managed
bees
are
to
intensive
farms.
D.To
figure
out
what
wild
native
bees
benefit
farm
output.
12.What
is
the
purpose
of
the
text?
A.To
draw
people’s
attention
to
farm
output.
B.To
discuss
why
bees
can
increase
the
harvest.
C.To
show
wild
bees
may
contribute
to
the
crop
harvest.
D.To
introduce
how
honey
bees
and
wild
bees
pollinate
crops.
【答案】9.A10.D11.D12.C
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员通过研究野蜂对农作物授粉和提高作物产量方面的信息，试图找出野蜂是否对农作物收成有贡献。
9.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Now
an
analysis
of
seven
crops
across
North
America
shows
that
wild
bees
can
play
a
role
in
crop
pollination
too,
even
on
conventional
farms
with
managed
honeybees.
Wild
volunteers
add
at
least
$1.5
billion
in
total
to
the
harvest
for
six
of
the
crops,
a
new
study
estimates.（现在，一项对北美七种作物的分析显示，野蜜蜂也能在作物授粉中发挥作用，即使是在有管理蜜蜂的传统农场。一项新的研究估计，它们为六种作物的收成至少增加了15亿美元。）”可知，野蜂对农作物很重要，因为它有助于授粉和提高作物产量。故选A项。
10.词句猜测题。第二段说一项对北美七种作物的分析显示，野蜜蜂也能在作物授粉中发挥作用，即使是在有管理蜜蜂的传统农场。一项新的研究估计，它们为六种作物的收成至少增加了15亿美元，再根据画线词后的“
Both
honeybees,
which
aren’t
native
to
the
United
States,
and
wild
pollinators
such
as
bumblebees
face
dangers
including
pesticides
(杀虫剂).”可知，非美国本土的蜜蜂和大黄蜂等野生授粉者都面临着包括杀虫剂在内的危险，由讲述非美国本土的蜜蜂和野生传粉者面临杀虫剂在内的危险，这种威胁自然会减少利润，由此可知画线词词义为为“减少，消耗”。故选D项。
11.细节理解题。根据第五段中“To
see
what,
if
anything,
wild
native
bee
species
contribute,
researchers
checked
bee
visits
to
flowers
at
131
commercial
farm
fields
across
the
United
States
and
part
of
Canada.（为了了解野生本土蜜蜂是否有贡献，研究人员在美国和加拿大部分地区的131个商业农场中检查了蜜蜂到访花卉的情况。）”可知，研究人员要检查蜜蜂到访花丛的情况，是想找出野生本地蜜蜂对农场产出有什么好处。故选D项。
12.推理判断题。根据第二段中“
Now
an
analysis
of
seven
crops
across
North
America
shows
that
wild
bees
can
play
a
role
in
crop
pollination
too,
even
on
conventional
farms
with
managed
honeybees.
Wild
volunteers
add
at
least
$1.5
billion
in
total
to
the
harvest
for
six
of
the
crops,
a
new
study
estimates.（现在，一项对北美7种作物的分析显示，野蜜蜂也能在作物授粉中发挥作用，即使是在有管理蜜蜂的传统农场。一项新的研究估计，它们为六种作物的收获至少增加了15亿美元。）可知，文章介绍了研究人员通过研究野蜂对农作物授粉和提高作物产量方面的信息，试图找出野蜂是否对农作物收成有贡献，因此文章的目的是展示野蜂可能对农作物收成有贡献。故选C项。
4
Over
the
last
25
years,
psychologists
have
found
that
personalities
center
on
five
basic
traits(特性)
—
the
Big
Five:
agreeableness,
conscientiousness
(责任心),
neuroticism,
extroversion
and
openness.
Contrary
to
common
belief,
people
just
aren’t
organized
into
certain
personality
types.
Every
trait
is
a
continuous
dimension
and
everyone
can
be
described
as
having
varying
levels
of
each
trait.
A
new
research
has
also
found
animals
from
ants
to
apes
all
have
the
Big
Five
and
that
the
universality
of
personality
points
to
an
evolutionary
(进化)
origin.
Animals
and
humans
have
common
problems
of
survival,
which
are
spelled
out
beautifully
in
the
Big
Five,
and
that’s
why
there’s
so
much
continuity
in
human
personality
and
animal
personality.
For
example,
conscientiousness
involves
behaviors
like
planning
and
consideration,
which
are
important
among
animals
for
taking
care
of
their
young,
selecting
mates
and
living
in
groups.
Being
neat
and
orderly
—
aspects
of
conscientiousness-also
has
evolutionary
superiority.
Bees
that
like
to
keep
clean
and
remove
more
dead
group
members
reduce
risk
of
disease,
gain
more
weight
and
reproduce
more
Spiders
that
make
tidy
webs
catch
more
insects.
Birds
that
build
neater
and
solider
nests
attract
more
mates.
These
behaviors
may
seem
primitive,
but
they’re
nevertheless
indications
of
personality.
Personality
is
the
expression
of
all
of
the
behaviors
that
humans
and
animals
exhibit
that
allow
them
to
function
adaptively
in
the
world.
Evolution
can
also
explain
why
personalities
vary
so
much.
Depending
on
the
situation,
each
of
the
Big
Five
can
be
advantageous.
For
example,
agreeableness
is
great
for
relationships.
But
if
a
lion
were
charging
at
you,
you’d
be
better
off
with
a
less
agreeable
and
more
aggressive
personality.
Because
the
world
is
so
unpredictable,
every
aspect
of
each
personality
trait
could
be
useful
at
different
times,
so
instead
of
evolving
a
single
type
of
personality
that’s
best
for
every
situation,
we’re
left
with
a
wide
variety.
13.What
do
people
generally
think
about
personality
types?
A.Different
personality
types
have
respective
strengths.
B.Everyone
falls
into
a
particular
personality
type.
C.People
with
common
personality
types
gather,
D.Everyone
has
mixed
personality
types.
14.What’s
the
purpose
of
mentioning
some
animals
in
Paragraph
2?
A.To
illustrate
the
advantages
of
being
conscientious.
B.To
analyze
survival
chances
of
cooperative
animals.
C.To
explain
why
they
are
tidy
and
orderly.
D.To
throw
new
light
on
their
behavior.
15.Why
do
we
display
a
certain
personality
in
a
specific
situation?
A.To
be
free
of
trouble.
B.To
be
adaptive
to
circumstances.
C.To
compete
for
equal
rights.
D.To
gain
advantages
over
others.
16.What
does
the
text
mainly
focus
on?
A.Personality
and
behavior.
B.Categories
of
Big
Five.
C.Contradictory
facts
on
personality.
D.Diversity
and
variability
of
personality.
【答案】13.B14.A15.B16.D
【分析】
本文是说明文。在过去的25年里，心理学家发现，人格主要集中在五种基本特征上——大五类人格：宜人性、尽责性、神经质、外向性和开放性。研究还发现，从蚂蚁到猿类，所有动物都有大五人格，这种个性的普遍性指向了一个进化起源。每种人格特征的每个方面都可能在不同的时间有用，所以我们没有进化出一种适合每种情况的单一人格类型，而是留下了多种多样的个性。
13.推理判断题。根据第一段中的Contrary
to
common
belief,
people
just
aren’t
organized
into
certain
personality
types.
(与普遍的看法相反，人们并不是按照特定的性格类型组织起来的)可推知，人们通常认为每个人都属于某种特定的性格类型。故选B。
14.推理判断题。根据第二段中的Animals
and
humans
have
common
problems
of
survival,
which
are
spelled
out
beautifully
in
the
Big
Five,
and
that’s
why
there’s
so
much
continuity
in
human
personality
and
animal
personality.
(动物和人类都有共同的生存问题，这在大五类人格中被完美地阐述了出来，这就是为什么人类和动物的人格具有如此多的连续性)及随后提到了一些动物的例子可推知，在第二段中提到一些动物的目的是为了对它们的行为进行新的解释。故选A。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Depending
on
the
situation,
each
of
the
Big
Five
can
be
advantageous.
For
example,
agreeableness
is
great
for
relationships.
But
if
a
lion
were
charging
at
you,
you’d
be
better
off
with
a
less
agreeable
and
more
aggressive
personality.
(视情况而定，大五类人格中的每一个都可能是有利的。例如，宜人性对人际关系很重要。但如果狮子向你冲来，你最好选择一个不那么随和、更具攻击性的个性)可推知，我们表现出特定的个性是为了适应特定的环境。故选B。
16.主旨大意题。根据第一段中的Over
the
last
25
years,
psychologists
have
found
that
personalities
center
on
five
basic
traits(特性)
—
the
Big
Five:
agreeableness,
conscientiousness
(责任心),
neuroticism,
extroversion
and
openness.(在过去的25年里，心理学家发现，人格主要集中在五种基本特征上——大五类人格：宜人性、尽责性、神经质、外向性和开放性)及最后一段中的Because
the
world
is
so
unpredictable,
every
aspect
of
each
personality
trait
could
be
useful
at
different
times,
so
instead
of
evolving
a
single
type
of
personality
that’s
best
for
every
situation,
we’re
left
with
a
wide
variety.
(因为世界是如此不可预测，每种人格特征的每个方面都可能在不同的时间有用，所以我们没有进化出一种适合每种情况的单一人格类型，而是留下了多种多样的个性)可知，文章主要论述了人格的多样性和可变性。故选D。
